The role of commodity examination methods in ensuring the quality of furniture products.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

South Ural State University

Department of Commodity Science and Expertise of Consumer Goods

COURSE WORK

by discipline "Commodity Research, Expertise and Standardization"

on the topic " Features of the examination of furniture products by example

Completed:

Skripova M.V.

Surname, I.O.

Group com - 470(s)

Checked:

Ailova G.N.

INTRODUCTION

A significant increase in the production of furniture is accompanied by the introduction of a more advanced technology for its production, the use of a more advanced technology for its production, and the use of new materials. These factors, in turn, led to some change in its design: a significant amount of furniture is produced universally prefabricated, built-in, transformable, which is especially important for furnishing small rooms. IN last years furniture industry began to produce artistic furniture. Along with products that are simple in form, furniture of increased comfort and aesthetics is produced, using improved front fittings and elements of artistic decoration. Along with the growth of furniture production, special attention is paid to its convenience, hygiene, artistic design, and decoration. In recent years, as a result of technical re-equipment in the furniture industry, reconstruction of existing enterprises and the construction of new ones have been carried out. Special attention refers to the optimization of the range of furniture based on the real needs of the market, the release of products various styles and options, which allows you to complete and update furniture every 4-5 years.

Since this group of goods is in great demand, unfortunately, there are many quality goods. Therefore, it is very important for store management and staff to be able to recognize counterfeit goods. This will help increase sales and maintain a positive consumer impression of the enterprise. retail.

The purpose of the course work is the study of furniture products and the peculiarity of the examination on the example of the hotel group "Tables"

Object of study: dining, toilet and preschool tables.

The subject of study is the definition of methods for testing the quality of tables in accordance with GOST 30099-93.

1. Literature review

1.1. Furniture classification

Furniture- mobile or built-in products for the equipment of residential and public spaces, landscape gardening and other areas of human stay.

For the development of production plans by enterprises and departments, assortment and assortment plans for trade organizations, as well as for design practice, it is necessary to have a classification of furniture products and their optimal range.

Furniture range- the composition of products for furnishing premises for a specific purpose or a list functional types items that make up a set. It is determined by the layout of the premises, its purpose, the content of labor and domestic processes, the quantitative and professional composition of people in the premises,

Range furniture- the composition and ratio of individual types of products either in the output of products, for example, enterprises, or in the field of distribution, or in the field of consumption. The assortment should be formed on the basis of studying the development of consumer requirements and demand by modernizing old and creating new products.

The optimal nomenclature and the optimal assortment are the most favorable, the best possible under given conditions, taking into account the influence of various factors.

Kit furniture- this is a group of products interconnected by a common architectural and artistic task of furnishing premises, with a wide variability in composition and purpose. From the products of one set, you can form various options for furniture sets.

Headset furniture- this is a group of products, interconnected by architectural, artistic and constructive features, designed to furnish a certain functional area of the room.

Furniture is classified (GOST 20400) according to the following main features:

operational;

· functional;

constructive and technological;

by materials;

by the nature of production.

According to the operational purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

Household furniture- these are products intended for furnishing various premises, apartments, cottages, for outdoor use. There are the following types of household furniture: for a common room (for rooms with combined functions, such as a dining room, a bedroom), for a bedroom, a dining room, a living room, an office, a nursery (products, sizes, shapes and designs of which correspond to the age characteristics and growth characteristics of children) , for kitchens, hallways, bathrooms, as well as cottages.

Furniture for public spaces- products designed to furnish the premises of enterprises and institutions, taking into account the nature of their activities and the specifics of functional processes. There are the following types of such furniture: medical (for hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions), laboratory (for laboratories, including educational and medical), for preschool institutions (kindergartens, nurseries), educational institutions (schools, colleges, technical schools and universities), trade enterprises, Catering(canteens, restaurants, cafes, snack bars, etc.) and consumer services, hotels and health resorts, theater and entertainment institutions, libraries and reading rooms, sports facilities, administrative premises, waiting rooms for transport institutions, communications enterprises.

Furniture for transport- These are products intended for the equipment of various means of transport.

According to the functional purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished.

