Gravimetry is a branch of science about measuring the quantities that characterize the gravitational field of the Earth and about using them to determine the figure of the Earth, to study its general internal structure, geological structure her upper parts, solving some navigation problems, etc.
In gravimetry, the gravitational field of the Earth is usually given by the field of gravity (or the acceleration of gravity, numerically equal to it), which is the resultant of two main forces: the force of attraction (gravitation) of the Earth and the centrifugal force caused by its daily rotation. The centrifugal force directed away from the axis of rotation reduces the force of gravity, and to the greatest extent at the equator. The decrease in gravity from the poles to the equator is also due to the compression of the Earth.
The force of gravity, that is, the force acting on a unit mass in the vicinity of the Earth (or another planet) is the sum of the forces of gravity and the forces of inertia (centrifugal force):
where G - Gravitational constant, mu - unit mass, dm - mass element, R - radius vectors of the measurement point, r - radius vector of the mass element, w - angular velocity of the Earth's rotation; the integral is taken over all masses.
The potential of gravity, respectively, is determined by the relation:
where is the latitude of the measurement point.
Gravimetry includes the theory of leveling heights, processing of astronomical and geodetic networks in connection with variations in the Earth's gravitational field.
The unit of measure in gravimetry is Gal (1 cm/s2), named after the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei.
The force of gravity is determined by the relative method, by measuring, with the help of gravimeters and pendulum instruments, the difference in gravity at the studied and reference points. The network of reference gravimetric points on the whole Earth is ultimately connected with the point in Potsdam (Germany), where the absolute value of the acceleration of gravity (981,274 mgl; see Gal) was determined by revolving pendulums at the beginning of the 20th century. Absolute determinations of gravity involve significant difficulties and their accuracy is lower than relative measurements. New absolute measurements, produced in more than 10 points of the Earth, show that the given value of the acceleration of gravity in Potsdam is exceeded, apparently, by 13-14 milligal. After completion of these works, a transition to a new gravimetric system will be carried out. However, in many problems of gravimetry, this error is not significant, because to solve them, not the absolute values themselves are used, but their differences. The most accurate absolute value of gravity is determined from experiments with free fall of bodies in vacuum chamber. Relative determinations of gravity are made by pendulum instruments with an accuracy of several hundredths of a hail. Gravimeters provide somewhat greater measurement accuracy than pendulum instruments, are portable and easy to use. There is a special gravimetric equipment for measuring gravity from moving objects (underwater and surface ships, aircraft). The instruments continuously record changes in the acceleration of gravity along the path of the ship or aircraft. Such measurements are associated with the difficulty of excluding from the instrument readings the influence of disturbing accelerations and inclinations of the instrument base caused by rolling. There are special gravimeters for measurements at the bottom of shallow basins, in boreholes. The second derivatives of the gravity potential are measured using gravitational variometers.
The main range of problems of gravimetry is solved by studying a stationary spatial gravitational field. To study the elastic properties of the Earth, continuous registration of variations in the force of gravity over time is carried out. Due to the fact that the Earth is heterogeneous in density and has irregular shape, its external gravitational field is characterized by complex structure. To solve various problems, it is convenient to consider the gravitational field as consisting of two parts: the main - called normal, changing with latitude according to a simple law, and anomalous - small in magnitude, but complex in distribution, due to heterogeneities in rock density in the upper layers of the Earth. The normal gravitational field corresponds to some idealized model of the Earth, simple in shape and internal structure (an ellipsoid or a spheroid close to it). The difference between the observed force of gravity and the normal force, calculated according to one or another formula for the distribution of the normal force of gravity and reduced by appropriate corrections to the accepted level of heights, is called the anomaly of gravity. If this alignment takes into account only the normal vertical gradient of gravity equal to 3086 etvos (i.e., assuming that there are no masses between the observation point and the reference level), then the anomalies thus obtained are called free air anomalies. The anomalies calculated in this way are most often used in the study of the figure of the Earth. If the reduction also takes into account the attraction of a homogeneous layer of masses between the levels of observation and reduction, then anomalies are obtained, called Bouguer anomalies. They reflect inhomogeneities in the density of the upper parts of the Earth and are used in solving geological exploration problems. In gravimetry, isostatic anomalies are also considered, which take into account in a special way the influence of masses between the earth's surface and the surface level at a depth at which the overlying masses exert the same pressure. In addition to these anomalies, a number of others are calculated (Preya, modified by Bouguer, etc.). On the basis of gravimetric measurements, gravimetric maps are constructed with isolines of gravity anomalies. The anomalies of the second derivatives of the gravity potential are defined similarly as the difference between the observed value (previously corrected for the terrain) and the normal value. Such anomalies are mainly used for mineral exploration.
