Black rot, black, sage mushroom, black mold - the name of the same disease. Scientists referred to him aspergillosis. This is a widespread fungal infection, affecting cucumbers, peas, beets, carrots, onion. Suffer from her and vegetables, and fruits, and even houseplants. But most often it is found in Luke and garlic. Therefore, the struggle against the black mold in the garden is usually events aimed at preserving exactly this product.
The disease causes Aspergillus Niger fungus. Spores fall into the bulbs through damage and affect the upper juicy flakes. Heads softened, dustless black powder appears between the scales.
Externally on the sick bulbs first are visible only dark spots With a characteristic dispute room. Then the top scales dry. Small heads of the bow and garlic can even dry out completely. Most often amazed poorly dried and unrivable specimens.
There is a disease usually already when stored. But this does not mean that it began at this time. Although the reparation of bulbs in the repository - the phenomenon is very common, and direct contact Healthy heads with patients transmitting infection takes place very quickly. It is impossible to discount and the ability to obtain a dispute over the air - still on the garden.
The fungus of this species is able to live on vegetables, fruits, damaged or dead plants. The circle of his "interests" is quite wide, especially in dry and warm areas. IN southern regions It is often found immediately on many products such as vegetable and animal origin.
The pathogen is maintained on post-harvest residues and affected bulbs. With an increase in air temperature above 28 ° C, its activity increases sharply. For infection with conidia, it is enough that the leaves of the pumpkin were wet a little over six hours. On the onion, this time is even less. Moreover, the first symptoms are almost impossible. Is that the bleaching of the neck, where the fungus penetrates inside the bulbs or the yellowing of the leaves in garlic. After some time, the affected scales become watery. And when the mycelium grows, black disputes appear, with a diameter of no more than 5 microns.
To protect yourself from the spread of a sage mushroom, first of all, use healthy planting material. And this suggests:
Correct crop rotation;
- the cultivation of Sevka separately from Luke-Republic;
- timely cleaning;
- Good drying first on open place, then indoors at air temperature not lower than 26 ° C;
- A sufficient trimming - the cervix must be from 3 to 6 cm;
- optimum temperature storage sevka;
- Attentive sorting when bookmarking for storage - all suspicious or dark bulbs must be further checked for the presence of a dispute under the scales.
Not excessive will be the etching of the Sevka and Chernushki Fungicide, for example, "phytoosporin". You can use for this and ordinary manganese. But the drugs, such as Maxim, with the disease of the black rot, the expected results may not give.
During the cultivation of onions and garlic, the leaves and heads from damage should be protected. Any wound - entrance gate for infection.
During storage, it is necessary to monitor air temperature and humidity. It is better if the first will be maintained not higher than 15 ° C, and the second is as low as possible. If the bulbs have already become infected, they will have to pay special attention:
As soon as possible to separate from healthy;
- additionally dry;
- Take up for chalk.
In the warm room, at room temperature, the black rot spreads very quickly. Sick and obviously not subject to further storage instances should be immediately destroyed - it is only so possible to save themselves from the reparation of healthy heads.
Black mold eggplazhanov
On eggplants, a black mold disease is considered small. It is found more often in open soilBut may affect the fruits and in the greenhouses.
The pathogen enters the fruit when they are coming from the ground. Contribute to infection with small rods on the skin and other mechanical damage. The affected fabric becomes water, covered with a gray bloom with characteristic black sporangies.
Black pumpkin mold
The black mold of the leaves of cucumbers and other pumpkin usually amazes the plants of protected soil. Diseases are subject to all overhead organs. Externally, it is expressed by small spots of light brown various shapes. Gradually, they merge, forming areas of necrosis. Then the stems and leaves dry out, covered with a black bloom. Patients fruits cease their development and shrore. Especially rapidly, this disease develops with a large difference in day and night air temperature.
To combat black rotting pumpkin, it is necessary to comply with the rules of the crop rotation, to remove plant residues in time, disinfect the greenhouses and disinfect the soil.