Furniture for storage (cabinet), the main value of which is storage and placement various items. The following products of this furniture are distinguished:

1. cabinet - a product, mainly with doors, for storing items of various functional purposes, including:

· cases for clothes (dresses), linen, utensils, books;

· kitchen cabinet - a product designed for storing kitchen and household items. It can be part of the working front of the kitchen or be a stand-alone product;

kitchen cabinet-table - a product designed for cooking and serving work, with containers for storing kitchen utensils and foodstuffs;

cabinet under the sink - designed to install the sink;

cabinet with a showcase (showcase) - a glazed piece of furniture designed to store and display various items;

Wardrobe-partition - a product designed to divide the room into separate zones;

wall cabinet;

· a case of multipurpose purpose - a product with offices of various functional purpose;

2. chest of drawers - a product with drawers for storing linen;

3. toilet cabinet - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries;

4. curbstone cabinet of reduced height for various purposes;

5. secretaire - a product with a folding door or a sliding board, designed to perform written work;

6. sideboard cabinet - a product for storing dishes and table linen, the upper plane of which is used for serving work;

7. chest - a piece of cabinet furniture with a folding or removable top cover, designed to store various things;

8. shelf - a product without a front wall, with or without a back wall, designed to accommodate books or other items.

Sitting and lying furniture is designed to accommodate a person in sitting and lying positions. There are the following pieces of such furniture:

bed - a product intended for sleeping, with a mattress, with one or two backs;

single bed - designed for one person;

double bed - designed for two people;

sofa - a combined product with a back, designed to seat several people;

sofa bed - a sofa that can be transformed into a bed;

couch - a product with a head back and headrest or without them, intended for lying;

ottoman - a wide couch with or without a longitudinal back, designed for lying;

bench - a product with a back and armrests or without them, with a seat height equal to its depth or greater than it, designed to seat several people;

stool - a product without a back and armrests, with a hard seat (or with a floor), designed to seat one person;

banquette - a product without a back, with an upholstered seating surface, intended for one or more people;

chair - a product with a back, armrests or without them, with a seat height that is functionally comfortable in relation to the height of a table (dining, writing), designed to seat one person;

armchair - a comfortable piece of furniture with or without a back, armrests, designed to seat one person;

working chair (working chair) - a product with armrests, with a seat height equal to the height of the chair seat;

lounge chair - a product with or without armrests, with a seat height less than the seat height of the chair;

chair-bed - a product for relaxation, which in a transformed position can be used for lying;

· rocking chair;

· chaise lounge - a light armchair designed for reclining rest, transforms during use.

Furniture for work and eating - products designed for eating, performing various work and installing items. Such furniture includes:

table - a product with a working plane located at a functionally convenient height, designed for work, eating and installing various items;

dining table - a product intended for eating;

serving table - a product designed for serving food and cleaning dishes;

desk - a product designed for classes and writing;

coffee table (pre-divided) - a low table designed to form a recreation area;

dressing table - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries.

Other furniture. It includes:

playpen for children portable fence for toddlers;

hanger - a product designed to accommodate outerwear and hats.

According to the constructive and technological features, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

collapsible furniture - products, the design of which allows their repeated assembly and disassembly;

· universal-prefabricated furniture - products from standardized parts that allow the formation of furniture of various functional purposes and sizes;

Sectional furniture - products consisting of several furniture sections installed one on top of the other or next to each other;

furniture section - a structurally finished piece of furniture that can be used in full or be integral part blocked products;

non-separable furniture - products, the joints of which are one-piece;

built-in furniture - products built into the premises of buildings;

· transformable furniture - products, the design of which allows, by moving parts, to change their functional purpose and (or) dimensions;

· bent furniture - products, the main parts of which are made by bending;

· bent-glued furniture - products, in the constructions of which the parts made by the method of bending with simultaneous gluing predominate;

· wicker furniture - products, the design of which is dominated by parts made by wickerwork.

There is the following classification of types of furniture according to materials:

from wood and wood-based materials;

· from plastics - products in which designs the details made of plastics prevail;

· from metal - products in which designs the details made of metal prevail.

According to the nature of production, furniture is divided into experimental, serial and mass.

experimental furniture represents samples of new products under development, which are used for evaluating compliance with functional requirements and for testing.

Serial furniture- these are products produced in batches (series), while the repetition of the series can be provided in advance.

Mass furniture is produced in large quantities, continuously for a long time and without changing the design. The production of mass furniture, as a rule, is carried out with a wide subject and technological specialization of enterprises.

1.2. Factors that shape the quality of furniture

The most important consumer properties of furniture products - functional, ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability, are components of the quality of furniture and the formation of these properties is decisively influenced by the materials from which the furniture is made, its design, production performance.

The functional properties of furniture include its ability to satisfy various needs: to serve for storing things, for work, for leisure. The functional properties of furniture are determined mainly by two factors: the size and shape of both individual parts and the product as a whole.

Ease of use depends on the functional dimensions, providing the possibility of using the product in accordance with its purpose. Thus, the dimensions of the compartments for storing clothes are determined depending on the maximum dimensions of clothes hung on hangers, taking into account allowances for their free placement.

