Fertilizing the soil requires some knowledge. Everything matters here: timing, quantity and type nutrients, the needs of the plants that will be planted in the beds. An excess of fertilizers, as well as a shortage, leads to a decrease in yield and a deterioration in product quality. This applies not only vegetable crops, but also decorative, the beauty of which largely depends on the composition of the soil. The first thing a novice gardener needs to know is the differences between organic and mineral fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers are plant and animal waste. These are, first of all, manure, bird droppings, infusions of mullein and nettle, compost and peat. They contain large amounts of phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and potassium, as well as other elements necessary for the normal development of plants. Any organic materials can be used as such fertilizers:
- sawdust;
- grass;
- river silt;
- green manure plants;
- vegetable and fruit cleaning;
- straw;
- feces.
Before being introduced into the soil, organic matter must be sufficiently rotted, therefore all waste should be composted in advance, and the duration of this process directly depends on the type organic materials... On average, overheating takes 4 to 8 months. Slurry and poultry droppings are preliminarily diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10, and only then they are used to feed the plants.
| pros | Minuses |
|---|---|
| Organic contains many useful trace elements | A high concentration of fertilizer has a negative effect on plants, saturates them with nitrates |
| Improves soil structure, makes it looser | Danger of soil contamination by nematodes, fungi or helminths |
| Organic fertilizers are affordable and inexpensive | Distribution of organic matter on the site requires some effort and time. |
| Decomposes slowly in soil, thus providing a longer duration of action | Strong and very unpleasant odor |
Procurement of organic fertilizers practically does not require material costs. For example, to make compost, you just need to choose a flat area on the site. small size(1x2 m, 1.5x1.5 m) and for convenience, shield it with slate or boards.
After that, the space is gradually filled with plant residues - weeds, straw, cleanings, fallen leaves. Periodically compost heap poured with water so that its contents melt, and not dry out in the sun, and shovel every 3-4 months. Thanks to such actions, the compost acquires homogeneity, useful worms and microorganisms multiply in it.
Nutrients, getting into the soil, bind with humus particles and penetrate into root system in the course of complex metabolic reactions. Thanks to this, plants absorb only what they need and grow strong, resistant to adverse weather and disease. The harvest under such conditions may not be maximum, but it is environmentally friendly, well stored, the fruits are tasty and aromatic, with a high content of vitamins and microelements.
Inorganic compounds, which contain nutrients, have found their application in agriculture for a long time and have surpassed organic matter in some way. Depending on the composition, these fertilizers are usually divided into complex and simple. If they contain at least two main elements, these are complex fertilizers: ammophos, nitrophos, potassium nitrate and others. If there is only one nutrient, the fertilizer belongs to the second type (urea, ammonium nitrate, phosphate rock, superphosphate).
Mineral fertilizers are sold in concentrated form - granules, powder, liquid solutions. This greatly facilitates the work with them, but at the same time requires great care, because the slightest excess of the dosage can negatively affect the future harvest. The use of such fertilizers allows you to grow various crops not only on the ground, but also on soilless substrates - sawdust, coconut fiber, perlite, vermiculite and others. These substrates are more porous than the soil, which means that the roots of plants receive more oxygen and grow more easily.
When feeding, the roots get quick access to nutrients that come with water. At the same time, the plant cannot regulate absorption and absorbs everything that is given to it. If an excess of mineral salts is formed in the tissues, it is compensated by the increased growth of the aerial part. That is why crops on mineral fertilizers develop much faster than on organic. At the same time, plants become watery and very susceptible to various infections, which requires additional protective measures.
The use of mineral fertilizers allows you to collect record harvests not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of fruit size. Despite the attractive appearance, such fruits contain fewer vitamins and are less well stored. If, during cultivation, the excess of the feeding rate is allowed, mineral salts accumulate in the fruits and harm human health, causing severe poisoning. But subject to the feeding technology negative consequences is not observed, and stable yields can be achieved even on poor soils.