In tasks related to the use of gravimetric measurements to study the shape of the Earth, the search for an ellipsoid that best represents the geometric shape and external gravitational field of the Earth is usually carried out.
Exploration of planet earth in the solar system: history, surface description, spacecraft launch, rotation, orbit, achievements, significant dates.
We are talking about the home planet, so let's see how the exploration of the Earth took place. Most of the earth's surface had been studied by the beginning of the 20th century, including internal structure and geography. The Arctic and Antarctic remained mysterious. Today, almost all areas have been captured and mapped thanks to photographic mapping and radar. One of the last explored areas was the Darien Peninsula, located between the Panama Canal and Colombia. Previously, the review was difficult due to constant rainfall, dense vegetation and dense cloud cover.
Studying the deep features of the planet for a long time did not carry out. Prior to that, they were engaged in the study of surface formations. But after the Second World War, they began geophysical research. For this, special sensors were used. But in this way it was possible to consider a limited part of the subsurface layer. It was only possible to get under upper bark. The maximum well depth is 10 km.
Main Goals and Achievements in Earth Exploration
In exploring the Earth, scientists are driven by scientific curiosity as well as economic gain. The population is increasing, so the demand for fossils is growing, as well as water and other important materials. Many underground operations are carried out to search for:
- oil, coal and natural gas;
- commercial (iron, copper, uranium) and construction (sand, gravel) materials;
- groundwater;
- rocks for engineering planning;
- geothermal reserves for electricity and heating;
- archeology;
There was also a need to create security through tunnels, storage facilities, nuclear reactions and dams. And this leads to the need to be able to predict the strength and time of an earthquake or the level of subsurface water. Japan and the United States are the most active in earthquakes and volcanoes, because these countries most often suffer such disasters. Periodically, wells are drilled for prevention.
Methodology and toolsEarth exploration
You should know what methods exist for studying the planet Earth. Geophysics uses magnetism, gravity, reflectivity, elastic or acoustic waves, heat flow, electromagnetism, and radioactivity. Most of measurements are carried out on the surface, but there are satellite and underground.
It is important to understand what is below. Sometimes it is not possible to extract oil only because of the block with another material. The choice of method is based on physical properties.
Comparative planetology
Astronomer Dmitry Titov about the types of planets solar system, atmospheric dynamics and the greenhouse effect on Mars and Venus:
remote sensing
It uses EM radiation from the ground and reflected energy in a variety of spectral ranges obtained by aircraft and satellites. The methods are based on the use of combinations of images. To do this, sections are fixed from different trajectories and three-dimensional models are created. They are also performed at intervals, which allows you to track the change (growth of the crop over the season or changes from the storm and rain).
Radar beams break through the clouds. Lateral visible radar is sensitive to changes in surface slope and roughness. The optical-mechanical scanner registers warm IR energy.
The most commonly used technique is Landsat. This information is obtained by multispectral scanners located on some American satellites located at an altitude of 900 km. The frames cover an area of 185 km. Visible, IR, spectral, green and red ranges are used.
In geology, this technique is used to calculate the relief, exposure of mountain rapids and lithology. It is also possible to fix changes in vegetation, rocks, find groundwater and the distribution of trace elements.
Magnetic methods
Let's not forget that Earth exploration is carried out from space, providing not only a photo of the planet, but also important scientific data. You can calculate the total terrestrial magnetic field or specific components. Most old method- magnetic compass. Now magnetic balances and magnetometers are used. The proton magnetometer calculates the RF voltage, while the optical pump monitors the smallest magnetic fluctuations.
Magnetic surveys are carried out with magnetometers flying on parallel lines at a distance of 2-4 km and at an altitude of 500 m. Ground-based surveys consider magnetic anomalies that have occurred in the air. Can be placed on special stations or moving ships.
Magnetic effects are formed due to the magnetization created by sedimentary rocks. Rocks are not able to hold magnetism if the temperature exceeds 500°C, which is the limit for a depth of 40 km. The source must be located deeper and scientists believe that it is the convection currents that generate the field.
