Installation and subsequent dismantling of structures scaffolding passes the first item in the estimated calculations in the main section "general construction works", Subsection" external walls ". The same item is added in the subsection “ facade work". From here it becomes clear that this design becomes necessary when people work at heights.
Installation of scaffolding is carried out in the case of:
- exterior masonry brick or block exterior walls;
- insulation of external walls from the facade;
- ventilated facades devices;
- carrying out wet processes on external walls (plaster);
- repair of facades surfaces;
- dismantling of structures.
Indeed, it is quite difficult, for example, to perform brickwork without such auxiliary elements, if its height has already reached the standard mark and carry out further work while on entry level difficult.
The use of forests is used not only in civil and industrial construction in urban areas. Installation of such structures is a widespread type of work in suburban construction. Photos of scaffolding often come across on the pages of construction sites when various companies advertise their activities.
Rules for scaffolding at a construction site
Often the customer requires to provide for approval of the PPR for the installation of scaffolding. The document is developed on the basis of the concluded agreement provided by terms of reference including the following data:
- a package of working documents for the work on the facade;
- copies of passports with seals of suppliers and instructions for installing structures;
- the project of the facade of the building in various sections (from different sides) with the binding of the scaffolding assembly points.
- drawings, where the layouts and dimensions of scaffolding are indicated, the procedure for attaching to the building with unfolded nodes.
In the PPR, it is always clearly indicated which type of scaffold will be used. Several types of such structures are known: yoke, "racks-crossbars", scaffolding, frame and wedge.
The selection is based on pre-calculated loads, configuration and building height. Highest height forest reaches sixty meters.
Varieties of scaffolding
Yoke scaffolding is considered inventory, lightweight, collapsible. The main plus is that they represent a reusable design. Them average term service is about five years. The assembly and disassembly process involves about sixty periods.
"Post-transom" is the most famous design. It is used on simple facades, but unfortunately it is not suitable for complex ones.
Frame scaffolding has connections where horizontal and diagonal connections are present. The main advantage of the type is the speed of installation and dismantling of the structure.
The use of structures in various types of construction
Organizations engaged in the construction of various buildings and structures prefer to lease forests. This is more profitable, since the supplier company not only supplies the structure to the facility, but also sets it to the design position. Plus, every detail is strictly accountable and the number of main frame parts is verified at the time of loading and sending to the site.
The situation in suburban construction looks somewhat different. Due to the reduced amount of material required, repair and construction organizations prefer to have scaffolding at your complete disposal. Also, among other things, the organization should have assembly instructions and drawings of the scaffolding.
It is no secret that many suburban residents undertake construction on their own... And when it comes to outdoor work, then here they also have to use the forests.
Buying or renting them for a summer resident is not an option. The height of the house is not large enough to resort to such actions. Based on this, many are beginning to wonder how to make scaffolding. This formulation of the question is the most acceptable way out of the situation.
In most cases summer cottage option presents wooden structure made from available materials. It is most often disposable. For facade work, it is better to install the structure from all sides at once in order to avoid transfer to a new location.
However, if the house is small and is only one floor, then the scaffolding can easily be moved and installed to the next wall. As soon as construction work on the house is completed, the scaffolding is dismantled.
Here, in the negative, you can put the impossibility of further use of materials, but due to the small amount of used wooden boards and bars, this is a small loss in funds.
Photo of scaffolding
If you decide to make scaffolding, then you will have to choose from two materials: wood or metal. In the first case, you will have a disposable structure that can be made by any person who knows how to work with wood, and in the second, it is reusable, but also quite easy to manufacture. In this article we will tell you how to make scaffolding with your own hands from metal ( shaped pipe), as well as from wood (boards), we will demonstrate diagrams, photos and video instructions.
Although metal or wood is mainly used for the manufacture of scaffolds, they can differ in the method of fastening, and, accordingly, have different functional elements in their design. So, let's consider the main types of forests.
Component elements are connected with a special wedge fixing. Scaffolding of this design is highly reliable. They are able to withstand quite heavy loads. Moreover, they are easy to use, they are quickly assembled and disassembled. The use of wedge scaffolding is especially important in the construction and lifting of heavy materials and units.
The main element of this design is rigid mounted frame... They are mainly used for painting or plastering works... The frame in this design is connected with horizontal struts and diagonal braces due to nodal connections. The main advantage of frame scaffolds is their low cost. Their construction will not require large investments.
In these woods, the knot of the connection, as the name implies, is the pin. This type of scaffolding is very popular with builders, as it is very easy to assemble and disassemble them directly on construction site... It often takes a day or two to assemble scaffolding. In this case, assembling the pin scaffolds will not take much time.