More often than other grapes are striking gray, white and black rot. Berries and borders suffer from her, sometimes young leaves and shoots. In the article, we will tell you how dangerous rotting grapes, how to deal with this dangerous disease.
Symptoms of gray, white, black, brown rot on grapes
From white rot, the fruits are cracking, become bitter, the purple shade acquire. Over time, they shrink and dry out.
Often grapes amazed with white rot after hail.Black rot is manifested in the form of brown through spots on young leaves along the veins. The structure of the berry damage becomes noticeable only when ripening when the fruits begin to black. The disease is rapidly progressing, appearing on one berry, captures the whole bunch.
The disease passes from infected fruits to healthy. When symptoms of black rot, you need to remove suspicious grapes and processed the protection means. Gray rot spreads over the entire surface of the bush, the trunk, shoots, leaves are affected. If the fungus penetrates the inflorescences, they die without tied. The greatest danger represents for ripening and mature fruits, it looks like a grayish raid, from which berries will raise and rot, destroying the harvest.
For the prevention of sulfur rot, grapes are treated with sulfur preparations or a weak solution of manganese. It is less likely to be brown (acidic) rot, which is subject to juicy varieties with thin skin. Among healthy berries, brown crown fruits appear in the bunches. Characteristic feature - The smell of vinegar and the swarm of flies of drosophila. Grapes acquires an unbearable taste, becoming completely unsuitable for food. A large-scale lesion leads to the complete destruction of the vineyard.
Causes of appearance, source of infection
The causative agent of white rot is dangerous in that it can maintain viability up to 9 years, upholstered in the soil and in the cracks of the affected bark. The reason for the activity of the jammed fungus becomes mechanical damage, sunny burns, high humidity.
Gray rot is intensively progresses with hot temperature. The spread of the fungus contributes to the contact of grape leaves with soil and infected berries. The top layer of the plaque, when ripening, turns into dust and with the gusts of the wind spreads at a considerable distance.
Impact of rotted on the development of Lian
The most dangerous rot at the beginning of the ripening of grapes. Significant crop losses are observed from white rot, they make up 50 - 60%, black rotes even more damage, sometimes all berries die. Especially dangerous defeat for young plants, any of the rotors can lead to the complete destruction of the grape vines.
Accent when treating the disease
Some fungicides destroy many types of rot. Good results of deterrent to the disease give drugs against a single disease. For example,
- From gray rot - Blessing (15 g / 100 m 2), EUPares (20 -30 g / 100 m2), Topcin - (10-15 g / 100 m 2).
- Black and brown rot is afraid of copper-containing drugs. Gardeners noticed that after the first processing by the Bordeaux mixture, in the future it is better to use Bayletone, bytean, atemi C, Topaz and similar funds. They are recommended during the formation period
- White rot is minimally distributed when processing 2% by the Bordeaux mixture, especially after a hail and 5-6 days after it.
Tip # 1. Preparations used against Mildu, Oidium and black rot, protect plants and from white rot.
Advantages and disadvantages of fertilizers for the prevention of various types of rot
Fertilizers and feeding for grapes - pros and cons:
| Name fertilizer | Dates of deposit | Dosage | Advantage | disadvantages |
| Ammonium Selitra - Nitrogen Fertilizer | Beginning of April | 1 kg / 100 m 2. | Stimulates grape growth after the "winter hibernation". | Promotes the reproduction of fungal pathogens in the soil. (It is impossible to exceed the recommended issue of the application) |
| "Baikal - EM - 1 "biopreparation |
The end of April | 2 - 3 tablespoons on 10 liters of water | Promotes the humation of the soil, suppresses the growth of pathogenic flora. | Acts at a positive temperature, not less than +12 0. |
| Manure | The end of April, the beginning of May, and after flowering. | Infusion 1:20 | It is used for feeding. | Concentrated infusion causes burns, can lead to grape death. |
| Making phosphorus - potash fertilizers "Firth - Garden, Garden - Autumn" |
End of October, beginning of November. | 50 60 g / m 2 | Balanced mineral fertilizer Provides the necessary substances and microelements, it is used to prepare grapes by winter. | Need to make no later than two weeks before the onset of frosts |
Ammonium nitrate is used in spring and early summer to stimulate grape growth. Preventive and therapeutic measures to combat grinding grapes
The first and important means - the content of the vineyard in optimal sanitary conditions
- Conduct a sanitary and forming trimming, which ensures the ventilation.
