05.09.2018
Almost never equipped with circulation pumps, safety group, regulation and control devices. Everyone solves these issues independently, choosing a piping scheme for a heating device in accordance with the type and characteristics of the heating system. Not only the efficiency and performance of heating depends on how correctly the installation of the heat generator is carried out, but also its reliable, trouble-free operation. That is why it is important to include components and devices in the diagram that will ensure the durability of the heating unit and its protection in the event of emergency situations. In addition, when installing a solid fuel boiler, you should not give up equipment that creates additional convenience and comfort. With the help of a heat accumulator, it is possible to solve the problem of temperature differences during the boiler restart, and an indirect heating boiler will provide the house with hot water. Thinking about connecting a solid fuel heating unit according to all the rules? We will help you with this!
However, if the rooms are then warmed up, hydraulic adjustment is recommended in connection with the renewal of the heating system. Hydraulic regulation is especially useful when using condensing boilers. These devices only work with the maximum possible efficiency if the return temperature is lower than the temperature at which water condenses from the boiler flue gas. Special cases are single-pipe heating systems, especially in apartment buildings, and buildings with underfloor heating or mixed underfloor heating and radiator heating.
Typical piping schemes for solid fuel boilers
The complexity of controlling the combustion process in solid fuel boilers leads to a large inertia of the heating system, which negatively affects the convenience and safety during operation. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the efficiency of units of this type directly depends on the temperature of the coolant. For efficient operation of heating, the piping must ensure the temperature of the heating agent within 60 - 65 ° C. Of course, if the equipment is incorrectly integrated, such heating at a positive temperature "overboard" will be very uncomfortable and uneconomical. In addition, the full operation of the heat generator depends on a number of additional factors - such as heating system, the number of circuits, the presence of additional energy consumers, etc. The piping schemes presented below take into account the most common cases. If none of them meets your requirements, then knowledge of the principles and features of the structure of heating systems will help in developing an individual project.
Hydraulic regulation can also be performed using these heating systems in principle, but is usually associated with much more high costs. Precise definition The boiler performance of a heating system is only possible if the heat loss of the structural furnace can be relatively labor intensive. This heat load calculation ≡ Heating load ≡ Heating load is the heating power that must be constantly supplied to the room in order to maintain the temperature in the space.Therefore, it must be as large as the sum of the heat losses from conduction and ventilation.
Open system with natural circulation in a private house First of all, it should be noted that open gravity systems are considered the most suitable for solid fuel boilers. This is due to the fact that even in emergency cases associated with a sharp increase in temperature and pressure, the heating is likely to remain hermetically sealed and efficient. It is also important that the functionality of the heating equipment does not depend on the availability of power supply. Considering that wood-fired boilers are not installed in megacities, but in areas remote from the benefits of civilization, this factor will not seem so insignificant to you. Of course, this scheme is not without its drawbacks, the main of which are:
The assessment should be made on the basis of clear rules, For example, according to comparable values \u200b\u200bfor rooms belonging to previous years or comparable rooms in the corresponding reporting period. In this case, all heating costs are allocated according to a fixed scale, usually square meter... by experience. Regulation of calculation.
What is the required boiler output? For example, with subsequent thermal insulation тепло Thermal insulation ≡ Thermal insulation reduces heat flow from the hot to the cold side of the component. For this purpose, substances with low thermal conductivity are introduced as a layer between hot and cold. The important water retention is achieved by vacuum. In addition, the sleeping air retains heat flow very well.
- free access of oxygen to the system, which causes internal pipe corrosion;
- the need to replenish the level of the coolant due to its evaporation;
- uneven temperature of the heating agent at the beginning and at the end of each circuit.
Any 1 - 2 cm layer of any mineral oil poured into the expansion tank will prevent oxygen from entering the coolant and reduce the rate of evaporation of the liquid. Despite its disadvantages, the gravity circuit is very popular due to its simplicity, reliability and low cost.
Overestimation is not harmful to condensing boilers for oil or gas and may even make sense in some cases. For low temperature boilers ≡ Low temperature boilers ≡ A low temperature boiler is a boiler that can also be used continuously with a low heating water inlet temperature of 35 to 40 degrees Celsius and in which it can lead to condensation in the exhaust gases containing water vapor. The standard use rate of the low temperature boiler is over 90%.
Condensing heaters reach to a greater extent 100% standard efficiency. excessive measurement should be avoided. To ensure the safe removal of exhaust gases from the heating system, the heating and the chimney must be aligned with each other. In the past, the interaction between boiler and chimney was considerably less important. The adaptation of the chimney to the boiler was in the background. The high flue gas temperatures of the boilers at that time also ensured that the flue gases were discharged without damage, even in the case of large chimney cross-sections, and the chimney was dry.
When deciding to carry out the installation in this way, please note that for normal circulation of the coolant, the boiler inlet must be at least 0.5 m lower than the heating radiators. The supply and return pipes must have slopes for normal circulation of the coolant. In addition, it is important to correctly calculate the hydrodynamic resistance of all branches of the system, and during the design process, try to reduce the number of shut-off and control valves. The correct operation of the system with natural circulation of the coolant also depends on the location of the expansion tank - it must be connected at the highest point.
However, the exhaust gases of modern low temperature and condensing boilers have very low temperatures due to their energy saving performance. In addition, when replacing an old boiler, the nominal heat output of the boiler is adapted to the actual, possibly reduced heat load of the building. This usually results in a decrease in performance compared to an older, larger boiler. Due to the existing chimney, significantly lower exhaust gas volumes with lower exhaust gas temperatures will be transferred after replacing the old boiler.
Closed system with natural circulation
Installing a membrane-type expansion tank on the return line will avoid the harmful effects of oxygen and eliminate the need to control the coolant level. When deciding to equip a gravity system with a sealed expansion tank, consider the following points:
Why are chimneys wet? The hot exhaust gas that leaves the boiler combustion chamber contains water vapor. If this exhaust gas is cooled to a certain temperature, water vapor becomes water and is deposited on colder surfaces. The flue gas temperature in humidified chimneys must be high enough to prevent condensation in the chimney, otherwise moisture can penetrate or.
Relevant standards and building codes require precise coordination of the exhaust system with the heat generator. The chimney must be planned and constructed in such a way that the exhaust gases can be removed without mechanical assistance, and also to prevent damage to the chimney or the building.
- the capacity of the membrane tank must contain at least 10% of the volume of the entire coolant;
- a safety valve must be installed on the supply pipe;
- the highest point of the system must be equipped with an air vent.
Additional devices that are part of the boiler safety group (safety valve and air vent) will have to be purchased separately - manufacturers very rarely complete units with such devices. The safety valve allows you to discharge the coolant if the pressure in the system exceeds a critical value. The normal operating indicator is considered to be a pressure of 1.5 to 2 atm. The emergency valve is adjusted to a value of 3 atm.
The following requirements for the smoke system must be observed. If the chimney is located on the outer wall, there is a risk that the exhaust gas will not acquire the required thermal buoyancy and that water vapor will condense on the chimney walls. In many cases, the existing chimney will be replaced by the aforementioned chimney. no longer meet the requirements.