Gravity Methods
Space research of the Earth includes various directions. The gravitational field can be determined by the fall of any object in a vacuum, by calculating the period of a pendulum, or by other means. Scientists use gravimeters - a weight on a spring that can stretch and compress. They operate with an accuracy of 0.01 milligrams.
The differences in gravity are due to the local plane. It takes a few minutes to determine the data, but it takes longer to calculate the position and height. More often than not, sediment density increases with depth because pressure increases and porosity is lost. When lifts carry rocks closer to the surface, they form anomalous gravity. Minerals also cause negative anomalies, so understanding gravity can point to the source of oil, as well as the location of caves and other underground cavities.
Seismic refraction methods
The scientific method of exploring the Earth is based on calculating the time interval between the beginning of a wave and its arrival. A wave can be created by an explosion, a dropped weight, an air bubble, etc. To search for it, a geophone (land) and a hydrophone (water) are used.
Seismic energy arrives at the detector in various ways. At first, while the wave is close to the source, it chooses the shortest paths, but as the distance increases, it begins to wag. Two types of waves can pass through the body: P (primary) and S (secondary). The former act as compression waves and move at maximum acceleration. The second are shear, moving at low speed and are not able to pass through liquids.
The main type of surface type is Rayleigh waves, where the particle moves along an elliptical path in a vertical plane from the source. The horizontal part protrudes main reason earthquakes.
Most of the information about the earth's structure is based on the analysis of earthquakes, since they generate several wave regimes at once. All of them differ in the components of movement and direction. In engineering studies, fine seismic refraction is used. Sometimes a simple blow with a sledgehammer is enough. They are also used for troubleshooting.
Electrical and EM Methods
When prospecting for minerals, methods depend on electrochemical activity, changes in resistivity, and permittivity effects. The potential itself is based on the oxidation of the upper surface of metal sulfide minerals.
Resistivity uses the transfer of current from the generator to another source and determines the potential difference. Rock resistivity depends on porosity, salinity and other factors. Rocks with clay are endowed with low resistivity. This method can be used to study underwater waters.
Probing calculates exactly how resistivity changes with depth. Currents with a range of 500-5000 Hz penetrate deep. The frequency helps determine the level of depth. Natural currents are induced due to disturbances in the atmosphere or the attack of the upper layer by the solar wind. They cover a wide range, so they allow you to explore different depths more efficiently.
But electrical methods are not able to penetrate too deeply, so they do not give full information about the lower layers. But with their help you can study metal ores.
Radioactive methods
In this way, ores or rocks can be detected. The most naturally occurring radioactivity comes from uranium, thorium, and a radioisotope of potassium. A scintillometer helps detect gamma rays. The main emitter is potassium-40. Sometimes the rock is specially irradiated to measure the impact and response.
Geothermal methods
The calculation of the temperature gradient leads to the determination of the heat flux anomaly. The earth is filled with various liquids, chemical composition and whose movement is determined by sensitive detectors. Trace elements are sometimes associated with hydrocarbons. Geochemical maps help locate industrial waste and contaminated sites.
Excavation and sampling
To identify different kinds fuel, we need to get a sample. Many wells are created in a rotary manner, where fluid is circulated through the bit for lubrication and cooling. Sometimes percussion is used, where a heavy drill is lowered and raised to cut pieces of rock.
Conclusions about the earth's depths
The shape was discovered in 1742-1743, and the average density and mass were calculated by Henry Cavendish in 1797. Later it was found that the density of rocks on the surface is lower than the average density, which means that the data inside the planet should be higher.
At the end of the 1500s. William Gilbert studied the magnetic field. From that moment we learned about the dipole character and change geomagnetic field. Earthquake waves were observed in the 1900s. The line between the crust and the mantle is characterized by a large increase in velocity at the Mohorovich rupture with a depth of 24-40 km. The boundary of the mantle and the core is the Gutenberg gap (depth - 2800 km). The outer core is liquid because it does not transmit transverse waves.
In the 1950s There has been a revolution in the understanding of our planet. Theories of continental drift have moved into plate tectonics, that is, the lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere. The plates are shifting and new oceanic crust is being formed. Also, lithospheres can approach, move away and crash. Many earthquakes occur at subduction sites.
They learned about the oceanic crust thanks to a series of boreholes. In rift areas, material from mantle wells cools and solidifies. Gradually, precipitation accumulates and a basalt foundation is created. The bark is thin (5-8 km thick) and almost all young (less than 200,000,000 years old). But the relics reach an age of 3.8 billion years.