- Of great importance is full nutrition. Main fertilizers make spring to activate growth, and in the fall to strengthen bushes for wintering.
- EM - preparations are used to enrich the soil and suppress pathogenic flora.
- Throughout the vegetative period, grapes are sprayed with strengthening and protective agents.
- For prophylaxis against rot, remove damaged fruits.
More difficult to overcome serious rot. Common copper-containing drugs have a temporary effect, but do not destroy the fungus finally. Good results give bait for the OS, droinophile die in them. Also used sulfur powder for dubbing.
One of the symptoms of brown rot - flies - drosophila. They are swarming around the contaminated grapes. Overview of sprayers and their characteristics:
| № | Brand name | Advantage | disadvantages |
| 1. | Kwazar "Orion - 9" - manual | The volume of the tank is 9 liters. The model is equipped with a rod - a telescope, a length of 1.2 m, which allows spraying at a distance over 2 m. It is convenient in the vineyards of a small size. | It is put on one shoulder (not knitted), it is tedious if the number of treatments exceeds 4 refills. |
| 2. | Lemir | It is designed for 12 liters of liquid, sprayed by 1.8 m, which is convenient for a multi-row vineyard, equipped with a one-way cumenicted belt. | The problem is the same as "Kwazar" Orion - 9 ", the belt pulls on one side of the pump lever. |
| 3. | Forte OG-16 - manual | Spraying the pump from the tank, the volume is 16 liters. It has a removable telescopic tube to regulate spraying range. Recommended for slightly sized vineyards. | With careless operation, the faucet is fought off - lever. (Do not drop!) |
| 4. | Forte op-8 - manual | The telescopic tube ensures spraying at different distances. To change spraying, the kit includes 2 replaceable nozzles. Capacity - 8 liters. A low weight allows spraying in a limited space, for example, in the aisle of the vineyard. |
A small tank must often be filled with liquid, uncomfortable if the solution is often necessary additionally. |
| 5. | Sadko GSP-3325 - gasoline | The volume of the tank is 25 liters, is designed to work in large-scale vineyards. It has ease of work and economical fuel consumption. |
Like all such models, it requires a solid brand fuel. |
The vineyard spray several times for the prevention against diseases and pests. People's methods of struggle with each variety of rot
The use of primary means is often the treatment of rotes in initial stage. To combat gray rot experienced gardeners Apply:
- Iodine solution - 1 ml of iodine for 1 l water (or 30 - 50 drops on 10 liters of water). Used when the symptoms of sulfur rot in the initial stage are detected, as a prophylactic agent is not effective, due to rapid evaporation. The first processing is carried out after flowering when the berries appears, the following is repeated during the ripening of berries.
- The infusion of chopped garlic is 100 g on 10 liters of water, leave for a day, the hood is filtered and sprayed on the affected borders after removing sick berries. This tool helps from many fungal diseases.
- Decoction of the horseway of the field - 75 g on 10 liters of water treated grape bushes Instead of chemicals.
- Local bacteria suppress the growth of many fungi. One of the recommendations advises to breed milk with water in a ratio of 1:10 and spray patients.
- If the disease is captured at the very beginning, you can apply a solution calcinated Soda 70 g per 10 liters, with the addition of manganese 5 g
Black rot. Attacks grape shoots and leaflets with berries. The berries of grapes are particularly strongly suffering from her - the loss of yields as a result of infection with data from the disease can reach 80%. As a rule, the first symptoms of this attack can be observed in May or in June. Especially sensitive to her grew up to ten-sixteen centimeters shoots, as well as young leaves and brushes at the stage of their flowering and brew formation. And the plant authorities that have completed their development are practically not subject to infection.
