Extreme conditions for southern berries are not a hindrance! A grape lover will be able to grow a vine on his plot or in an apartment and get a good harvest in the second year after planting!
1) How grapes grow
Grapes are perennial berry bushes, reaching a height of 15 to 40 m. It has a branched stem, which eventually acquires a tree, reaching up to 0.7 m in diameter. Long vines, clusters and foliage develop from the stem. Clinging with antennae to any support, it stretches up. Grapes are not a whimsical plant and adapts even to the most difficult climate in Russia. Bravely endures defeat by hail, recovers after a harsh winter and easily tolerates autumn-spring pruning. Grapes are heat-loving plants, but the process of photosynthesis does not stop even at a temperature of -25 degrees. The fruits of the berry bush have a whole storehouse of vitamins:
- Phosphorus.
- Vitamins B, PP, C, P.
- Copper.
- Iron.
- Zinc.
- Folic acid.
- Silicon.
2) How grapes grow - cultivation
There are two ways to breed grapes: vegetatively and by seeds. On your windowsill, you can completely grow a grape seedling by transplanting it from a cramped pot into a prepared growing place in the spring. But it should be borne in mind that when propagated by seeds, some grape varieties change their qualities for the worse.
- Seeds for planting are selected from overripe bunches of grapes, the seeds of which are dark brown in color.
- The most appreciated are large seeds with a thick shell.
The vegetative method of propagation of a culture involves 2 methods - cuttings and layering. When propagated by cuttings, planting material is prepared in the fall, keeping the cuttings in a cool place. In early March, they are planted in plastic cups and grown until young shoots appear. When propagating by layering, the strongest shoot is selected and rooted in a prepared hole, located 20 cm from the mother bush. Watering and hilling throughout the season, it is recommended to replant only next spring. Reproduction by layering is considered a more successful way of breeding grapes, in which it is possible to preserve all the taste qualities of the mother bush.
3) How grapes grow in an apartment - what you need to know
It is convenient and beautiful to grow grapes in an apartment, in addition, you get the opportunity to harvest 2 times a year! The best place for grapes is the windowsill on the sunny side of the house. For cultivation grape apartment:
- Prepare a box for planting cuttings measuring 10X12X12 cm.
- Lay river sand at the bottom of the box in a layer of 2 cm, which will serve as excellent drainage.
- Pour humus and fertile soil 50/50 on top, add 50 g of mineral fertilizers.
- With the onset of warm weather, take out the established stalk to the balcony or garden, bringing it into the room during frost.
- By the fall, a shoot with 15–20 nodes will form on the seedling, which will begin to bear fruit next spring. Closer to winter, the grapes shed their foliage and require rest, duration about three months. At this time, remove the plant in a cool place (+2, +8 degrees).
- Each year, transplant the grapes, keeping the earthy clod, in a box 10-15 cm deeper than usual. Pruning the plant is done after shedding the leaves, remove from fruiting shoots up to 8 eyes.
4) How grapes grow on the site
When choosing a site for grapes, give preference to near buildings on the south side. During daylight hours, the plant will be warm and light, and at night the heated surface from the sun will provide the grapes with additional heat, contributing to the ripening of ripe berries ahead of time. A planting pit for a grape seedling is prepared in the fall:
- Prepare a hole 70 to 80 cm deep and about 60 cm wide.
- The bottom must be covered with chipped bricks or pebbles, about 25 cm high.
- Prepare a soil mixture at the rate of 1: 1: 1, consisting of river sand, clay and fertile soil.
- The soil mixture must be mixed with phosphorus fertilizers and covered by 20 cm in the planting place.
- Put well-rotted manure in the last layer and fill it with a bucket of hot water.
- After planting, mulch the plant and water it with water.
To form a beautiful shape, place a support next to the shrub and fix the vine next to it. Pruning is done in spring - for the growth of lateral stems, remove unnecessary shoots from above and pinch the top while pinching. Apply top dressing in the spring before flowering and when the berries ripen. For the winter, the grapes are covered with a film, and the root system is sprinkled with sawdust or peat.
Seeing hanging full-weight bunches on luxurious green bushes of grapes, almost every gardener wants not only to enjoy the amazing taste of the berry, but also to grow this miracle himself. This is quite within the power of even an inexperienced winemaker.
A garden bush of grapes is a branched liana with lignified but flexible stems that stretch towards the sun.