The continental crust is much older and more complex to form, making it harder to study. In 1975, a team of scientists used seismic methods to find oil deposits. In the end, they managed to find several low-angle traction sheets under the Appalachian mountains. This greatly affected the theory of the formation of continents.
Lesson summary on the topic "Modern space methods for studying the Earth in the service
Target : familiarization with the possibilities of space methods for studying the Earth and applying the results of research in various fields human activity.
tasks and:
learning how to take pictures of the earth from space
introduction to history and state of the art space method, achievements of domestic and foreign astronautics, development prospects
familiarization with space images and master the basics of visual interpretation of space images
Space research and space exploration is one of the most important manifestations of the modern scientific and technological revolution. With the conquest of space, mankind has discovered many new and unknown things. There was an opportunity to study your home - the Earth at a distance. This was the beginning of space methods for studying the Earth.
Space methods are remote, because. the object under study is studied at a distance.remote sensing - this is the receipt of information about the object without entering into direct contact with it.
The information obtained in this way is of great value in science. It turned out that remote space methods have significant advantages over ground-based methods. First of all, the possibility of obtaining an image of the Earth at different scales (from global to local), efficiency, the ability to repeat the study repeatedly. Shooting from space makes it possible to cover vast spaces with a single glance and simultaneously examine the diverse details of the terrain structure, including those that are not visible on the Earth's surface.
In its development, remote sensing (research) has several stages:
In the 18th century, with the help of the simplest camera obscura - an opaque box with a small hole in the center - painted pictures were obtained. The shooting was done from a bird's eye view in a hot air balloon. Based on these images, topographic maps of the area were compiled. It was hard, painstaking work.
With the discovery of photography in 1839, things went much faster. For the first time, it became possible to permanently and objectively capture an image. Initially, cameras were placed on simple aircraft (balloons, Kite) and even birds. It was an aerial photograph of the area.
The next step towards what we now call remote sensing was connected with the development of aircraft construction. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, aerial photographs were taken from aircraft. During the First World War, aerial photography was carried out for reconnaissance purposes.
In the 1930s, aerial photography replaced ground photography as the main method of mapping. Thus, by the mid-1950s, topographic maps of the entire territory of the USSR were compiled using aerial photographs.
The most important impetus in the development of the remote sensing method was the conquest of space by man. In the 60s of the 20th century, it became possible to obtain images taken from space. This event served as an impetus for the development of new types of cameras. In the USA and the USSR, new optical-electronic systems are being developed - scanners that perform multi-zone imaging of the earth's surface.
In the 1980s, it became possible to widely use comic photographs in all areas of the study of the earth.
There are many survey satellites currently moving around the Earth. different countries, who regularly take pictures of the Earth and deliver thousands of different pictures of the earth's surface to Earth.
To obtain images of varying degrees of detail, satellites are launched on different heights. Allocatethree main high-altitude tiers of their flight :
Satellites of the highest tier , launched to an altitude of 36,000 km, fly over the equator. They are called geostationary, because they rotate with the globe and make a complete revolution around the earth in exactly one day. Such satellites, as it were, hang in the sky above the same point on the earth. A geostationary station can survey nearly an entire hemisphere of the Earth.
Geostationary satellites include the Russian Electro, the EU satellite Meteosat", American "GOES- W" and "GOES- e", Japanese "GMS', indian 'Insat". They conduct continuous global "patrolling" of the planet, every half an hour transmitting panoramic images via radio channels.
Middle tier satellites , whose orbit passes over the poles (therefore they are called polar), fly at an altitude of 600 to 1500 km. To survey the entire earth's surface, they need from one day to 2-3 weeks.
Middle tier satellites include: the Russian satellite Meteor 1 and Meteor 2, the American satelliteNOAA, satellites of Russia "Resource - P", "Resource - O", AmericanLandsat, FrenchSPOT.
Satellites of the lowest tier flying at an altitude of 200-300 km, conduct a detailed survey of individual sections of the earth's surface located along the flight path.
Earth observation space systems are subdivided according to their purpose into meteorological, resource, oceanological, cartographic, navigation, research.
To obtain images from satellites, various imaging equipment is used. Comparing it with human eyes, we can say that these eyes are different - long-sighted and short-sighted, some see in the dark, others through fog and clouds, there are even "color blind" who see objects in distorted colors.