Hygienic properties:

1. The sanitary and chemical properties of furniture are of exceptional importance due to the fact that polymeric materials are increasingly used for the manufacture of furniture, which can release free monomers, including toxic ones, into the surrounding space. Therefore, the use of polymeric materials in the production of furniture is possible only with the permission of the health authorities. At the same time, the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful chemical substances released from polymeric materials.

2. Physical and hygienic properties. The contamination of furniture depends on its design and the properties of the front materials. Contamination is low if the surface of the product is smooth, without protruding parts. Therefore, panel furniture has higher hygienic properties than frame furniture. From this point of view, it is inappropriate to manufacture furniture with a protruding plinth.

The reliability of furniture is characterized by durability, storability and maintainability.

In furniture production, a large number of various materials are used, different in technological purpose and nature. According to the technological purpose, structural, finishing, adhesive, front and fastening fittings are distinguished.

In the general list of all materials used in the furniture industry, one of the first places is occupied by wood materials and their semi-finished products (sawn timber, wood-based materials, plywood, etc.). The main raw material for their production is wood.

Wood is divided into coniferous and deciduous species. TO conifers include pine, larch, cedar, yew, spruce, fir; to deciduous ring-vascular - oak, ash, elm, elm, Amur velvet; to deciduous scattered vascular - birch, beech, maple, walnut, hornbeam, willow, poplar.

For the manufacture of furniture, exotic woods are also used, which are imported from foreign countries with a tropical climate. This is mahogany (varieties - mahogany, macare, amaranth, moving), lemon, polysander, macassar, black, pink, satin, etc. To the main physical properties wood include color, luster, texture, bulk density, hardness, strength.

Structural materials for the manufacture of furniture frames. Lumber is boards and bars obtained by sawing round wood along the grain. Lumber, corresponding in size and quality to future furniture parts, but having allowances for drying, planing and trimming, is called rough furniture blanks (CHMZ).

Chipboard (chipboard) is used for the manufacture of all types of furniture, with the exception of chairs and armchairs. Chipboard is obtained by hot flat pressing of wood particles.

Medium-density fiberboards for facade furniture parts are produced in two grades TSN-30 and TSN-40. The basis of these boards is crushed fibers of non-valuable wood species, processed at high pressure and high temperature a mixture of phenol-formaldehyde resin and paraffin.

Fibreboard (MDF) is obtained from non-valuable wood, paper or other waste fibers by pressing and heat treatment. In the production of furniture, solid fiberboards with a thickness of 2.5 - 12 mm are used with a finished and unfinished front surface.

Plywood is made by gluing an odd number of 3 to 13 sheets of square grain peeled veneer into adjacent sheets. Plywood is used to make cases of boxes, rear walls of cabinet furniture, internal partitions.

Joinery boards are produced in the form of slatted boards assembled from non-glued (NR) or glued (SR) wood slats, as well as slats from boards glued into a block (BR). The shield is glued on one or both sides with sliced veneer. They are used in the production of side walls, doors in cabinet furniture, table tops.

Furniture panels are frames filled with wood shavings or paper-honeycomb filler. The frames on both sides are faced with plywood or sliced veneer with an underlayer. Various shields are used for the manufacture of doors, inner walls, covers and other parts in cabinet furniture. Design feature furniture panels allows you to make facade details of furniture with a profile pattern from them.

Finishing and facing materials. To give a beautiful appearance to furniture, improve its hygienic properties, extend the service life and protect furniture from environmental influences wooden crafts apply protective and decorative coatings.

The choice of finishing and facing materials for a protective and decorative coating depends on the purpose and value of the furniture, its operating conditions, as well as the color, texture, porosity and hardness of the wooden substrate. The finish can be transparent or opaque. A transparent finish is used for furniture made from wood with a beautiful texture and color that needs to be preserved and emphasized. An opaque finish covers an inexpressive wood texture or the surface of a wood-based material. Also, the opaque finish is used to obtain coatings with high protective properties.

Materials for preparing the surface of wood or wood-based material for finishing. Mastics, primers and fillers are used to level the finished surface, to give it a uniform density, hardness and increase adhesion with subsequent coatings.

Fillers are used in the transparent finishing of furniture to prevent the lacquer film from sagging and soaking the lacquer into the wood.

Bleaching agents are used to remove resin, dirty spots from the surface, lighten and even out the color of wood. Dyes and mordants change or enhance the natural color of the wood.

Materials for transparent finishing. Furniture varnishes are liquid solutions of film-forming substances in organic solvents, which, depending on the type of the main film-forming material, are divided into nitrocellulose (NC), polyester (PE), polyurethane (UR), polyacrylic (AK), melamine (ML), etc. .

Furniture veneered with natural veneer does not differ in quality from solid wood furniture, but at the same time its cost is much lower.