If you choose fertilizers depending on the needs of a particular crop and correctly calculate the dose, the plant will receive all the necessary nutrients.
There is another type of fertilizer, which successfully combines all the advantages of organic matter and mineral salts, and there are practically no disadvantages. These are organic-mineral mixtures consisting of recycled organic waste and enriched with potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and other components. Such a composition allows you to improve the soil, contributing to the development of microflora, as well as accelerate the ripening of fruits and increase the yield. Since the concentration of mineral salts in these mixtures is quite low, the plants receive only the necessary elements and do not accumulate harmful substances.
Combined fertilizers - description
Which fertilizer to choose, each gardener decides for himself, depending on the desired results. But the best thing is to be able to find a balance between chemistry and organic matter and know when to stop in everything. Mishandling makes adjustments too, so study carefully before using fertilizers.
Video - What is the difference between organic and mineral fertilizers
Among gardeners, there is often talk about the benefits of mineral fertilizers and the need to use them on personal plot to improve the growth of horticultural crops. Today on the market of goods for the garden there are several types of similar preparations, differing in composition and purpose. Improper use of funds and rejection of the composition of the soil can lead to the opposite effect, therefore, before using them, you should study the main nuances of application.
The introduction of any types of fertilizers is aimed at increasing the yield of horticultural crops, improving the quality of their growth and resistance to factors environment.
It is customary to divide top dressing into two types:
- organic fertilizers- the composition contains a complex of macro- and microelements, fertilizers supply carbon dioxide formed under the influence of microorganisms;
- mineral - preparations with a high concentration of substances necessary for plant nutrition.
Both types of fertilizers are used to improve the nutrition of horticultural crops. Mineral preparations are distinguished by a higher content of elements and simple composition... They are a convenient tool that can be used to quickly adjust the soil composition, compensate for nutritional deficiencies and thereby increase the yield of the crop.
Types of mineral fertilizers
Garden products on the market mineral fertilizers by the criterion of complexity chemical composition are divided into complex and simple. The former include several elements at the same time, the latter are intended to replenish one element. According to the form of release, top dressing can be liquid and dry.
Manufacturers produce top dressing in sealed packaging, without fail indicating the name, chemical formula and the concentration of the nutrient. Each product is accompanied by instructions indicating the nuances of use and the required conditions to ensure personal safety when working with the drug.
What are the mineral preparations:
- nitrogen;
- phosphoric;
- potash;
- complex;
- microfertilizers.
Each of these types is used to achieve specific goals. An error and violation of the norms of application to the soil is fraught with plant disease and a decrease in the yield of the crop.
Nitrogen
The group of nitrogen-containing fertilizers includes a whole complex of dressings that differ in the concentration of the main active substance... Depending on its content, the absorption of nutrients by the soil occurs in different ways. The choice of a particular type depends primarily on the type of soil and its acidity.
Groups of nitrogen agents:
- nitrate;
- ammonia;
- ammonium;
- amide.
Nitrogen fertilizers are considered hazardous due to their potential to negatively affect plant growth when in excess, and are not used for all plant species. Tomatoes, potatoes, apple trees and strawberries are demanding for a sufficient content of the active substance. Nitrogen deficiency leads to inhibition or cessation of the development of horticultural crops.
The use of urea increases the acidity of the soil, saltpeter has a positive effect on the growth of beet crops, ammonia preparations promote the growth of onions, cucumber varieties, cabbage and various types of salads. Application rates of the drug depend on the type of soil, the chosen method, the type of vegetable and fruit plants.
Phosphoric
In the composition of drugs in this group, the main element is phosphoric anhydride. The drug is intended to replenish the deficiency of such an element in the soil, improve the nutrition of vegetables, flowers, berries. Classification of phosphorus fertilizers:
- water soluble;
- insoluble in water;
- sparingly soluble.
The main difference between the funds of this group lies in the percentage of the main component and the ability to dissolve in water. For example, ordinary phosphate contains up to 20% anhydride, double - up to 50%. Superphosphate is ideal for vegetable crops including tomatoes, potatoes, carrots and different varieties cabbage.
