Extreme conditions for the southern berry are not a hindrance! A grape lover will be able to grow a grapevine on his plot or in an apartment and get a good harvest in the second year after planting!
1) How grapes grow
Grapes is a perennial berry bush, reaching a height of 15 to 40 m. It has a branched stem, which eventually acquires a tree, reaching up to 0.7 m in diameter. Long vines, clusters and foliage develop from the stem. Clinging with antennae to any support, it stretches upward. Grapes are not a whimsical plant and adapts even to the most severe climate of Russia. Steadfastly endures defeat by hail, recovering after a harsh winter and easily tolerates autumn-spring pruning. Grapes is a heat-loving plant, but the process of photosynthesis does not stop even at a temperature of -25 degrees. The fruits of the berry bush have a whole storehouse of vitamins:
- Phosphorus.
- Vitamins B, PP, C, P.
- Copper.
- Iron.
- Zinc.
- Folic acid.
- Silicon.
2) How grapes grow - cultivation
There are two ways to grow grapes: vegetatively and by seeds. On your windowsill, you can completely grow grape seedlings, in the spring, transplanting it from a cramped pot into a prepared place for growing. But it should be borne in mind that when propagated by seeds, some grape varieties change their qualities for the worse.
- Seeds for planting are selected from overripe bunches of grapes, the seeds of which are dark brown.
- Large seeds with a thick shell are most valued.
The vegetative method of propagation of a crop involves 2 methods - cuttings and layering. When propagating by cuttings, planting material is prepared from autumn, keeping the cuttings in a cool place. In early March, they are planted in plastic cups and grown until young shoots appear. When propagating by layering, the strongest shoot is selected and rooted in a prepared hole, located 20 cm from the mother bush. Watering and hilling throughout the season, it is recommended to replant only in the next spring. Reproduction by layering is considered a more successful way of breeding grapes, in which it is possible to preserve all the taste qualities of the mother bush.
3) How grapes grow in an apartment - what you need to know
Growing grapes in an apartment is convenient and beautiful, in addition, you get the opportunity to harvest 2 times a year! The best place for grapes is a window sill on the sunny side of the house. For cultivation grapes flat :
- Prepare a box for planting cuttings measuring 10X12X12 cm.
- Lay river sand at the bottom of the box with a layer of 2 cm, which will serve as excellent drainage.
- Pour over humus and fertile soil 50/50, add 50 g of mineral fertilizers.
- With the onset of warm weather, take the accustomed stalk to the balcony or garden, bringing it into the room during frosts.
- By autumn, a shoot with 15–20 nodes will form on the seedling, which will begin to bear fruit next spring. Closer to winter, grapes shed their leaves and require rest, duration about three months. At this time, remove the plant in a cool place (+2, +8 degrees).
- Every year, transplant the grapes with the preservation of the earthy clod into a box 10-15 cm deeper than usual. Pruning of the plant is done after dropping the leaves, remove from fruitful shoots up to 8 eyes.
4) How grapes grow on the site
When choosing a site for vineyards, give preference to areas near buildings on the south side. During daylight hours, the plant will be warm and light, and at night, the heated surface from the sun will provide the grapes with additional heat, contributing to the ripening of ripe berries ahead of time. A planting pit for a grape seedling has been prepared since autumn:
- Prepare a hole 70–80 cm deep and about 60 cm wide.
- The bottom must be covered with crushed brick or pebbles, about 25 cm high.
- Prepare a 1:1:1 potting mix consisting of river sand, clay and fertile soil.
- The soil mixture must be mixed with phosphorus fertilizers and poured 20 cm into the seat.
- Lay well-rotted manure with the last layer and fill it with a bucket of hot water.
- After planting, mulch the plant and water.
To form a beautiful shape, place a support next to the bush and fasten the vine next to it. Pruning is done in the spring - for the growth of lateral stems, remove unnecessary shoots from above and pinch the top. Apply top dressing in the spring before flowering and when the berries ripen. For the winter, the grapes are covered with a film, and the root system is sprinkled with sawdust or peat.
Seeing full-weight bunches hanging on luxurious green grape bushes, almost every gardener wants not only to enjoy the amazing taste of the berry, but also to grow this miracle himself. This is quite within the power of even an inexperienced grower.
The garden grape bush is a branched liana, in which the lignified, but flexible, stems stretch towards the sun.