The chimney purifier confirms good exhaust gas values \u200b\u200bevery year. “What else do you need?” You may wonder. “All a lot” is our answer. More energy and save more money for the environment, more comfort, more operational security, learn more to trust future security. The chimney deflection determines whether the combustion quality and exhaust gas losses during burner operation comply with legal requirements. It checks if the pipe is working and the system is safe.
Features of systems with forced movement of the coolant
In order to equalize the temperature in all areas, a circulation pump is integrated into the closed heating system. Since this unit can provide forced movement of the coolant, the requirements for the level of the boiler installation and compliance with slopes become negligible. However, you should not give up the autonomy of natural heating. If a bypass branch is installed at the outlet of the boiler, called a bypass, then in the event of a power outage, the circulation of the thermal agent will be provided by the forces of gravity.
Even if he assures you of ideal values, it has no of great importance for the economy of your system. After all, an old boiler must run constantly at high temperatures. all year round... Especially during the transitional months or even in summer, when the boiler is only needed for heating drinking water, high cooling and / or heat is generated, which are generally much higher than the flue gas losses measured through the chimney.
Not so with a new boiler. Here the boiler water temperature is automatically adjusted to the corresponding outside temperature. If no heat is required, they even shut off completely. If the boiler is 10 years old or more, then it is worth dealing with a new heating system. The new system saves up to 30% energy and costs. You have a clear plus in comfort, work safety, environmental protection and safety in order to further comply with legal requirements.
The electric pump is installed on the return line, between the expansion tank and the inlet connection. Due to the lower temperature of the coolant, the pump works in a more gentle mode, which increases its durability. The installation of a circulation unit on the return line is also necessary for safety reasons. When the water boils in the boiler, steam may form, the ingress of which into the centrifugal pump is fraught with a complete cessation of liquid movement, which can lead to an accident. If the device is installed at the entrance to the heat generator, then it will be able to circulate the coolant even in the event of emergency situations.
Operational safety: Heating is only required when needed
Of course, it would be exaggerated to think that your old heating system will give up its spirit in the coming days with a big bang. No, if she does, she will probably do it quietly and calmly - without warning. In any case, you can show new materials and features without any obligation in our showrooms.
Operating Costs: Is This What He Wants?
You will notice high efficiency and a long boiler life that is easy to maintain. How much is your oil and gas worth, check your account regularly. It is not easy to see if your heating system is economically viable. It may even give off heat where no one is needed: Or it's just oversized.
Connecting through manifolds
If it is required to connect several parallel branches with radiators, a heated water floor, etc. to a solid fuel boiler, then balancing of the circuits is required, otherwise the coolant will follow the path of least resistance, and the rest of the system will remain cold. For this purpose, one or more collectors (combs) are installed at the outlet of the heating unit - switchgears with one input and several outputs. The installation of the combs opens up wide possibilities for connecting several circulation pumps, allows supplying a heat agent of the same temperature to consumers and regulating its supply. The only drawback of this type of piping can be considered the complication of the design and the increase in the cost of the heating system.
The development of harmful exhaust gases is closely related to consumption and use. Boilers that consume a lot also produce a lot of exhaust fumes. Key words: forest death, greenhouse effect. Old boilers consume about a third of the fuel and produce over 60 percent of pollutants than new boilers.
New burners with state-of-the-art technology have a particularly economical combustion with favorable values, so that they still do not meet the requirements of the Blue Angel environmental label and the Swiss Air Pollution Regulation.
A separate case of a collector piping is a connection with a hydraulic arrow. Its difference from a conventional collector is that this device acts as a kind of intermediary between the heating boiler and consumers. Made in the form of a pipe large diameter, the hydraulic arrow is installed vertically and connected to the inlet and outlet pipes of the boiler. At the same time, consumers are cut in at different heights, which allows you to select the optimal temperature for each circuit.
Operational safety, cost, environment, ease of use. You may be thinking, "Yes, this is a modern heater that I already liked." And you may also think: But it's worth it again. After all it comes not only about buying the purchase price. Then the bill looks completely different.
Then you might say, "I cannot put off so much." Be sure to have this account set up for your home by a professional. He also knows funding, for example, for solar and condensation technology. What is a refund? Where and why is the technology used? How does the reverse flow increase? What are the benefits of an efficient heating system?
Installation of emergency and regulation systems
Emergency and control systems serve several purposes:
- protection of the system against depressurization in the event of an uncontrolled increase in pressure;
- temperature control of individual circuits;
- boiler overheating protection;
- prevention of condensation processes associated with a large difference in supply and return temperatures.
To solve the safety problems of the system, a safety valve, an emergency heat exchanger or a natural circulation circuit are introduced into the piping scheme. As for the issues of regulating the temperature of the thermal agent, thermostatic and controlled valves are used for this purpose.
Modern heating systems only work optimally when certain operating temperatures are not exceeded or exceeded. To prevent excessive cooling of the return, use a so-called return lift. We explain to you in this article what rollback is and how to technically implement it. You will also find out in which heating systems reverse lift takes place and which does not.
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Functional implementation of reverse flow lifting
The return lift is a technology used in hot water heating systems to quickly reach and maintain the desired minimum temperature in the heating circuit heater. The return flow rise is achieved by using a special mixing valve. This mixes, under cold return, a variable portion of the hot heating water that has been heated by the heat generator. This usually results in a faster and higher temperature of the heating medium returning back to the heat generator.Piping with a three-way valve.
A solid fuel boiler is a batch-type heating unit, therefore it is subject to the risk of corrosion due to condensation that falls on its walls during heating. This is due to the ingress of too cold coolant from the return line into the heat exchanger of the heating unit. The danger of this factor can be eliminated by using a three-way valve. This device is an adjustable valve with two inputs and one output. On a signal from the temperature sensor, the three-way valve opens the channel for supplying the hot coolant to the boiler inlet, preventing the dew point from occurring. As soon as the heating unit enters the operating mode, the liquid supply in a small circle stops.
Consequently, in the heat exchanger, the flow and return flow with a lower temperature difference. The higher return flow temperature, which rises in this way, has positive influence for the operation of the heating system so that it can function optimally. The optimum operating temperature depends on the fuel burned, more precisely on the so-called flue gas dew point.
At the same time, the standby lift is used to counteract damage that can occur, for example, when gases that accumulate during fuel combustion are heated to cool and condense. Condensation can damage the system because it leads to effects such as pitting. Temperature differences can also cause stress, leading to cracking.
A fairly common mistake is the installation of a centrifugal pump up to a three-way valve. Naturally, with the valve closed, there can be no talk of any fluid circulation in the system. It will be correct to install the pump after the adjustment device. The three-way valve can also be used to regulate the temperature of the heating agent supplied to consumers. In this case, the device is set to work in the other direction, mixing cold coolant from the return line into the supply.
Scheme with a buffer tank
The low controllability of solid fuel boilers requires constant monitoring of the amount of firewood and draft, which significantly reduces the convenience of their operation. Loading more fuel and at the same time not worrying about the possible boiling of the liquid will allow the installation of a buffer tank (heat accumulator). This device is a sealed tank that separates the heating unit from consumers. Due to its large volume, the buffer tank can accumulate excess heat and, as necessary, give it to radiators. The mixing unit, which uses the same three-way valve, will help to adjust the temperature of the liquid coming from the heat accumulator.
