Introduction
1.LABOR MARKET: THEORY OF THE ISSUE
1.1. The essence of the labor market
1.2. Labor market infrastructure
1.3. Features of the labor market.
2. PROBLEMS OF THE LABOR MARKET
2.1. Characteristics of the labor market and employment in modern Russia
2.2. The essence of employment
2.3. Types and forms of employment.
3. WAYS TO SOLVE LABOR MARKET PROBLEMS
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
At the moment, this topic is very relevant, since the labor market is the most important element of the market economy. Due to the decline in production in the 90s in Russia as a whole, the situation on the labor market has become tense and unstable. This is how such a negative phenomenon as unemployment appeared in our life. Unemployment has serious social consequences, since work is, on the one hand, a source of income, and on the other, a means of self-affirmation of a person in society. This explains the relevance of the topic chosen.
The aim of the work is to analyze the labor market, as well as identify problems and ways to solve them.
The object of the research is Russia (the Russian labor market).
The subject of the research is the indicators characterizing the state of the labor market.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set and solved:
· Consider the theoretical aspects of the essence, structure and functions of the labor market, its specifics and features at the present stage;
· Identify problems in the Russian labor market;
· Assess the state of the labor market in Russia today.
The work used the works of K. Marx, J. Keynes, A. Pigou and P. Heine, as well as statistical data from the server of the Federal State Statistics Service.
The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and an application.
1. LABOR MARKET: THEORY OF THE ISSUE
1.1. The essence of the labor market
The world of work is an important and multifaceted area of the economic and social life of society. It covers both the labor market and its direct use in social production. The labor market, or as it is also called, the labor market, has a fundamental feature - its components are directly living people who not only act as carriers of the labor force, but are also endowed with specific features: psychophysiological, social, cultural, religious, political, etc. These features have a significant impact on the motivation and degree of labor activity of people and are reflected in the state of the labor market as a whole.
In the labor market, the cost of labor is assessed, the conditions of its employment are determined, including the amount of wages, working conditions, the possibility of obtaining an education, professional growth, job security, etc. The labor market reflects the main trends in the dynamics of employment, its main structures (sectoral, vocational qualification, demographic), i.e. in the social division of labor, as well as labor mobility, the scale and dynamics of unemployment.
The labor market is a mechanism for making contacts between buyers of labor (employers) and sellers of labor (hired). This market includes not only specially organized institutions - labor exchanges, but also all individual transactions for the recruitment of labor. The labor market is closely related to the rest of the market subsystems. For example, in order to be in demand, labor must have a certain combination of physical, mental and professional abilities. Realizing these abilities in the production process, it must be constantly reproduced. This depends, in part, on the state of the consumer goods market. In the labor market, competition must be present as the main driving force behind the improvement of the worker's ability to work.
The circle of sellers in the labor market is extremely diverse. It includes a miner who is hired to mine coal underground, and a rock singer who signs a contract for concerts, and a scientist who receives money to carry out research needed by a customer, and a minister who is paid by the state to manage a certain field of activity.
Feeling the need for constant reproduction, and each time at a new, higher level, the bearer of labor is looking for only such an employer to whom he could offer it on the most favorable terms. Therefore, there must also be competition in the demand for labor. Under such conditions, the social and economic development of society will take place, based on the market activity of workers offering their labor force, on the one hand, and employers, on the other.
The labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for wages and other benefits that firms agree to provide them in exchange for labor services. (Appendix # 1 illustrates the classification of labor markets).
1.2. Labor market infrastructure
It seems that the considered concepts, complementing each other, give an overall picture of the functioning of the labor market. It is believed, in particular, that an employee's qualifications are always acquired before they enter the labor market, and this is by no means always true, since in many cases an employee receives qualifications already in production, i.e. after hiring. This means that it is rather difficult to assess its potential in the market.
Another postulate states that a person's labor productivity is known in advance. But this is not so, since there are many methods of motivation that can raise labor productivity. It is also obvious that not only wages serve as a sufficient assessment of his work for the employee and a reflection of the degree of his satisfaction with his position in production and in the labor market. It also calls into question the simplistic market-price approach to humans. It is very difficult to assess the potential of a person in the labor market also because in the labor process the main contribution to production in most cases is achieved through collective rather than individual efforts.
Thus, the labor market, in general obeying the laws of supply and demand, according to many principles of the mechanism of its functioning, is a specific market that has a number of significant differences from other commodity markets. Here the regulators are not only macro- and microeconomic factors, but also social and socio-psychological factors, which are by no means always related to the price of labor - wages.
In real economic life, a number of factors influence the dynamics of the labor market. So, the supply of labor is determined, first of all, by demographic factors - the birth rate, the growth rate of the working-age population, its gender and age structure. In Russia, the average annual population growth rate dropped sharply from the level of about 1% in the 1970s and 1980s. to minus values in the 90s. On the demand side, the main factor influencing the dynamics of employment is the state of the economic environment, the phase of the economic cycle. In addition, scientific and technological progress has a serious impact on the demand for labor.
Although much attention is currently paid to the study of labor infrastructure, nevertheless, certain issues require close study. First of all, the concept of labor market infrastructure needs to be clarified, the establishment of the relationship and subordination of the elements of the labor market infrastructure, their classification.
In the economic literature, the concept of labor market infrastructure is interpreted as follows:
1.the set of institutions and organizations, government and commercial enterprises and services that ensure its normal functioning
2.The infrastructure of the labor market includes labor exchanges, state systems for recording the demand for labor, retraining, regulation of migration, population subsidies, etc.
3. A set of institutions for promoting employment, vocational training and retraining of personnel, vocational guidance of the able-bodied population. It includes a whole network of employment funds, labor exchanges (employment centers), training and retraining centers for the labor force, etc.
In my opinion, the point of view of I. Bushmarin deserves attention, according to which the infrastructure of the labor market includes, in fact, the entire economy, numerous state, public and private institutions, as well as the education system, including those belonging to firms, cultural institutions, health care, various non-profit social organizations and, which is very important, the institution of the family.
This approach gives grounds to consider the labor market infrastructure in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the labor market infrastructure can be viewed as a set of economic sectors and legal institutions that ensure the reproduction of the labor force. In a narrow sense, the labor market infrastructure should be considered as a set of institutions and organizations, government and commercial enterprises and services that ensure full and rational employment of the population, as well as the achievement of the interests of both workers and employers.
It is usually noted that the main socio-economic function of the labor market is to achieve effective employment. It is the labor market infrastructure that ensures the performance of this function, the criterion for the successful functioning of which is to achieve a balance between supply and demand, and the main task is to create a more effective interaction between supply and demand. By effective employment, we propose to understand full and rational employment.
The beginning of market reforms in the Russian economy caused the emergence of unemployment, and with it - and problems of a social and socio-psychological nature. These problems are generated not only by the objective economic situation, but also by the change in the role and place of employees in the system of labor relations.
A significant part of the able-bodied population of the country began their labor activity in the conditions of a planned socialist economy, full and guaranteed employment. Under these conditions, workers were not required to
efforts to find a job - this task was successfully solved by the state. It should be noted that the system of organized distribution of labor, while limiting the free expression of the will of a person in the world of work, nevertheless guaranteed him a job in accordance with the profession and level of qualifications. Under these conditions, a person did not have to defend his interests in the struggle for his own employment - to act in a competitive environment.
Changes in the economic situation, the introduction of market relations into the labor sphere have radically changed the position of employees. Unguaranteed employment, the variety of its forms have become a reality. For people whose working life took place in the absence of forced unemployment, this was a serious "psychological blow". Social and psychological maladjustment and professional disorientation increased significantly. This led to an increase in neuropsychic stress among a significant part of citizens of working age, lack of demand in the labor market, which resulted in a decrease in the competitiveness of people who are objectively capable of effective labor activity, an increase in the employment of citizens in the shadow sector of the economy, withdrawal into economic inactivity and other negative trends. ... The process of transferring professional experience and professional standards of labor activity from generation to generation has become more complicated.
According to VTsIOM, unemployment ranks fourth in the list of the most significant threats to Russians (36% of respondents). It is possible that against this background, the requirements for the bodies of the Federal State Social Security Service are increasing, in the activities of which the following are of particular importance:
- - strengthening control over the timely and full return by enterprises of information about the proposed structural changes, accompanied by the layoff of workers, and the need for labor;
- - expanding the information field based on using the potential of multifunctional labor exchanges serving various professional groups, organizing job fairs (depending on market demand).
The purpose of the formation of labor relations is to ensure the rights of the employee while respecting the interests of the employer. It's not just about unemployment benefits. The state must guarantee the implementation of the constitutional right of a citizen to freely choose work and occupation with decent remuneration for work.
Modern labor market: problems and development trends
Fundamental changes in labor relations that have occurred in a historically tight time frame have led to the fact that society has largely lost the ideological tradition of a young person's entry into working life - the tradition of transferring the values of labor from generation to generation. There is a gap between the experience and value orientations of the generation that started working life 20-25 years ago and today's youth. For her, the whirlpool of adults becomes ineffective, unnecessary, moreover, disorienting, and the source of the formation of a different labor consciousness, more suitable for market conditions, is absent.
In this regard, the traditional ways of supporting professional self-determination through the family and the immediate social environment turn out to be inadequate to the current situation.
Currently, the socio-economic development of Russia in the field of labor resources is determined by a number of trends. These include the following.
1. The sustainable development of the Russian economy leads to an increase in the demand for labor.
According to Rosstat, in recent years there has been an increase in the gross domestic product, as well as an increase in investment in fixed assets. The number of people employed in the economy has increased significantly, while the total number of unemployed has decreased.
2. Trends in the demographic development of Russia.
Even optimistic scenarios for the development of the demographic situation in Russia indicate only the preservation of the total population with a decrease in the size of the able-bodied population. This means that in the implementation of the optimistic scenario of socio-economic development, the provision of the economy with labor resources will only be satisfactory, i.e. assuming, at best, an optimal match between the needs of the economy and the size of the population.
3. Increased migration pressure.
The deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia inevitably causes an increased inflow of labor migrants, mainly from the CIS countries. This process is already underway. In our case, this means, first of all, increased competition for jobs between Russian citizens and labor migrants, as well as a decrease in the standard of living of the indigenous population due to an increase in the number of low-paid jobs.
4. Strengthening the mismatch between demand and supply of labor in the labor market.
In recent years, there has been a mismatch between the demand and supply of labor in Russia. In general, structural unemployment prevails, the supply of labor in its parameters does not correspond to the changed demand for labor, which constantly exceeds the supply. Although the situation differs from region to region, in general there are structural inconsistencies of two types. Firstly, the discrepancy between the professional qualifications of the working-age population and the situation on the labor market and, secondly, a large number of vacant jobs with wages below the subsistence level.
As a result of the socio-economic changes that have taken place in the country over the past decades, a new situation has developed on the labor market, when most representatives of modern youth no longer consider the industry, which occupied a leading position in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, as the direction of their professional and career aspirations. Young people, to a large extent, enter the industry "on a leftover principle", having lost in the competition for their career opportunities in other, more prestigious areas for them.
D. A. Medvedev stated: "In fact, in recent years, no one has begun to create and develop technology for the production of fundamentally new equipment. These are modern machines, units, machines and mechanisms. What is no less important, there is no one to work on them." It was also emphasized that the most important task for the development of domestic industry is to increase the prestige of technical professions (from workers to engineering) and to attract young people to the scientific and technical sphere of professional activity.
According to analysts, in 2016 employment will increase in the agricultural sector, as well as in the related processing industry. This will mainly happen due to the growing need for import substitution of food. In addition, a constant influx of new personnel will be required in the high-tech sector. There will be a high demand for programmers, developers, analysts, microbiologists, chemists. Certain professions from the production sphere will also be in demand: engineering personnel in light industry, rocketry and astronautics, as well as in the chemical industry.
Conclusion of analysts of the Russian Economic Society:
The current trends in the Russian labor market look quite natural: as the overall level of unemployment in the country decreases, the competition between applicants for one vacancy increases. Experts who monitor the state of the Russian labor market predict that there will be no massive layoffs in 2016. As in the last month of last year, the unemployment rate will remain in the range of 5.8 - 6%.