A few words about the disease
At the attacked by black rot, the grape leaves there is a development of dry necrosis, having a type of rounded specks of light-brown or creamy color and bordered with darker rims. And in diameter, such specks usually reach from 2 to 10 mm, and in their center, black points are often formed - pathogen picnides. In some cases, the leaves can both form a hoist, resembling the manifestation of Oidium. Especially susceptible to infection are growing young leaves.
On young infected shoots, longitudinal necrosis are formed - black strokes reaching from 2 to 20 mm long. They gradually increase in size and accompanied by cracking of the cortex in the center.
The very first manifestations of black rotors usually appear on berries: berries are covered with white spots. From the manifestations of Oidium, such speks are distinguished by the fact that the felt felt on them is rather dense and having a grayish tint. The berries attacked by a poor is not crackdown even with a very strong lesion. And the symptoms of infection can manifest itself in different ways - it depends on weather conditions and grape varieties. With hot and dry weather, the berries dry and shuffle, and after some time they are mummified, staining in blue-black tones. And for high humidity They are the development of wet rot. The surface of the berry peel is covered huge number Picnide, and the flesh of the berries will boil and filled with mushroom hyphae. The rate of berry lesions is high enough and averages two or three days. At first, individual berries are affected in grapetes, but subsequently the disease is very quickly moving to the healthy berries located nearby, covering the brushes entirely. Distinctive feature Black rotty is that infected berries for a long time Do not fall, continuing hanging on the bunches. Mass swamping them can be observed only during the ripening period.
The causative agent of the devastating ailment is askomycet called Guignardia Bidwellii. It refers to the category of optional saprophytes and causes necrotic tissues of the host plants located under the epidermis. Wintering pathogen on plants remains in the form of picnide (anamorph) or in the form of peritecis (teleomorph). During the release of AKOSPOR's peritecisions, the primary infection occurs, the secondary is observed when Picnosor is released from the picnide who have overlooking or formed later. Picnosport spread is mainly wind and rain droplets. And the favorable medium for their germination is created by water droplets and temperatures ranging from twenty-five to twenty seven degrees.
How to fight
If the infectious background as a result of the defeat of the ill-fated attack is high enough, should be carried out early processing Vineyards are fungicides - from the same time as soon as the kidneys begin to bloom. The contact preparation "Tiovit Jet" and the remedy called "Ridomil Gold MC" is well suited for such treatments - this is a mixture fungicide, which includes mancantheb. All the above preparations guarantee reliable protection from primary infection.Then, starting from the formation stage of the strings and to the embedder stage, such systemic fungicides like "Quadris" and "Sorrow" are used.
Rainy and raw cool weather, which remains for a long period of time, is a greater danger of orchids, as it contributes to the emergence of such a formidable disease as black rot. This disease occurs as a result of planting plants with fungi (for example, Pythium ultimumor Phytophthora Cactorum) And the most diverse orchids are striking, but Catleia is especially susceptible to them (Lat. Cattleya.). Black rot, if not treated, quickly spreads throughout the plant and is also rapidly transmitted from one plant to another, therefore, in short time Can destroy the entire collection of orchids.
Fungi, which cause black chille orchids, can only live in a wet environment. These fungi consist of the so-called zoosports capable of independent movement in the water - they float it. If such infected water turns out to be on a sheet of orchids, the zoospores can penetrate the plant tissue and there will begin the next stage of their life cycle. At this stage, the fungus is developing a vegetative part or mycelium, consisting of hyphae, thin, filamentary pipes that are rapidly spread over all plant tissues. And as soon as this happens, the first visible signs of infection are small, watery, transparent spots grow and turn into large brown or black sections.