There are the following groups of such devices:
Photographic devices . The pictures obtained by such a device are called planned, because. in terms of geometric properties, they are close to the plan of the area. With the help of space cameras, images are taken only in the visible range.
satellite scanners . Unlike cameras, they work in many ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum (they take pictures not only in the visible, but also in the infrared range)
Radars . If cameras and scanners register solar or own radiation reflected by objects, then radars themselves “illuminate” the area with a radio beam and receive the reflected radio signal. The radio beam, as it were, feels, probes the surface, sensitively reacting to its roughness. Therefore, even small irregularities in the relief are visible on radar images.
As a result of space surveys, a multi-million fund of images has been accumulated. In order to effectively use these images, they are systematized, grouped according to the possibilities of their application. With all the variety of photographs, they can distinguish a number general characteristics:
Image scale . Pictures, like maps, vary in scale. They are:
large-scale - 1 cm - 10 m and even larger.
medium scale
small-scale (in 1 cm - 100 km)
The scale of the image depends on the height of the shooting, the focal length of the device, and the curvature of the earth's surface. The visibility of the image depends on the scale: large-scale images show only individual houses, small-scale images show entire continents.
Image visibility is the coverage of the area in one image.
By visibility, the pictures are divided:global (covering the entire planet)large-regional (cover major regions world: Europe, Asia, etc.), regional (region and part of it: Belgium, Moscow region); local (depict small plot locality: small town, microdistrict)
Permission . The scale of images is related to their ability to reproduce small objects and individual details. Large-scale images have a resolution of tens of centimeters, i.e. even tree branches can be seen on them. Small-scale images have a resolution of several km, as a result, the observer sees very large areas of the forest or the entire forest zone.
Retrospectiveness. The snapshot objectively captures the state of the terrain, individual objects and phenomena at the time of shooting. Comparing shots different years, it is possible to assess the dynamics of natural processes: for example, how far the glacier has retreated, how ravines grow, how forest areas change.
Stereoscopic. Two images of the same area, obtained from different points, form a stereoscopic (i.e., recreating a three-dimensional image) pair of images. Armed with a stereoscope, one can observe from these images not a flat image, but a three-dimensional and very expressive model of the terrain. This wonderful property images are important for studying the relief of the earth's surface and making maps.
Spectral range .Modern filming equipment is capable of shooting in different ranges of electromagnetic radiation.
On this basis, three groups of images are distinguished:
in the visible range, which is called light
in the thermal infrared range
in the radio range.
The choice of range determines what objects will be shown in the images. Pictures in the visible range depict everything that is visible to the human eye; images in the infrared thermal range allow you to determine the temperature of the surface, and in the radio range - its roughness (i.e. surface irregularities). Very often, not one, but a whole series of images in different spectral ranges are obtained simultaneously. Such pictures are calledmultizone .
With the space method of studying the earth, the advent of space photography and imaging equipment, the possibilities of visual observations have expanded. The human eye perceives only light radiation, and modern devices allow you to "see" earth's surface in invisible rays: ultraviolet, infrared, in the radio range. And each device "sees" what others do not distinguish.
Satellite information is of great value not only for science. It allows you to solve a number of problems in many sectors of the economy. For example: in agriculture. Thus, satellite information makes it possible to detect areas affected by drought, pests, and man-made emissions. Interesting fact:In the 70s and 80s. Soviet Union bought grain in large volumes abroad - in the USA, Canada and other countries. There is no doubt that foreign partners, when determining the price, took into account crop prospects and used satellite information to assess the state of agricultural land in the USSR.
Space monitoring is actively used in the fight against forest fires. According to the data obtained from satellites, it is possible to determine the coordinates of the fires, the area and volume of the burnt forest, and the amount of economic damage. For example: in a photo taken in the Amur region in the summer of 2014, fires with smoke plumes are clearly distinguished.
From satellite images it is possible to carry out environmental control atmospheric air, tracking snow cover pollution and smoke emissions industrial enterprises. The figure shows a map ecological state air basin over Moscow. As can be seen, the most polluted areas are the areas railway stations and the area around the plant named after Likhachev.
Earth remote sensing data, due to the periodicity of satellite imagery, allows you to quickly assess the situation in the areas of occurrence natural Disasters(floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, fires) and serve as the basis for the timely forecast of natural disasters.
We see an example on the slide: there are two images of the same part of the coast of Indonesia in December 2004 with an interval of several hours. The consequences of the tsunami that swept the coast of the Indian Ocean are clearly visible.