At present, the greatest concern may be caused by a serious differentiation of regions in terms of the level of tension in the labor market. In the composition of Russia there are subjects both with a significant relative surplus and with a significant relative deficit of labor resources. The imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market is manifested in excessively low or too high values of the tension coefficient. At the same time, extremely high values of this indicator (as, for example, in the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan) stimulate social tension in the regions. In turn, high social tensions can also provoke political instability, as well as scare off potential investors. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct a balanced and coordinated policy of both federal and regional authorities aimed at stimulating employment in and increasing the flexibility of the labor market as a whole.
According to the survey, the number of labor force aged 15-72 years (employed + unemployed) in January 2016. in the Russian Federation is 52%.
In the labor force, 71.3 million people were classified as employed in economic activity and 4.4 million people were classified as unemployed using the ILO criteria (i.e. did not have a job or gainful employment, were looking for a job and were ready to start it in surveyed week).
Unemployment rate (the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of labor force) in January 2016 amounted to 5.8% (without excluding the seasonal factor).
Employment rate (the ratio of the employed population to the total population of the surveyed age) in January 2016 amounted to 64.7%.
The number and composition of the labor force(not seasonally adjusted)
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January 2016 |
January 2016 |
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IV quarter |
on average per year |
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Labor force aged 15-72 |
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unemployed |
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In percents |
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Participation level in labor force(labor force to population aged 15-72) |
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Employment rate(employed to population aged 15-72) |
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Unemployment rate(unemployed to labor force) |
Employed population in January 2016 decreased compared to December 2015. by 960 thousand people, or 1.3%, compared to January 2015 - by 419 thousand people, or 0.6%. The decline in the employed population is largely due to the decline in the working-age population.
The number of unemployed in January 2016 increased compared to December 2015. by 3 thousand people, or 0.1%, compared to January 2015 - by 261 thousand people, or 6.2%.
The total number of unemployed classified in accordance with the ILO criteria was 4.4 times higher than the number of unemployed registered with state employment services. At the end of January 2016. 1017 thousand people were registered as unemployed in state institutions of the employment service, which is 1.6% more compared to December 2015. and by 10.1% compared to January 2015.
Among the unemployed, according to the ILO methodology, the proportion of women in January 2016 accounted for 46.3%, urban residents - 65.6%, young people under 25 years old - 21.5%, people with no work experience - 24.4%.
Unemployment of the urban and rural population is characterized by an excess of the unemployment rate among rural residents (8.6%) compared with the unemployment rate among urban residents (5.0%). In January 2016. this excess was 1.7 times.
In January 2016. among the unemployed, the share of people who left their previous job due to the release or reduction of the number of employees, liquidation of an organization or their own business, amounted to 20.5%, and in connection with dismissal of their own free will - 24.0% (in January 2015 - respectively , 20.0% and 24.3%).
Unemployment by Federal Districts... The lowest unemployment rate that meets the ILO criteria is in the Central Federal District, and the highest in the North Caucasian Federal District.
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vocational education
Faculty - IDO
Direction (specialty) - 080100 Economics
Department - Economics
RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET: PROBLEMS AND
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
(Topic of final qualifying work)
Final qualifying work
for bachelor qualifications
Student gr.z-3B41 Bl _______________ L.A. Belova
group number) (signature) I.O. Surname
Head _______________ S. A. Dukart
_______________________ (signature) I.O. Surname
position, academic degree
Consultant:
on ____________________
Admit to protection:
Head of the Department
G.A. Barysheva
(signature)
Tomsk - 2009
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution of higher
vocational education
"TOMSK POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
Department of Economics
affirm
Head of the Department
G.A. Barysheva
for the performance of the final qualifying work
student Belova Lyudmila Alexandrovna
1. The topic of the final qualifying work: Russian labor market: problems and development prospects approved by the order of the rector (decree of the dean) No. from "__" ___ 20__
2. The deadline for the student's delivery of the finished work to the department
3. Initial data for work: textbooks, books, magazines, newspapers, Internet publications __________________________________________
(list of issues to be developed):
5. List of graphic material
Tables, diagrams, figures, cartographic material _________
6. Date of issue of the task for execution
final qualifying work: "___" ______ 20__
Head S.A. Dukart
The task was accepted for execution
L.A. Belova
______________ "___" ______ 20__
Final qualifying work in volume of 74 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables, 4 applications, 51 sources.
Key words: labor market, labor demand, labor supply, labor market segmentation, employed population, unemployed, measures to strengthen the labor market.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of the labor market in Russia and determine the prospects for its development.
Objectives of this work: definition of the labor market; disclosure of the economic mechanism of the functioning of the labor market; definition of types of labor markets and signs of their segmentation; identification of the features of the formation of the all-Russian labor market; study of the problems of the Russian and Kuzbass labor markets; determination of the prospects for the development of the Russian and Kuzbass labor markets;
The relevance of the FQP topic is due to the fact that a flexible, efficiently functioning labor market is the most important component of an innovative economy, important for the country's competitiveness.
The WRC consists of three parts. In the first part, the theoretical provisions of the labor market are given. The second part is devoted to identifying the features of the formation of the all-Russian labor market, analyzing the problems of the labor market in the Russian Federation and, in particular, in the Kemerovo region. The third part defines measures to support the all-Russian and Kuzbass labor markets and the prospects for their development.
The final qualifying work was done in a text editor Microsoft Word 7.0 and presented on disk (in an envelope on the back cover).
Introduction
1. Essence and specifics of the labor market
1.1 Definition of the labor market
2. Russian labor market in 1999-2000s
2.3 Analysis of the labor market of the Kemerovo region
3 Measures to support the labor market and prospects for its development
3.1 Measures to support the labor market
3.2 Prospects for the development of the Russian labor market
3.3 Prospects for the development of the labor market of the Kemerovo region
Conclusion
List of used literature
Appendix A The number of employed population of the Kemerovo region by main types of activity
Appendix B The number of citizens registered with the employment service, for reasons of entering the market
Appendix B Characteristics of supply and demand in the registered labor market, at the end of the year
Appendix D Transformation of the employment structure of the Kemerovo region CD-RW disc In the envelope on the back cover
Introduction
A flexible, efficiently functioning labor market is an essential component of an innovative economy. At the same time, the modern development of the economy is impossible without productive employment, which is a derivative of an efficiently functioning flexible labor market, which makes it possible to promptly respond to economic challenges.
The labor market is the most complex element of a market economy. Here, not only the interests of the employee and the employer are intertwined when determining the price of labor and the conditions for its functioning, but also practically all socio-economic changes in society are reflected. In general terms, the labor market is understood as a system of social relations associated with the hiring and supply of labor or its purchase and sale.
Article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that every citizen has the right to protection from unemployment. Article 2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides that one of the principles of legal regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them is recognized, inter alia, protection against unemployment and assistance in employment. The law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" is a normative act that defines the legal, economic and organizational foundations of the state policy for promoting employment, including state guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to work and social protection from unemployment.
The relevance of the problem of the labor market is explained as follows. For the country's competitiveness, the underdevelopment of the labor market (the inability of the labor force to the new market conditions) is especially noticeable. The development of market relations in the labor force sector in Russia is hampered by an insufficient level of qualifications and a non-market attitude towards labor. The Russian labor force has not yet gone through a period of formation sufficient to change its quality through the “crucible” of the capitalist market. There is an imbalance between the willingness of the population to work in a market environment and its real preparedness to operate in a market economy. The labor market that meets the qualitatively new requirements of management has not yet been created in Russia. The Russian labor force is not yet a "bearer" of developed market relations. According to the Swiss Institute of Bury, the level of qualifications of the workforce in Russia is approximately twice as low as in the United States, Germany and Japan, and labor discipline and attitude to work are 60-65% lower than in the listed developed countries. That is why Russia is inferior to its main competitors in the world economy in terms of such an indicator as the "quality of labor force." Naturally, the existing situation on the labor market negatively affects the competitiveness of the Russian economy, undermines its basic platform, since a person or an economic entity is the leading element of productive forces, since the core of competitiveness - labor productivity and the development of new technologies - depends on it.
The Russian labor market is not balanced, and this makes it necessary to develop an appropriate employment policy, as well as strategies and tactics for the mechanism for regulating the Russian labor market.
The purpose of this final qualifying work is to analyze the problems of the labor market in Russia and determine the prospects for its development.
This goal required the solution of the following tasks:
Define the labor market;
To reveal the economic mechanism of the labor market functioning;
Determine the types of labor markets and the signs of their segmentation;
Reveal the features of the formation of the all-Russian labor market;
Study the problems of the Russian labor market;
Analyze the labor market of the Kemerovo region;
Consider government measures to support the labor market;
Determine the prospects for the development of the Russian labor market;
Determine the prospects for the labor market of the Kemerovo region.
When performing the final qualifying work, normative legal acts in the field of labor market regulation, both federal and regional, were used; statistical data; works by M.G. Belyaeva, V.S. Bulanova, T. Vladimirova, V.I. Vlasova, A.V. Kashepov, Yu. Kuzmina, I. Maslova, S. Nekrestyanova, I.P. Povarich, A. Rofe, G.E. Slezinger, Y. Shamraya, D.L. Schur and others.
1 Essence and specifics of the labor market
1.1 Definition of the labor market
For more than a century and a half, there have been discussions about what is a commodity - labor or labor, and this raises the question of how to correctly name this market in which this commodity is sold - the labor market or the labor market?
Labor itself is very diverse, which is reflected in its varieties. In the opinion of G.E. Slesinger, it is advisable to distinguish four groups of features that make it possible to distinguish different types of labor activity from each other: the nature and content of labor; subject and product of labor; means and methods of labor; working conditions.
By its nature and content, labor can be: hired and private; individual and collective; at will, necessity and compulsion; physical and mental, etc. According to the subject and product, labor is divided into: scientific, engineering, managerial and production; entrepreneurial and innovative; industrial, agricultural, transport, etc. By means and methods, labor can be: manual, mechanized and automated; low, medium and high tech; with varying degrees of human participation, etc. The conditions distinguish between: stationary and mobile work; ground and underground; light, moderate and heavy; attractive and unattractive, etc.
What kind of product is the subject of sale and purchase in the labor market? The experience of the developed countries of the West, as well as the studies of foreign and domestic scientists, convincingly prove that labor force is sold and bought as a specific commodity on the labor market, i.e. a person's ability to perform a specific job. In this regard, some scholars consider it illegal to use the concept of the labor market. So, according to E. Sarukhanov, the market is a set of economic relations that arise between the owner of the labor force (seller) and its buyer regarding a specific workplace where a product or service will be produced. Thus, we are talking about the fact that the market offers the owner of the workplace not labor itself as a commodity, but labor power, i.e. his ability to work. It is impossible to sell labor on the market, since at the time of the sale of labor power it does not yet exist. From this point of view, according to E. Sarukhanov, it is necessary to talk not about the labor market, but about the labor market.
At the same time, neither the market for the owner of labor power is able to get a certain job in which he can work, show his abilities and earn the money he needs to reproduce his labor power. For the owner of the workplace, there are economic conditions for making a profit. Consequently, economic relations of employment arise between the seller of labor and the owner of the workplace and the means of production. Therefore, these relations determine the true content of the labor market as an employment market.
It should be noted that the question of a product that is sold in the labor market remains controversial. Thus, in contrast to E. Sarukhanov, A. Rofe is trying to prove that it is not labor power that is sold on the market, but labor. In his opinion, the employee and the buyer in the market agree on the forthcoming work, on its payment and other conditions. It is unlikely that the employer can only be interested in the ability to work without its realization. He is interested in labor only as one of the factors of production. Therefore, he buys and pays for the upcoming work of the employee. Ultimately, the employer becomes the owner of the results of labor, and the employee receives appropriate remuneration for his work. According to A. Rofe, when a pile is sold in a competitive market, an equivalent exchange takes place, since wages are wages for the use of labor, that is, for labor.
In our opinion, the above position of E. Sarukhanov is quite reasonable and fair. The concepts of "labor market" or "employment market" more accurately, in comparison with the concept of "labor market", characterize the relations that arise between the owners of the workplace and the labor force in the process of bidding for the employment of a particular person. However, given the widespread use of the concept of "labor market" in foreign and domestic literature, all these concepts can be used as synonyms. At the same time, we emphasize once again that in the market and in this case it is not a specific person, not his labor, but his labor force that appears as a commodity, i.e. the ability to perform a specific job.