Decorative films (synthetic veneers) are divided into two groups. The first group includes films based on papers impregnated with thermosetting polymers (carbamide, melamine-formaldehyde and polyester resins). To the second - films based on thermoplastic polymers (polyvinyl chloride and its modifications).

Laminated plastics is a multi-layer material with a thickness of 0.4 to 1.2 mm for facing flat work surfaces, edges of plate parts and molded furniture products. Enamels create smooth, glossy and matte finishes on furniture surfaces. Enamels are oil, nitrocellulose, polyester, melamine.

Facing surfaces of individual parts, elements and assemblies.

The main types of surface cladding with various materials are veneering and front finishing with varnishes, enamels, textured paper, synthetic veneer, decorative plywood, etc.

Veneering - gluing parts made of non-precious wood species with sliced veneer of oak, ash, beech, walnut, mahogany and other species. At the same time, precious wood is saved, the appearance and properties of the finished product are improved. Veneered furniture is prettier, better quality and cheaper than solid wood furniture.

The veneer is selected according to the type of wood, color and texture. Its edges are carefully aligned and glued with gummed paper into sheets, the dimensions of which correspond to the finished parts with an allowance of 10-15 mm. Veneer sets come in full-length, Christmas tree, half-tree, crossfugue, envelope, checker with a frieze; they should not have deviations visible to the naked eye.

Veneering takes place in one or two layers. With two-layer veneer, the bottom layer of veneer is placed perpendicular to the fibers of the base. At the same time warping is eliminated and irregularities of the base are less noticeable. The prepared parts are placed in multi-storey presses with or without heating and pressed.

Connection of individual parts and elements. After veneering and appropriate processing, individual parts are assembled into knots - more complex spatial and structural elements. Connect parts using carpentry joints, as well as screws, bolts, ties, or both. All connections of furniture parts are divided into detachable and one-piece. The most common stud joints. Various metal braces and ties are also used.

Detachable connections distinguish between rigid and hinged. Rigid connections are on screeds and dowels, and articulated - on removable and stationary hinges.

One-piece joints - on glue and on nails - are often used in the manufacture of furniture. Connections are on glue and on spikes. The joints on the spikes are divided into angular (end, middle and box), along the length and along the edges.

Corner connections there are through, non-through, flat, semi-hidden. The assembled nodes are subjected to additional processing and front finishing to give them the exact size, shape and eliminate defects.

Facial finish. It is necessary to improve the appearance of furniture and protect it from mechanical damage. Coatings applied to the surface of furniture should protect wood from various influences, give the furniture a beautiful appearance and meet the requirements for them, which are differentiated depending on the type, purpose and operating conditions of the furniture.

Coating properties depend on the quality paintwork materials and surface preparation for finishing.

Furniture assembly. Furniture items are assembled from separate parts and assemblies, which are connected using spiked knitting, glue, screws, spikes, metal ties, etc. First, a frame is assembled, on which movable and then fixed parts are installed.

The frame is assembled from load-bearing units and parts that are fixed with glue and with the help of carpentry joints.

Lastly, decorative details (layouts, cornices, etc.) are installed, which should cover the joints. Sometimes they clean up, trim corners, trim sags, and sand them. The disassembled furniture goes on sale in the form of a set of parts, from which the product is assembled on site.

The quality of the furniture depends on the correct assembly. The fittings are fixed during the assembly process.

1.3. Factors that preserve the quality of furniture production products

Requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation conditions (during reloading) and storage of furniture are determined by the relevant regulatory and technical documents. In sales contracts, these requirements must also be specified in detail or a reference to the relevant regulatory document is given.

Furniture packaging depends on the type of furniture (case or upholstered furniture), the method of delivery to the distribution network (assembled or disassembled), the type of transport and the distance of transportation.

All removable complete accessories of products must be packed in a box or bag, placed in one of the boxes or attached to one of the elements of the product.

When transporting furniture in assembled form, it is not allowed to pack one product into another, with the exception of individual cases by agreement of the parties, provided that the products are preserved (in this way, for example, chairs can be transported).

When transporting products, doors and drawers must be protected from opening or sliding out. Products must be wrapped in waterproof packaging paper, corrugated cardboard or other materials that ensure their safety, and packed in a container of a rigid design.

When shipping furniture in heavy containers, vehicles, it must be packed with gaskets and secured in such a way as to ensure safety during transportation, loading and unloading. When transporting furniture by road or in universal containers, it is allowed not to pack it in agreement with the consumer, provided that the furniture is protected from damage, pollution, precipitation and the maximum use of the container's load capacity (capacity).

The moisture content of wood from which packaging for furniture packaging is made should not exceed 22%. Wooden containers must be strong, without distortions. The arrangement of intermediate rails should protect the products from damage during transportation and reloading. Separate furniture elements, by agreement of the parties, can be packed in hard cardboard boxes with shock-absorbing pads, which ensure the safety of furniture during transportation and reloading.