If the facility being renovated has complex configuration, then the clamp scaffolds are a great solution... The fastening method used is professional. And for their manufacture, height and size play an important role. working area, the distance between the tiers and the spacing of the racks. All this is selected individually at each facility.
We suggest you familiarize yourself with a simple guide to making scaffolding from boards. To do this, follow a few simple sequential steps:
- Parallel to each other on a flat area, lay out 4 racks or boards. Their size should immediately correspond to the height of the scaffolding.
- The racks are connected to each other with horizontal jumpers, on which the flooring will later be laid.
- Place the prepared 2 frames horizontally opposite each other, tie them diagonally and horizontally with boards that will serve as ties.
- On horizontal screeds, lay the flooring from the boards and attach it to the lintels with self-tapping screws.
- Attach the railing to the racks and fix the ladder.
If it is necessary to lengthen the structure of the scaffolding, connect several similar sections of boards to each other. Boards are stuffed onto support posts.
When assembling wooden scaffolding If nails are used, it is recommended to pre-drill the holes so that the boards do not split.
Design
All forests are composed of the following elements:
- racks;
- spacers are diagonal and horizontal (they add spatial strength to the structure);
- lintels for flooring;
- plank flooring on which the person will stand;
- stops (to create the stability of the scaffolding and prevent them from falling away from the wall);
- a protective element (so that a person standing on the flooring does not fall down);
- ladder (stepladder) for climbing required level forests.
Of wood and planks
There are a lot of tips on how to make scaffolding on the Internet. Moreover, the recommended designs differ mainly from each other only in the thickness of the board and the size of the scaffolding themselves. So that you do not get confused in all this "diversity", try to focus on the following values:
Getting started:
- Prepare the necessary materials in advance:
- boards with a thickness of at least 50 mm and a width of 100 mm (or round timber, or a beam of 10x10 cm) - for racks and stops;
- boards for spacers and fences 30 mm thick;
- boards for lintels and flooring 50 mm thick;
- nails (screws in this case are less reliable).
Photo instruction
We bring to your attention a series of photos on how to make your own wooden scaffolding:
From a profile pipe
Now about how to make scaffolding (collapsible) from metal (dimensions of one section: height - 1.5 meters, width 1 meter, length 1.65 meters). Determine the number of sections based on the height of the scaffolding you need.
- Prepare the necessary materials:
- for racks - profile pipe (square section) 30x30 mm - length 1500 mm;
- for spacers - a pipe with a diameter of 15 mm;
- for connecting inserts (adapters) - profile pipe 25x25 mm;
- make the flooring from boards 40-50 mm thick and 210-220 cm long.
- for diagonal elements - 2 meters each;
- for horizontal elements connecting the posts from the sides of the structure - 96 cm each.
"Pros and cons"
Firstly, scaffolding is not a small construction scaffold, but rather a cumbersome structure that will need to be stored somewhere after the need for it disappears.
Wooden scaffolding, of course, can then be disassembled, but the work is laborious, and the boards, if you do not need them in the near future, also need to be folded somewhere. Do not forget that wooden scaffolding is assembled with nails, not self-tapping screws, so the boards will no longer be completely intact. In addition, when working on scaffolding, the wood is often stained with mortar or paint.
Homemade metal scaffolding it will be possible not only to disassemble, but also to rent it in the future.
Secondly, non-prefabricated scaffolding is designed to work at the maximum level of the second floor (from the ground). Operation at higher altitudes homemade forests becomes dangerous.
Thirdly, scaffolding is rarely required (only for repairing the facade of a building), so the assembly and disassembly of such a temporary structure is not profitable in terms of the time spent on this work.
Fourthly, scaffolding often has to be made long (for example, at least 6 meters for siding installation). Accordingly, their weight increases, and rearranging home-made wooden scaffolding to the other side of the house becomes a problem even for three or four people.
It is worth thinking about forests even at the stage of designing a house.
If you do not plan to carry out the facade work yourself (but are going to hire construction crew), then you don't have to think too much about scaffolding, since builders usually come to the site with their scaffolding and scaffolding.
However, at the end of construction (and after some time), scaffolding may be needed to carry out small facade renovation works... Can this be avoided?
Sure. And to begin with, make sure that the facade of your house does not require renovation for many years. To do this, it is enough to use when building walls facing brick... Now it is produced by many manufacturers and at the same time in a fairly large range of colors.
And here are the others facing materials(such as siding, plaster and others) will periodically require your attention and, accordingly, additional costs, since you will not be able to make scaffolding (buy or rent) for free.