V.S. Bulanov understands by labor the purposeful activity of a person, by labor power - the ability to work, which is used for the production of material and spiritual benefits. “Labor resources include that part of the country's population that has the physical and spiritual abilities necessary for work. They directly include a part of the working-age population, from which non-working preferential (men under 60, women under 55) pensioners and invalids of I and II groups are excluded, and actually working pensioners and adolescents (under 16) are added. "
Labor resources are the economic form of a personal factor of production that precedes its transformation into labor. In quantitative terms, they include the entire able-bodied population, regardless of age, in various spheres of the public economy, cooperative and self-employment, as well as persons of working age, potentially capable of participating in social work, but employed for various reasons at home. and personal subsidiary plots, on-the-job studies, in the country's armed forces, etc. They also include people of working age who are currently not working for some reason. Consequently, in the structure of labor resources, from the point of view of participation in social production, two components can be distinguished: active, i.e. functioning in the production process, and passive, i.e. not taking, for some reason, participation in the production process in these specific socio-economic conditions. The relationship between these two parts of the labor force is formed under the influence of a combination of numerous factors that characterize the development of both production forces and production relations, and has a pronounced territorial specificity. With its help, it is possible to assess the degree of employment of the able-bodied population in social production at this stage of its development in relation to various regional formations (city, district, region, republic, etc.).
Thus, in the quantitative aspect, the labor market can and should be considered as a part, a constituent element of labor resources. In quantitative terms, this is practically the entire passive part of the labor force, i.e. one who, for some reason, is not engaged in social activities.
By the definition of P.E. Schlender, the labor market as an integral part of the market economy is “a system of social relations with the agreed interests of employers and hired labor ... it is, firstly, the totality of economic relations between the demand and supply of labor; secondly, the place of intersection of various economic and social interests and functions; thirdly, from the point of view of enterprises, the field of relationships between an individual enterprise and its employees, potential or actual employees, but thinking about moving to a new place of work within the firm. "
The economic dictionary provides the following definition of the labor market: “The labor market is the sphere of the formation of demand and supply for labor. It presupposes a person's ownership of his labor force, which becomes a commodity on the market, and then is realized in labor activity. "
The above definitions of the labor market show that the concepts under consideration are not identical, but they have one common property. All of them are forms of manifestation of the ability to work. Only labor is a functioning ability, or purposeful activity. Labor power is the potential ability to work. Labor resources include both the functioning ability to work (employed) and the potential labor force (the nearest and more or less distant reserve). The common basis brings the concepts under consideration closer together, creates the appearance of their identity.
The term "labor market" most accurately, most adequately reflects the essence of the complex of relations regarding the conditions of employment and use of labor. This complex includes relations about the supply and demand of labor, labor prices, monthly wages, working hours, duration and amount of paid leave, overtime pay, unemployment insurance, temporary disability insurance, etc. Therefore, it is more correct to call this complex of relations the labor market, and not the labor market or the labor market.
At the same time, when analyzing the market aspects of social and labor relations separately in the sphere of employment, in the sphere of unemployment or in the sphere of formation of the labor reserve, the concepts of the labor market in the narrow sense (the sphere of employment), the labor market in the narrow sense (the sphere of unemployment) can be used. , the labor market in the narrow sense (the sphere of the formation of the labor reserve).
What is the essence of the labor market? The labor market is a complex of social and labor relations regarding the conditions of recruitment and use of labor. The main, the most significant of them is the attitude towards the exchange of a functioning labor force for means of subsistence, for real wages (i.e., for means of subsistence, taking into account their prices). The means of subsistence in this case means food, clothing, footwear, housing, medicine, transportation costs, etc. They do not include luxury goods.
The labor market is not only a complex of social and labor relations, not only an economic category, but also a historically formed specific mechanism of self-regulation. It implements a certain range of social and labor relations based on information received in the form of the price of labor, and contributes to the establishment and maintenance of a balance of interests between workers, entrepreneurs and the state.
The specifics of the labor market is largely determined by the characteristics of the product that is presented on it. So what is being bought and sold in this market? The answer seems to be obvious - of course, work. But labor is a function of the worker himself, the expenditure of his physical and mental energy in the process of producing goods. Labor is inseparable from a person as such, it is a form of life of an individual, and insofar as it cannot be an object of sale and purchase in a politically and economically free society. But economic, and, consequently, political freedom is the most important condition for a market economy. A free person cannot be sold (as, for example, it was during slavery), and insofar as functions inseparable from him, including labor, cannot serve as an object of sale and purchase. Therefore, in the labor market, it is not labor itself that is sold and bought, but labor services, the quantity and quality of which depend on many factors - the level of professional training of the employee, his qualifications, experience, conscientiousness and others. The sale and purchase of labor services is in the form of hiring a free worker on certain conditions concerning the length of the working day, the size of wages, job responsibilities and some others. For the period of employment, the employer - business or the state - buys the right to use the services of the seller's labor, and not to the labor itself, the owner of which continues to be the employee. Therefore, in the generally accepted expression "labor market" we should see the category "labor services market". By making this reservation, we relieve ourselves of the need to specify every time that it is labor services that are being bought or sold, and not labor. Further, we will use the generally accepted terms "labor market", "labor demand", "labor supply", etc.
The demand in the labor market, as in any other market for resources, or factors of production, is derivative and depends on the demand for the products that will be manufactured using this resource. Thus, an increase in the need for good roads will cause an increase in demand for road workers' services, and a fall in demand for cars will lead to a decrease in demand for the services of car manufacturers.
The above-described specificity of the product itself and the form of its sale and purchase in the labor market predetermine the following features of this market:
First, the long duration of the relationship between the seller and the buyer. If on the market of most consumer goods (with the exception of expensive products sold on credit and goods with warranty service) the contact between the seller and the buyer is fleeting and ends with the transfer of ownership of the object of trade, then in the labor market the relationship between the seller and the buyer lasts for such an amount of time. on which the employee employment contract is concluded. The duration of contacts between the seller and the buyer is a prerequisite for the constant resumption of transactions for the sale and purchase of labor services; - secondly, the large role that non-monetary factors play in the labor market - the complexity and prestige of work, working conditions, its safety for health, job security and professional growth, the moral climate in the team, etc.; - thirdly, the significant impact that various institutional structures have on the labor market - trade unions, labor legislation, state employment and vocational training policy, business unions and others. This is primarily due to the fact that sellers of labor services - hired workers - constitute the overwhelming majority of the population, and wage employment is the source of their well-being, a certain level of which is a condition of social peace in society. The labor markets that have developed in different countries have some common elements, or components, as well as specific features. They characterize the structure of a given market. Depending on the objectives of the analysis, structuring can be carried out according to different criteria. First of all, one should consider the structure from the perspective of the labor market as such, the labor market in general. In this case, one can proceed from their criterion of the smallest, but necessary for the functioning of the modern civilized labor market, set of components. According to this criterion, the following components can be distinguished: 1) market entities (employers, employees, the state); 2) economic programs and decisions, legal norms, tripartite agreements and collective agreements; 3) the market mechanism in the narrow sense of the word (demand and supply of labor, the price of labor, competition); 4) unemployment and social benefits associated with it (unemployment benefits, compensation upon dismissal from work, etc.); 5) labor market infrastructure - a network of foundations, employment centers (labor exchanges), training and retraining centers, etc. (picture 1).
Figure 1 - Elements of the labor market
The combination of these components is quite sufficient for the formation of the labor market in modern conditions. The most important element among them is the market mechanism as a self-regulation mechanism.
1.2 Mechanism of the labor market functioning
To understand how the labor market works, one should study the supply and demand in the given market. R.J. Ehrenberger and R.S. Smith write that the study of the labor market begins and ends with the analysis of supply and demand, and any result of the functioning of the labor market always depends to one degree or another on these components and their interaction.
Prices for productive services, i.e. services of labor, capital, etc., are determined on the basis of supply and demand.
The subjects of demand in the labor market are business and the state, and the subjects of supply are households.
In the market of perfect competition, the number of employees hired by entrepreneurs is determined by two indicators - the size of wages and the value (in monetary terms) of the marginal product of labor. With an increase in the number of hired workers, there is a decrease in the value of the marginal product (recall the law of diminishing returns). The attraction of an additional unit of labor will stop when the marginal product of labor in monetary terms (MRP L) equals the value of wages.
The volume of demand for labor is inversely related to the value of wages. With an increase in the wage rate, all other things being equal, the entrepreneur, in order to maintain equilibrium, must accordingly reduce the use of labor, and when it decreases, the value of the demand for labor increases. The functional relationship between the value of wages and the volume of labor demand is expressed in the labor demand curve (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Labor demand curve
The abscissa is the amount of labor required (L), and the ordinate is the wage rate (w).
Each point on the curve D L shows what will be the amount of demand for labor at a certain level of wages. The configuration of the curve and its negative slope show that lower wages correspond to a higher demand for labor, and vice versa.
The situation is different with the function of the supply of labor. The volume of labor supply also depends on the amount of wages received for productive services. As a rule (and there are exceptions, as we will see later), sellers in the labor market in conditions of perfect competition tend to increase supply in conditions of rising wages. Therefore, the labor supply curve has a positive slope (Figure 3).
The labor supply curve (S L) shows that with an increase in wages, the amount of labor supply increases, and with a decrease, the volume of labor supply decreases. The total supply of labor in society depends on many factors that determine the quantity and quality of labor services offered, among which the most important are the total population of the country and the share of the economically active population in it, the average working day, the professional qualifications of workers, etc.
Figure 3 - Labor supply curve
Before combining both graphs - labor supply and demand - let us dwell on one more important and interesting economic phenomenon that characterizes the labor supply. Rather, on two phenomena called the substitution effect and the income effect. They also work in the labor market. These effects appear when we wish to find out how an increase in wage rates will affect the supply of labor of an individual. At first glance, the labor supply should rise. But let's not jump to conclusions - the substitution effect and the income effect come into play.
Figure 4 - Individual labor supply curve
Figure 4 shows a curve showing the total amount of working time that a particular employee agrees to work at a given wage. This curve differs from the usual labor supply curve, which illustrates the situation in the national or sectoral labor markets, in its configuration.
Up to point I, the curve of interest to us shows an increase in the supply of labor with an increase in wages - it moves away from the ordinate axis. However, after passing point I, the curve S L changes direction. It bends and, assuming a negative slope, again approaches the y-axis, showing, at first glance, a paradoxical situation - a decrease in the supply of labor with a further increase in wages. Thus, an increase in wages to a certain size leads to an increase in the supply of labor, which, after reaching the maximum level (L,), begins to decline due to a further increase in wages. One and the same reason - an increase in wages leads to both an increase and a decrease in the supply of labor. Why is this happening?
Since with an increase in wages, each hour of the worked time is better paid, each hour of free time is perceived by the employee as an increased loss, more precisely, a lost profit. This benefit could be realized by converting free time into work time - hence the desire to replace free time with additional work. Accordingly, leisure is replaced by the set of goods and services that an employee can purchase with an increased wage. The above process is called the labor market substitution effect. In the graph shown in Figure 3, the substitution effect manifests itself up to point I, that is, before the beginning of the movement of the labor supply curve to the left, towards the ordinate.
The income effect opposes the substitution effect and becomes noticeable when the employee reaches a certain, sufficiently high level of material well-being. When the problems with daily bread are resolved, our attitude towards free time also changes. It ceases to seem like a deduction from wages, but appears as a field for pleasure and joy, especially since high wages can enrich and diversify leisure. Therefore, it is logical that there is a desire to buy not only more goods, but also to have more free time. And this can be done only by reducing the supply of labor, buying free time not for cash, but for the money that could be received if the leisure was abandoned in favor of additional work. After passing the SL curve of point I, the income effect becomes predominant, which is expressed in a decrease in the supply of labor with an increase in wages, and practically in the desire for the employee to switch to a shorter working day or week, to receive additional days off and holidays (including check").
The question of which effect (substitution or income) is stronger at a given wage level does not have an exact answer, since it is determined by the different reactions of individuals and groups of people to wage growth. For one person, $ 3,000 a month is the limit after which he will not work overtime, even if they were paid at higher rates. For others, even $ 10,000 a month is not enough to prefer leisure to additional work. “You can't earn all the money,” says a Russian proverb, but the amount of “all money” for each person is a purely individual concept.