Mirrors and glass must be packed in separate blind boxes, the weight of which must not exceed 80 kg (gross).

Furniture of a collapsible design is packed unassembled in a complex package with paper gaskets between the parts. Furniture parts must be packed in such a way that they cannot be moved or damaged.

When disassembled furniture is shipped, the supplier places in the vehicle mounting hardware and other materials necessary for the assembly of this product. Furniture items delivered disassembled must be accompanied by assembly instructions.

When packing one set of furniture in several packages, the places are marked under one number. Packaged products must be transported and stored in the position indicated by the warning signs.

The number of spare fittings, glasses, mirrors, metal 1 and plastic layouts is determined in the contract (agreement).

A sample of upholstery material must be attached to the container in which upholstered furniture is packed. All furniture supplied must have a passport (which indicates the composition of the set, construction materials, lining, finishes, assembly scheme). A set of furniture should be accompanied by instructions for use and care of it. Furniture care instructions can be combined with assembly instructions.

The marking on the assembled products or on one of the parts of the product supplied disassembled must be located on surfaces that are not accessible for viewing during operation. Marking on the surface of boxes, adjustable shelves, etc. is not allowed. parts and accessories that can be replaced. Each product must be legibly marked with an indelible ink stamp or a firmly affixed printed paper label. The following characteristics must be indicated on the label:

1. name of the supplier country;

2. name of the manufacturer, its location (postal address) and trademark;

3. name and type of product;

4. number or series of the product;

6. date of issue (month and year);

7. designation state standard, the requirements of which the product or set meets;

8. bar code (if available);

9. designation of the national mark of conformity for certified products.

The national mark of conformity for certified products is affixed to the following places:

Marking of each product (on the label);

Shipping documentation;

Assembly instructions;

One of the packaging units of a furniture set, delivered unassembled.

All data must be in the language of the recipient country (in Russian). Hand marking or labeling is not allowed.

Products of upholstered furniture, which cannot be glued with paper labels, must have labels made of other materials (fabric).

All products included in the set or set, and elements of collapsible structures must have the appropriate mark or number that unites the set or set.

The marking of children's tables and chairs should indicate: in the numerator - the number, in the denominator - the average height of the children. In addition, the visible surfaces of tables and chairs will be color-coded in the form of a circle or stripe of the following colors, depending on the height groups:

o 00 - black;

o 0 - white;

o 1 - orange;

o 2 - purple;

o 3 - yellow.

The method of applying color marking should ensure its safety during the life of the furniture.

Each package must also be marked with indelible paint in the language of the recipient country: the name of the furniture, the article, the serial number of the package, the destination station, the consignee. A clear warning mark must be applied to the container with indelible paint or a typographically printed paper label with the inscription "Top, do not turn over" and the handling sign "Protect from moisture" must be firmly glued. In addition, the container in which products with glass or mirrors are packed, as well as separately glass and mirrors, must be marked with the handling mark “Fragile. Carefully".

Transportation of furniture is carried out by all means of transport: in covered vehicles, as well as containers in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for each type of transport. Within one settlement, furniture is allowed to be transported by open vehicles, provided that it is protected from damage, pollution and precipitation.

Storage of furniture products should be carried out indoors at a temperature not lower than +2 ° C, relative humidity from 45 to 70%. In this case, the furniture should be protected from dirt and mechanical damage.

Warranty periods of operation are established by the standards of general technical conditions, depending on the purpose:

Furniture for work and eating, as well as cabinet:

Nursery and for public spaces - 18 months,

Household - 24 months;

furniture for sitting and lying:

Nursery and for public spaces - 12 months,

Household - 18 months.

2. Practical part

2.1. Examination of furniture products

Qualitative examination - assessment of the qualitative characteristics of the goods by experts to establish compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Depending on the purpose, qualitative examination is divided into five varieties: acceptance examination for quality, examination for completeness, examination of new products, food tasting and examination under contracts.

Acceptance control of finished products Based on the results of this control, a decision is made on its suitability for delivery and use. Acceptance control can be non-destructive (visual) or destructive. During acceptance control, the quality of products is evaluated according to the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the main properties in accordance with the purpose and regulatory documentation. With destructive quality control of products, their suitability for their intended use may be impaired. This type of control is used when evaluating the strength properties of furniture by conducting mechanical tests. To test and evaluate the strength (technical) properties of furniture, special basic laboratories have been created that test not only furniture samples, but also parts and assembly units. The parent organization and basic laboratories are guided in their activities by the current legislation, state and industry standards, methodological guidelines and instructions of the State Standard.