Trim elements ensuring the safety of the heating system
In addition to the safety valve, which was mentioned above, the protection of the heating unit from overheating is solved using an emergency circuit through which cold water is supplied to the heat exchanger from the water supply. Depending on the design of the boiler, the coolant can be supplied directly to the heat exchanger or a special coil installed in working chamber unit. By the way, it is the last option that is the only possible for systems with antifreeze poured. The water supply is carried out using a three-way valve, which is controlled by a sensor installed inside the heat exchanger. The "waste" liquid is discharged through a special line connected to the sewerage system.
Diagram with connecting an indirect heating boiler
A piping with a hot water boiler connection can be used for all types of heating systems. To do this, a special insulated tank (boiler) is connected to the water supply and the hot water system, and a coil is installed inside the water heater, which is cut into the heating agent supply line. Passing along this circuit, the hot coolant gives off heat to the water. Often, an indirect heating boiler is also equipped with heating elements, thanks to which it becomes possible to receive hot water in the warm season.
Correct installation solid fuel boiler in a closed heating system
The huge advantage of solid fuel boilers is that they do not require any permits... Installation can be done with your own hands, especially since this does not require any special tool or special knowledge. The main thing is to take a responsible approach to work and observe the sequence of all stages.
Boiler room arrangement.The disadvantage of heating units used for burning wood and coal is the need for a special, well-ventilated room. Of course, it would be possible to install a boiler in a kitchen or bathroom, however, periodic emission of smoke and soot, dirt from fuel and combustion products make this undertaking unsuitable for implementation. In addition, the installation of incineration equipment in living rooms it is also unsafe - the release of foul gas can lead to tragedy. When installing a heat generator in a boiler room, several rules are observed:
- the distance from the furnace door to the wall must be at least 1m;
- ventilation ducts must be installed at a distance not higher than 50 cm from the floor and not lower than 40 cm from the ceiling;
- the room should not contain combustible, lubricating and flammable substances and objects;
- the base platform in front of the ash pan is protected with a metal sheet with dimensions of at least 0.5x0.7 m.
In addition, at the installation site of the boiler, an opening is provided for the chimney, which is led out. Manufacturers indicate the configuration and dimensions of the chimney in the technical passport, so you don't need to invent anything. Of course, if the need arises, you can deviate from the requirements of the documentation, but in any case, the channel for the removal of combustion products should provide excellent traction in any weather. When installing the chimney, all joints and gaps are sealed with sealing materials, and also provide windows for cleaning channels from soot and a condensate trap.
Preparing to install the heating unit
Before installing the boiler, a piping scheme is selected, the length and diameter of the pipelines, the number of radiators, the type and amount of additional equipment and shut-off and control valves are calculated. Despite all the variety of design solutions, experts recommend choosing a combined heating that can provide forced and natural circulation of the coolant. Therefore, when calculating, it is necessary to think over how a parallel section of the supply pipeline (bypass) with a centrifugal pump will be installed and provide for the slopes necessary for the operation of the gravity system. You shouldn't give up the buffer tank either. Of course, its installation will incur additional costs. Nevertheless, this type of storage device will be able to flatten the temperature curve, and one fuel fill will be enough for a longer time.
Special comfort will be provided by a solid fuel boiler with an additional circuit, which is used for hot water supply. Considering the fact that, due to the installation of a solid fuel unit in a separate room, the length of the DHW circuit significantly increases, an additional circulation pump is mounted on it. This will eliminate the need to drain cold water while waiting for hot water to flow. Before installing the boiler, it is imperative to provide a place for the expansion tank and do not forget about devices designed to reduce the pressure in the system in critical situations. A simple strapping diagram that can be used as a working draft is shown in our figure. It combines all the equipment discussed above and ensures its correct and trouble-free operation.
Installation and connection of a solid fuel heat generator
After all the necessary calculations and preparation of the equipment and materials, the installation is started.
- The heating unit is installed in place, leveled and fixed, after which the chimney is connected to it.
- Heating radiators are fixed, a heat accumulator and an expansion tank are installed.
- The supply pipeline and bypass are installed, on which the circulation pump is installed. In both sections (straight and bypass), set ball Valves so that the coolant can be transported by forced or natural means. We remind you that a centrifugal pump can only be installed with the correct orientation of the shaft, which must be in a horizontal plane. The manufacturer indicates diagrams of all possible installation options in the product manual.
- The pressure line is connected to the heat accumulator. It must be said that both the inlet and outlet pipes of the buffer tank must be installed in its upper part. Due to this, the amount of warm water in the tank will not affect the availability of the heating circuit. Be sure to note the fact that cooling the boiler during the reboot period will reduce the temperature in the system. This is due to the fact that at this time the heat generator will work as an air heat exchanger, giving off heat from the heating system to the chimney. To eliminate this defect, separate circulation pumps are installed in the boiler and heating circuits. By placing a thermocouple in the combustion zone, you can stop the movement of the coolant through the boiler circuit when the fire is extinguished.
- A safety valve and an air vent are installed on the supply line.
- The emergency circuit of the boiler is connected or shut-off and control valves are installed, which, when the water boils, will open the line for its discharge into the sewer and the channel for supplying cold liquid from the water supply system.
- A return pipeline is installed from the heat accumulator to the heating unit. A circulation pump, a three-way valve and a filter-sump are installed in front of the boiler inlet.
- An expansion tank is mounted separately on the return line. Note! On pipelines that are connected to protection devices, shut-off valves are not installed. There should be as few connections as possible in these areas.
- The upper outlet of the heat storage tank is connected to a three-way valve and a heating circuit circulation pump, after which the radiators are connected and the return pipeline is installed.
- After connecting the main circuits, they begin to arrange the hot water supply system. If the coil of the heat exchanger is built into the boiler, then it will be enough to simply connect the cold water inlet and the outlet to the "hot" line to the corresponding branch pipes. When installing a separate indirect heating water heater, use a circuit with an additional circulation pump or a three-way valve. In both cases, a check valve is installed at the cold water supply inlet. It will block the path for the heated liquid to the "cold" water supply.
- Some solid fuel boilers are equipped with a draft regulator, the work of which is to reduce the flow section of the blower. Due to this, the air flow into the combustion zone is reduced and its intensity, and, accordingly, the temperature of the coolant, decreases. If the heating unit has such a design, then the air damper mechanism drive is mounted and adjusted.
Places of all threaded connections must be carefully sealed with sanitary linen and special non-drying paste. After the installation is completed, the coolant is poured into the system, turned on at full power centrifugal pumps and carefully inspect all connections for leaks. After making sure that there are no leaks, fire up the boiler and check the operation of all circuits at maximum modes.
Features of the integration of a solid fuel unit into an open heating system
The main feature of open heating systems is the contact of the coolant with atmospheric airwhich occurs with the participation of an expansion tank. This capacity is designed to compensate for the thermal expansion of the coolant that occurs when it is heated. The expander is cut in at the highest point of the system, and in order to prevent hot liquid from flooding the room when the tank is overfilled, a drain pipe is connected to its upper part, the other end of which is led into the sewer.