But, we emphasize, the section with a negative slope of the supply curve is characteristic only for the individual supply of labor. At the sectoral level, the labor supply curve will have a positive slope along its entire length. In other words, the sectoral supply is characterized by a predominance of the substitution effect. Even if for some entities higher wage rates can serve as an incentive to reduce the supply of their labor services and increase their leisure time, for others, a high wage rate will serve as a signal to increase the supply of labor. Moreover, high wage rates can attract workers from other industries.
The modern labor market is experiencing a tangible government impact. The legislative activity of the state covers the entire gamut of labor relations. It not only makes demand for labor services in the public sector of the economy, but also regulates it in the private sector, determining the main parameters of hiring on the scale of the national economy.
1.3 Types of labor markets and their segmentation
Segmentation is used to study the structure and capacity of the labor market and its contingent. Segmentation of the labor market is its division into stable closed segments (groups) that limit the movement of workers by their borders. Usually, the division of sellers and buyers into segments occurs according to the characteristics that unite them, for example, by geographic location, socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age), education level, qualifications, work experience, etc.
In any market, there are sellers and buyers, and in this respect the labor market is no exception, i.e. it consists of all those who sell and buy labor. If buyers and sellers are looking for each other throughout the country, then this market is called the national labor market. If sellers and buyers are looking for each other only in a certain territory, then such a market is called local.
The labor market can be considered broadly - it is the aggregate market, covering the entire aggregate supply (all economically active population) and aggregate demand (the overall need of the economy for labor). In a narrow sense, the labor market is the current market, which is part of the aggregate; market and determined by the number of vacancies and people looking for work.
In modern conditions, the current labor market in Russia is a very complex structure formed by two interconnected areas that carry different functional loads, differ from each other in the ways and forms of accumulating labor reserves, its organization and regulation, as well as the nature of the impact on production efficiency. Based on the aforementioned features, the labor market in Russia can be subdivided into open and hidden.
The open labor market is all the able-bodied population, who are actually looking for work and in need of vocational guidance, training and retraining. The hidden labor market is workers who retain the status of employed, but for whom the likelihood of losing their jobs is very high, some researchers call this phenomenon a "potential" labor market or "potential" unemployment. We are talking about those workers who do not work full working week or a working day, are sent by enterprises on forced long-term (often unpaid) vacations, etc. Measuring the size of the hidden labor market is difficult. Its value depends on many factors, among which the sectoral and regional specifics of the functioning of industrial complexes are of great importance. However, regardless of this specificity, hidden unemployment, according to a number of researchers, exceeds open unemployment by 4-5 times.
In turn, it is advisable to subdivide the open labor market into the official (or organized) and unofficial (spontaneous) parts. The official part of the open market consists of unemployed persons who seek work for themselves through official centers and employment services. The unofficial part of the open market is represented by unemployed people who are looking for work on their own, bypassing the official state institutions dealing with the employment of the unemployed. At present, the second part (unofficial) of the open labor market is 3-4 times higher than the first, which indirectly indicates an insufficiently high degree of efficiency of the functioning of the currently operating employment services.
In connection with segmentation, the theory of the duality of the labor market arose, in which it is proposed to divide it into primary and secondary markets. At the same time, different economists interpret these concepts differently. Some believe that the primary market contains stable, well-paid jobs, jobs with opportunities for career development, jobs related to highly skilled labor, etc. On the other hand, the secondary market contains low-paid and unstable jobs, low wages, and no opportunity for career advancement. etc.
Segmentation of the labor market also provides for its division into domestic and foreign markets. The internal labor market is a system of social and labor relations, limited by the framework of one enterprise, within which labor prices are set and the location of the latter is determined by administrative rules and procedures.
This market is characterized by the presence and composition of workers at the enterprise, their movement within it, the reasons for movement, the level of employment, the degree of use of equipment, the presence of vacant, newly created and liquidated jobs.
The internal labor market provides workers already employed in production a certain degree of protection from direct competition in the external labor market. However, the internal labor market manifests its inherent competition in job promotion, getting more profitable jobs, and filling vacant vacancies.
The external labor market is a system of social and labor relations between employers and employees across the country, region, and industry. It assumes the primary distribution of workers by areas of employment and their movement between enterprises. The external labor market is largely realized through staff turnover.
The mechanism of interaction between the elements of the internal and external labor markets is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 - The mechanism of interaction of elements of the internal and external labor markets
In addition to segmentation, an important characteristic of the labor market is its flexibility, which, on the contrary, increases mobility in it. Flexibility can be of different types:
1) quantitative, expressed in the change in the number of employees, the level of wages in response to changes in individual factors. This kind of flexibility is always inherent in the labor market;
2) functional, involving flexible modes of work and employment, changes in the systems of remuneration.
Knowledge of the specified characteristics of the labor market allows you to analyze its study in all its diversity and, on this basis, to pursue a targeted employment policy.
2 Russian labor market in the 1990-2000s
2.1 Features of the formation of the all-Russian labor market
The process of formation of the labor market in the aggregate of all its constituent elements and relations, as a rule, is not carried out simultaneously and at different rates, depending on the historical conditions of the development of any country, including Russia. Of great importance is not only the manifestation of the general laws of the formation of the labor market, but also the specifics of the creation of a market environment. Despite certain positive results in the field of labor market regulation in recent years (the adoption of a number of laws, the organization of an end-to-end management structure, the conduct of population surveys), the Russian labor market has not yet developed into a single whole, market regulators and driving forces are weak in it. it remains unbalanced in terms of basic parameters.
The main reason is the preservation of those factors that determined the system of labor resources use inherited from the recent past, characterized by an overestimated (in comparison with the real or potentially expedient needs of the economy) demand for labor, low requirements for its quality, numerous obstacles to the redistribution of workers, significant shares in the economy of the defense complex with its inherent lack of limiting influence of economic efficiency criteria, as well as the presence of many city-forming enterprises (more than 400) related to the defense complex.
Another aspect of the imbalance in the labor market is the overestimated demand of the population for jobs due to low incomes and lack of cash savings, as well as the increased inflow of retirement age persons, women with children, into the labor market, which worsens the composition of the employed, and generates a mismatch in professional qualifications. characteristics of the economically active population, the structure of jobs and trends in its change.
At the same time, the factors and specific features of the formation of the all-Russian labor market affect the current trends and conditions of employment of the population, which are manifested as follows:
The formation of the labor market in the context of a systemic crisis that covered all aspects of social life and manifested itself, first of all, in a decline in production, in the absence of investments, massive non-payments and an increase in the gap in the level of income of the population, led to a decrease in employment and the emergence of such a category of persons who are not employed activities like the unemployed. The number of people employed in the economy decreased from 71.2 million people in 1992 to 69.1 million people in 2006, or from 94.8 to 93.8% of the economically active population. And the share of the unemployed according to the ILO methodology during this period, respectively, increased from 3.9 million people to 5.3 million people, or from 5.2 to 6.3% of the economically active population.
The lack of control over the income generation system as a consequence of the socio-economic crisis led to a reorientation of labor motivation towards low-skilled labor, which allows, with low professional training, to extract significant income. According to VTsIOM data for the 1990s. the share of employees with a high level of motivation, which is characteristic mainly of highly qualified specialists, has decreased; the share of employees who consider labor only as a source of livelihood has increased significantly (about 60%).
Reduced investment in the renewal of fixed assets, reduced control over labor safety, as well as the lack of requirements to improve production efficiency lead to a deterioration in working conditions, the accumulation of surplus labor in production with the underutilization of existing production capacity. For the period from 1990 to 2005. the level of industrial accidents with fatal outcomes per 1000 workers decreased slightly from 0.129 to 0.124, or by 5.3%. At the same time, surplus labor was accumulated, taking the form of hidden unemployment.
Various socio-economic, climatic, and demographic conditions in the regions of Russia have led to differentiation in terms of indicators characterizing the state of the labor market. For example, the employment rate of the population fluctuated in 2006 in individual regions in the range from 16.8% (Republic of Ingushetia) to 69.9% (in St. Petersburg), and, accordingly, the unemployment rate ranged from 1.6% ( in Moscow) to 58.5% (in the Republic of Ingushetia). At the same time, in this Republic, the highest unemployment rate was noted among women, which was more than 1.4 times higher than among men.
The spatial discrepancy between the richest land and other natural resources has a significant impact on the possibilities for the development of these territories. For example, the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas occupy 64% of the territory of the Russian Federation, which account for the lion's share of oil, gas, gold, diamonds and only 6.6% of the country's population.
The growth and state of unemployment in the Russian economy currently does not correspond to the existing theory and practice of transition to the market, when this is usually associated with demonopolization, the development of competition and an increase in production efficiency. Here, these processes are caused by completely different reasons: a structurally regressive decline in production in the context of the destruction of previous economic ties and mechanisms of the functioning of the economy with the slow formation of new markets and new (market) mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation of the economy. The trend towards the formation of unemployment is consolidated in the future by the investment crisis and may intensify if the policy of mass bankruptcies continues.
The undervaluation of labor, which existed earlier and intensified during the period of market transformations, is currently manifested in unjustified intersectoral and interprofessional disparities in the level of wages, which in general negatively affects the level and quality of life of the population in Russia. The average monthly nominal wage of workers employed in industry in 2005 was 2.6 times higher than the level of wages of workers in the agricultural sector, and the wages of workers employed in the extraction of fuel and energy minerals were 5.4 times higher than wages light industry workers.
A significant influence on the correspondence between demand and supply of labor from the point of view of the professional and qualification structure is exerted by migration processes, which determine the inflow of low-skilled people into Russia and the outflow from it in the form of a “brain drain” of highly skilled labor.
2.2 Problems of the Russian labor market
At the present stage of economic development, real preconditions have emerged for the implementation of the strategic goals of the country's development: increasing the well-being of the population and reducing poverty based on the development of effective employment, ensuring dynamic and sustainable economic growth. However, the situation on the all-Russian labor market is still characterized by the presence of a number of problems that need to be addressed, which include:
The low economic efficiency of employment in Russia, manifested in the lagging behind developed countries in labor productivity, the presence of significant amounts of excess workers in enterprises (especially auxiliary and administrative divisions), forced underemployment, hidden unemployment and the shadow labor market, the production of an uncompetitive product that is not finds sales in the market;
The main trends in demand on the all-Russian labor market in 2000-2008. are: growing demand for engineering and technical workers with higher education and highly skilled workers; growing demand for seasonal, temporary workers; decrease in demand for labor from unprofitable industries and regions;
The main supply trends in the labor market are: a temporary increase in the number of labor resources, an increase in actual unemployment; expansion of shadow forms of labor supply; an oversupply of economists, lawyers, teachers; the lag of the educational services market from the demands of the economy; an increase in the supply of labor in the form of part-time jobs, for the purpose of part-time work;
An excess of labor supply over demand, since the restructuring processes of reforming the Russian economy, the modernization of unprofitable industries and unprofitable industries, participation in the processes of globalization of the world economy and Russia's accession to the WTO activate the release of workers, which at this stage is not fully compensated by an increase in demand for labor;
The growing discrepancy between the structure of labor demand and the structure of its supply: the professional level of many workers does not meet the new requirements, and the education system does not fully take into account the demands of the labor market;
The growing regionalization of labor markets, the emergence of persistently critical and tense labor markets, the situation in which is much worse than the national average: in most cases, such labor markets include either predominantly agricultural labor markets or single-industry towns (settlements in which employment is tied to one or two large city-forming enterprises). If these enterprises are in an unstable financial and economic situation, then the labor market of a single-industry town becomes tense;
Illegal labor migration;
Low competitiveness of the labor force in the world labor market, which complicates external labor migration.
At present, the situation on the all-Russian labor market is as follows. As of December 26, 2008, 186 organizations have already announced the transfer of part of their employees to part-time work, the provision of forced leaves, as well as idle time. At the same time, the total number of employees who were idle due to the fault of employers and who worked part-time, as well as employees who were granted leave on the initiative of employers, amounted to 81,195 people.
According to the monitoring data at the end of November 2008, the number of unemployed citizens registered with the employment service amounted to 1 million 293 thousand people.
In January, this figure exceeded 1.5 million. At the same time, the most significant layoffs due to the liquidation of organizations or a reduction in the number or staff of employees occurred in the Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Belgorod, Vladimir, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Kurgan, Novosibirsk regions, Altai and Trans-Baikal regions.