Video
From this video you will learn how to make scaffolding for apartment renovation:
Photo
The photos show various designs scaffolding:
Schemes
The diagrams will help you design your own scaffolding:
FRAME FORESTS
Currently, lightweight frame scaffolding is increasingly used due to its low weight and, accordingly, low price, as well as quick assembly... After analyzing the existing frame scaffolds, their significant drawback was revealed, namely, insufficient rigidity during operation.
To eliminate this drawback, a scaffold design with frames made of round pipe with rigidly welded transition pipes (unlike similar floating ones), diagonals close to the ends of the frames. For the convenience of working on the scaffolding, the slopes from the passage were moved under the frame, in addition, the working tiers, at the request of the customer, provide for frontal fences, and at the end of the scaffolds - end fences. All these measures significantly increase the rigidity of the structure, as well as ensure the safety of work on the scaffolding.
| 1. | Maximum height of scaffolding, m | 40, 60, 100 |
| 2. | Working tier height, m | 2 |
| 3. | Ramp step along the wall, m | 3 |
| 4. | Distance between posts, perpendicular to the wall, m | 1 |
| 5. | 200 | |
| 6. | Pipe frame diameter | 42, 48 |
FRAME FORESTS
DEVICE AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
(see the scaffolding assembly diagram) is a structure assembled from the following elements: frames with a ladder, frames without a ladder, diagonal and horizontal braces, crossbars with wooden decking, adjustable and non-adjustable supports, fasteners to the wall (see types of anchoring). The bottom row of frames rests on support feet (shoes) or screw supports, which are installed on wooden pads. The scaffolding frames have a height of 2.0 m. The frames with and without ladders are built up to the required height. Frames with a ladder are installed in the second row of scaffolding in each tier and serve to lift workers. The frames, for the purpose of stability, are connected with each other by horizontal and diagonal ties in a checkerboard pattern from the side of the street and horizontal ties from the side of the wall (see the assembly diagram). The frames are provided with locks with a latch for fastening diagonal and horizontal ties. Crossbars are installed in the first and second row of scaffolding in each span, two (from the side of the street and the side of the building). The scaffolding is fastened to the wall with adjustable anchor brackets of two types: made of steel strip and tubular with hook and clamp (see types of anchor brackets). One end is attached to the wall using anchoring elements mounted in the facade of the building to be repaired, the other to the frame post. Anchorage elements are made of two types: plugs and hooks with sleeves (see anchorage elements). The type of anchoring is determined by the customer's requirements. The number of shoes and screw supports is determined by the terrain and the customer's requirement. Longitudinal ties of fences are installed on the working and safety tiers of the scaffolding. In places where workers climb to the working tier, fencing ties are installed in spans where diagonal ties are not provided. To protect against atmospheric (electrical discharges), the scaffolding is equipped with a lightning rod, grounding.
Before starting work on the device of frame scaffolding, it is necessary:
- to install temporary fences along the border of the danger zone for the period of installation, operation and dismantling of the scaffolding. The limits of the dangerous zone are established in accordance with SNiP 12-03, and its boundaries are taken from the outer row of scaffolding racks;
- deliver to the place of installation, repaired and completed, according to the specification, elements of the scaffolding;
- install an electric winch for lifting scaffolding elements.
Each batch of scaffolds, consisting of a set of elements, is sent to the consumer in full and is accompanied by the manufacturer's passport, the certificate of acceptance of the Quality Control Department and the packaging specification, which indicates the number and weight of the elements sent by brands.
Large parts of the scaffolding are sent from the manufacturer without packaging, tied with wire in bundles weighing not more than 80 kg. A tag is attached to each pack indicating the brand and the number of items in the pack. Small parts are sent in containers.
Scaffolding elements, sorted by brand, are stored indoors or outdoors on pads under a canopy, without touching the ground.
Before being sent to the site, the scaffolds are completed with all standard and atypical elements according to the scaffolding project specifications for a particular site. Scaffolding is completed with rejection of scaffolding elements that do not meet regulatory tolerances.
Installation, dismantling and operation of inventory frame scaffolding should be carried out by a specialized subdivision (site), whose responsibilities include:
- storage and repair of inventory scaffolding elements;
- production of atypical parts;
- completion of forests;
- installation and dismantling of scaffolding;
- control for technical condition scaffolding in service;
- lease of mounted scaffolding to construction organizations.
The scaffolding is installed according to the tiers specified in the project.