The large volume of the tank forces you to install it in the attic, so you will need additional insulation the expander and the tubes suitable for it, otherwise they may freeze in winter. In addition, it must be remembered that this element is part of the heating system, therefore, its heat losses will lead to a decrease in the temperature in the radiators. Since an open system is not hermetically sealed, there is no need to install a safety valve and to connect emergency circuits. When the coolant boils, the pressure will be released through the expansion tank.
Special attention should be paid to pipelines. Since the water in them will flow by gravity, the circulation will be influenced by the diameter of the pipes and the hydraulic resistance in the system. The latter factor depends on turns, constrictions, level drops, etc., so their number should be minimal. In order to initially give the water flow the necessary potential energy, a vertical riser is mounted at the outlet of the boiler. The higher the water can rise along it, the higher the speed of the coolant will be and the faster the radiators will warm up. For the same purpose, the return input must be at the lowest point of the heating system.
Finally, I would like to note that in open systems it is preferable to use not antifreeze, but water. This is due to the higher viscosity, reduced heat capacity, and rapid aging of the substance upon contact with air. As for the water, it is best to soften it and, if possible, never drain. This will increase the service life of pipelines, radiators, heat generators and other heating equipment by several times.
Solid fuel boiler piping - Emergency cooling valve
3. Protection against low temperature of the coolant in the "return" of the solid fuel boiler.
What will happen to a solid fuel boiler if its "return" temperature is below 50 ° C? The answer is simple - a tar deposit will appear on the entire surface of the heat exchanger. This phenomenon will reduce the performance of your boiler, make it much more difficult to clean and, most importantly, can lead to chemical damage to the walls of the boiler heat exchanger. To prevent such a problem, it is necessary to provide appropriate equipment when installing a heating system with a solid fuel boiler.
The task is to ensure the temperature of the coolant that returns to the boiler from the heating system at a level not lower than 50 ° C. It is at this temperature that the water vapor contained in the flue gases of a solid fuel boiler begins to condense on the walls of the heat exchanger (go from a gaseous state to a liquid). The transition temperature is called the "dew point". The condensation temperature directly depends on the moisture content of the fuel and the amount of hydrogen and sulfurous formations in the combustion products. As a result of a chemical reaction, ferrous sulfate is obtained - a substance useful in many industries, but not in a solid fuel boiler. Therefore, it is quite natural that the manufacturers of many solid fuel boilers remove the boiler from the warranty in the absence of a return water heating system. After all, here we are not dealing with the burning of metal at high temperatures, but with chemical reactions in which no boiler steel can withstand.
The simplest solution to the problem of low return temperature is to use a thermal three-way valve (anti-condensation thermostatic mixing valve). The thermal anti-condensation valve is a thermomechanical three-way valve that mixes the heating medium between the primary (boiler) circuit and the heating medium from the heating system in order to achieve a fixed boiler water temperature. In fact, the valve starts up the coolant that has not yet been heated in a small circle and the boiler heats itself up. After reaching the set temperature, the valve automatically opens the access of the heating medium to the heating system and works until the return temperature again drops below the set values.
Solid fuel boiler piping - Anti-condensation valve
4. Protection of the heating system of a solid fuel boiler from operation without a coolant.
The operation of the boiler without a coolant is strictly prohibited by all manufacturers of solid fuel boilers. Moreover, the coolant in the heating system must always be under a certain pressure, which depends on your heating system. When the pressure in the system drops, the user opens the valve and fills the systems to a certain pressure.
In this case, there is a “human factor” that may well make mistakes. Can be solved this question using automation.
Automatic make-up installation is a device that adjusts to a certain pressure and is connected to an open water supply tap. In the event of a decrease in pressure, the process of filling the system to the required pressure will take place fully automatically.
In order for everything to work correctly, certain conditions must be met when installing the automatic make-up valve:
- it is necessary to install the automatic make-up valve at the lowest point of the heating system;
- during installation, be sure to leave access for cleaning or possible replacement valve;
- water from the water supply system must be constantly supplied to the valve with pressure, and the water supply valve and the valve of the make-up valve must always be open.
Solid fuel boiler piping - Automatic make-up valve
5. Removing air from the heating system of a solid fuel boiler.
The air in the heating system can cause a number of problems: poor circulation of the coolant or its absence, noise during pump operation, corrosion of radiators or heating system elements. To avoid this, it is necessary to bleed air from the system. There are two ways for this - the first is manually - we think over the installation of cranes at the highest point of the system and on lifting sections and periodically pass these cranes, releasing air. The second way is to install an automatic air release valve. The principle of its operation is simple - when there is no air in the system, the valve is filled with water and the float is in the upper part of the valve, and, through the articulated arm, seals the air outlet valve.
When air enters the valve chamber, the water level in the valve drops, the float drops and through the articulated arm opens the air outlet on the outlet valve. As the air leaves the chamber, the water level rises and the valve takes up the upper position again.
We have already described the structure of the boiler safety group above when we talked about protection against high pressure coolant. Ideally, if you've installed a safety group, it has an automatic air release valve. Just make sure that the safety group is installed at the top of your heating system. If not, we recommend installing a separate automatic air relief valve and permanently solving the problem of finding air locks in your heating system.
Solid fuel boiler piping - Automatic air vent valve
Gas equipment is ubiquitous in apartments and country houses. You independently regulate the equipment, setting a comfortable room temperature. This way you are not dependent on utilities, you can save fuel at your own discretion. But for the operation to be truly economical, it is important correct setting gas boiler.
Why do you need correct adjustment techniques:
- To save resources.
- To make it comfortable to be in the room, use hot water.
- To extend the life of the equipment.
You need to start with the correct choice of the boiler, its power. Consider the characteristics of the room: the number and area of \u200b\u200bwindows, doors, the quality of insulation, wall materials. The minimum calculation is based on heat losses per unit of time. You will learn more about this in the article "".
Gas boilers are divided into single-circuit and double-circuit. The latter perform heating to the heating and hot water supply (DHW) circuit. Single-circuit units provide only heating. Therefore, to obtain hot water, indirect heating boilers are installed.
By the type of placement, the technique is floor and wall. The units placed on the floor are very powerful. Therefore, they are used for large areas (from 300 m²). Installation is carried out only in separate rooms (boiler rooms). These are the Baxi (""), Buderus (""), "", "" models.
Hanging appliances ("Lux", "", "",) fit perfectly in small apartments in the kitchen. Therefore, it is important to take into account all the nuances of the location. From correct selection parameters depend on the comfort of residents, as well as the durability of the boiler.
Power setting
Heating power depends on modulation gas burner... If you choose an electronic device, then it turns on a thermostat that connects to a room thermometer. The regulation is automatic: the thermometer measures the room temperature. As soon as it falls below the comfort level, it gives a command to start the burner or increase the flame strength.
In normal mode, the thermometer only monitors the temperature in one room. But if you install valves in front of each radiator, control will be in all rooms.
The burner can be adjusted manually by acting on the gas valve. This is true for atmospheric boilers with an open combustion chamber. So, in the Protherm Gepard and Proterm Medved models, the valve is controlled by an electric motor. To change the settings, you need to go to the service menu. Most often, this is done by a specialist, and the user performs the actions specified in the instructions.