As of January 13, 2009, 876 enterprises reported workers who were idle due to the fault of the administration, who worked part-time, as well as workers who were granted leave on the initiative of the administration, the total number of whom was 342,308. Including:
The number of employees who were idle due to the fault of the administration amounted to 154,274; the number of part-time workers - 236 416 people;
The number of employees who were granted leave on the initiative of the administration - 58 809 people.
Of course, this information is based only on officially reported cases - in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 25 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" when making a decision to liquidate an organization, reduce the number or staff of an organization's employees and the possible termination of employment contracts with employees, the employer must notify the employment service in writing no later than 2 months in advance. before the start of the relevant events and indicate the position, profession, specialty and qualification requirements for them, the conditions of remuneration of each specific employee, and if the decision to reduce the number or staff of the organization's employees may lead to mass layoffs of employees, no later than 3 months before the start of the relevant events.
The stability of the socio-economic development of the state is determined by the size and quality of the population, its labor potential, the degree of balance between the professional and qualification structure of personnel and labor requirements, and the level of its competitiveness in the labor market. A decline in population inevitably entails a reduction in labor resources, i.e. labor supply in the labor market.
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1.2 The concept of "Employment": essence, types and forms
1.3 The concept of "unemployment": causes, classification, consequences
2.1 Labor market statistics, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation
2.3 Indicators of employment and unemployment in the Chelyabinsk region
2.4 State policy of regulation of the labor market in the Russian Federation
Conclusion
Bibliographic list
Introduction
In the modern era, employment has become one of the acute socio-economic problems of modern states with a developed market economy, and with each new decade its severity is growing more and more. Some states are solving this problem more or less successfully, while others are experiencing significant difficulties. The more people are employed in socially useful and effective work, the greater the country's gross domestic product (all other things being equal). The presence of high and growing unemployment does not allow the production of potentially possible GDP (output with full and effective employment), which creates significant difficulties for the state. Persons who have been unemployed for a long time and have no sources of livelihood, except for benefits allocated in accordance with certain state programs, find themselves in a particularly difficult situation. This pushes them to search for means of subsistence in an illegal way, intensifies the criminal situation and other negative phenomena in society.
Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem, as the loss of a job for most people means a decrease in living standards and causes serious psychological trauma. Therefore, it is not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate. Economists study unemployment to determine its causes and to improve public policies that affect employment. Some of the state programs, for example, on professional retraining of the unemployed, facilitate the possibility of their future employment. Others, such as unemployment insurance programs, mitigate the economic hardships faced by the unemployed.
Due to the decline in production in the 90s. in Russia as a whole, the situation on the labor market has become tense and unstable. At this time, the number of unemployed was growing very quickly, and the scale of unemployment exceeded the socially acceptable level.
Nowadays, unemployment is becoming an indispensable element of life in the Russian Federation, which has a significant impact not only on the socio-economic, but also on the political situation in the country. The priorities of the state policy in the field of employment, its financial support are repeatedly adjusted. At the same time, there is a clear tendency of increasing financial and administrative restrictions regarding the provision of assistance to the unemployed.
Employment policy should be formed taking into account the opportunity to work for different categories of the population. More attention should be paid to the risk group, i.e. employment of women, youth, people with disabilities, etc., the stability of their income, the elimination of discrimination in these matters. The latter also applies to migrants, people of a different race, color, religion, political views and social background. Therefore, such a policy, as relatively independent, can be implemented only with close interaction, coordination of economic and social policies to ensure full, productive and freely chosen employment.
Purpose of the study:economic and statistical analysis of the labor market, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation.
An object:current state and development trends of the labor market in the Russian Federation.
Item:state policy of regulation of the labor market in the Russian Federation.
Tasks:
1.Expand the essence of the concepts of "Labor market", "Employment" and "Unemployment";
.Study the state of the modern labor market in the Russian Federation;
3.Reveal the influence of various factors on the unemployment rate in the Russian Federation;
.Analyze the indicators of employment and unemployment in the Chelyabinsk region;
.Determine ways to overcome the federal problem of labor market regulation, employment and unemployment.
Research methods:theoretical analysis of literature on the research problem, graphical method, method of average values, tabular method, synthesis, systematization, generalization.
labor market unemployment employment
Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of the problem under study
1.1 The concept of "Labor market": features and characteristics
In its most general form, a market is a system of economic relations between sellers and buyers of goods and services. The market can also be viewed as an economic and geographic space in which the process of commodity circulation takes place, the exchange of goods for money and, accordingly, money for goods. The market is also understood as a mechanism that brings together sellers and goods and services.
Among the markets, a special place is occupied by the labor market, which is the foundation of market relations, since the management of the economy presupposes, first of all, the management of labor activity. The labor market is an organic component of any market economy that serves as a mechanism for the distribution and redistribution of social labor in spheres and sectors of the economy, types and forms of employment, according to the criteria of labor and production efficiency in accordance with the structure of social needs and forms of ownership.
There are several scientific definitions of the labor market:
According to I.V. Lipsits, the labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for wages and other benefits that firms agree to provide them in exchange for these services.
Nikolaeva I.P. believes that the labor market - it is the sphere of contacts between sellers and buyers, labor services, as a result of which the price level and the distribution of labor services are established. It includes a wide range of labor relations and the persons involved. The majority of the working population obtains jobs and incomes through the labor market.
Kibanov A.Ya. the concept of "labor market" means a socio-economic system that includes a set of social relations associated with the purchase and sale of labor. It is an economic space - a field of employment in which buyers and sellers of labor interact; finally, it is a mechanism to ensure that prices and working conditions are negotiated between employers and employees.
The labor market can be viewed broadly - as the aggregate labor market, covering the entire aggregate supply (all economically active population) and aggregate demand (the overall need of the economy for labor). In a narrow sense, it is customary to talk about the current labor market as an integral part of the aggregate labor market, the main characteristics of which are the supply of labor, i.e. the contingent of unemployed people looking for work, and the demand for labor force or understaffed jobs, reflecting the unmet part of the economy's overall labor demand.
The current labor market consists of separate elements:
?an open labor market is an economically active population looking for work and in need of training and retraining, as well as all vacancies in all sectors of the economy;
?the hidden labor market is people who are formally employed in the economy, but at the same time, due to a reduction in production or a change in its structure, they can be released without prejudice to production.
Both markets have official (registered) and unofficial parts.
Features of the functioning of the labor market:
.Inseparability of ownership of goods - labor from the owner. In the labor market, it is not labor itself that is sold and bought, but labor services, therefore the buyer (employer) acquires only the right to use and partially dispose of the ability to work (labor force), functioning for a certain time.
2.Significant duration of contact between the seller and the buyer of labor, which leaves its mark on their relationship and plays an important role in ensuring the viability of the organization.
.The presence of a large number of institutional structures of a special kind (an extensive system of legislation, socio-economic programs, employment services, etc.).
.A high degree of individualization of transactions associated with different professional and qualification levels of the workforce, a variety of technologies and work organization, etc.
.Uniqueness in the exchange of labor in comparison with the exchange of any other commodity. The first exchange begins in the sphere of circulation of goods - labor, i.e. in the labor market, continues in the sphere of production and ends in the sphere of circulation of vital goods, i.e. in the market for goods and services. The second one begins and ends in the sphere of circulation of real goods.
.The significance for the employee of non-monetary aspects of the transaction: the content and working conditions, the microclimate in the team, the possibility of career advancement, etc. ...
The labor market as a system includes the following elements:
Labor market entities- these are employees and their associations - trade unions, employers (entrepreneurs) and their unions, the state, as well as legislative acts, norms, rules governing the relationship between market participants, clearly defining their rights, creating equal opportunities for the realization of the work abilities of all participants market relations, providing social insurance in case of job loss, etc. Such norms are defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", etc.
Labor market conditions - it is the ratio of supply and demand of labor. It can be of three types:
?labor-deficient, when the labor market lacks labor supply;
?labor surplus, when the labor market has a large number of unemployed and, accordingly, an excess of labor supply;
?equilibrium when the demand for labor corresponds to its supply.
Labor market infrastructure - it is a system of institutions, institutions and organizations dealing with the problems of the movement of the labor force and ensuring the functioning of the labor market (government agencies, labor exchanges, non-governmental structures for promoting employment, personnel services of enterprises, public organizations, foundations, data banks about jobs, statistical information, etc. ).
The presence and interaction of all elements of the labor market are necessary for its normal functioning, which is understood as a situation when all conditions have been created for performing the functions of the labor market. These features include:
· organizing a meeting of sellers and buyers of labor;
· ensuring a competitive environment within each of the parties to market interaction;
· establishment of equilibrium wage rates;
· assistance in solving issues of employment of the population;
· implementation of social support for the unemployed.
The most important component of the labor market is the mechanism of the labor market functioning, which is the interaction and coordination of socially different interests of various groups of employers and the able-bodied population in need of work and willing to work for hire.
The main components of the labor market mechanism include:
.The price of labor power is the price of the means of subsistence that are necessary for the normal reproduction of labor power. The price is paid to employees not automatically, but is the subject of an agreement (bargaining) between them and employers. As a result, each of them comes out with its own price. The hired worker (seller) is trying to sell at a higher price, and the employer (buyer) is trying to buy at a lower price. As a result, the contractual wages are set at a level below the seller's price but above the buyer's price.
.Labor demand is the employers' solvent need for labor for the organization and development of production. The main factors are:
?labor productivity;
?use of modern technologies;
?the state of the economy and its individual sectors;
?demand for consumer goods needed by society.
3.Labor supply is the aggregate of the economically active population offering its labor force in the labor market. The main factors are:
?the size of the population and its able-bodied part;
?skill level;
?the level and structure of wages;
?social and tax policy of the state.
4.Competition is rivalry, a struggle to achieve the highest benefits, advantages. Competition in the labor market is competition between independent buyers and between sellers of labor. It can be of various types: for attracting workers, for filling vacant positions, for changing working conditions, etc.
Thus, the labor market is one of the elements of a market economy and is a system of social relations in the coordination of the interests of employers and hired labor. It is important to note that the Russian labor market is currently unbalanced, as evidenced by serious structural imbalances on both the demand and supply side.
.2 The concept of "Employment": essence, types and forms
The problem of employment of the population is one of the most important socio-economic problems. Employment is inextricably linked both with people and their work, and with the production, distribution, appropriation and consumption of material goods. Because of this, the category of employment is a general economic category characteristic of all socio-economic formations.
There are theoretical and practical interpretations of employment.
In theory, employment is a socially useful activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs and, as a rule, brings earnings or earned income.
In practice, employment is the ratio between the number of able-bodied population and the number of employed, which characterizes the degree of use of the labor resources of society and the situation on the labor market.
However, both interpretations do not take into account the deep processes inherent in employment. Employment has a pronounced social character and reflects the need of people for income and self-expression through socially useful activities, as well as the degree of satisfaction of this need at a certain level of socio-economic development of society.
The current situation in the field of employment is inadequate to the requirements of a market economy, therefore, the exit of the Russian economy from the crisis and further progress of society are possible if the economy is able to reflect the interests of a person in the world of work.
In Russia, on April 19, 1991, the Law "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" was adopted (with subsequent additions and amendments), which formulated the basic principles of employment, giving employment relations a market character:
The first principle- ensuring freedom in labor and employment, prohibition of forced, compulsory labor. A person has the priority right to choose: to participate or not to participate in social work.
Second principle- creation by the state of conditions for ensuring the right to work, to protection from unemployment, to assistance in employment and material support in case of unemployment in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
According to the Legislation, along with all employed people, students, and military personnel, the employed population also includes citizens who provide themselves with work and are engaged in entrepreneurial activities.
The unemployed population includes two groups of citizens:
.voluntarily unemployed citizens living at the expense of one of the spouses, parents, etc .;
2.forcedly unemployed citizens, who, in turn, are divided into job seekers on their own or with the help of employment services, unemployed citizens receiving unemployment benefits.
It is important to determine the status of employment for the economically active population, including the unemployed:
Wage-earners- these are persons who work under a signed written contract (agreement) or by an oral agreement with the management of the enterprise on the conditions of work, for which they receive the payment agreed upon upon hiring.
Individual workers- persons who independently carry out activities that bring them income, do not use or use hired workers only for a short period.