Berry crops and fruit trees respond well to feeding.
Potash
Potassium sulfate sulfate is used indoors and in open ground... The preparation contains 50% of the basic substance and no chlorine. When used to increase the nutritional value of the soil in the fruits, the amount of vitamins and sugar increases, the plants acquire better resistance, and the risk of crop contamination is reduced. of various kinds rot. They love potash preparations of plants from the Cruciferous family - turnips, cabbage, radishes.
In fertilizers of this group, in addition to potassium, there is additional element, which determines the purpose of the drug. The following types of potassium-based dressings are found in stores:
- potassium chloride;
- potassium sulfate;
- potassium magnesium;
- kalimag.
Some gardeners use cement dust or ash to compensate for potassium deficiency. The latter is considered the best view feeding for tomatoes, cucumber crops, carrots, onions and other vegetables.
Complex
Complex fertilizers are subdivided into two- and three-component fertilizers. The main components are the elements, the deficiency of which has the greatest impact on the growth of horticultural crops. These include:
- nitrogen;
- phosphorus;
- potassium.
Two-component types include nitrogen phosphate, ammophosphate, ammophos and a number of others. Three-component are nitrophoska, ammophoska, diamofoska. The main difference lies in the ratio of the proportions of nutrients in the preparation.
Complex-mixed
Complex-mixed preparations include nitrophos and nitrophases, to which the necessary additional nutrients are added in the form of phosphorus or potassium. Most common N-P-K ratio like 20:16:10. Organomineral fertilizers can be applied before sowing, directly into the holes or rows during planting, and used as top dressing.
Such fertilizers are used mainly in large farms, if necessary, to cover large areas landings.
Microfertilizers
The peculiarity of micronutrient fertilizers is that the nutrients in the composition are contained in a form available for garden crops. They are produced in the form of a powdery mass or crystals, they can be complex or single-element. Their use helps to fill the deficiency of those substances that the plant needs.
Microfertilizers for crops are especially important during a certain period of growth. Their advantage is that there is no need for the gardener to create a cocktail of trace elements, trying to calculate the necessary proportions. Existing varieties preparations are divided into types according to the predominant element - copper, boric, molybdenum and a number of others.
Today on sale presented big choice mineral fertilizers. When choosing, it is necessary to clearly understand the purpose of using the purchased drug, which will allow you to achieve the desired result from its use. It is important to make a purchase in trusted places and give preference to manufacturers with good quality reputation and long-term working in the field of fertilizer production.
When working, it is important to comply with safety regulations and not violate the feed application rates prescribed by the manufacturer. You should adhere to these recommendations:
- take into account when calculating the amount used, the area of the territory, the methods of application, the size of the plantings, the type and age of the horticultural culture;
- not to violate the instructions regarding the timing of fertilization;
- do not prepare feeding solutions in advance;
- take into account the period and shelf life of drugs;
- pay attention to the compatibility of mineral fertilizers with each other.
Failure to comply with the terms for applying fertilizers to the soil is fraught with the lack of a proper result. For example, nitrogen-containing fertilizers are recommended to be applied to the soil in early spring so that the elements can begin to act, and in autumn period precipitation will simply wash them out of the soil. When carrying out work to increase the nutritional value of the soil, ash and nitrogen-containing fertilizers must never be mixed.
Figs, figs, fig trees - these are all the names of the same plant, which we steadfastly associate with Mediterranean life. Whoever has tasted fig fruits at least once knows how delicious it is. But besides the delicate sweet taste, they are also very healthy. And here's an interesting detail: it turns out that the figs are completely unpretentious plant... In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in middle lane or at home - in a container.
Quite often, even experienced summer residents have difficulties in growing tomato seedlings. For some, all the seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain in an apartment ideal conditions for growing seedlings. Seedlings of any plants need to be provided with plenty of light, sufficient moisture and optimal temperature... What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?
Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut- a vegetarian salad made from boiled and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from a French vinegar sauce, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century, perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for Austrian herring salad are very similar.
When we dreamily sort out bright bags of seeds in our hands, we sometimes subconsciously believe that we have a prototype of a future plant. We mentally allocate a place for him in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will end up with the desired flower. I would like to draw your attention to the reasons due to which the seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.
Spring is coming, and gardeners have more work, and with the onset of warmth, changes in the garden occur rapidly. On the plants that were still asleep yesterday, buds are already beginning to swell, everything literally comes to life before our eyes. After a long winter, this is good news. But along with the garden, its problems come to life - insect pests and pathogens. Weevils, flower beetles, aphids, clotterosporia, maniliasis, scab, powdery mildew- you can list for a very long time.
Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great start to the day. Egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce with which they are seasoned fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad is quite unusual, it is a dietary version of everyone's favorite snack - with feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. The day needs to start with positive emotions!
Perhaps every woman at least once received a gift blooming orchid... It is not surprising, because such a lively bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids are not very difficult to grow. indoor crops, but not fulfilling the main conditions of their maintenance often leads to the loss of a flower. If you are just starting out with indoor orchids, you should find out the correct answers to the main questions about growing these beautiful plants in the house.
Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins prepared according to this recipe are eaten in my family in the blink of an eye. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with an appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, exactly the same as when mom or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then granulated sugar can not be added at all, without sugar, cheesecakes are better fried and never burn. Cook them in a well-heated, oiled skillet over low heat and without a lid!
Cherry tomatoes differ from their large counterparts not only in the small size of the berries. Many varieties of cherry are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato. Anyone who has never tried such cherry tomatoes, with closed eyes, may well decide that he is tasting some unusual Exotic fruits... In this article, I will highlight five different cherry tomatoes that have the sweetest fruits with unusual colors.
I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but you wonder how different the petunias of the past are from today's many-sided hybrids! In this article, I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen of annuals, as well as consider modern varieties of unusual colors.
Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - fragrant and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods, in combination with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, a very nutritious snack is obtained, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken fillet in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with a sparkle, use hot chili.
The question of how to grow healthy seedlings, all summer residents are concerned about early spring. It seems that there are no secrets here - the main thing for fast and strong seedlings is to provide them with warmth, moisture and light. But in practice, in the conditions of a city apartment or a private house, this is not so easy to do. Of course, every experienced gardener has his own proven method of growing seedlings. But today we will talk about a relatively new assistant in this matter - a propagator.
The Sanka tomato variety is one of the most demanded in Russia. Why? The answer is simple. He is the very first to bear fruit in the garden. Tomatoes ripen when other varieties have not even faded yet. Of course, if you follow the growing recommendations and make an effort, even a novice grower will receive a rich harvest and joy from the process. And so that the efforts are not in vain, we advise you to plant quality seeds. For example, such as seeds from TM "Agroupech".
A task indoor plants in the house - to decorate housing with their appearance, to create a special atmosphere of comfort. For this, we are ready to take care of them regularly. Leaving is not only about watering on time, although this is also important. It is necessary to create other conditions: suitable lighting, humidity and air temperature, to make a correct and timely transplant. For experienced florists there is nothing supernatural about it. But beginners often face certain difficulties.
Tender cutlets from chicken breast with mushrooms to cook simply according to this recipe with step by step photos... There is an opinion that it is difficult to cook juicy and tender cutlets, this is wrong! Chicken meat contains practically no fat, which is why it is dry. But, if you add to chicken fillet cream, White bread and mushrooms with onions, it will turn out awesome delicious cutlets that will appeal to both children and adults. Try adding wild mushrooms to your minced meat during mushroom season.
Not everyone knows what types of fertilizers exist today. But in order to understand the types of fertilizers and their classification, you do not need to be a certified agronomist at all.