In the following photographs, taken 10-15 years apart, one can observe the emergence of a problem associated with the drying up of Lake Chad. A similar phenomenon is also experienced by the Aral Sea.
Space monitoring data can be used to take measures to prevent emergencies. Thus, regular space monitoring of the ice situation on the rivers of Siberia in spring period makes it possible to timely identify the places of occurrence of ice jams in order to eliminate them (for example, by explosive method) and thereby prevent the occurrence of severe flooding, leading to great social and material damage.
One of the most important tasks that can be solved with the help of Earth remote sensing data is to control the development of the territory's infrastructure for the purposes of regional planning. As a rule, topographic maps are used in solving problems of regional planning. But, as experience shows, these maps cease to reflect the true state of affairs within a few years after compilation. New roads appear settlements etc., not marked on the map. All this greatly complicates the process of regional planning. In this regard, the use of Earth remote sensing systems opens up great opportunities for organizing effective regional planning, especially in the context of the rapid development of a country or its individual territories.
The figure illustrates the above. As you can see, the comparison topographic map Tuapse region, compiled in 1994, with a satellite image of the same region in 2009, clearly shows the advantages of using Earth remote sensing systems. The image can be used to refine the coastline, to identify newly appeared objects that are not marked on the topographic map.
We made sure thatAt present, satellite images are needed not only by geographers, but also by meteorologists, geologists, and cartographers. Via satellite images study the structure of the earth's crust, look for minerals, discover forest fires, explore areas rich in fish in the ocean. Thus, the space method of studying the Earth is popular, relevant, and presents unlimited possibilities.
Not all sectors and enterprises of the country have the opportunity to actively use Earth remote sensing data. Some subjects of the Federation have put into practice the use of satellite images to solve regional problems. On the territory of the Yaroslavl region, large organizations that have put into practice the use of satellite images are "Geomonitoring" for the study of groundwater, the companies "Cadastre" and "Nedra". We found out that there is a draft program for using Earth remote sensing data for planning the territory of Yaroslavl, developing it master plan. With the help of an image taken from space, the busiest roads can be quickly identified in order to plan the construction of new highways more efficiently. Remote sensing data will be useful in planning urban development and suburban areas, in solving environmental issues, in planning a system of landscaping and sanitary zones for enterprises. Let's hope that modern achievements in the field of space monitoring will be the basis for effective management of our region.
Already now, each of us has personal access to the results of space sensing of the Earth for educational purposes. A few years ago this would have been fantastic. But after all, the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth and the first manned flight into space, even a few years before their implementation, also seemed an extraordinary fantasy.
Knowledge has a wonderful feature - it constantly reminds us that it is only a springboard into the future and there is too much we do not yet know. Man's spacewalk made it possible to solve many new problems and make new discoveries. But the process of cognition is such that, while solving some problems, we are faced with new unsolved problems, because the process of cognition itself is endless.
Among geophysical research methods, very reliable information is provided by seismic("seismos" in Greek - oscillation, earthquake), or seismic exploration. It consists of the following: an explosion is made on the surface of the Earth. Special devices note the speed with which the vibrations caused by the explosion propagate. With this data, geophysicists determine which rocks are traversed by seismic waves. After all, the speed of passage of waves in different rocks is not the same. In sedimentary rocks, the speed of propagation of seismic waves is about 3 km per second, in granite about 5 km per second.
But the data of geophysicists require verification, and in order to carry out such a verification, it is necessary to penetrate into the bowels of the Earth, look, explore the rocks that our planet consists of at depth.
Super-deep wells have been drilled in a number of countries, and over time this will help to look into the unknown. The assault on the earth's depths has already begun, and perhaps soon much will become known about the bowels of the planet on which we live. These new data will help to make fuller use of the Earth's resources, both mineral and energy.
On the territory of the CIS, 11 ultra-deep wells among which the most famous are in the following areas: in the Caspian lowland, in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, in the Kuril Islands, as well as in the Transcaucasus.