Employers- persons managing their own enterprise or authorized to manage a joint-stock company, business partnership, etc. The employer can fully or partially delegate his functions to the hired manager, while retaining responsibility for the well-being of the enterprise.
Unpaid family workers- persons who work without pay in a family enterprise owned by their relative.
Persons not amenable to classification by employment status- these are the unemployed who have not previously engaged in labor activities that brought them income. This also includes persons who are difficult to attribute to one or another employment status.
According to the degree of quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the economy's need for labor and the population's need for jobs, the following types of employment are distinguished: full, productive, freely chosen, rational, efficient and optimal.
· Full employment is a state in which all those who need it and those who want to work are provided with work, which corresponds to the existence of a balance between the demand and supply of labor;
· Productive employment is employment that meets the interests of increasing production efficiency, introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and increasing labor productivity. As defined by the International Labor Organization (ILO), productive employment is the employment of those whose product of labor is accepted and paid for by society;
· Freely chosen employment presupposes that the right to dispose of one's own ability to work (labor force) belongs exclusively to its owner, i.e. to the employee himself. This principle guarantees the right of every employee to choose between employment and unemployment, prohibiting any administrative recruitment to work;
· Rational employment is employment that is justified from the point of view of the processes of formation, distribution and use of labor resources, taking into account their age and gender and educational structure, modes of reproduction of the working-age population and its location in the country. Rational employment is characterized by the share of the productively employed in the total number of the economically active population;
· Effective employment presupposes the ability of public administration to reproduce the socio-economic conditions for the development of workers, dictated by the criteria of the lifestyle at this stage of the development of society. The effective nature of employment presupposes engaging in socially useful activities that provide a decent income, health, personal advancement, an increase in the educational and professional level for each member of society based on the growth of social productivity, as well as the economic and social feasibility of jobs.
· Socially useful employment is determined by the number of able-bodied people employed both in social production, in the military service, in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in full-time students, leading the household (caring for children, the elderly, sick relatives).
The practical need for accounting for the population necessitates the identification of types (structure) of employment, the distribution of the active part of labor resources by spheres and sectors of the economy.
There are also various forms of employment:
.By the way of participation in social labor:
?employment for hire is a relationship that arises between the owners of the means of production and workers who do not have the means of production and sell their labor in exchange for a certain value in the form of wages;
?self-employment is a relationship (economic, legal, etc.) that people enter into regarding participation in socially useful labor and which are based on personal initiative, independence and responsibility, are usually aimed at obtaining labor income and condition self-realization and self-affirmation of the personality;
2.According to the working time regime, it is customary to distinguish between full-time employment (40 hours per week) and part-time (part-time) employment;
3.By the regularity of work:
?permanent (regular) employment implies that the employee must work a certain number of hours every week, less often every month;
?temporary employment has two types: employment for a certain period (fixed term of an employment contract) and business trip employment (through the mediation of certain firms);
?seasonal employment involves working during a specific season;
?casual employment means performing short-term jobs of various nature in order to receive material remuneration without concluding an employment contract;
4.By the legitimacy of employment:
?formal employment is employment registered in the formal economy;
?informal employment - employment not registered in the official economy, which has a source of jobs in the informal sector of the economy and some of its types.
5.According to the terms of the organization of labor processes:
?standard (typical) employment is employment that implies the constant work of an employee for one employer in his production premises under a standard workload during the day, week, year;
?precarious (flexible) employment goes beyond this framework and includes the following forms:
· employment associated with non-standard working hours (flexible working year, compressed working week, flexible working hours, etc.);
· employment related to the social status of workers: independent workers, family members helping them;
· employment in jobs with non-standard jobs and work organization (home work, "call workers", shift, etc.);
· employment in non-standard organizational forms: temporary workers, part-time jobs.
.3 The concept of "unemployment": causes, classification, consequences
Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon, which is the lack of employment for a certain, more or less part of the economically active population, capable and willing to work.
In accordance with the provisions of the ILO, an unemployed person is recognized as a person who does not have an occupation that generates income, who is ready to work and who is looking for a job.
In Russia, the status of the unemployed is more rigidly defined. According to the Law "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", the unemployed are able-bodied citizens who did not have a job or earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for a job and are ready to start it; in addition, the law stipulates that citizens under the age of 16 and retirees cannot be recognized as unemployed.
In the modern economy, unemployment is seen as a natural and integral part of the market economy. It contributes to:
· improving the quality structure and competitiveness of the workforce;
· the formation of a new motivational mechanism and an appropriate attitude to work;
· enhancing the value of the workplace and strengthening the human connection with work;
· availability of a labor reserve in case of launching a new production.
In economic theory, there are many different points of view on the causes of unemployment. There are three main positions on this issue:
1.The reason for unemployment is the excessive demands of the employees themselves, presented to the employer in relation to the amount of the desired wages.
2.The reason for unemployment is too low demand for labor. The state must fight unemployment: by increasing government revenues or lowering taxes, it is possible to increase the demand for labor.
3.The reason for unemployment is labor market inflexibility. There is some mismatch between the needs of job seekers and the needs of employers willing to provide jobs.
In this regard, the classification of forms of unemployment according to various criteria (Table 1.1) is of great interest.
Table 1.1
Forms of unemployment and their characteristics
No. Form of unemployment Characteristic Causes of unemployment1Frictional It is associated with a voluntary change of job in connection with the search for higher earnings or more prestigious work, with more favorable working conditions, etc. 2Institutional It is generated by the very structure of the labor market, factors influencing its supply and demand. 3Voluntary Occurs when a part of the working-age population simply does not want to work for one reason or another. 4Structural It is caused by changes in the structure of social production under the influence of scientific and technological progress and the improvement of the organization of production. 5 Technological It is associated with the transition to new generations of technology and technology, mechanization, automation of manual labor, when part of the labor force is either unnecessary for a given production process, or requires a new, higher level of qualifications or re-profiling. 6 Conversion A type of structural unemployment associated with the release of workers from the military industry, as well as from the army. 7Cyclical Occurs when the general sharp drop in demand for labor during the economic crisis. 8Regional It has a regional origin and is formed under the influence of historical, demographic, socio-psychological circumstances. 9Economic It is caused by the market conditions, the defeat of some commodity producers in the competition. 10Seasonal Caused by the seasonal nature of activities in certain industries. 11 Marginal Unemployment among vulnerable groups of the population. Duration of unemployment12Short-term Up to 4 months. 13 Long lasting 4-8 months. 14Longer 8-18 months. 15 Stagnant More than 18 months. External form of manifestation of unemployment16 Open Includes all unemployed job seekers. 17 Hidden Includes workers who are actually employed in the economy, but who are in reality “superfluous”.
It should be noted that the sum of frictional and structural unemployment is the natural rate of unemployment, i.e. unemployment rate at full employment, which is considered normal in the modern economy, generated by the increase in job search time in the context of the unemployment insurance system and the relative stability of wages. Unemployment is characterized by indicators of its level.
General unemployment rate =
A logical continuation of the proposed classification of forms of unemployment is its structuring according to the following features:
?by gender, highlighting the least socially protected unemployed - women;
?by age, with the allocation of youth unemployment and unemployment of persons of pre-retirement age;
?by social group (workers, intelligentsia, office workers, technical executors);
?by level of education and professional - seniority groups;
?by the level of income and security;
?for reasons of dismissal.
Unemployment has serious economic and social costs. At the same time, very often only the economic effect of unemployment is assessed in the form of the number of released workers and the amounts of benefits paid; social consequences are hardly estimated. However, the degree of negative impact of unemployment on the situation in the country depends on the specific parameters of the social situation. Thus, due to the low material security of Russians (especially the unemployed), as well as due to the high social tension in society, the level of unemployment, which can cause social upheaval, is much lower than in the West. In this regard, there is a need for a detailed examination of both the economic and social consequences of unemployment, as well as a critical analysis and further adaptation to the specific conditions of the methods of studying and assessing the consequences of unemployment used abroad. Such studies are of undoubted interest, since they make it possible to more clearly define the boundaries of the problem and outline the ways out of the crisis situation at the present stage of the country's development. We can offer a detailed classification of the most significant, in our opinion, social and economic consequences of unemployment, considered from the point of view of negative and positive impact on the system (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2
Consequences of unemployment
# Negative consequences Positive consequences Social consequences of unemployment1 Exacerbation of the crime situation. Increase of the social value of the workplace. 2 Increased social tension. Increase in personal free time. 3 Increase in the number of physical and mental illnesses. Increased freedom to choose a place of work. 4Increase in social differentiation .Increase in the social significance and value of work. 5 Decrease in labor activity. - The economic impact of unemployment1Devaluating the consequences of learning. Creation of a labor force reserve for the restructuring of the economy. 2 Reduced production. Competition between employees as an incentive to develop the ability to work. 3Costs of helping the unemployed. A break in employment for retraining and raising the level of education. 4Loss of qualifications. Stimulating the growth of labor intensity and productivity. 5Decrease in living standards. -6 Underproduction of national income. -7 Decrease in tax revenues. -
The economic and social consequences of unemployment indicate that this is a rather dangerous phenomenon for society, requiring an active employment policy aimed not only at eliminating the consequences of unemployment, but also at preventing and preventing its uncontrolled growth above the minimum permissible level.
Chapter 2. The current state of the labor market, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation
.1 Labor market statistics, employment and unemployment problems in the Russian Federation
Labor market statistics are among the most advanced in international statistics and are concentrated in the International Labor Organization (ILO). Currently, domestic statistics of the labor market has moved to international standards and includes three aspects: statistics of labor resources and economically active population, statistics of labor productivity and statistics of labor remuneration, consistently considering indicators of quantity, quality and remuneration of labor in terms of its quantity and quality.
The modern Russian labor market is unbalanced: on the one hand, it is excessive in volume, and on the other hand, it is labor-deficient in its structure, i.e. there is an overaccumulation of labor at enterprises, an accumulation of an excess of workers, while an increase in demand for labor leads to a labor shortage.
The labor market in the Russian Federation is characterized by the following phenomena:
-the rapid decline in the economically active population;
-shifts in the structure of employment - its redistribution to the service sector, where more than half of the employed, and the private sector - 37% of the employed; 63% of the employed work outside the public sector;
-high concentration of employment in large and medium-sized enterprises (67% of all employed);
-high labor mobility of workers (the ratio of the amount of departures and hiring to the average annual number of employed exceeds 30%; at the same time, labor-motivated migration is low - 20% of all migrants);
-inconsistency between growth and differentiation of real accrued wages and growth and differentiation of labor productivity;
-the prevalence of latent processes over open ones (unpaid or partially paid vacations, forced transfers to part-time modes, delays in the payment of wages, informal employment at the expense of regular time);
-the intensification of layoffs due to the reduction in the number of employees (still less than 10% among the causes of unemployment);
-an increase in the average duration of unemployment.
In recent years, the number of employed people has decreased by 9%. Currently, according to the Russian State Statistics Committee, more than 5.9 million people do not have employment, but are actively looking for it; almost 1.5 million people are registered with the employment service as unemployed. In connection with a change in the sectoral structure of employment (a decrease in the number of workers in manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry), regional employment problems have become aggravated. In 47 constituent entities of the Russian Federation out of 89, unemployment exceeds the national average, in some cities there is massive unemployment. The differentiation of Russian regions by the composition of the unemployed is interesting. Initially, the bulk of the unemployed in Russia were women, persons with higher and secondary specialized education, persons of pre-retirement age. But then, in those regions where the unemployment rate was above average, the proportion of men, the proportion of people with a low level of education, and the proportion of young people began to grow.
In Russia, acute unemployment is observed in regions of two types:
.regions with high natural population growth (Dagestan, Kalmykia, Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, etc.). Here, a large number of young people constantly enter the labor market, while the number of jobs in the conditions of the economic crisis not only does not increase, but is even reduced. Regions where high natural increase is combined with a massive influx of refugees (Ingushetia and North Ossetia) are distinguished into a special subtype. In regions of this type, unemployment existed in the past in the form of agrarian overpopulation.
2.depressed regions, i.e. with a predominance of the most critical industries. At the moment, these are the light industry and the military-industrial complex, which are characterized by the greatest reduction in production volumes. This type includes: Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kirov and other regions, Udmurtia, Mordovia, Mari-El.
Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the unemployment rate according to the ILO methodology ranges from 1.6% in Moscow to 46% in the Republic of Ingushetia. A high level of unemployment according to the ILO methodology is noted in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of Dagestan (26-27%), in the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Kalmykia (20-22%), in the Republic of Buryatia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adygea (15-18 %). Up to 5% the unemployment rate - in St. Petersburg (2.7%), Evenk and Chukotka Autonomous Districts, Moscow, Lipetsk regions (3-4%), Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions about 5% (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Unemployment rate (according to ILO methodology)
Thus, we can talk about an exacerbation of the shortage of labor resources in some of the main industrial regions of the country. At the same time, in almost every third region of the country, the unemployment rate exceeds 10% of the economically active population. A similar problem emerges when analyzing intra-regional labor markets. In most Russian regions, one or several economically developed centers with a more or less favorable situation on the labor market can be distinguished, at the same time, those living outside of them have a minimum choice of potential employers (mainly budgetary institutions) or are forced to maintain a subsistence economy (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Dynamics of the economically active population
According to the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, at the end of November 2013, 1.8 million unemployed were registered with the state employment service, including 364.5 thousand people in the Chechen Republic. Compared to November 2012, the number of registered unemployed increased by 274 thousand people, or 17.5%. In November 2011, the total number of unemployed exceeded the number of registered unemployed in a comparable group of people (i.e., of working age without students, students and pensioners classified as unemployed) by 2.7 times. The average age of the unemployed was 34.9 years, the employed population - 39.5 years. Young people under 25 make up 28% among the unemployed and 11% among the employed population, persons aged 55 and over, respectively, 6% and 9% (Table 2.1). Almost 11% of the unemployed had higher education and 21% - secondary vocational. Among the employed, this ratio was 25% and 26%, respectively (Table 2.2).
Table 2.1
Indicators of economically active and inactive population (age 15-72 years, thousand people)
Year 8 Men Women Urban population Rural population20083780,53218,65142,71856,420093410,82892,644601843,420103322,22831,34214,91938,620113007,42675,93812,41870,9201229022873,23898,61876,620132725253833891874
Table 2.2
Unemployment rate by education level (%)
Year Higher professional Incomplete higher professional Secondary professional Primary professional Secondary (complete) general Basic general Primary general; (no initial total) 200811.04,222,713,532,813,72,1200910,42,824,412,434,913,91,2201011,22,720,716,233,714,11,4201110,92,720,518,333,113.51,1201210,12,918,818,332,416,41,1201310,72,111,317,837,013,5
Among the unemployed, there is still a high proportion of women workers. On average in Russia in 2004, according to population surveys by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, this share was 49.8% (slightly increased compared to 2003, when it was 47.1%). In most cases, women are in a state of open unemployment for a longer period of time. The underemployment of female workers is widespread, especially in the light industry, primarily in textiles and clothing.
The position of young people in the labor market is deteriorating. Since the youth contingent is extremely heterogeneous in age, educational and professional level, each of them needs its own approach to solving employment problems. First of all, we are talking about primary employment of both those who have education and specialty, and those who do not have either one or the other.
Nevertheless, over the past 10 years, unemployment in Russia has generally tended to decline. This is true both for studies carried out according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO), based on population surveys, and for statistics on the number of officially registered unemployed in Russia. In 2013, one of the lowest unemployment rates in 10 years was achieved, and this level continues to decline. If in January 2013 there were 1.072 million unemployed officially registered in Russia, in November their number dropped to 848.9 thousand people (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3
Key performance indicators of the employment service of the Russian Federation
No. Indicators January-August 2012 2013 1Number of people who applied in search of work (thousand people) 447045282 Number of those recognized as unemployed (thousand people) 218719593 Number of people who found work with the assistance of employment services (thousand people) 292830994 Number of citizens participating in public works (thousand people) 3894985 Number of citizens who were trained in employment services (thousand people) 2372806 Number of unemployed people registered for early retirement (thousand people) 23,321.67 Number of unemployed registered with the employment service at the end of the reporting period (thousand people) 176616078 Share of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits at the end reporting period (thousand people) 83,381.49 Demand for workers declared to the employment service at the end of the reporting period (thousand people) 1048 102 110 Level of registered unemployment at the end of the reporting period (%) 2,42,211 Average duration of unemployment at the end of June (month) 5 , 86,612 Share of registered unemployed more than a year (at the end of June) (%) 12,220.4
The Employment Service of the Russian Federation has a database with more than 1.5 million vacancies throughout the country, i.e. for every officially registered unemployed, there are almost two vacancies. Moreover, for these vacancies there is a rather high salary, reaching hundreds of thousands and even up to 1 million rubles.
However, there is some imbalance between the supply and demand of jobs, depending on the position. So, if the largest number of jobs in the category of employees falls on the vacancies of doctors and engineers, then the vacancies of an accountant, a lawyer and an economist are in the greatest demand from job seekers. According to the recruiting company ANKOR, in the first half of 2013, the growth of requests for personnel compared to 2012 amounted to 44%. The largest growth was recorded in the professional services sector (74%), industrial production (62%), sales of goods of high demand (47%) and the pharmaceutical industry (31%). But the need for IT specialists decreased by 14% compared to last year, and the largest decline was observed in the insurance market - a fall of 29%.
Along with a decrease in unemployment, since the beginning of 2013, the total wage arrears of enterprises to employees have almost doubled. The number of employees who did not receive their wages on time at the beginning of 2013 was about 53 thousand people, as of November 2013 this number increased to 95 thousand people. The amount of debt itself has also grown - from 1.5 billion rubles at the beginning of 2013 to almost 3 billion rubles as of November 2013. It should be noted that in October, the debts of budgets of all levels for the payment of wages to public sector employees were almost completely paid off. Gradually accumulated since the beginning of 2013, the budgetary arrears amounted to about 77 million rubles in October 2013, and by November of the same year it had already dropped to 3.5 million rubles. The wage arrears of organizations, due to the lack of their own funds, tend to grow, which indicates a deterioration in the economic situation at enterprises.
As for the mid-term estimates, according to P. Andreev, Managing Director of BCS Forex, official unemployment in Russia by the end of 2013 was can reach 5.5% of the economically active population.
Nevertheless, in 2014, the employment rate of the population of the Russian Federation will decline due to the stagnation of the Russian economy. The Ministry of Economic Development for 2014 predicts an increase in the number of unemployed in relation to the economically active population from 5.8 to 5.9%. It would seem that the increase is very small, but these numbers mean that jobs may be lost<#"center">.3 Indicators of employment and unemployment in the Chelyabinsk region
Analysis of statistical data for the Chelyabinsk region for the reporting period 2011 2012 (Table 2.4) shows that the unemployment rate continues to decline in this region.
Table 2.4
The state of the labor market in the Chelyabinsk region
No. Indicators 2011 2012 1 Tension coefficient in the registered labor market 2.7 people. / 1 vacancy1.9 people / 1 vacancy2 Declared need for employees of organizations of the region13105 people. 13237 people 3Number of citizens recognized as unemployed 6024 people 4179 people 4Application of residents to the Employment Centers for assistance in finding a job 95.9% 96.7% 5Application of residents for information on the situation on the labor market 11,474 people 7768 people 6 Residents who found work with the assistance of the employment service 3375 people 3155 people 7 Registered as individual entrepreneurs 14 people 0 people 8Number of citizens who have started paid public works 460 people 311 people 9 Employed citizens seeking to resume work after a long (more than 1 year) break 480 people. 414 people 10 Citizens from among the unemployed who have difficulties in finding a job were employed for temporary work. 8 people 11The level of employment of citizens looking for work6.03% 7, 20% 12 Withdrawn from the register of unemployed citizens: due to employment; started vocational training; a labor pension has been assigned; for other reasons 3857 people 41.9% 46.7% 9% 1.4% 3.8% 3.6% 45.3% 48.3% 13 Unemployed movement index 0.9 40.92
The level of registered unemployment in the region is 1.7% (2.3% in 2011) of the economically active population. In 7 territories the unemployment rate did not exceed 1.7%, in 17 - two or more times higher than the regional average. Highest unemployment rate in urban and municipal districts:
Karabash - 5.4% (5.6%);
Nyazepetrovsky - 10.3% (13.1%);
Katav-Ivanovsky - 7.6% (10.4%);
Chesmensky - 5.7% (7.0%);
Bredinsky - 5.6% (6.3%);
Kizilsky - 5.5% (6.0%).
Figure 3. Unemployment rate,%
Thus, the situation in the registered labor market in January 2012 was characterized by:
-a decrease in the number of citizens who applied in search of a suitable job;
-a decrease in the number of citizens registered as unemployed;
a decrease in the number of people dismissed from the job center;
an increase in the number of advertised vacancies;
reducing tension in the labor market;
a decrease in the level of registered unemployment.
Comparative indicators for the regions of the Ural Federal District are presented in table. 2.5.
Table 2.5
Comparative indicators for the Ural Federal District (as of 01.01.2012)
Region Ural Federal District Number of registered unemployed citizens, people Registered unemployment rate,% Tension on the labor market, unemployed / 1 vac. Kurgan region96372.12.6 Sverdlovsk region389581.61.2 Tyumen region44550.70.2 Chelyabinsk region320631.71.6KhMAO79070.90.4YANAO38291.20.6 UFD968491.50.9
Since the beginning of 2013, 76,984 people have contacted the regional employment service; for assistance in finding a job - 48165 people; employed 26773 unemployed.
The number of registered vacancies is 35362.
The highest unemployment rate in 2013 was observed in February - 1.59% (29891 unemployed).
According to the average statistical data for 2013, the number of residents of the Chelyabinsk region recognized as unemployed reached the minimum value since the beginning of the year - 24,948 people.
The downward trend in the number of registered unemployed continues.
.4 State policy of regulation of the labor market in the Russian Federation
In essence, the problem of unemployment is one of the main problems facing the state of a market economy. Its solution is carried out in two directions:
.by macroeconomic regulation of the economy and unemployment (level and time duration) on the basis of methods that ensure the growth of aggregate demand and business activity and at the same time do not cause inflation;
2.implementation of social protection for people who have lost their jobs (information about jobs, retraining system, public works, payments of unemployment benefits, etc.).
When analyzing the problem of unemployment in Russia, it should be borne in mind that the transition to market relations is taking place in very difficult conditions due to economic instability, the difficult legacy of the administrative command system of management, and an unfavorable demographic situation. It should also be understood that Russia is only at the beginning of the path of market transformations, while in developed capitalist countries market relations have been developing for more than one hundred years, therefore, Russia cannot be compared with countries with developed capitalist relations.
The most threatening factor in the growth of unemployment and the massive release of people from production is the denationalization and curtailment of production at large and super-large enterprises. A specific type of unemployment arises among highly qualified persons who are professionally unsuitable for use in the lower economic levels of the production and non-production spheres.
Among the many problems facing any country in the context of its transition to a market economy, one of the most acute is the threat of mass unemployment and the mitigation of its social consequences. In Russia, mass unemployment is generated by a structural economic crisis, which reflects the contradictions in the conditions for the transition from a command economy to a market economy and is not cyclical, but structural. To overcome this crisis, deep structural transformations are needed in the country's economy as a whole and in the national economy. However, in relation to employment, it is imperative that regulatory participation be maintained.
Many agree that the government will be able to reduce unemployment if it can prevent or reduce fluctuations in economic growth (economic cycles). All support vocational training programs that help laid-off workers acquire new skills to find new jobs.
It would be logical to assume that the government could reduce the unemployment rate by eliminating unemployment benefits. This would increase the cost of finding a new job for laid-off workers and thus shorten the search period. The economic argument against doing this is that looking for a job too short will be as waste of valuable resources as looking too long.
State policy in the field of promoting employment of the population and processes in the labor market as a whole in modern conditions. RF Law "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation": the state pursues a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment; state policy in the field of promoting employment of the population is aimed at implementing the diverse elements of socio - economic conditions for the rational and productive use of the available labor potential of society.
In order to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment of the population, the state is called upon to develop measures of financial, credit, investment and tax policies aimed at the rational distribution of productive forces, increasing the mobility of labor resources, developing temporary and self-employment, encouraging the use of flexible labor regimes and others. measures to promote the preservation and development of the system of jobs; legal regulation in the field of employment based on the observance of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and the corresponding state guarantees, further improvement of legislation on employment of the population: development and implementation of federal and territorial programs to promote employment of the population; creation of a public employment service.