In nature, for a long time, there has been a natural process of filling the earth with elements useful for plants. But a man appeared and made his own adjustments - he began to intensively exploit plots of land suitable for sowing and seize more and more allotments in order to increase the amount of agricultural products received.
In the course of this process, there was practically no undeveloped land, and those on which sowing took place began to deplete.
The old method - to leave the land fallow (to give it a rest and gain strength) turned out to be ineffective, but a solution was found. Organic and mineral fertilizers appeared.
Separation of fertilizers by characteristics
Fertilizers are classified according to the following criteria:
Mineral, chemical and organic fertilizers
Organic and mineral fertilizers differ in their origin:
- Mineral or chemical fertilizers are the result of the work of chemical enterprises that use inorganic substances in their production, mainly mineral salts.
- Organic - obtained from the components of life. Therefore, they are a product of natural origin.
Further, fertilizers are classified according to the types of nutrients they contain.
For example, chemical fertilizers are based on nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.
According to their agrochemical significance, fertilizers are divided into direct and indirect. The former are a source of nutrition for plants, the latter improve the properties of the soil. But such a division is rather arbitrary, since direct fertilizers are also involved in indirect interactions.
Direct fertilizers necessarily contain the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are added to the soil for crops big amount... Moreover, if chemical fertilizers contain only one element, then they are called simple. If two or more are complex.
Complex fertilizers can be double or triple (full). Such terms were introduced solely for the purpose of determining the presence of the main elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), since they are not used in absolutely pure form.
The division of fertilizers into simple, mixed and complex indicates the method of obtaining them:
- Simple, have only one element in their composition.
- Mixed, obtained in the process of mechanical action (fertilization).
- Complex, are the result of chemical reactions.
Also, in order to increase the efficiency of transportation and storage, concentrated and ballastless fertilizers are produced.
Those fertilizers that are created for a specific soil and a specific agricultural crop are called balanced.
Mineral fertilizers
They are produced in three types - ammonia, contain ammonium sulfate, nitrate, the presence of ammonium nitrate and amide, urea is present.
- Ammonia nitrogen introduced into the soil with weak acidity is well absorbed by plants through the root system and can be in it for quite a long time. It is applied before sowing (in spring) and after harvest (in autumn).
- Nitrate nitrogen is introduced into the soil in the form of a solution, therefore its duration is limited. It is used from the beginning of spring. It is easily absorbed by plants and can be used in the summer as a top dressing.
- Amide nitrogen is a fast-acting, soil-acidifying fertilizer. At high temperatures the environment changes to ammonia form. It is mainly used for dressing.
- Phosphorus based (phosphoric).
They are divided into water-soluble, semi-soluble and hardly soluble.
- Simple and double superphosphate is an easily soluble fertilizer that is used on all types of soils. Thorough mixing with water does not require, because the dissolution process occurs easily and without mechanical action.
- The precipitate is a semi-soluble fertilizer. Insoluble in water, weak acids are used for this. It is used on acidic soils.
- Phosphate rock is a difficult-to-dissolve fertilizer. Available to plants only on acidic soils. When applied, it requires thorough mixing with the soil.
- Potassium based (potash).
They are concentrated chloride and sulphate salts.
- Potassium chloride - well soluble in water. Penetration into the soil is somewhat slower. It is used on clay and loamy soils, taking into account that the roots of plants are poorly developed and require a quick supply of nutrients.
- Potassium salt - easily soluble in water. Most of all it is used on sandy soils, to compensate for the lack of potassium. In autumn, the use of this fertilizer is not advisable, because there is a rapid washout by groundwater.
- Lime-based (limestone).
Used to eliminate excessive soil acidity and enrich it with calcium.
- Chlorine fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers
Biohumus, sapropel, humus, peat, manure, bird droppings, guano, compost - fertilizers that have organic basis... You can also add complex organic fertilizers to them.
Organic fertilizers are produced from substances that are formed as a result of the natural process of life of plants, animals and birds.
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its state - weakly decomposed, half-rotted, rotted and humus.