But still we will tell you how to bring up the hidden menu for adjustment.
Before entering the menu and setting up, do this:
- Unscrew the cocks on the batteries.
- Set the room thermostat to the maximum values.
- In user settings, set maximum temperaturewhich you use in severe frosts. The burner always turns off when the readings reach 5 ° C higher than the set ones. For example, at +75 degrees, the shutdown will occur when it reaches 80 degrees.
- Cool the heat carrier to 30 ° C.
For Protherm Gepard:
- Hold the Mode key on the panel. As soon as the display shows "0", set the value to 35 by pressing "+" and "-".
- Press Mode to confirm.
- As soon as d lights up on the screen. 0, enter the line number in the menu. Do this with "+" and "-" d. (Number). To set the maximum burner power select d.53, minimum - d.52.
- Use Mode to move to parameter selection. Change it "+" "-".
- The installation receives an automatic confirmation.
- Return to the original menu - hold Mode.
During regulation with the help of the panel, watch the flame changes and temperature rise.
For Proterm Panther actions are different:
- Press Mode for about 7 seconds.
- Using keys 2 (see the picture above), enter the code 35.
- Confirm your entry.
- As soon as d.00 is displayed on the left side of the screen, use buttons 2 to enter the number.
- You can change the parameter on the right side of the screen using keys 3.
- After confirming, press mode to exit the menu.
For "Electrolux Quantum" models:
- Disconnect the device from the mains for a few seconds.
- After switching on on the regulator, hold the red button for 15 seconds.
- As soon as the display shows P01, press the red key until P07 appears.
- If after Р07 the number 1 blinks, then 38 ° С – 85 ° С is maintained. If the light is 4 - 60 ° С – 85 ° С, 7 - 38 ° С – 60 ° С.
- Use the "+" "-" knob to adjust the desired value.
- Switch off the boiler for a few seconds. Now it will automatically maintain the given parameters.
How to program a technique Viessmann ("Viesman"), look at the video:
For Eurosit 630:
All the above steps are used to set the device in heating mode. Many users are faced with a problem when, in the DHW mode, water of an unstable temperature comes from the tap. To fix this, use our recommendations.
Hot water temperature changes
To regulate the water supply to a comfortable level, it is required to reduce the burner power.
- Open the mixer to switch the boiler to DHW mode.
- Set the temperature to 55 ° C.
- Go to the service menu as described above (for "Proterm").
- Select parameter d.53.
- Click Mode.
- After that, the line will show the maximum power. For example, let's take the indicator 17.
If you experiment and choose right away minimum value - 90, then the temperature of the tap water will not be comfortable. We expose 80 and get an increase in the degree of water. Increase the values \u200b\u200blittle by little until you are satisfied with the DHW supply. In our case, the water reached +50 degrees, and the setting was 80. Moreover, the factory setting was 17. This is the difference.
SIT valve adjustment
The automation of some units provides for the presence of a gas valve of the SIT type. It is found in the Vaillant and Proterm models. Adjustment is made by turning the bolts on the valve. To change the power, you need to change the pressure. Values \u200b\u200bof 1.3–2.5 kPa are considered normal.
Turn the bolts counterclockwise to relieve pressure. To reduce the pressure in the DHW mode, rotate the adjustment nut. More details are shown in the video:
Bypass valve
If the batteries in the room do not warm up evenly, increase the circulation rate of the coolant. To do this, turn the bypass screw clockwise.
If, when the heating is turned on, the liquid in the batteries, on the contrary, makes noise, then reduce the speed of the coolant by turning the screw in the opposite direction. Use a pressure gauge or digital differential pressure gauge for adjustment and measurement. He will indicate nominal pressure, which should not exceed 0.2–0.4 bar.
Startup problems
During startup and operation gas equipment "Bosch", "Ariston", "Ferroli", "Oasis" problems may arise.
Boiler cycle
With the wrong choice of equipment power, excessive cyclicity occurs. This means that the burner of the device is often turned on and off, and the radiators do not have time to warm up. First, it leads to rapid wear of units and parts of equipment. Second, is used a large number of fuel.
To eliminate the phenomenon and reduce the cyclicality, two methods are used:
- Reduces burner flame.
- They increase the heating power by including additional radiators in the circuit.
We described above how to accomplish the first point. Sometimes you have to mount additional batteries, although this is a rather expensive method.
The igniter does not work
If the attempts to ignite at Immergaz, Korea Star were unsuccessful, inspect the igniter. It could get clogged. The problem is eliminated by cleaning the part. You can wipe it down with a dry cloth or use a solvent.
Examine the combustion block. Soot often accumulates there. The soot is removed by lightly tapping on the gas supply pipe to the burner.
The igniter has worked, but there is still no ignition. Diagnostics required:
- thermocouples;
- supply valve;
- thermostat;
- solenoid valve.
No DHW heating
When the mixer is opened, water is supplied with a low pressure, the flow is cold. Inspect the heat exchanger for blockages caused by limescale deposits. Clean the tubes with reagents. Use a pump for priming. After the procedure, rinse the assembly with running water. For comfortable temperature readings, install cleaning filters. They reduce the likelihood of lime scale formation.
After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust temperature regime... This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.
The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State Building Codes and Rules:
- DBN (V. 2.5-39 Heating networks);
- SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".
For the calculated supply water temperature, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water leaving the boiler, according to its passport data.
For individual heating, it is necessary to decide what the coolant temperature should be, taking into account such factors:
- Start and end heating season by average daily temperature outside +8 ° C for 3 days;
- The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal services and public importance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
- The average design temperature must meet the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85.
According to SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" (paragraph 3.20), the limiting indicators of the coolant are as follows:
Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust begins to decompose and paintwork... For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special charts and tables can be used, in which norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average indicator outside the window of 0 ° C, the flow for radiators with different wiring is set at a level from 40 to 45 ° C, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 ° C;
- At -20 ° C, the feed is heated from 67 to 77 ° C, and the return rate should be from 53 to 55 ° C;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating appliances set the maximum permissible values. On the supply line it is from 95 to 105 ° С, and on the return - 70 ° С.
Optimum values \u200b\u200bin an individual heating system
H2_2Heating system helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted in accordance with the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norms includes the heat transfer of the heating device per unit area of \u200b\u200bthe room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is ensured design features heating devices.
It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 ° C. The optimal indicator is 80 ° C. WITH gas boiler it is easier to control heating, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to regulate the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.
It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the handle in such a situation. In this case, the control of heating of the coolant is rather arbitrary with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.
Electric boilers allow you to smoothly regulate the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.
One-pipe and two-pipe lines
The design features of a one-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different norms for heating the coolant.
For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° С, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° С, while the difference between the return and supply should be respectively: 105 - 70 ° С and 95 - 70 ° С.
Coordination of the temperature of the coolant and the boiler
Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and adjustment of the return and flow temperature.
The return temperature depends on the amount of fluid passed through it. The regulators cover the fluid supply and increase the difference between the return and the supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary indicators are installed on the sensor.
If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by the regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a "cold start" is used: that part of the liquid that passed through the network is again sent from the return to the inlet.
The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating network.