These many-meter branches in spring give young shoots, called vines, on which clusters of sun-soaked amber, ruby \u200b\u200band black berries are formed. It is noteworthy that it is the young shoots that bear fruit.
Over the summer, their growth is about 3 meters, so the formation of a bush is an urgent task for a gardener.
With a competent approach to this operation and good care already a three-year bush gives a full harvest.
The pruning technology assumes in the fall to leave no more than 5 buds on the side branches on the bush, and in the spring only the lower and upper young shoots are preserved on them. All the rest are removed, otherwise the bush will thicken, and the berries will be small and inconspicuous.
The grapes are not particularly picky about the growing soil, and vineyards are broken even in wetlands, excluding only salted ones for use.
It is important to choose the right place when breaking down, because a rich harvest is removed from the sunny southern and southeastern slopes.
Low-lying areas should be avoided, as there is a high probability of fog and cold air masses.
Everything you need for a vine:
- good ventilation between rows of grape bushes;
- maximum illumination;
- good heating of the soil.
The vine, like all representatives flora, there is a rhythm of watering. It directly depends on soil moisture and the amount of precipitation.
As a rule, sandy soil assumes its frequency of 7-10 days, and clay and black soil - about 14 days.
Together with watering, it is advisable to carry out fertilizing with nitrogenous, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, they are applied three times over the summer.
Mineral fertilizers are necessary for the development and fruiting of plants, but the soil also requires care: structuring and restoration of the biocenosis.
The introduction of organic matter can help in this: humus, bird droppings, peat or compost.
Organic matter of animal origin, such as manure, is applied exclusively in a rotted state.
General procedures are also obligatory in the care of the vine: thorough weeding, systematic loosening and timely treatment with agents for combating diseases and pests.
It is important to carry out the fragment of unnecessary shoots in time to obtain the expected harvest, because only the two that were left in the spring should develop on the bush.
This is done when the length of the shoots is 2-3 cm. autumn season the stem has young fruiting shoots about 7 mm thick. Pruning at this time of the year performs two functions: the further stage of the design of the bush and its preparation for wintering.
The absence of a trunk in a vineyard vine - a rigid skeleton of plants - makes necessary use artificially created frames or the device of trellises of various options.
When using the second option, the spring garter leads to a strong bend of the vine in the area of \u200b\u200bthe first bud for the formation of a powerful shoot in this place - an arrow. He will stand on next year fruiting vine.
Vine wintering rules
Usually at the end of October in areas where winter brings snow and frost, work begins to prepare the grapes for this harsh period. Having abundantly watered the soil under the bush, it is covered with sawdust, needles, and some gardeners use the land for this.
The use of such natural warming agents requires additional waterproofing... But here the danger from rodents is real, this must be remembered. Vines of more delicate grape varieties are tied in bunches, laid in grooves and only then insulated.
They also scrupulously carry out work on the disclosure of grapes after the end of the winter period. First, the insulation is removed, the bunches of vines are lifted from the ground and from the trenches, after which they are shaken off. Then they are hung on a trellis and dried, while carrying out preventive treatment of the land and the vines themselves.
It is better to open grapes in the evening or in cloudy weather to prevent overheating and drying out. And the most important thing in this process is to prevent damage to swollen buds and young shoots by spring frosts.
Since ancient times, people have looked for a worthy use of the vine. The berries that grow on it are usually used to prepare drinks and meals. Often they are served fresh. The craftsmen learned to make furniture, decorative figures for garden decoration, fences and baskets from the vine. Experienced farmers know how difficult it is to grow quality grapes. You need to be well acquainted with all the nuances of this process in order to please yourself and your loved ones with a good harvest at the end of the season.
To obtain good harvest grapes, you need to pay attention and care to the vine
The structure of the vine
It is almost impossible to get healthy fruit without knowing the structure of the vine. Himself berry bush consists of aboveground and underground parts. Their length can be very different, depending on the grape variety. The aboveground part is those twigs and vines on which leaves grow and clusters appear. It is characterized by rapid growth. In the second year of life, these areas are covered with thin layers of wood. The underground part consists of the root system. Over time, it becomes overgrown with cork tissue, which performs a protective function.
For the grapes to germinate normally, they must be properly supported. It is essential for all climbing plants.
Propagation of grapes
Several effective methodswhich allow the grapes to multiply well. Preference is given to one or another method based on which variety was chosen for planting, and in what conditions it is more convenient for the farmer to grow it.