- The amount of nutrients in manure can be different, depending on which animal it is obtained. In horse and sheep manure, for example, there is less water and more organic and inorganic substances than cow and pig manure.
- The effectiveness of the use of manure depends on its quality, applied volumes and soil and climatic conditions. It is used in spring and autumn, depending on the stage of its condition. Fresh - it is better not to apply.
- Manure increases productivity not only in the year of its introduction into the soil, but also for several years after that.
- Depending on the technology of its production, there is litter (semi-liquid) and litterless (liquid) manure. There are some differences in their composition, methods of use and storage.
- Poultry manure is considered the best organic fertilizer.
Especially chicken and pigeon. This fertilizer is best used in the fall, evenly spreading over the entire area. land plot, due to the high content of nitrogen in the nitrate form. The use of poultry droppings in liquid feed is the most effective.
- Peat - contains few nutrients. But its application allows to improve the structure of the soil by increasing the humus content.
Peat fertilizer is distinguished by the degree of decomposition - high and low. The horse has residues of vegetation and high acidity.
Peat is introduced practically at any time of the year. A prerequisite for use is the addition of lime.
- Silt - deposited at the bottom of water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers). It contains a lot of humus and mineral elements in its structure. Before adding it to the soil, it must be well ventilated (kept in the open air for some time). Used successfully on sandy soils.
- Sawdust and bark - inexpensive remedy to increase soil fertility and improve its moisture capacity and air permeability. It is introduced into the soil in a rotted form or with other components.
- Siderata are tall-stemmed plants plowed into the soil. They affect the soil in much the same way as fresh manure.
- Complex organic fertilizers - consist of organic matter and minerals, which are combined by chemical or mechanically... The result of processing poultry droppings or manure by bio-fermentation.
Physical properties
The types of fertilizers and the classification of fertilizers also take into account the aggregate (physical) state. They can be solid, liquid, or even gaseous. The use of gaseous fertilizers, for example, carbon dioxide, is carried out in complete isolation from the atmosphere.
After manufacture and transportation, before use, the physical properties of fertilizers can be changed.
A very important component physical properties, is the ability of the initial product to dissolve, because plants get all their nutrients from water.
The types of fertilizers in this regard are varied, but in the first place are coarse-crystalline and granular. This is due to the fact that when applied locally to the soil, the process of natural leaching slows down, and the period of action increases with minimal loss of useful components.
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Video - Fertilizer classification
Mineral fertilizers (fertilizers) are the source of plant nutrition and increase soil fertility. They are used not only by summer residents and gardeners, but also by owners of farmland to obtain a rich harvest, enrich the soil and feed plants. In this article we will talk about the types, composition and methods of applying mineral fertilizers.
Types, composition, application of mineral fertilizers
Depending on their composition, mineral fertilizers are divided into two main types: simple and complex. The simple ones contain only one component, while the complex ones contain 2 or more. In terms of efficiency, complex fertilizers have an advantage over simple ones. Their advantage is associated not only with the peculiarities of different acidity and the presence of substances in the soil, but also with the ease and simplicity of introduction (it is not required to independently determine the characteristics of the soil).
Simple fertilizers (one-sided)
Simple (also called unilateral) fertilizers contain one nutrient.
Urea (urea)
- the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen. Low hygroscopic, readily soluble in water. It is used for planting in soil and for non-root dressing. With surface application, nitrogen losses reach 20%. Acidifies the soil. Urea cannot be mixed with lime, superphosphate.
Ammonium nitrate (nitric acid ammonium, ammonium nitrate)
- contains 34-35% nitrogen in ammonium and nitrate forms. It is hygroscopic, readily soluble in water, acidifies the soil, therefore it is applied on limed soils. It can be mixed with potassium salts and before applying with superphosphate, not mixed with lime and manure.
Ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulphate)
- contains 20% nitrogen, is readily soluble in water, strongly acidifies the soil, therefore it is applied on limed soils or in combination (not mixed) with lime or phosphate rock. Ammonium sulfate is well retained in the soil, unlike others nitrogen fertilizers, the most effective with strong soil moisture.