Ways to reduce heat loss
The above information will help to be used for correct calculation coolant temperature norms and tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.
But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is influenced not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.
To reduce heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. This will also reduce heating costs.
External low-temperature corrosion occurs as a result of the formation of drops or a film of moisture on the heating surfaces and reacts with the metal surface.
Moisture appears on heating surfaces during condensation of water vapor from flue gases due to low water (air) temperature and, accordingly, low wall temperature.
The dew point temperature at which the condensation of water vapor takes place depends on the type of fuel burned, its moisture content, the excess air ratio, and the value of the partial pressure of water vapor in the combustion products.
It is possible to exclude the appearance of low-temperature corrosion on heating surfaces when the surface temperature on the side of the gas medium is 5 ° C higher than the dew point temperature. This value of the dew point temperature corresponds to the condensation temperature of pure water vapor and appears during fuel combustion.
When fuel (fuel oil), which contains sulfur, is burned, sulfuric anhydride is formed in the combustion products. Part of this gas, being oxidized, forms aggressive sulfuric anhydride, which, dissolving in water, forms a film of sulfuric acid solution on the heating surfaces, as a result the corrosive process is sharply intensified. The presence of sulfuric acid vapors in the combustion products increases the dew point temperature and causes corrosion in those areas of the heating surface, the temperature of which is significantly higher than the dew point temperature and when burning natural gas is 55 ° C, when burning fuel oil - 125 ... 150 ° C.
In steam boilers, for most cases, the temperature of the water entering the economizer exceeds the required temperature because water comes from atmospheric deaerators with a temperature of 102 ° C.
This issue is more difficult to solve for hot water boiler houses, since the temperature of the coolant in the external pipeline of the heat supply system entering the boilers depends on the outside air temperature.
It is possible to increase the temperature of the water entering the boiler by recirculating hot water from the boiler.
The efficiency and reliability of the boiler water heating system depends on the flow rate of the coolant through the recirculation. With an increase in the pump flow, the temperature of the water entering the boiler increases, the temperature of the exhaust gases also increases, which means that the boiler efficiency decreases. In this case, the energy consumption for the drive of the recirculation pump increases.
The instructions for the operation of hot water boilers propose to regulate the operation of the heating water heating system in such a way that the water temperature at the inlet to the boilers does not fall below 60 ° C when burning natural gas. This requirement reduces the efficiency of their operation, since anti-corrosion measures to maintain the temperature of the heating surfaces , if the temperature is below 60 ° C. But it is necessary to take into account the temperature of the walls of the heating surface in the calculations.
An analysis of such calculations shows that, for example, for hot water boilers operating on natural gas, at a gas temperature of 140 ° C, the water temperature at the boiler inlet must be maintained at least 40 ° C, i.e. below 60 ° C suggested by the instructions.
Thus, by changing the operating mode of hot water boilers, it is possible to save thermal and electrical energy in the absence of low-temperature corrosion of the metal surfaces of hot water boilers.
2. KIT of the boiler at different temperatures entering it
The lower the temperature enters the boiler, the greater the temperature difference on different sides of the boiler heat exchanger baffle, and the more efficiently heat is transferred from the exhaust gases (combustion products) through the heat exchanger wall. I will give an example with two identical kettles placed on the same hotplates. gas stove... One hotplate is on for maximum flame and the other on medium. The kettle that is on maximum flame will boil faster. And why? Because the temperature difference between the combustion products under these kettles and the water temperature for these kettles will be different. Accordingly, the rate of heat transfer with a large temperature difference will be greater.
With regard to the heating boiler, we cannot increase the combustion temperature, as this will lead to the fact that most of our heat (gas combustion products) will be emitted through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere. But we can design our heating system (hereinafter referred to as CO) in such a way as to lower the temperature entering into, and therefore, lower the average temperature circulating through. The average temperature at the return (inlet) to and supply (outlet) from the boiler will be called the “boiler water” temperature.
As a rule, the 75/60 \u200b\u200bmode is considered the most economical thermal mode of operation of a non-condensing boiler. Those. with a temperature at the supply (outlet from the boiler) +75 degrees, and on the return (inlet to the boiler) +60 degrees Celsius. A link to this thermal mode is in the boiler's passport, when indicating its efficiency (usually the 80/60 mode is indicated). Those. in a different thermal mode, the boiler efficiency will already be lower than stated in the passport.
Therefore, a modern heating system must operate in a design (for example 75/60) thermal mode for the entire heating period, regardless of the outdoor temperature, except when using an outdoor temperature sensor (see below). The regulation of heat transfer from heating devices (radiators) during the heating period should be carried out not by changing the temperature, but by changing the value of the flow through the heating devices (the use of thermostatic valves and thermoelements, ie "thermal heads").
To avoid the formation of acid condensate on the boiler heat exchanger, for a non-condensing boiler, the temperature in its return (inlet) should not be lower than +58 degrees Celsius (usually taken with a margin of +60 degrees).
I will make a reservation that the ratio of air and gas entering the combustion chamber is also of great importance for the formation of acid condensate. The more excess air entering the combustion chamber, the less acidic condensate. But you shouldn't be happy about this, as excess air leads to a large overconsumption of gas fuel, which ultimately "hits us on our pocket."
For example, I will give a photo showing how acid condensate destroys a boiler heat exchanger. In the photo, the heat exchanger of the wall-mounted boiler Vailant, which has worked for only one season in an incorrectly designed heating system. A rather strong corrosion is visible from the side of the return (inlet) of the boiler.
For condensation, acid condensate is not terrible. Since the heat exchanger of the condensing boiler is made of special high-quality alloyed stainless steel, which is "not afraid" of acid condensate. Also, the design of the condensing boiler is designed so that acidic condensate flows through a tube into a special container for collecting condensate, but does not fall on any electronic units and components of the boiler, where it could damage these units.
Some condensing boilers they know how to change the temperature at their return (inlet) by themselves due to the smooth change by the boiler processor of the power of the circulation pump. Thereby increasing the economy of gas combustion.
For additional gas savings, connect the outdoor temperature sensor to the boiler. Most wall mounts have the ability to automatically change the temperature depending on the outside temperature. This is done in order to automatically lower the temperature of the boiler water at the outside temperature, which is warmer than the temperature of the cold five-day period (the most severe frosts). As stated above, this reduces gas consumption. But when using a non-condensing boiler, it is important not to forget that when the temperature of the boiler water changes, the temperature at the return (inlet) of the boiler should not fall below +58 degrees, otherwise acidic condensate will form on the boiler heat exchanger and destroy... For this, when commissioning the boiler, in the boiler programming mode, such a curve of the temperature dependence on the outside temperature is selected, at which the temperature in the boiler return flow would not lead to the formation of acid condensate.
I want to warn you right away that when using a non-condensing boiler and plastic pipes in the heating system, it is almost pointless to install an outdoor temperature sensor. Since we can design for the long-term service of plastic pipes the temperature at the boiler supply is not higher than +70 degrees (+74 during the cold five-day period), and in order to avoid the formation of acid condensate, design the temperature on the boiler return not lower than +60 degrees. These narrow "frames" make the use of weather-dependent automation useless. Since such frames require temperatures in the range of + 70 / + 60. Already when using copper or steel pipes in the heating system, it already makes sense to use weather-dependent automation in heating systems, even when using a non-condensing boiler. Since it is possible to design the thermal mode of the boiler 85/65, which mode can be changed under the control of weather-dependent automation, for example, up to 74/58 and give savings in gas consumption.