Allocate following ways breeding grapes:
- Seeds. The easiest way to grow a vine this way. Him main drawback - impossibility to duplicate exactly taste qualities and appearance the plant from which the seeds were obtained. The first fruits will appear in a couple of years. This method liked the fans to create new grape varieties, mixing existing ones.
- Cuttings. Most cheap waythanks to which quality grapes grow.
- Vaccination. Great option growing grapes in places where they constantly keep low temperatures... The method provides for a number of procedures associated with grafting the root system of grapes with a certain part the plant itself.
Each method that allows grapes to actively multiply has its positive and negative sides. You should carefully study all the subtleties of the work that are associated with the cultivation of a fruit plant in order to avoid gross mistakes in the planting process.
Grape cuttings take root well and take root
Conditions for growing vines
It is important to ensure suitable conditionsin which the vine grows best. The first step is to find out what temperature is favorable for this plant. It is worth noting that at every stage of development he needs different amount sunlight and heat. The buds on the vine will be able to awaken only if the outside temperature rises above 10 degrees. The warmer the weather, the faster the first inflorescences will appear.
But berries ripen only when the temperature reaches 27-30 degrees. Even if it is warm enough outside, the fruits will not appear ahead of time. A certain period of time must elapse between the beginning of flowering and ripening.
The grapes must receive a lot of light. Its deficiency in most cases causes the growth of leaves to stop and their premature fall. Due to poor lighting, the berries will lose their juiciness and sweetness. To avoid an unpleasant outcome, you should not choose a place for planting vines between trees or buildings. They will prevent the plant from getting the lighting it needs. It is recommended to maintain a distance between the bushes of the grapes so that each of them can be content with the sun's rays, without blocking the light of other vines.
The grapes grow quickly with good soil moisture. The lack of regular watering will not only affect the appearance and taste of the berries, but also reduce the plant's resistance to pests and diseases. However, it is also not worth pouring grape bushes. Several days should pass between waterings, during which excess moisture will have time to evaporate.
The soil for growing grapes is of no small importance. For such a plant, a soil containing pebbles, gravel and sand is excellent. It has several advantages:
- These types of soils allow air to pass freely.
- They prevent water from stagnating.
- This soil cools slowly, thereby protecting the roots of the grapes from freezing.
The plot of land set aside for growing grapes should be fed nutrients... This cannot be dispensed with for the reason that the soil most suitable for such purposes is very poor and cannot provide fruit plant essential trace elements.
Vine bushes love sunny places
The main stages of planting
It is necessary to start planting with a choice suitable placelocated at a distance from other plants. Next, you need to remember to add fertilizers to the soil, which will help grow sweet and large grapes... It is recommended to start planting work towards the end of spring. By this time the earth will be warm enough, the last frosts will end. It is most convenient to plant grapes in several rows. A distance of 2 meters should be maintained between them.
For planting, seedlings that are no more than two years old are suitable. They should already have a strong root system. Before plunging it into the ground, the main roots will have to be shortened by no more than 15 centimeters. Together with them, you need to cut off the diseased and dead areas of the rhizome.
Before you start planting, you need to outline rows of any length and make holes between them. It is recommended to loosen the surface of the soil, add sand or gravel to it. A mixture of earth, humus and superphosphate is thrown at the bottom of the pit. Potassium chloride is also added to this mass. In the hole, a small hill will turn out, on top of which grape seedlings are planted. After that, water the pits abundantly and fill them with soil fertilized with minerals from above.
Each vine sapling should have a lower bud. It will be flush with the soil surface. The aboveground part of the seedling must be additionally spud with fertilized soil. A stake must be installed next to the plant, which is intended for tying up the grape vines.
If the farmer correctly carries out all the stages of planting grapes, then the plant will quickly take root and gradually begin to give the first shoots, which eventually need to be tied to stakes. In two weeks, the kidneys will appear. And the bushes will start to get loose. The plant develops well if the distance between the shrubs is maintained.
A grape seedling needs to be spilled regularly
Formation of a grape bush
The grapes grow in vines. it main feature berry plant. But how exactly do grape shrubs form?
The full formation of the bush occurs after the grape seedlings have been planted in the ground. This process takes several years. It will take years for the grapes to mature and start producing good berries.