State labor exchanges (employment centers), which are the central link of the state employment service, play a special role in solving problems related to unemployment.
Thus, the state policy in the field of promoting employment of the population is aimed at:
1.development of human resources for labor;
2.ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens in the exercise of the right to voluntary work and free choice of employment;
3.creation of decent living conditions and free human development;
4.strengthening guarantees in the field of wages and solving the problem of non-payment of wages;
5.support of labor and entrepreneurial initiatives of citizens, carried out within the framework of the rule of law, as well as assistance in the development of abilities for productive, creative work;
6.provision of social protection in the field of employment of the population, carrying out special measures to promote employment of citizens experiencing difficulties in finding a job;
7.ensuring the legal protection of employees;
8.prevention of mass and reduction of long-term unemployment;
9.development of the unemployment insurance system:
-increasing the share of contributions to the employment fund, which will stimulate the restructuring of enterprises;
-the use of insurance principles, when, along with the employer, the employee himself participates in the formation of the fund;
-government funding of special programs of assistance to specific social groups in the labor market - servicemen, refugees, youth, who have been laid off, etc .;
-adaptation of the unemployed to the changed requirements of the market through the system of vocational training;
-simplification of the procedure for registering unemployed persons with employment services;
10.encouraging employers who maintain existing and create new jobs, primarily for citizens who are in particular need of social protection and who have difficulties in finding a job;
11.a combination of the independence of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities in ensuring the employment of the population;
12.coordination of activities in the field of employment of the population with activities in other areas of economic and social policy;
13.coordination of the activities of state bodies, trade unions, other representative bodies of workers and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population;
14.creation of an effective system for the protection of employees through the mechanism of social partnership
An active state policy in the field of employment of the population is carried out through the development and implementation of federal and regional employment programs, which are formed based on the situation on the labor market and the forecast of its development.
Long-term state policy at the federal level includes a set of measures to prevent mass unemployment, to maintain it at a socially acceptable level; training and retraining of the workforce that meets the requirements of the market and scientific and technological progress; the development and implementation of large programs, projects that ensure the withdrawal of depressed regions from stagnation.
The regional aspect of the state employment policy is implemented through the annually adopted by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial programs to promote employment of the population, taking into account the special factors and conditions affecting the state of the labor market in the regions.
State policy at the regional level is implemented within the framework of the federal program, through the implementation of regional and local programs to promote employment of the population, taking into account the peculiarities of the demographic and socio-economic development of territories.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian labor market in the transition period, it can be concluded that the officially proclaimed course of efficient use of resources (including labor), including through the introduction of various forms of economic activity, at the current stage of reforms is still accompanied by the destruction of labor potential. Therefore, the Russian Federation should create the most flexible, legalized labor market that guarantees low unemployment (about 4-5% of the economically active population) and sustainable high rates of economic growth (3-5% per year with a corresponding increase in wages).
Many shortcomings of the previous state programs in the field of employment and the labor market were taken into account in the latest "Concept of actions on the labor market of the Russian Federation", which fairly objectively, including in quantitative terms, presents the trends that have developed in the Russian labor market his acute problems.
The key task in the labor market is determined by increasing the efficiency of employment, and a number of priority areas have been identified for its solution. These include:
· provision of social guarantees for the unemployed and weakly competitive groups of the population;
· delineation of powers in the field of employment policy and the labor market between the levels of government;
· free movement of labor resources across the territory and industries of the country;
· support of small business and regulation of attracting and using foreign labor.
It is planned to develop a forecast of the need for workers and specialists by types of economic activity and regions, and, accordingly, determine the volume of training for these workers and specialists, as well as the budgetary funds required for this.
To solve problems in this direction, a wide, but rather targeted range of measures is envisaged, such as: expert assessment of the consequences of the country's accession to the WTO; tax incentives for new jobs in "promising sectors of the economy"; development and implementation of special programs to increase labor productivity; analysis of opportunities for increasing employment in "problem sectors" (coal, metallurgy, fuel and energy, light industry); support of small business both for the creation of jobs, including in the countryside, and for the development of the infrastructure of closed administrative-territorial entities, territories of city-forming organizations; development of mechanisms for interaction of subjects of social partnership; development of social planning in organizations; creation of counseling centers at enterprises where the release of workers is envisaged, etc.
In the direction of assistance to citizens in particular need of social protection, the task of accurate registration of the unemployed by separate groups and categories has been put forward in the first place in order to implement the principle of targeting in the work of employment services; It also provides for the development of special employment programs for the least protected groups of citizens.
In the field of optimization of employment services, the task was set to develop a system of information support for employment services, to provide accessible information for clients of these services.
In general, this Concept represents a step forward compared to similar previous documents of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Conclusion
The labor market is one of the elements of the market economy and is a system of social relations in the coordination of the interests of employers and hired labor.
The formation of the labor market in Russia, its forecasting, is an integral part of the formation of the market mechanism. The main directions of its regulation should be the fight against a further decline in production; prevention of mass unemployment; taking measures to improve the living standards of the population, etc.
At the same time, the problem of employment and unemployment is a key issue in a market economy, and without solving it, it is impossible to establish an effective operation of the country's economy.
Until recently, the Government of the Russian Federation did not pay due attention to this problem, which caused quite fair fears, because, as a consequence of unemployment, under-received output occurs - the deviation of the actual GDP from the potential as a result of the incomplete use of the total labor force (the higher the unemployment rate, the more lag in GDP); reduction of the revenue side of the federal budget as a result of a decrease in tax revenues and a decrease in proceeds from the sale of goods; direct losses in personal disposable income and a decrease in the standard of living of persons who have become unemployed and their families; the growing costs of society to protect workers from losses caused by unemployment: the payment of benefits, the implementation of programs to stimulate the growth of employment, professional retraining and employment of the unemployed.
At the moment, the unemployment rate in Russia exceeds the level of natural unemployment accepted in the West by 0.6% and is 7.6%, however, in general, over the past 10 years, the total number of unemployed has been gradually decreasing. At the same time, the least employed is the group of 20-24 years old (university graduates), the average age of the unemployed is decreasing. The number of unemployed women is still less than the number of unemployed men, however, from year to year the share of the unemployed female population is growing. The largest number of unemployed in our country have a secondary (complete) general education.
The main way to solve the problem of unemployment in the labor market is economic growth of production (restoration of mothballed production capacities), which will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the number of people employed in the economy.
In Russia, the formation of specific mechanisms of state regulation of the labor market is under way. Certain steps have already been taken here: the Law on Employment has been adopted, a state employment service has been created, a system of retraining of personnel is being developed, the subsistence minimum and minimum wage are officially established.
Nevertheless, in 2014, the employment rate of the population of the Russian Federation will decline due to the stagnation of the Russian economy. The Ministry of Economic Development for 2014 predicts an increase in the number of unemployed in relation to the economically active population from 5.8 to 5.9%.
The decline in employment is not only a negative factor, belatedly indicating a slowdown in economic growth, but also very positive from the point of view of some minority shareholders. Many investors are betting on companies that are actively cutting their staff during a slowdown in the global economy. It is believed that in this way companies reduce costs, and this, in turn, allows them to direct more funds to the development of their own production.
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For economists around the world, the Russian labor market presents a very strange and fascinating mystery. The economic crisis that gripped the country in 2014 led to a rapid drop in the salaries of Russians, but they, however, are in no hurry to change jobs, and unemployment in the country is at a relatively stable and low level. At the same time, experts are seriously concerned about the situation when the labor income of the population falls significantly with age: with the same professional qualities, an employee who is 15-20 years younger will receive a significantly higher salary.
Russian economists from the Higher School of Economics have repeatedly described the state of the labor market in their regular reports. Having analyzed several of them, the Careerist.ru Analytical Center managed to identify 7 main problems that most Russian workers have to face in one form or another. They have taken place before, but they will continue to influence in 2018. Let's start with the perennial problem - the very dubious rise in wages.
Salaries are rising but falling
The Russian labor market is distinguished by a specific reaction to all economic crises that have occurred in the country. While in the West people usually lose their jobs en masse at such a time, in the Russian Federation employment remains at a relatively stable level. For example, during the 2008-09 crisis, unemployment increased to only 8%, but the figures soon returned to their former levels. Economic shocks have a much greater impact on the labor incomes of Russians. So, according to the HSE, for 3 full-fledged crisis years, salaries have lost about 10% of their volume. In 2017, the situation somewhat leveled off, and the government did not stop announcing an increase in real wages - for example, in the first 10 months of 2017, the annual growth was 4.3% compared to 2016. This, however, only provides a groundwork for the future - there is no need to talk about compensating the indicators of previous years.
The situation is aggravated by the “traditions” of Russian employers. First, the massive introduction of a variable part of the wages in the private sector has a significant negative impact. It is not news that for many, a specific salary depends on the performance indicators or the economic indicators of the enterprise. No wonder that in the face of an economic downturn, wages will fall massively.
Secondly, we often see a picture of mass transfer of personnel to part-time work. Naturally, the reduction in working hours also reduces wages. Thirdly, only rare employers practice indexing. So, even if the employee even managed to keep the salary at the same level, this does not mean that her purchasing power will not fall as a result of inflation.
Law that does not exist
If we proceed from the dry letter of the law, then Russian labor legislation is really tough in relation to the employer and his relationship with employees, in particular, in matters of dismissal. Dismissal of an employee at the initiative of the employer, for example, is possible only in exceptional cases, and even then with certain costs on the part of the employer. These tough rules pose serious business risks. Therefore, employers en masse simply prefer not to fulfill it. This concerns many aspects of labor relations.
First of all, these are employment issues. It is much easier for an employer to refuse to formalize an employee, which will allow him not only to save on paying taxes and insurance premiums, but also to dictate his own rules to the employee. According to HSE estimates, the illegal labor market covers about 30 million workers, despite the fact that able-bodied citizens of the Russian Federation - about 71-72 million people. In addition, employers do not hesitate to shift their costs onto the shoulders of employees. So, despite the existence of serious sanctions, in Russia you will not surprise anyone with a delay in wages. Often there are also cases of forced dismissal, when an employee is forced to leave “on his own”.
This legal nihilism of employers is associated with the weakness of state institutions that are engaged in supervisory activities. As a result, there is a complete lack of trust in the employer on the part of employees, as well as a lack of trust in the state as an impassive judge.
A burden for the union
In fact, violations of labor legislation by the employer have reached such proportions that the employee, even if he officially gets a job at a new job, he has no confidence that the labor contract concluded with him will be fully fulfilled. Why, there is no complete certainty even that he will be paid the first salary until the employee receives it in his hands. The same situation arises in cases where part of the salary is variable, according to the HSE.
In theory, the situation should be controlled by hundreds of Russian trade unions operating either within the entire country, or in its individual regions, or even at individual enterprises. However, they prefer to remain silent, remembering their members only when they stop regularly paying membership fees.
In general, ordinary people have the impression that Russian trade unions are much more likely to defend the employer, with whom, according to the logic of things, they should, on the contrary, be “on opposite sides of the barricade”. Nevertheless, they prefer not to interfere in the relationship between the employer and employees, limiting themselves to only a modest collection of membership fees. Speech, by the way, is about huge money.
For example, the largest trade union organization in Russia is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions. It includes about 21 million members, 80% of whom regularly transfer 1% of their salaries every month. So, according to our rough calculations, the FNP accumulates about 70 billion rubles annually only through contributions. What, with such funding, their contribution to the protection of workers' rights is very difficult for us to assess.
Obsolete Jobs
According to average estimates, the annual growth in the number of modern jobs in the world is 10-15% - a similar number of old jobs are declining. That is, there is a gradual modernization and increase in the productivity of jobs, which, of course, is typical primarily for developed countries, to which Russia is also claiming the status. However, in the Russian Federation, this process is slowed down not only in comparison with advanced, but even with developing countries, HSE is sure.
So, over the past 10 years, the number of jobs in large and medium-sized businesses has decreased by 5 million, from 39 to 34 mln. That is, in fact, it turns out that employers cut jobs in a much larger volume than they created new ones. According to experts, if the enterprise is growing, then the share of new jobs created on it does not exceed 4-5% per year. Firstly, it is much less than in the West and even in neighboring China. Secondly, we are not talking about high-tech jobs at all. That is, productivity gains in the workplace are only talked about in exceptional cases.