Sodium nitrate
- contains 16% nitrogen, alkaline fertilizer, used on acidic, not limed soils. Easily soluble in water. It is possible to mix with superphosphate and fertilizers only before applying to the soil.
Calcium nitrate (nitric acid calcium, calcium nitrate)
- contains 15% nitrogen, alkalizes the soil. It is very hygroscopic, therefore it is stored in a package in a dry place. Well soluble in water; do not mix with superphosphate.
Nitrogen
- it moves well in the soil in depth and along the radius from the point of application up to 40 cm. Nitrogen enters the plants in the form of nitrates and ammonia. The acidity of the soil pays great attention to the assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by plants. Ammonia (urea, ammonium sulfate) is the best source of nitrogen in neutral soils, and nitrates (sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate) in acidic soils. Without nitrogen fertilization, the amount of nitrogen in the soil is rarely sufficient.
Ammonia
- reduces the intake of potassium into the plant and increases the intake of phosphorus, therefore, with the systematic application of fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulfate, it is necessary to apply a sufficient amount of potassium fertilizers. Excess nitrogen is harmful not only to plants: being washed out of the soil, it penetrates into groundwater by polluting them.
Powdered superphosphate
- contains 20% phosphorus oxide assimilated by plants, is water-soluble. It does not acidify the soil, quickly binds to the soil and slowly transforms into an inaccessible form. Suitable for all soils, it works better on acidic soils after liming. Superphosphate can be mixed in nitrogen and potash fertilizers only before adding to the soil, do not mix with lime.
Granular superphosphate
- contains phosphorus oxide up to 22%, the soil binds less quickly than powder.
Double superphosphate (granular)
- contains 42-49% soluble phosphorus oxide.
Phosphorite flour
- crushed natural phosphorites, contains 14-30% soluble phosphorus oxide. It does not dissolve in water. Weakens acidity, is effective on acidic soils, it is not used on carbonate soils. Do not mix with lime and manure, mix with the rest of the fertilizers only before applying to the soil. Make under autumn digging, the efficiency is increased when applied simultaneously with potash fertilizers. Used for composting.
- With the systematic application of high doses of phosphorus fertilizers, the need of plants for micronutrient fertilizers increases. Phosphorus moves poorly in the soil, so it can accumulate over time. In this regard, the introduction of phosphorus fertilizers can be periodic (not every year) in increased doses.
Potassium chloride
- basic concentrated potash fertilizer containing 53-60% potassium oxide. It is low hygroscopic, contains chlorine, which, when applied in autumn, is washed out into deep layers and does not harm plants. Chlorine leaching occurs in combination with calcium, the loss of calcium in the soil can be compensated by the introduction of superphosphate.
Potassium salt
- a mixture of potassium chloride with sylvinite and cainite is similar in properties to potassium chloride, but contains more chlorine and sodium. The assimilable potassium oxide is 40%.
- Chlorine-containing fertilizers should not be applied under raspberries, currants, strawberries, gooseberries, as these crops are sensitive to chlorine and high doses of it in the soil reduce yields.
Potassium carbonate (potash)
- contains 55-60% potassium oxide, does not contain chlorine, good source potassium for chlorine sensitive plants. Applied on acidic soil types.
Potassium-magnesium concentrate (kalimag)
- contains 19% potassium oxide and 9% magnesium, is not hygroscopic, does not cake. Recommended for light soils.
Potassium magnesium sulfate (potassium magnesium)
- chlorine-free fertilizer, contains 30% potassium oxide and 10% magnesium oxide, recommended for use on light soils, poor in magnesium.
Potassium nitrate
- does not contain chlorine, it contains 44% potassium oxide and 14% nitrogen, it is recommended for application in spring due to the content of readily soluble nitrogen.
Dolomite flour
- contains 20% magnesium and 28% potassium, applied primarily on light soils as a magnesium fertilizer and as a lime material.