There are two main types of grape bush formation: with and without a stem. The second method is also called sleeve. It helps to reliably protect the bush on winter period... Stamping involves the use of one vertical trunk, from which vines of various lengths extend. Sleeve forming is characterized by the presence of several trunks located at a certain angle above the ground. Growing a good crop using this method is as easy as using a single stem.
IN recent times arched shaping is very popular grape bushrnika. It is used both for growing in open areas and in greenhouses. Arched formation should provide plants a large number of Sveta. This is possible only under the conditions that the vines are located at a distance from each other, there are no closed areas between them. If you try to grow grapes in greenhouses, the farmer will receive the first harvest in the second year after planting the seedlings.
The arched shape is very attractive and easy to maintain
Grape care
It is not enough just to plant a vine and wait for the berries to ripen. You will have to spend a lot of effort on caring for the plant, which will certainly be rewarded with a good harvest of juicy and sweet berries.
Every year, you should remove the soil cover that forms between the bushes. Early opening of the vine should be prevented in places with unstable weather conditions.
Vine care consists in constant watering of the plant. Do not fill the bush itself. It is necessary to retreat a short distance from it and water in this place so as not to damage root system... It is recommended to add useful top dressing or fertilizers to the water.
In grafted plants, roots should be removed that have appeared at the site of adhesion of the scion to the stock. This is done all the time. It is better to cut off unnecessary roots that have reached a length of several centimeters.
Over time, a young plant will develop several shoots. The two thickest ones are important, which must be left. It makes no difference what distance is between them. They will help form the grape bush for the next year. If there are a lot of shoots, it is allowed to leave four branches. All other areas are subject to removal.
Experienced farmers know very well how difficult it is to grow quality grapes. Have to spend years shaping correct bushes, from which you can get dozens of juicy bunches of large berries... Breeding this plant is suitable only for those who are ready to work long and hard, as well as provide timely care vineyards.
Every gardener and grape fancier knows that it is necessary to prune and prepare the vine in advance, as it is not an easy job. The harvest of the grapes next year depends on the preparation of the vine. Mature bushes need to be pruned every year, because they can turn into wild vines, and the berries will become small and impossible to get.
For pruning grapes best time assigned to late October and early November. Experienced gardener knows that after the first frost, circumcision is only done after two or three weeks, because the shoots can activate their ripening. It is necessary to remove shoots from the trellises and prune when it is a calm and dry day. Those leaves that did not have time to fall off on their own, you need to help them and carefully remove them. Unnecessary leaves and cut parts of the vines must be burned. Vine shaping has some differences from how shaping takes place. fruit trees and shrubs.
The future harvest depends on how the ripe vine overwinters. The key to pruning a vine is to make it beautiful shapeand also make it convenient for local conditions. Early fruiting and good yields depend on proper pruning. A vine bush, as well as a marble sculpture, should have nothing superfluous. It should only be noted that it comes about unnecessary. If you cut a significant number of branches, you can harm the plant and fruit shoots will not appear.
There are a large number of grape formings. Novice winegrowers and lovers of grape cultivation, before starting to form bushes, it is necessary to carefully study the grape variety, it is necessary to follow the system that was developed 150 years ago, invented by Guyot, the famous French winegrower. This method has become very common and popular as it brings excellent results, despite the fact that its application is not difficult.
The Guyot system uses a punch-free shaping system that is suitable for northern regions... It is characterized by the fact that in the fall, when the bush is pruned, only 2 shoots are left - this is a vine, it should bear fruit and a twig that should serve as a replacement. At the onset of spring, the vine must be tied up in a horizontal position in order for the fruit shoots to begin their development correctly from the eyes of the plant. A vine with shoots that has already borne fruit must be removed in the fall in order to form a new vine and twig from the young shoots.
Other options can be applied locally. In those regions where the climate is cold, they often began to use fanless shafts. This method differs from the Guyot system in that the bushes have 3 or 6 permanent branches, with the completion of the fruit link. The location of fruit shoots is often located in several tiers, sometimes it even reaches 3 tiers. Sleeve lengthening is slow, but with an air dry sleeve cover it can last for several years.
Fruiting, weak and idle shoots belong to one-year growth and they are removed, and perennial wood can also be removed. Over time, the grape bushes age and another pruning is needed in order to maintain vitality and further yield. In the spring, when the crying of grapes stops, it is usually necessary to carry out sanitary pruning, which has a beneficial effect on the damaged and extinct vine. Careful processing of the vines leads to high yields and long-term vitality.