I will give an example of the algorithm for changing the boiler flow temperature depending on the outside temperature using the example of the Baxi Luna 3 Komfort boiler (below). Also, some boilers, for example, Vilant, can maintain the set temperature not on their supply, but on their return. And if you have set the mode of maintaining the temperature on the return line to +60, then you can not be afraid of the appearance of acid condensate. If, at the same time, the temperature at the boiler supply changes to +85 degrees inclusive, but if you use copper or steel pipes, then this temperature in the pipes does not reduce their service life.
From the graph we see that, for example, when choosing a curve with a coefficient of 1.5, it will automatically change the temperature at its supply from +80 at a street temperature of -20 degrees and below, to a supply temperature of +30 at a street temperature of +10 (in the middle section flow temperature + curve.
But how much the supply temperature +80 will reduce the service life of plastic pipes (Reference: according to manufacturers, warranty period the service life of the plastic pipe at a temperature of +80 is only 7 months, so hope for 50 years), or the return temperature below +58 will reduce the service life of the boiler, unfortunately, there is no accurate data announced by the manufacturers.
And it turns out that when using weather-dependent automation with non-condensing gas, you can save something, but it is impossible to predict how much the service life of pipes and a boiler will decrease. Those. in the case described above, the use of weather-dependent automation will be at your own peril and risk.
Thus, the greatest sense in the use of weather-dependent automation when using a condensing boiler and copper (or steel) pipes in the heating system. Since weather-dependent automation will be able to automatically (and without harm to the boiler) change the thermal mode of the boiler from, for example, 75/60 \u200b\u200bfor a cold five-day period (for example, -30 degrees outside) to a mode of 50/30 (for example, +10 degrees for street). Those. you can painlessly choose the dependence curve, for example, with a coefficient of 1.5 without fear of a high boiler feed temperature in frosts, at the same time without fear of the appearance of acid condensate during thaws (for condensation, the formula is valid that the more acid condensate is formed in them, the more they save gas). For interest, I will lay out a graph of the dependence of the KIT of the condensing boiler, depending on the temperature in the boiler return.
3.KIT of the boiler depending on the ratio of the gas mass to the combustion air mass.
The more completely the gas fuel burns in the combustion chamber of the boiler, the more heat we can get from burning a kilogram of gas. The completeness of gas combustion depends on the ratio of the gas mass to the mass of the combustion air entering the combustion chamber. This can be compared to tuning the carburetor in a car's internal combustion engine. The better the carburetor is tuned, the less it is for the same engine power.
To adjust the ratio of gas mass to air mass in modern boilers, a special device is used to meter the amount of gas supplied to the boiler combustion chamber. It is called gas valve or electronic power modulator. The main purpose of this device is to automatically modulate the boiler power. Also the adjustment optimal ratio gas to air is produced on it, but already manually, once during the commissioning of the boiler.
To do this, when commissioning the boiler, you need to manually adjust the gas pressure according to the differential pressure gauge on the special test fittings of the gas modulator. Two pressure levels are adjustable. For maximum power mode, and for minimum power mode. The methodology and instructions for carrying out the adjustment are usually set out in the boiler passport. You can not buy a differential pressure gauge, but make it from a school ruler and a transparent tube from a hydro level or a blood transfusion system. The gas pressure in the gas line is very low (15-25 mbar), less than when a person exhales, therefore, in the absence of a nearby open fire it is safe to do this. Unfortunately, not all service technicians, when commissioning the boiler, perform the procedure for adjusting the gas pressure on the modulator (from laziness). But if you need to get the most economical operation of your heating system in terms of gas consumption, then you need to make such a procedure.
Also, when commissioning the boiler, it is necessary to adjust the cross-section of the diaphragm in the boiler air pipes according to the method and table (given in the boiler passport), depending on the boiler power and the configuration (and length) of the exhaust pipes and combustion air intake. The correctness of the ratio of the volume of air supplied to the combustion chamber to the volume of supplied gas also depends on the correct choice of this section of the diaphragm. The correct ratio ensures the most complete combustion of gas in the boiler combustion chamber. And, therefore, it reduces to the necessary minimum gas consumption. I will give (for an example of the method of correct installation of the diaphragm) a scan from the passport of the Baksi Nuvola 3 Comfort boiler -
4. KIT of the boiler depending on the temperature of the air entering it for combustion.
Also, the economy of gas consumption depends on the temperature of the air entering the boiler combustion chamber. The boiler efficiency given in the passport is valid for the air temperature entering the boiler combustion chamber +20 degrees Celsius. This is due to the fact that when colder air enters the combustion chamber, part of the heat goes to warming up this air.
Boilers are "atmospheric", which take combustion air from the surrounding space (from the room in which they are installed) and "turbo boilers" with a closed combustion chamber, into which air is forced by means of a turbocharger located in. All other things being equal, the "turbo boiler" will have a higher efficiency of gas consumption than the "atmospheric" one.
If everything is clear with the "atmospheric", then with the "turbo boiler" questions arise as to where it is better to take air into the combustion chamber. "Turbo boiler" is designed so that the flow of air into its combustion chamber can be organized from the room in which it is installed, or it can be directly from the street (by means of a coaxial chimney, that is, a chimney "pipe in pipe"). Unfortunately, both of these methods have pros and cons. When air enters from the interior of the house, the temperature of the combustion air is higher than when it is taken from the street, but all the dust generated in the house is pumped through the boiler combustion chamber, clogging it. The combustion chamber of the boiler is especially clogged with dust and dirt during finishing works in the House.
Don't forget that for safe work "Atmospheric" or "turbo boiler" with air intake from the premises of the house, it is necessary to organize the correct operation of the supply ventilation. For example, supply valves must be installed and open on the windows of a house.
Also, when removing boiler combustion products up through the roof, it is worth considering the cost of manufacturing an insulated chimney with a condensate drain.
Therefore, the most popular (including for financial reasons) are the coaxial chimney systems "through the wall to the street". Where exhaust gases are emitted through the inner pipe, and combustion air is pumped through the outer pipe from the street. In this case, the exhaust gases heat up the air drawn in for combustion, since the coaxial pipe acts as a heat exchanger in this case.
5.KIT of the boiler depending on the time of continuous operation of the boiler (absence of "clock" of the boiler).
Modern boilers themselves adjust their generated heat power to the heat power consumed by the heating system. But the limits of power auto-tuning are limited. Most non-condensing units can modulate their power from about 45 to 100% of their rated power. Condensation modulates the power in a ratio of 1 to 7 and even 1 to 9. That is. a non-condensing boiler with a nominal power of 24 kW will be able to produce at least, for example, 10.5 kW in continuous operation. And condensing, for example, 3.5 kW.