Prototypes (pilot batches) of newly developed furniture products are subjected to acceptance tests before being put into production. Then control tests of the installation series (the first industrial batch) are carried out.

Furniture products of serial and mass production must be subjected to type and periodic tests once every 3 years, as established by OST 13-27. The tests are timed to coincide with the terms of certification of products by quality categories.

Type tests are carried out if changes are made to the design of a product or to its manufacturing technology that affect its strength. Assessment of the technical level and quality of furniture products during certification is carried out in order to assign the product to the appropriate quality category, while product testing and comparison of test indicators with normative ones are an indispensable condition for product certification.

It should be borne in mind that the following factors must be taken into account when testing:

1. test conditions and operating conditions must be comparable;

2. when testing elements and products as a whole, the destruction should be of the same nature as during operation;

3. the duration and complexity of the tests should be minimal.

2.1. Features of examination of tables

In accordance with GOST 30099-93 Tables. Test methods, dining tables, toilet tables and children's tables are subjected to the following series of tests:

strength under static load;

strength under action impact load;

rigidity;

· durability under the influence of horizontal loading;

durability under vertical load.

Test sequence Appendix A

Sampling and preparation of samples

To test new and upgraded products, one sample is taken, made in accordance with the technical documentation.

The number and order and procedure for the selection of serial samples - according to GOST 16371.

Static load strength test

The essence of the method is the effect of a vertical static load on the table top (sliding or folding elements) at the points of the most probable damage or deflection.

The test device is a gasket piece measuring 100x100 mm with a hard smooth surface with an error of ±5 mm.

The table is placed on a flat floor.

A vertical load P is applied to the table top through the gasket part, equal to:

· for children's tables 50 daN;

· for dining tables 100daN.

Loading is performed 10 times at any point of the table top, where damage or maximum deflection is most likely (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Table top heating

After each loading, the load is maintained (60 ± 5) s.

If there are several such points, loading is carried out in each of them, but not more than in three.

Tables with lifting covers are tested in the uppermost position.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection α of the cover under load is measured and visible defects are recorded: breakages, loose connections, malfunctions individual elements etc.

Deflection at a table with a lifting lid is not determined.

Repeat the loading of additional working surfaces of dining tables in sliding or folding elements by applying a load P equal to 35 daN.

Figure 2 Loading additional working surfaces

If there is a risk of tipping over, load the working main surface with a ballast weight.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection of the sliding or folding element is measured (Figure 2) and visible defects are recorded.

The tables are considered to have passed the strength test under the action of a static load, if the deflection of each sample corresponds to the established GOST 16371 without visible defects.

Impact strength

The test method consists of impact loading on the table top, drawers and hinged elements at the points of most probable damage.

A device that ensures the free fall of a load from a given height. An impact body with a support surface diameter of (200 ± 1) mm, with helical compressed springs, freely moving relative to the impact surface in a direction perpendicular to the impact surface plane (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Impact body

The table is placed on a flat floor. The impact body is freely lowered onto the table top from a height f as close as possible to one of the top support points, and then in the center of the side with the largest distances between the supports.

The height f is set depending on the purpose of the table and is:

for children's tables - 80 mm;

· for dining tables - 140 mm.

The test is repeated for drawers and hinged elements.
After loading, the product is inspected and visible defects are fixed: breakdowns, loosening of connections, malfunctions of individual elements, etc.

Tables are considered to have passed the impact strength test if no defects are found in each sample.

Rigidity

The test method is to measure the deformation under the action of a horizontal load on the table top.

Device providing:

· the application of horizontal load with a frequency of cyclone 5 - 25 min;

load measurement error ±5%;

· strain measurement error ±0.5 mm.

Stops with a height of not more than 12 mm, except when the design of the table requires the use of higher stops. At the same time, they should have the smallest height that prevents the product from slipping.

The table in the unexpanded state is installed in the test device and the legs are fixed with the stops 1, 2 (support shield, support), as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Hardness test

Folding tables (pedestals) are installed with raised half-covers. A ballast weight is placed on the surface of the table cover, which prevents it from tipping over. The total weight of the cargo must not exceed 100 kg.

The ballast weight is positioned so that its resultant passes through the center of the table top. The error in determining the center of the table cover is 5 mm. Exactly BUT table tops (figure) apply a horizontal load R, equal to:

for children's tables:

Group 0.00, 1 - 10 daN;

Groups 2.3 - 15 daN;

· for dining tables - 30 daN.

Loading is done 10 times. After the first and last loading, the deformation is measured l at the point BUT under the action of a load that is maintained z for at least 10 s.

Repeat test at point IN. Rearrange stops to legs 2, 3 and repeat the test at points FROM And D .

For folding tables (pedestals) test in points FROM And D do not carry out.