These multi-meter branches in the spring give young shoots, called vines, on which brushes of amber, ruby and black berries soaked in the sun are formed. It is noteworthy that it is the young shoots that bear fruit.
Over the summer, their growth is about 3 meters, so the formation of a bush is an urgent task for a gardener.
With a competent approach to this operation and good care already a three-year bush gives a full harvest.
The pruning technology involves leaving no more than 5 buds on the lateral branches on the bush in the fall, and in the spring only the lower and upper young shoots should be kept on them. All the rest are removed, otherwise the bush will thicken, and the berries will be small and inconspicuous.
Grapes are not particularly picky about growing soil, and vineyards are planted even in wetlands, excluding only saline ones for use.
It is important to choose the right place when breaking down, because a rich harvest is harvested from the sunny southern and southeastern slopes.
Low-lying places should be avoided, as there is a high probability of fogs and cold air masses.
All you need for the vine:
- good ventilation between the rows of grape bushes;
- maximum illumination;
- good soil heating.
In the vine, like all representatives flora, there is a rhythm of watering. It directly depends on soil moisture and the amount of precipitation.
As a rule, sandy soil assumes its frequency of 7-10 days, and clay and black soil - about 14 days.
Along with irrigation, it is advisable to carry out fertilizing with nitrogenous, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, they are applied three times during the summer.
Mineral fertilizers are necessary for the development and fruiting of plants, but the soil also requires care: structuring and restoring the biocenosis.
The introduction of organic matter can help with this: humus, bird droppings, peat or compost.
Organics of animal origin, such as manure, are introduced only in a rotted state.
Mandatory in the care of the vine and general procedures: careful weeding, systematic loosening and timely treatment with agents to combat diseases and pests.
It is important to get the expected harvest in time to carry out a fragment of unnecessary shoots, because only those two that were left in the spring should develop on the bush.
This is done upon reaching the length of the shoots 2-3 cm. autumn season the stem has young fruit-bearing shoots about 7 mm thick. Pruning at this time of the year performs two functions: a further stage in the design of the bush and preparing it for wintering.
The absence of a trunk in a vineyard vine - a rigid skeleton of plants - makes necessary use artificially created frames or arrangement of trellises of various options.
When using the second option, the spring garter leads to a strong bending of the vine in the area of the first bud to form a powerful shoot in this place - arrows. He will become next year fruiting vine.
Grapevine wintering rules
Usually at the end of October in areas where winter brings snow and frost, work begins to prepare the grapes for this harsh period. Having abundantly watered the soil under the bush, it is covered with sawdust, needles, and some gardeners use the earth for this.
The use of such natural warming agents requires additional waterproofing. But here the danger from rodents is real, we must remember this. The vines of more tender grape varieties are tied in bunches, laid in grooves and only then insulated.
They also scrupulously carry out work on opening the grapes after the end of the winter period. First, the heaters are removed, bunches of vines are lifted from the ground and from the trenches, after which they are shaken off. Then they are hung on a trellis and dried, while carrying out preventive treatment of the land and the vines themselves.
It is better to open the grapes in the evening or in cloudy weather to prevent overheating and drying out. And the most important thing in this process is to prevent damage to swollen buds and young shoots by spring frosts.
Since ancient times, people have been looking for a worthy use of the vine. The berries that grow on it are usually used to prepare drinks and dishes. They are often served fresh to the table. Craftsmen learned how to make furniture, decorative figurines for decorating the garden, fences and baskets from the vine. Experienced farmers know how difficult it is to grow quality grapes. It is necessary to be well acquainted with all the nuances of this process in order to please yourself and your loved ones with a good harvest at the end of the season.
To obtain good harvest grapes, you need to pay attention and care to the vine
The structure of the vine
It is almost impossible to get healthy fruits without knowing the structure of the vine. Myself berry bush consists of above and below ground parts. Their length can be very different, depending on the grape variety. The aerial part is those knots and vines on which leaves grow and clusters appear. It is characterized by rapid growth. In the second year of life, these areas are covered with thin layers of wood. The underground part consists of the root system. Over time, it becomes overgrown with cork tissue, which performs a protective function.
In order for the grapes to germinate normally, a suitable support must be provided for them. It is essential for all climbing plants.
grape propagation
To date, several effective methods, which allow the grapes to multiply well. Preference is given to one or another method based on which variety was chosen for planting, and in what conditions it is more convenient for the farmer to grow it.