If, at the same time, the temperature outside is much warmer than on a cold five-day period, then there may be a situation when the heat loss at home is less than the minimum possible power output. For example, the heat loss of a house is 5 kW, and the minimum modulated power is 10 kW. This will lead to periodic shutdown of the boiler when the set temperature at its supply (outlet) is exceeded. It may happen that the boiler turns on and off every 5 minutes. Frequent switching on / off of the boiler is called the "cycle" of the boiler. Cycling, in addition to reducing the service life of the boiler, also significantly increases the gas consumption. I will compare the gas consumption in the clock mode with the gas consumption of a car. Consider gas consumption during stroke as driving in city traffic jams in terms of fuel consumption. And the continuous operation of the boiler is driving on a free highway according to fuel consumption.
The fact is that the boiler processor has a program that allows the boiler to indirectly measure the heat power consumed by the heating system using the sensors built into it. And adjust the generated power to this need. But it takes the boiler from 15 to 40 minutes, depending on the capacity of the system. And in the process of adjusting its power, it does not operate in the optimal gas consumption mode. Immediately after switching on, the boiler modulates the maximum power and only over time, gradually, using the approximation method, it reaches the optimal gas consumption. It turns out that when the boiler cycles more often than 30-40 minutes, it does not have enough time to reach the optimal mode and gas consumption. Indeed, with the beginning of a new cycle, the boiler starts selecting the power and mode again.
To eliminate the boiler cycle, a room thermostat is installed. It is better to install it on the ground floor in the middle of the house and, if there is a heating device in the room where it is installed, then the IR radiation of this heating device should hit the room thermostat at a minimum. Also, this heater must not have a thermocouple (thermal head) on the thermostatic valve.
Many boilers are already equipped with a remote control panel. Inside this control panel is the room thermostat. Moreover, it is electronic and programmable by time zones of the day and by days of the week. Programming the temperature in the house by time of day, by days of the week, and when you leave for a few days, also allows you to very significantly save on gas consumption. Instead of a removable control panel, a decorative cap is installed on the boiler. For example, I will give a photo of a removable Baxi Luna 3 Komfort control panel installed in the hall of the first floor of a house, and a photo of the same boiler installed in a boiler room attached to the house with a decorative plug installed instead of a control panel.
6. Use of a large proportion of radiant heat in heating devices.
You can also save any fuel, not just gas, by using heating devices with a large share radiant heat.
This is explained by the fact that a person does not have the ability to feel exactly the temperature of the environment. A person can only feel the balance between the amount of heat received and given off, but not the temperature. Example. If we take our hands an aluminum blank with a temperature of +30 degrees, it will seem cold to us. If we pick up a piece of foam with a temperature of -20 degrees, then it will seem warm to us.
With regard to the environment in which a person is, in the absence of drafts, a person does not feel the temperature of the surrounding air. But only the temperature of the surrounding surfaces. Walls, floors, ceilings, furniture. I will give examples.
Example 1. When you go down to the cellar, after a few seconds you feel chilly. But this is not because the air temperature in the cellar is, for example, +5 degrees (after all, air in a stationary state is the best heat insulator, and you could not freeze from heat exchange with air). And from the fact that the balance of the interchange of radiant heat with the surrounding surfaces has changed (your body has an average surface temperature of +36 degrees, and the cellar has an average surface temperature of +5 degrees). You start giving off radiant heat much more than you receive. Therefore, you get cold.
Example 2. When you are in a foundry or steel shop (or just around a big fire), you get hot. But this is not because the air temperature is high. In winter, with partially broken windows in the foundry, the air temperature in the workshop can be -10 degrees. But you are still very hot. Why? Of course, the air temperature has nothing to do with it. The heat of surfaces, not air, alters the balance of radiant heat transfer between your body and the environment. You start to receive a lot more heat than you radiate. Therefore, people working in foundries and steel-making workshops are forced to put on wadded trousers, quilted jackets and hats with earflaps. For protection not from cold, but from too much radiant heat. In order not to get heatstroke.
From this we draw a conclusion that many do not realize modern specialists for heating. That it is necessary to heat the surfaces surrounding the person, but not the air. When we only heat the air, first the air rises to the ceiling, and only then, lowering, the air heats the walls and the floor due to the convective circulation of air in the room. Those. first warm air rises to the ceiling, heating it, then along the far side of the room descends to the floor (and only then does the floor surface begin to heat up) and further in a circle. With this purely convective method of heating rooms, an uncomfortable temperature distribution throughout the room occurs. When the highest room temperature is at head level, average at waist level, and lowest at foot level. But you probably remember the proverb: "Keep your head in the cold and your feet warm!"
It is no coincidence that the SNIP indicates that in a comfortable house, the temperature of the surfaces of the outer walls and floor should not be lower than the average temperature in the room by more than 4 degrees. Otherwise, the effect arises that it is both hot and stuffy, but at the same time chilly (including on the legs). It turns out that in such a house you need to live "in shorts and felt boots."
So, from afar, I was forced to lead you to the realization of which heating devices are best used in the house, not only for comfort, but also to save fuel. Of course, heating devices, as you might have guessed, should be used with the greatest share of radiant heat. Let's see which heating devices give us the greatest share of radiant heat.
Perhaps, such heating devices include the so-called "warm floors", as well as "warm walls" (which are gaining more and more popularity). But even among the usually most common heating devices, steel panel radiators, tubular radiators and cast-iron radiators can be distinguished by the largest share of radiant heat. I am forced to believe that steel panel radiators give the largest share of radiant heat, since manufacturers of such radiators indicate the share of radiant heat, and manufacturers of tubular and cast iron radiators keep this secret. I also want to say that recently received aluminum and bimetallic "radiators" do not have the right to be called radiators. They are called so only because they are the same sectional as cast iron radiators. That is, they are called "radiators" simply "by inertia". But according to the principle of their action, aluminum and bimetallic radiators should be classified as convectors, not radiators. Since the share of radiant heat is less than 4-5%.
The panel steel radiators the proportion of radiant heat varies from 50% to 15% depending on the type. The largest proportion of radiant heat is for panel radiators of type 10, in which the proportion of radiant heat is 50%. Type 11 has a proportion of radiant heat of 30%. Type 22 has 20% radiant heat. Type 33 has a proportion of radiant heat of 15%. There are also steel panel radiators produced according to the so-called X2 technology, for example, by Kermi. It is type 22 radiators, in which it passes first along the front plane of the radiator, and only then along the rear plane. Due to this, the temperature of the front plane of the radiator increases relative to the back plane, and, consequently, the proportion of radiant heat, since only IR radiation from the front plane enters the room.
The respected company Kermi claims that when using radiators made using X2 technology, fuel consumption is reduced by at least 6%. Of course, he personally did not have the opportunity in laboratory conditions to confirm or deny these figures, but based on the laws of thermal physics, the use of such technology really allows you to save fuel.
Findings. I advise in a private house or cottage to use steel panel radiators in the full width of the window opening, in descending order of preference by type: 10, 11, 21, 22, 33. When the amount of heat loss in the room, as well as the width of the window opening and the height of the window sill do not allow using types 10 and 11 (there is not enough power) and the use of types 21 and 22 is required, then if there is a financial opportunity, I would advise you to use not the usual types 21 and 22, but using the X2 technology. Unless, of course, the use of X2 technology will pay off in your case.
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