The tables are considered to have passed the stiffness test if the deformation value of each sample corresponds to the established GOST R 50432 without visible defects.

Horizontal load endurance test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated horizontal cyclic loading on the tabletop.

The table is installed in the test device and all legs (supports) are fixed with the help of stops, as shown in Figure 4.

Apply a horizontal load R, equal to 15 daN, sequentially at points a , b , c And d(figure) up to the standard number of cycles established by GOST 16371. Cycle duration (but- b - c - d ) - at least 2 s.

(but- b - c - d ).

deformation l measured after the first and last loading under load R,

It is allowed to carry out the test in two stages. The table is being prepared for testing. Apply a horizontal load R, equal to 15 daN, alternately at points a and b(Figure) up to the standard number of cycles.

After reaching the standard number of cycles, the deformation is measured at each of the points ( a And b ). Repeat test for points ( c And d ).

Durability is estimated by the greatest value of the deformation of the table after reaching the standard number of loading cycles.

The tables are considered to have passed the durability test UNDER the action of a horizontal load, if in each sample, when the standard number of loading cycles is reached, the deformation does not exceed the established GOST 16371 and no damage is found in the structural elements and joints.

Vertical load endurance test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated vertical cyclic loading on the tabletop.

The table is placed on a flat floor. A ballast weight is placed on the surface of the table cover, which prevents it from tipping over. The total weight of the cargo must not exceed 100 kg.

The ballast weight is positioned so that its resultant passes through the center of the table top.

The error in determining the center of the cover is 5 mm.

A vertical load is applied to the cover (half-cover) of the table through the gasket part R, equal to 15 daN, at the point of greatest possible deflection (figure 5).

Figure 5 Durability test

The center of the load pad must be at least 50 mm from the edge of the tabletop.

If a table with a maximum ballast weight of 100 kg is overturned during the test , the vertical load must be reduced to 10 daN to avoid tipping over.

After reaching the standard number of loading cycles, the deformation is measured l under load R, which is maintained for at least 10 s.

The tables are considered to have passed the durability test under the action of a vertical load, if in each sample, when the standard number of loading cycles is reached, the deformation value does not exceed the established GOST 16371 and no damage is found in the structural elements and joints.

Evaluation of the results of the examination

The tables are considered to have passed the test if the results of the strength, rigidity and durability of each selected sample comply with the standards established by GOST 16371.

The test results are documented in a protocol (Appendix B).

Conclusion

Before furniture is sold to stores, it goes through complex stages, from production and safety assessment to quality examination. Examination is carried out at the enterprise where the furniture was manufactured, as well as in laboratories. The purpose of furniture examination is to study its quality and safety for the consumer.

Speaking about the examination of furniture, it should be noted that the furniture must be produced in accordance with state standards (GOST), or in accordance with technical specifications (TU). These documents spell out the necessary requirements for the furniture itself and its individual parts. Thus, in laboratories, furniture is checked for compliance with indicators normative documentation with indicators obtained during the examination of furniture. After the completion of the examination, the experts draw up a document (conclusion) on whether or not the examined furniture complies with the normative indicators. If the examined furniture complies with these indicators prescribed in the relevant GOST for the corresponding furniture, then the manufacturer has the right to obtain a certificate confirming the quality of the product.

Literature

1. Agbash V.A. etc. Commodity science of non-food products. - M.: Economics, 1988.

2. Alekseev N.S. Merchandising of household goods. T.1. - M.: Economics, 1984.

3. GOST 20400-93. Furniture production. Terms and Definitions. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

4. GOST 2140-81. Wood defects. Classification, terms and definitions. Measurement methods. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1982.

5. GOST 19917-93. Furniture for sitting and lying. General specifications. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

6. GOST 16371-93. Furniture. General specifications. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

7. Shepelev A.F., Pechenezhskaya I.A., Turov A.S. Commodity research and examination of wood and furniture products. M.-Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2004.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

South Ural State University

Department of Commodity Science and Expertise of Consumer Goods

COURSE WORK

by discipline "Commodity Research, Expertise and Standardization"

on the topic " Features of the examination of furniture products by example

Completed:

Skripova M.V.

Surname, I.O.

Group com - 470 (h)

Checked:

Ailova G.N.

Surname, I.O.