Mounting
Dismantling and installation of scaffolding should be carried out under the guidance of a responsible work supervisor, who must:
a) study the structure of the scaffolding;
b) draw up a scaffolding installation scheme for a specific object;
c) make a list of the required elements;
d) make acceptance of a set of scaffolds from a warehouse in accordance with
the list with the rejection of damaged elements.
The workers assembling the scaffolds must first be familiar with the structure and instructed on the installation procedure and methods of fastening the scaffolds to the wall.
Scaffolding should be installed on a planned and compacted area, from which water drainage should be provided.
The area for scaffolding should be horizontal in the transverse and longitudinal directions.
Lifting and lowering of scaffolding elements should be carried out by hoists or other lifting mechanisms.
Erection of scaffolds is carried out in tiers for the entire length of the mounted section of the scaffolding, according to the installation scheme:
Stage 1:
Install wooden pads and shoes on the prepared site, if necessary, install screw supports. The supporting surfaces of the scaffolding frames must be strictly in the same horizontal plane.
Stage 2:
Install two adjacent frames of the first tier in the shoes, and connect them with horizontal and diagonal ties. After a step of 3 meters, install two adjacent frames and also connect them with ties and repeat this operation to set the required length of the scaffolding. Along the edges of the required length of the scaffolding, install the fence frames, and the next frame must be with a ladder.
Stage 3:
Install the frames of the second tier, connect them with ties, and arrange the diagonal ties so that they are staggered. For installation, you need to use the crossbars on which the wooden flooring is laid.
Stage 4:
For lifting and lowering people, the scaffolding is equipped with inclined ladders, which are installed in places reserved for hatches.
Stage 5:
Fastening the scaffolds to the wall with plugs or with hooks with bushings through brackets or clamps fixed to the scaffold frame posts (see anchoring elements), after 4m in a checkerboard pattern.
Stage 6:
Repeating steps 3, 4, 5, gain the required height of the scaffolding. Fences, intermediate elements and diagonals must be installed according to the general scaffolding assembly scheme.
Stage 7:
Install end and longitudinal ties of fences on the working and safety tiers of the scaffolding. In places where workers rise to the working tier, where no diagonal ties are installed, establish longitudinal ties of the fences. Fix two adjacent frames vertically with an M8x55 bolt or a pin (at the request of the customer).
Install scaffolding frames on a plumb line. Install the frames and fix the scaffolds to the wall simultaneously with the installation of the scaffolds.
Laying of decking and installation of fencing ties should be done simultaneously.
Dismantling of scaffolding is allowed only after cleaning the remains of materials, inventory and tools from the flooring.
Before dismantling the scaffolds, the contractor is obliged to inspect them and instruct workers on the sequence and methods of dismantling, as well as on measures to ensure the safety of work.
Dismantling of the scaffolding should be started from the upper tier, in the reverse order of installation.
Sort the dismantled elements before transportation, tie large-sized elements into packages, and put small-sized and standard products in boxes.
Exploitation
Metal construction attached frame scaffolding is allowed for operation only after the completion of their installation, but not earlier. They are handed over according to the act to the person appointed for acceptance by the chief construction engineer with the participation of a safety worker.
Upon acceptance of the installed scaffolding into operation, the following are checked:
- correspondence assembled frame wiring diagrams and the correct assembly of units;
- the correctness and reliability of the scaffolding on the foundation;
- correctness and reliability of scaffolding to the wall;
- the presence and reliability of the fence on the scaffolding, the presence of a double railings in the working tiers;
- correct installation of the lightning rod and grounding of the scaffolding;
- ensuring the drainage of water from forests.
Pay special attention to the verticality of the racks and the reliability of the scaffolding to the wall.
The condition of the scaffolds should be checked daily before the start of the shift by the work supervisor or the foreman supervising the work.
Scaffolding decks and ladders should be systematically cleaned of debris, material residues, snow, ice, and sprinkled with sand in winter.
Loads on scaffolding decks during their operation should not exceed acceptable limits... If it is necessary to increase or change the location of the loads:
- the strength of the scaffolding should be checked by calculation;
- to test the scaffolding with a load 25% higher than the specified one;
- draw up a test report.
When submitting materials to scaffolding tower crane directly to the workplace, the following rules must be observed:
- in order to avoid hitting the scaffolding by the load, you must first
to lift the load and move the crane, and then turn the boom and smoothly lower the load;
- there must be a signalman on the scaffolding, regulating the supply of goods by giving signals to the crane operator.
When supplying materials to the scaffolding with a stationary lift, its frame must be attached to the wall regardless of the scaffolding.