Magnesium sulfate
- contains 16% magnesium, is readily soluble in water, in the soil passes into an exchange state. Good results are obtained by spraying after flowering trees 2-3 times at intervals of 10 days with a 1-2% solution of magnesium sulfate (200-250 g / 10 l of water).
Complex fertilizers (multilateral)
Complex fertilizers are fertilizers containing 2 or 3 main nutrients. They can also contain manganese, magnesium and trace elements. They are divided into double (phosphorus-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium) and triple nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium.
Compound
| Fertilizer | Approximate nitrogen content,% | Approximate phosphorus content,% | Approximate potassium content,% |
| Ammophos | 10-12 | 40-50 | — |
| Diammophos | 19 | 49 | — |
| Nitroammophos | 16-25 | 20-24 | — |
| Nitroammofoska | 14-16 | 14-16 | 16-18 |
| Nitrofos | 24 | 14-17 | — |
| Nitrofoska | 11-17 | 9-17 | 10-17 |
| Carboammophos | 19-32 | 16-29 | — |
| Carboammofoska | 14-24 | 12-21 | 10-17 |
The labels accompanying each fertilizer package indicate the content of the elements in them. Fertilizers that do not contain potassium (ammophos, diammophos, etc.) are used on soils rich in potassium. They are characterized by a high solubility of the phosphorus component. Three-component fertilizers contain all three nutrients in different proportions.
For example, in nitrophosphate, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be as follows:
- 1:1:1;
- 1:1,5:1;
- 1:1,5:1,5;
- 1: 2: 1, etc.
In their effect, these fertilizers can surpass mixtures of simple fertilizers.
Fertilizer mixtures are produced by the industry to fertilize the soil in gardens. Mixes are prepared from different forms mineral fertilizers with a different composition of basic nutrients and the addition of microelements. Mixtures of three grades are produced, depending on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in them:
- garden - 1: 1.6: 1.5;
- fruit and berry - 1: 1.6: 1.25;
- flower - 1: 1.5: 1.
Such fertilizers are used in the spring and summer.
It should be noted that for all fertilizers included detailed instructions, we will emphasize general rules, which are important to observe when working.
- Do not mix fertilizer in utensils that are used for cooking.
- It is safest to store fertilizers in a vacuum package, which will further increase the shelf life.
- If the fertilizers are caked, grind them before applying, passing 3-5 mm through a sieve.
- When applying, do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended dose.
- If feeding is done through the soil, the solution should not get on the vegetative mass of the fertilized crop. Alternatively, pour water over the plants after feeding.
- Fertilizers in dry form, as well as nitrogen-containing and potash fertilizers, are immediately embedded in the topsoil. Not very deep so that they are available to the root system.
- Wet the beds before applying mineral fertilizers to the soil to soften the concentrate.
- For best results, apply phosphorus and potash fertilizers to nitrogen-depleted soil only in combination with this element.
- For clay soil increase the dose of applied fertilizers. We recommend superphosphate from phosphorus.
- For sandy ones, reduce the amount of fertilizer, but increase the amount of fertilizing. Any phosphate fertilizer is best suited.
- In central Russia, which is replete with precipitation, apply 30% of the main fertilizer in the process of sowing seeds or planting seedlings in the soil in planting holes and grooves. To prevent root burns, mix well with soil.
- To increase soil fertility, alternate mineral and organic fertilizing.
- If the plants in the beds are too overgrown, use outside root feeding(by foliage). In fruit and berry plants, spend it in the spring on young formed foliage.
- Perform root top dressing with potash fertilizers in the fall, embedding them to a depth of 8-10 cm.
- If you apply mineral fertilizers as the main one, scatter them on the ground, followed by incorporation into the soil.
- Most effective method- to apply mineral and organic fertilizers together. At the same time, reduce the dose of minerals by 30%.
- The most practical fertilizer is granular. They are brought in for the autumn digging.
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