Chelyabinsk 2010

INTRODUCTION 3

1. Literary review 4

1.1. Classification of furniture 4

1.2. Factors that shape the quality of furniture 10

1.3. Factors that preserve the quality of furniture production 16

2. Practical part 21

2.1. Examination of furniture products 21

2.1. Features of examination of tables 22

Conclusion 30

Literature 31

INTRODUCTION

A significant increase in the production of furniture is accompanied by the introduction of a more advanced technology for its production, the use of a more advanced technology for its production, and the use of new materials. These factors, in turn, led to some change in its design: a significant amount of furniture is produced universally prefabricated, built-in, transformable, which is especially important for furnishing small rooms. In recent years, the furniture industry has begun to produce artistic furniture. Along with products that are simple in form, furniture of increased comfort and aesthetics is produced, using improved front fittings and elements of artistic decoration. Along with the growth of furniture production, special attention is paid to its convenience, hygiene, artistic design, and decoration. In recent years, as a result of technical re-equipment in the furniture industry, reconstruction of existing enterprises and the construction of new ones have been carried out. Particular attention is paid to the optimization of the furniture range based on the real needs of the market, the production of products of various styles and options, which allows furniture to be completed and updated every 4-5 years.

Since this group of goods is in great demand, unfortunately, a lot of low-quality goods have appeared. Therefore, it is very important for store management and staff to be able to recognize counterfeit goods. This will help increase sales and maintain a positive consumer experience of the retailer.

The purpose of the course work is the study of furniture products and the peculiarity of the examination on the example of the hotel group "Tables"

Object of study: dining, toilet and preschool tables.

The subject of study is the definition of methods for testing the quality of tables in accordance with GOST 30099-93.

Literature review
1. Furniture classification

Furniture- mobile or built-in products for the equipment of residential and public premises, landscape gardening and other areas of human stay.

Furniture range- the composition of products for furnishing premises for a certain purpose or a list of functional types of products that make up any set. It is determined by the layout of the premises, its purpose, the content of labor and domestic processes, the quantitative and professional composition of people in the premises,

Furniture range- the composition and ratio of individual types of products either in the output of products, for example, enterprises, or in the field of distribution, or in the field of consumption. The assortment should be formed on the basis of studying the development of consumer requirements and demand by modernizing old and creating new products.

The optimal nomenclature and the optimal assortment are the most favorable, the best possible under given conditions, taking into account the influence of various factors.

Furniture set- this is a group of products interconnected by a common architectural and artistic task of furnishing premises, with a wide variability in composition and purpose. From the products of one set, you can form various options for furniture sets.

Suite of furniture- this is a group of products, interconnected by architectural, artistic and constructive features, designed to furnish a certain functional area of the room.

Furniture is classified (GOST 20400) according to the following main features:

operational;

functional;

constructive and technological;

by materials;

by the nature of production.

According to the operational purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

Furniture for public spaces- products designed to furnish the premises of enterprises and institutions, taking into account the nature of their activities and the specifics of functional processes. There are the following types of such furniture: medical (for hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions), laboratory (for laboratories, including educational and medical), for preschool institutions (kindergartens, nurseries), educational institutions (schools, colleges, technical schools and universities), trade enterprises, public catering (canteens, restaurants, cafes, snack bars, etc.) and consumer services, hotels and health resorts, theater and entertainment institutions, libraries and reading rooms, sports facilities, administrative premises, waiting rooms of transport institutions, enterprises connections.

Furniture for transport- These are products intended for the equipment of various means of transport.

According to the functional purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished.

Furniture for storage (cabinet), the main meaning of which is the storage and placement of various items. The following products of this furniture are distinguished:

cabinet - a product, mainly with doors, for storing items of various functional purposes, including:

wardrobes (dresses), linen, dishes, books;

kitchen cabinet - a product designed to store kitchen and household items. It can be part of the working front of the kitchen or be a stand-alone product;

kitchen cabinet-table - a product designed for cooking and serving work, with containers for storing kitchen utensils and foodstuffs;

sink cabinet - designed to install a sink;

cabinet with a showcase (showcase) - a glazed piece of furniture designed to store and display various items;

wardrobe-partition - a product designed to divide the premises into separate zones;

wall cabinet;

multi-purpose cabinet - a product with compartments for various functional purposes;

chest of drawers - a product with drawers for storing linen;

toilet cabinet - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries;

cabinet-cabinet of reduced height for various purposes;

secretary - a product with a folding door or a retractable board designed to perform written work;

sideboard cabinet - a product for storing dishes and table linen, the upper plane of which is used for serving work;

chest - a piece of cabinet furniture with a folding or removable top cover, designed to store various things;

shelf - a product without a front wall, with or without a back wall, designed to accommodate books or other items.

Sitting and lying furniture is designed to accommodate a person in sitting and lying positions. There are the following pieces of such furniture:

bed - a product intended for sleeping, with a mattress, with one or two backs;

single bed - designed for one person;

double bed - designed for two people;

sofa - a combined product with a back, designed to seat several people;

sofa bed - a sofa that can be transformed into a bed;

couch - a product with a head back and a head restraint or without them, intended for lying;