If the mushroom amazes seedlings - and this, as a rule, occurs on the surface of the soil - then young plants die from the black leg. Adult plants illness can strike at any part - on leaves, roots or pseudobulbam, but most often it is born on new growing leaves and progresses down the plant, reaching the roots. The affected leaves can ship around the infected area, and the places of lesions will be soft and when pressing will be cooked. However, the roots and grounds of the pseudobulb are most dangerous, as it leads to the most rapid death of the orchid.
Unterprise pots, polluted water for watering, as well as water that fell from affected plants is all sources of propagation of fungus. To avoid infection of plants in the outdoors, they must be raised to a height of 90-120 cm above the ground. It is impossible to leave the leaves of orchids wet for a long period. Key Moment In the prevention of the disease is a good air circulation in the place where the orchids are growing, which will ensure the rapid grazing of plants after watering or rain. Improve air circulation and thereby preventing the rotation of orchids at home will help, for example, fans. At the first signs of infection, it is necessary to isolate all the affected plants to avoid further infecting the entire collection. Finally, to prevent the appearance of black rot on new sprouts, some manufacturers recommend spring to use high calcium fertilizers.
To stop the spread of black rot on orchid, it is necessary, first of all, cut off (cut) the affected part of the plant so that it is possible to remove and a small amount of healthy tissue bordering the infected zone. You can only use a sterile tool (knife, scalpel, etc.). Next, it is necessary to carefully study the cut part. Sometimes you can see brown lesions inside the fabric, which looks healthy outside. In the case of sympodial plants, such as Cattleya, to stop the further distribution of the disease, it is necessary to cut all the diseased pseudo-bulbs. If the plant is strongly infected, it is necessary to cut and part of the root, a piece of piece, until a healthy fabric appears. At monopodial orchids, such as Wanda or Phalaenopsis, it is necessary to remove the contaminated part of the sheet or, if necessary, the entire sheet. It is necessary to stop the spread of the fungus as quickly as possible before it does not reach the crown, and when the death of orchid will be inevitable. Then you need to put the plant into a well-ventilated room and ensure that the cut is well reduced and cut down.
After the infected parts of the plant were removed, fungicide should be applied to protect the remaining healthy tissue. Cinnamon is an excellent Fungicide. You can sprinkle with ground cinnamon directly to the affected areas, where infected parts of the plant were cut. It is also recommended to mix cinnamon with a casein-based glue or with vegetable oil \u003e To get a thick paste. This paste is fairly waterproof and can be used to cover the wound. Regardless of the selected method, the fungicide should be protected by all open (cut) places. It acts as a sealant, clogging all the wounds, as a result of which a new infection will not be able to get into them. Another processing is impregnation of affected plants by Fungicide. For example, to protect seedlings from a black leg, you can pour them with water with fungicide immediately after landing. Two weeks after, it is necessary to repeat the processing of a fungicide in preventive purposes.
Black rot - disease caused by fungal pathogenic Guignardia Bidwellii. The disease came to European countries, Asia and Africa from America. Significant damage causes fruit-berry cultures. The fungus can spread in the form of a dispute with wind and rain droplets, water splashes during watering. Favorable conditions For progression of the disease is a warm and wet climate. Cultural disease with black rot can lead to a loss of its yield from 5 to 100%.Symptoms of black rot:
The first symptom of the appearance of black rot on the fruits of the plant is the appearance of whitish points (about 1 mm in diameter). Points begin to expand and merge, acquiring brown color. In the future, numerous black dots appear on them - disputes of the pathogenic fungus. Berries and fruit mummify and acquire black painting. The disease affects the stalks and shoots the plant, forming the depressed stains from purple to black. On the leaves, the black rot is manifested in the end of spring in the form of brownish spots on outside Sheet.Measures of struggle and prevention of black rot:
1. Use of disease resistant varieties.2. Processing of plants by fungicides, burgundy liquid.
3. Removal and destruction of parts of the plant undergoing infection.