Allocate the following ways grape propagation:
- Seeds. Growing a grapevine in this way is the easiest. His main disadvantage- the inability to accurately duplicate taste qualities and appearance the plant from which the seeds were obtained. The first fruits will appear in a couple of years. This method liked lovers to create new varieties of grapes, mixing existing ones.
- cuttings. Most cheap way, thanks to which quality grapes grow.
- Grafting. Great option growing grapes in places where they constantly keep low temperatures. The method involves a number of procedures associated with grafting the root system of grapes with certain part the plant itself.
Each method that allows grapes to actively multiply has its positive and negative sides. You should carefully study all the subtleties of the work that is associated with the cultivation of a fruit plant in order to avoid gross errors in the planting process.
Grape cuttings take root well and take root
Conditions for growing vines
It is important to ensure suitable conditions in which the vine grows best. The first step is to find out what temperature is favorable for this plant. It is worth noting that at each stage of development he needs different amount sunlight and heat. The buds on the vine will be able to wake up only if the outside air temperature rises above 10 degrees. The warmer the weather, the faster the first inflorescences will appear.
But the ripening of berries occurs only when the temperature reaches 27-30 degrees. Even if it is warm enough outside, the fruits will not appear ahead of time. Between the beginning of flowering and ripening, a certain period of time must pass.
Grapes should receive a lot of light. Its deficiency in most cases causes stunting of leaves and their premature fall. Due to poor lighting, the berries will lose their juiciness and sweetness. To avoid an unpleasant outcome, you should not choose places between trees or buildings for planting vines. They will not allow the plant to get the necessary lighting. It is recommended to maintain a distance between vine bushes so that each of them can be content with the sun's rays without blocking the light from other vines.
Grapes grow quickly with good soil moisture. The lack of regular watering will not only affect the appearance and taste of the berries, but also reduce the resistance of the plant to pests and diseases. However, pouring vine bushes is also not worth it. Several days should elapse between waterings, during which excess moisture will be able to evaporate.
The soil in the cultivation of grapes is of no small importance. For such a plant, soil containing pebbles, crushed stone and sand is excellent. It has a number of advantages:
- Such types of soils freely pass air.
- They do not allow water to stagnate.
- Such soil cools slowly, thereby protecting the roots of the grapes from freezing.
A piece of land allotted for growing grapes should be fed nutrients. This cannot be done without, for the reason that the soil most suitable for such purposes is very poor and cannot provide fruit plant essential micronutrients.
Vine bushes love sunny places
The main stages of landing
Landing must begin with a choice suitable place which is at a distance from other plants. Next, you need to remember to add fertilizers to the soil that will help grow sweet and large grapes. It is recommended to start planting work towards the end of spring. By this time, the earth will be warm enough, the last frosts will end. It is most convenient to plant grapes in several rows. Between them should maintain a distance of 2 meters.
Seedlings that are no more than two years old are suitable for planting. They should already have a strong root system. Before it sinks into the ground, the main roots will have to be shortened by no more than 15 centimeters. Together with them, you need to cut off diseased and dead sections of the rhizome.
Before you start planting, you need to outline rows of any length and make holes between them. It is recommended to loosen the soil surface, add sand or gravel to it. A mixture of earth, humus and superphosphate is thrown to the bottom of the pit. Potassium chloride is also added to this mass. A small hill will turn out in the pit, on top of which grape seedlings are planted. After that, you should water the holes abundantly and fill them with soil fertilized with minerals from above.
Each vine seedling should form a lower bud. It will be flush with the soil surface. The aerial part of the seedling must be additionally spud with fertilized soil. Next to the plant, a stake must be installed, which is intended for tying grape vines.
If the farmer correctly carries out all the stages of planting grapes, then the plant will quickly take root and gradually begin to give the first shoots, which eventually need to be tied to stakes. Buds will appear in two weeks. And the bushes will begin to unravel. The plant develops well if the distance between the shrubs is maintained.
Grape seedlings need to be regularly hilled
Formation of a grape bush
The vine grows with vines. This is main feature berry plant. But how exactly are grape bushes formed?
The full formation of the bush occurs after the grape seedlings have been planted in the ground. This process takes several years. It will take years for the grapes to get stronger and begin to produce good berries.
There are two main types of vine formation: with and without a trunk. The second method is also called sleeve. It helps to reliably protect the bush on winter period. Stamp formation involves the use of one vertical trunk, from which vines of various lengths extend. The sleeve formation is distinguished by the presence of several shafts located at a certain angle above the ground. Growing a good crop using this method is as easy as using a single trunk.