Design
Frame with ladder
Frame without ladder
Guardrail frame
Diagonal tie
Cork
Horizontal link
Many construction works, especially those related to exterior decoration buildings, provide for the use of scaffolding. Such structures allow people to climb to any height and, being in a stable position, do everything necessary work... The main requirement for forests is their safety, which is ensured correct installation and operation. In this article, we will tell you how to install scaffolding.
As for the material of manufacture, the scaffolding can be divided into 2 types: wood and metal. Wooden ones are usually self-made and used in construction small houses... Forests from steel pipe refer to professional equipment, such designs are more reliable and stable.
Scaffolding structures are also classified according to the type of fastening, they are of the following types:
- Framed scaffolding is the most popular equipment for plastering and painting walls. Such structures consist of rigid frames, which are fixed on horizontal racks and diagonal braces. corner joints... The price of such equipment is relatively low, moreover, it is distinguished by its ease of installation.
- Pin scaffolding is a structure, the individual parts of which are connected to each other using pin connectors.
- Wedge-clamp scaffolding is a type of equipment often used in professional construction. These scaffolds look like frames, fastened together by parts different types... Assembled wedge-clamp scaffolds have the appearance of a closed structure, sufficiently reliable and stable. The price of this type of scaffolding is somewhat higher than that of the above-mentioned analogs, and if you want to save money, then the rental of scaffolding at an acceptable price is what you need.
Basic rules for the installation of scaffolding
If you decide to buy scaffolding, be sure to familiarize yourself with their characteristics, as well as the installation and operation rules. Below are some basic guidelines to help you make your construction work safer:
- The first step is to familiarize yourself with the design features, study the rules for its assembly and installation.
- The place where the equipment will be installed must be prepared in advance. The site intended for scaffolding is cleared of debris and leveled. The soil must also be well compacted and equipped with special drainage systems.
- Individual scaffolding fragments are not raised and lowered manually, but using lifting mechanisms.
- Fasteners, flooring and fence ties are installed during the scaffolding assembly process. The frames of the fences must be fixed strictly along the plumb line.
- To ensure the safety of work, the scaffolding must be fixed to the wall of the building at its full height. Decks must be level and horizontal.
- Workers in the process of operating the equipment must climb and descend stairs.
- The dismantling of the structure is carried out in the reverse order and only after all building materials, tools and debris have been removed from the scaffolding.
Installation of pin scaffolding
Let's take a look at the features of assembling and installing pin scaffolding. This process includes the following steps:
- First, it is necessary to carefully prepare the site for the installation of the structure by leveling and compacting the soil. After that, you can put supports, placing them as close to the wall of the building as possible.
- When the supports are ready, you should fix the first 4 posts on them. Please note that the racks must be of the same type and size, and must also be grounded.
- The third stage is the installation of the next pair of racks on finished structure... When strapping with crossbars, go around the structure around the perimeter and fasten the first and last pair of posts.
- Then you can grow the scaffolding to the desired height. In the process of work, new racks should be fastened to the racks of the lower tier, combining them with crossbars. When the structure reaches the specified height, you can install stairs and fences, lay decks. Scaffolds should be attached to the wall of the house throughout their entire area.
Important! If any defects are found in any structural elements, such parts must be replaced with new ones.
Installation of frame scaffolding
Frame scaffolding is one of the easiest to assemble. Such structures are very popular among builders, since their installation does not require special knowledge and sophisticated tools... If you are finishing small house, then two people can easily cope with the installation of frame scaffolding. For larger buildings, a team of 3-5 people will be enough.
Let's consider in more detail the stages of installing frame-type scaffolding:
- The preparatory stage includes familiarization with technical data sheet constructions, preparation of the area, as well as instructing workers.
- When the scaffold platform is ready, it is necessary to install on it special wood pads with a thickness of about 4 cm and the so-called support heels (shoes).
- After that, two adjacent frames of the first level are installed in the shoes, which are connected with each other by diagonal and horizontal ties. Please note that during the installation of vertical structures, you must use the building level.
- The rest of the frames are mounted in the same way until the scaffolding reaches the specified length. In this case, it is also important not to forget that the structure must be securely fixed to the wall of the building.
- The next stage includes the installation of the crossbars on the first working tier, as well as the laying of the flooring. In order for the structure to comply with safety rules, the floorings should be fixed very firmly. The permissible width of the gaps between the individual boards is no more than 0.5 cm. The floor boards can be overlapped along their length, but the joints must be placed on the supports. All decks must have sides with a height of at least 15 cm.