Penetrating deep into the Earth is not just a dream of an inquisitive person. This is a necessity, on the solution of which many important questions depend. Penetration into the bowels of the Earth will help solve whole line questions, namely: Do the continents move? Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur? What is the temperature in the bowels of the Earth? shrinks Earth or expanding? Why are some parts of the earth's crust slowly sinking, while others are rising? As you can see, scientists have to uncover many more secrets, the key to solving which is in the bowels of our planet. material from the site
Search for minerals
It is known that every year humanity consumes for its needs millions of tons of various minerals: oil, iron ore, mineral fertilizers, coal. All this and other mineral raw materials give us the bowels of the earth. Only oil is produced in a year so much that it can cover thin layer all the earth's land. And if a hundred or two hundred years ago, many of the named minerals were mined directly from the surface or from shallow mines, then in our time there are almost no such deposits left. We have to dig deep mines, drill wells. Every year, a person bites deeper and deeper into the Earth in order to provide the rapidly developing industry and agriculture with the necessary raw materials.
Many scientists, especially foreign ones, have long begun to fear: “Will humanity have enough minerals?” Studies have shown that it is there, at a considerable depth, that metal ores and diamonds are formed. The richest deposits of coal, oil, and gas are hidden in deeper earth layers.
REPEATING THE REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
What conclusions can be drawn by comparing objects? (Life experience)
Comparing objects, one can draw a conclusion about their similarities and differences.
When is comparison used? (Life experience)
Comparison is used when it is necessary to describe an object, to choose between several objects.
Compare the number of offspring that a pair of frogs and a pair of monkeys can give in a lifetime. Does this mean that the number of frogs is constantly growing?
The number of offspring that a pair of frogs can give is much greater than a pair of monkeys can give offspring. This does not mean that the number of frogs is constantly growing. Frogs have a much shorter life expectancy, and the mortality rate of young individuals (frogs) is much higher.
What yield of these crops could be expected?
Corn crops in our country in the 60s were located much to the north of its distribution in the homeland. So high yields was not worth the wait. Plant yields in cooler climates with shorter growing seasons will of course be lower.
Try to explain why submarines look like dolphins, squids, and rays, but not jellyfish.
The streamlined shape of the body of a dolphin, squid, stingray, which helps to reduce resistance and develop high speed under water, is more suitable for the role of a model in the creation of submarines.
Does any similarity matter?
Not all similarities matter.
With whom does the bird “compare” this butterfly? What mistake is she making?
The bird compares this butterfly with an owl. The mistake is that the bird pays attention to the color of the butterfly, and the essential feature is the structure of its body.
What are the similarities between a whale and a submarine? Is it possible to draw a conclusion about the internal structure of the whale based on this similarity?
The similarity between a submarine and a whale is in their shape. Based on this fact, it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the internal structure.
What are the similarities between scorpionfish and perch? Is it possible to draw a conclusion about the internal structure of the scorpionfish based on this similarity?
The similarity between scorpionfish and perch is only in the general plan of the structure. Their color, shape and size of fins are different. However, these signs do not make it possible to draw a conclusion about the internal structure of organisms. Since both organisms are representatives of fish, their internal structure will be similar.
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
1. What are the most important tasks of science?
The tasks of science - forecasting based on generalization previous experience, creation and improvement of the scientific worldview.
2. How do scientists manage to predict unknown properties?
Forecasting allows scientists to predict unknown properties.
3. What is comparative method?
The essence of the comparative method is to compare two or more objects according to various parameters. Comparison allows you to find common, stable, essential properties of objects, to attribute them to a class of objects with known properties.
4. Can science explain the miracle?
Not all phenomena, but most of them, science can explain. If scientific knowledge at this stage of human development cannot provide an explanation for some facts, then, as history shows, over time, everything has its own explanation.
5. Try to define the purpose and objectives of the science of biology.
The goal is to study living organisms. The tasks of biology are to study all biological laws and reveal the essence of life.
6. How does the comparative method help to study the history of the Earth?
Layer comparison different ages allow you to restore the history of the development of the earth.
7. What are the essential features of cars.
Rigid body, four wheels, engine driven, fuel.
8. Work in pairs: let one find the corresponding signs of a car and a steam locomotive, and the other challenge them.
9. How has science helped you personally in your life?
Science helps us every day in everyday life. It is she who gives us an understanding of why the day gives way to night, precipitation falls, the seasons change. scientific knowledge we are helped to determine the time, understand the importance of eating, etc.
10. In your opinion, is it possible to demand responsibility from a scientist for all further ways of using his scientific discoveries?
It is impossible to demand from the scientist responsibility for further ways of using his scientific discoveries. The history of Nobel and the invention of dynamite proves that sometimes a scientist, making a discovery, does not even assume about it. possible ways its use.