AT recent times arched formation is very popular grape bush rnika. It is used both for cultivation in open areas and in greenhouses. Arched formation should provide plants a large number of Sveta. This is possible only under the conditions that the vines are located at a distance from each other, there are no closed areas between them. If you try to grow grapes in greenhouses, then the farmer will receive the first harvest in the second year after planting the seedlings.
Arched formation is very attractive and easy to care for
Grape care
It is not enough to simply plant a vine and wait for the berries to ripen. You will have to spend a lot of effort on caring for the plant, which will certainly be rewarded with a good harvest of juicy and sweet berries.
Every year, you should remove the earthen cover that forms between the vine bushes. Early opening of the vine should be prevented in places where unstable weather conditions are observed.
Grapevine care consists in constant watering of the plant. Do not flood the shrub itself. It is necessary to retreat a short distance from it and water in this place so as not to damage root system. It is recommended to add useful dressings or fertilizers to the water.
In grafted plants, the roots that appeared at the place of adhesion of the scion with the stock should be removed. This is done all the time. It is better to cut off unnecessary roots that have reached a length of several centimeters.
Over time, the young plant will have several shoots. The two thickest of them that need to be left are important. There is no difference in the distance between them. They will help form the grape bush for the next year. If there are a lot of shoots, it is allowed to leave four branches. All other areas are subject to removal.
Experienced farmers are well aware of how difficult it is to grow quality grapes. It takes years to develop right bushes, from which you can get dozens of juicy bunches with large berries. Breeding this plant is only suitable for those who are ready to work long and hard, as well as provide timely care vineyards.
Every gardener and grape grower knows that cutting and preparing the vine must be done in advance, as this is not an easy job. From what harvest the grapes will bring next year depends precisely on the preparation of the vine. Every year you need to cut mature bushes, because they can turn into wild vines, and the berries will become small and impossible to get.
For cutting grapes the best time available at the end of October and beginning of November. Experienced gardener knows that after the first frost, pruning is done only after two or three weeks, because the shoots can activate their maturation. It is necessary to remove the shoots from the trellis and prune when there is a calm and dry day. Those leaves that did not have time to fall off on their own, you need to help them and carefully remove them. Unnecessary leaves and trimmed parts of the vine must be burned. The formation of the vine has some differences from how the formation takes place. fruit trees and shrubs.
The future harvest depends on how the ripened vine will overwinter. The main thing about cutting the vine is to make it beautiful shape and also make it convenient for local conditions. Early fruiting and a good harvest depend on proper pruning. A grape bush, as well as a marble sculpture, which should not have anything superfluous. It only needs to be noted that we are talking about excess. If you cut a significant number of branches, you can harm the plant and fruit shoots will not appear.
There are a large number of grape formations. Beginning wine growers and lovers of grape cultivation before starting to form bushes, it is necessary to carefully study the grape variety, it is necessary to follow the system that was developed 150 years ago, invented by Guyot, a famous French wine grower. This method has become very common and popular, as it brings excellent results, despite the fact that its application is not difficult.
The Guyot system adopts stemless forming, which is suitable for northern regions. It is characterized by the fact that in the fall, when the bush is pruned, only 2 shoots are left - this is a vine, it should bear fruit and a knot, which should serve as a replacement. When spring comes, the vine must be tied up in a horizontal position so that the fruit shoots begin their development correctly from the eyes of the plant. A vine with shoots that has already borne fruit must be removed in the fall in order to form a new vine and knot from young shoots.
Other options may apply locally. In those regions where the climate is cold, they often began to use fanless stemless formations. This method differs from the Guyot system in that the bushes have 3 or 6 permanent branches, with the completion of the fruit link. The arrangement of fruit shoots is often located in several tiers, sometimes even reaching 3 tiers. The elongation of the sleeves is slow, but if an air-dry cover is applied to the sleeves, they can last for several years.
Fruiting, weak and idle shoots are one-year growth and they are removed, and perennial wood can also be removed. Over time, grape bushes grow old and another pruning is needed to maintain viability and further yields. In the spring, when vine weeping stops, it is usually necessary to carry out sanitary pruning, which has a charitable effect on the damaged and extinct vine. Careful processing of the vine leads to high yields and many years of viability.