- When the first working tier is ready, you can put the frames of the second tier. They are likewise united with each other by vertical and diagonal ties, while the diagonal elements can be mounted in a checkerboard pattern. However, in the event that you want to make the scaffolding stronger and more stable, diagonal ties can be fixed in each cell.
- The second tier is fixed to the wall with anchor brackets.
- All the necessary actions are performed in the same way as described above, until the equipment reaches the required height.
Scaffolding, photo:
Installation of wedge-clamp scaffolding
Now we will consider the process of installing the last type of equipment - wedge-clamp scaffolding. The work of installing such structures is as follows:
- As in the previous two cases, the first step is to prepare the work site. After that, pads and jacks are installed on it, the axis of the screws of which must be strictly vertical.
- Then the first ladder sections are put on the jacks, which are connected by trusses. After that, support posts are attached to the structure.
- So that the scaffolding is level, with the help of screw jacks, you can compensate for various differences in the relief.
- The next step involves installing bearing trusses at the height where the flooring is supposed to be laid. After that, you can fix the flooring on the steps of the staircase sections.
- The insurance trusses are installed at the same time as the deck holder.
It is important to remember that the deck holder and parallel ladder sections must be at the same level. This can be achieved by adjusting the trusses by moving them in the vertical plane.
Note also that when installing scaffolding with a height of more than 5 m, it is necessary to fix the equipment parts on the surface of the building wall.
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD
INSTALLATION AND DISMANTLING OF SCAFFOLDING FRAME LPRS-40
1 AREA OF USE
Typical routing(TTK) is made up for one of the options for mounting and dismantling frame scaffolding LSPR-40.
The TTK is intended to familiarize workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of work, as well as for use in the development of projects for the production of works, projects for organizing construction, and other organizational and technological documentation.
2. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Frame scaffolding LSPR-40 (scaffolding stand-on frame LSPR-40 up to 40 m high) are construction scaffolding made in accordance with GOST 27321-87 and intended for finishing and repair work on building facades and for masonry. The corrugated shape of the surface ensures the reliability and safety of the work carried out; also, these scaffoldings can be used for construction and installation works, repair and reconstruction of buildings, for placing working materials directly in the area of such work.
Specifications
The maximum height of the scaffolding is 40 m.
The step of the tier in height is 2 m.
The step of the frames along the wall is 3 m.
The width of the tier (passage) between the frame posts is 0.976 m.
The metal parts of the scaffolding have a wear-resistant polymer coating.
Fig. 1. Scaffolding LSPR-40
The device and principle of operation of scaffolding LSPR-40
Scaffolding is a structure assembled from the following elements:
frames without stairs;
frames with a ladder;
horizontal and diagonal ties;
adjustable and non-adjustable supports;
fasteners to the wall;
The bottom row of frames rests on support feet or screw supports, which are installed on wooden supports. Frames with ladders and without ladders are stacked with each other to the desired height. Frames with a ladder are installed in the first or second row of scaffolding in each tier and are used to lift workers.
The frames, for the purpose of stability, are connected by diagonal ties in a checkerboard pattern from the street side and horizontal ties from the wall side (see installation diagram). The frames are provided with locks with a latch for fastening diagonal and horizontal ties.
The scaffolding is fastened to the wall with adjustable anchor brackets. The anchoring elements are made of two types: plugs and hooks with bushings. The type of anchoring is determined by the customer's requirements. The number of shoes and screw supports is determined by the terrain and the customer's requirement. Longitudinal ties of fences are installed on the working and safety tiers of the scaffolding.
On scaffolding, metal girders with wooden decking are used. Decking beams are hung on the lower ties of adjacent frames on the tiers provided for decking. First, the metal girders are laid, and then the wooden flooring is laid.
To protect against atmospheric electrical discharges, forests are equipped with a lightning rod and grounding.
Frame scaffolding, type LSPR-40, is a frame-tiered structure assembled from various tubular elements - frames, racks, longitudinal and diagonal braces, flooring, crossbars, adjustable and non-adjustable supports, fasteners to the wall.
The main part of such scaffolding is a rectangular vertical frame made of a thin-walled steel pipe. Frames of two types are usually used: with a ladder, and a checkpoint. The frames are fastened vertically with a pipe-to-pipe connection, and the lowest tier of the frames is installed on support thrust bearings or screw supports (jacks), which, in turn, are installed on wooden supports.
The height of the scaffolding layer is equal to the height of each frame - 2 m.
The frames are built up with each other to the height necessary for the production of work, while the frames with a ladder, which are used for lifting and moving workers, are installed on each tier of the scaffolding, in the second row.
The frames are reinforced with each other by diagonal and horizontal ties from the side of the street, in a checkerboard pattern, and from the side of the wall - only by horizontal ties. Installation of these scaffolding elements is carried out using special latches located on the racks, which provides the necessary rigidity of the longitudinal and diagonal ties.
The scaffolding structure in the first and second rows is strengthened by installing two crossbars in each span - one from the side of the building, the other from the side of the street. The metal crossbars of the decking are hung on the top links adjacent frames, on tiers where decking should be. After the crossbars, a wooden flooring is laid.
For safe work Such frame scaffolds are attached to the building wall using anchor brackets, which can be of two types: both from a steel strip and tubular, with a hook and a clamp. The fastening is mounted into the wall of the building with two types of anchoring elements - hooks with bushings and plugs. The customer determines required view anchoring.
The number of thrust bearings and screw supports depends on the terrain and is specified by the customer.
On the working and safety tiers of the scaffolding structure, end and longitudinal ties of fences are installed. In those places where workers rise to the working tier, where diagonal ties are not provided, fencing ties are established.
The entire structure of the scaffolding is equipped with a grounding with a lightning rod to protect against atmospheric electrical charges.
3. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE
Stage I
Install wooden pads and shoes on the prepared site, if necessary, install screw supports. The supporting surfaces of the scaffolding frames must be strictly in the same horizontal plane.
Fig. 2. I stage of installation of scaffolding LSPR-40
II stage
Install two adjacent frames of the first tier in the shoes, and connect them with horizontal and diagonal ties. After a step, install two adjacent frames and also connect them with ties and repeat this operation to set the required length of the scaffolding.
Fig. 3. II stage of installation of scaffolding LSPR-40
Stage III
Install the frames of the second tier, connect them with ties, and arrange the diagonal ties so that they are staggered. For installation, you need to use the crossbars on which the wooden flooring is laid.
Fig. 4. III stage of installation of scaffolding LSPR-40
Install scaffolding frames on a plumb line. Install the frames and fix the scaffolds to the wall simultaneously with the installation of the scaffolds.
Laying of decking and installation of fencing ties should be done simultaneously.
Scaffolding assembly scheme
Fig. 5. Scaffolding assembly scheme
1 - lining; 2 - frame without a ladder; 3 - shoe; 4 - horizontal link; 5 - screw support; 6 - diagonal link; 7 - frame with a ladder; 8 - crossbar with wood flooring; 9 - fencing frame; 10 - anchor bracket
Fig. 6. Scaffolding assembly sequence
Fig. 7. Attachment of horizontal and diagonal ties
Dismantling of scaffolding LSPR-40
Dismantling of scaffolding is allowed only after cleaning the remains of materials, inventory and tools from the flooring.
Before dismantling the scaffolds, the contractor is obliged to inspect them and instruct workers on the sequence and methods of dismantling, as well as on measures to ensure the safety of work.
Dismantling of the scaffolding should be started from the upper tier, in the reverse order of installation.
Sort the dismantled elements before transportation, tie large-sized elements into packages, and put small-sized and standard products in boxes.
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF WORKS
Operation of scaffolding LSPR-40
Metal frame scaffoldings are allowed into operation only after the completion of their installation, but not earlier than their delivery according to the act to the person appointed for acceptance by the chief construction engineer with the participation of a safety worker.
Upon acceptance of the installed scaffolding into operation, the following are checked:
compliance of the assembled frame with wiring diagrams and correct assembly of units;
the correctness and reliability of the scaffolding on the foundation;
correctness and reliability of scaffolding to the wall;
the presence and reliability of the fence on the scaffolding, the presence of a double railing in the working tiers;
correct installation of the lightning rod and grounding of the scaffolding;
ensuring the drainage of water from forests.
Pay special attention to the verticality of the racks and the reliability of the scaffolding to the wall.
The condition of the scaffolds should be checked daily before the start of the shift by the work supervisor or the foreman supervising the work.
Scaffolding decks and ladders should be systematically cleaned of debris, material residues, snow, ice, and sprinkled with sand in winter.
The loads on the scaffolding decks during their operation should not exceed the permissible limits.
If it is necessary to increase or change the location of the loads:
the strength of the scaffolding should be checked by calculation;
to test the scaffolding with a load 25% higher than the specified one;
draw up a test report.
When supplying materials to the scaffolding with a tower crane directly to the workplaces, the following rules must be observed:
in order to avoid impacts by the load on the scaffolding, it is necessary to first lift the load and move the crane, and then turn the boom and smoothly lower the load;
there must be a signalman on the scaffolding, regulating the supply of goods by giving signals to the crane operator.
When supplying materials to scaffolding with a stationary hoist, its frame must be attached to the wall regardless of the scaffolding.
5. NEED FOR MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
6. SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION
Safety measures when working with scaffolding LSPR-40
The scaffolding must be securely anchored to the wall along its entire height. Arbitrary removal of the scaffold fastening to the wall is not allowed.
The scaffold deck must have a level surface.
The ascent of people to the scaffolding and descent from them should be carried out only by stairs, with inside sections.
On the scaffolding, posters should be posted with schemes for the movement of people, the placement of loads and the values of permissible loads.
Submission of cargo to the scaffolding in excess of the project allowed is prohibited.
In order to avoid damage to the racks located at the driveways, it is necessary to install protective devices.
Power lines located closer than 5 m from the scaffolding must be removed or enclosed in wooden boxes.
The scaffolding must be reliably grounded and equipped with a lightning protection device. When assembling and dismantling scaffoldings, access of people to the work area, not engaged in these works, is prohibited.
In addition to the requirements of safety measures, it is also necessary to comply with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements; SNiP 12-04-2002 Labor safety in construction. Part 2: Construction production.
Transportation and storage of scaffolding LSPR-40
Transportation of forests can be carried out by any type of transport, in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for this type of transport.
Before transportation, the scaffolding elements must be sorted by type (frames, platforms, ties, ties) and tied into bags with a wire of at least 4 mm in diameter in two threads with a twist of at least 2 turns, and small parts must be packed in boxes.
It is not allowed to dump a scaffold element from vehicles during unloading.
Scaffold storage should be carried out according to the coolant storage group 4 in accordance with GOST 15150-69.
At long-term storage elements of the scaffolding should be laid on lining, excluding their contact with the ground.
Metal surfaces of scaffolding without paints and varnishes during long-term storage MUST be preserved with grease C or another equivalent lubricant.
During transportation and storage, packages and boxes with scaffolding elements can be stacked on top of each other in no more than three tiers.
7. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
GESN table 08-07-001 Installation and dismantling of external inventory scaffolding
Scope of work:
for norms 1-3:
01. Layout of the outdoor scaffolding site. 02. Assembly and installation of inventory scaffolding with the device of decking, fences, ladders and walking ladders. 03. Scaffolding dismantling. 04. Reconditioning repair of scaffolding parts at each turn. 05. Delivery of finished scaffolding elements from the on-site warehouse to the facility and their transportation from the facility to the on-site warehouse.
for norms 4, 5:
01. Assembly and installation of inventory scaffolding with the device of decking, fences, ladders and walking ladders. 02. Scaffolding dismantling. 03. Reconditioning repair of scaffolding parts at each turn. 04. Delivery of finished scaffolding elements from the on-site warehouse to the facility and their transportation from the facility to the on-site warehouse.
Meter: 100m elevation for outdoor scaffolding
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SNiP 3.03.01-87 Bearing and enclosing structures.
SNiP 3.04.01-87 Insulation works and finishing coatings.
SNiP 12-03-2001 Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements.
SNiP 12-04-2002 Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.
SP 48.13330.2011 Organization of construction. Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004.
SNiP 23-02-2003 Thermal protection of buildings.
GOST 27321-87 Rack-mounted scaffolds for construction and installation works. Technical conditions.
GOST 15150-69 Machines, devices and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, operating conditions, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of climatic factors external environment(with Amendments N 1-4).
GOST 12.1.044-89 SSBT. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination.
GOST 12.2.003-91 SSBT. Manufacturing equipment. General safety requirements.
GOST 12.3.009-76 SSBT. Loading and unloading works. General safety requirements.
GOST 12.3.033-84 SSBT. Construction machines... General safety requirements for operation.
GOST R 12.1.019-2009 SSBT. Electrical safety. General requirements and nomenclature of types of protection.
GOST 24258-88 Paving means. General technical conditions.
GOST 12.1.003-83 SSBT. Noise. General safety requirements.
GOST 12.1.004-91 SSBT. Fire safety... General requirements.
GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area.
GOST 12.4.011-89 SSBT. Protective equipment for workers. General requirements and classification.
GOST 12.4.059-89 SSBT. Building. Inventory protective fences. General technical conditions.
GOST 12.2.013.0-91 SSBT. Hand-held electric machines. General safety requirements and test methods.
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 N 390 On fire safety.
ST SRO OSMO-2-001-2010 Self-regulation standard. Electrical safety. General requirements at production facilities of organizations performing work that affect the safety of capital construction facilities.
The electronic text of the document was prepared by Kodeks CJSC
and verified against the author's material.