Question 1. What are the image methods earth's surface?
Exist different kinds images of the earth's surface: drawing, aerial photograph, terrain plan, geographic map, the globe.
Question 2. What is the difference between images of the earth's surface?
Images of the earth's surface are detailed and conventional. For example, on a terrain plan, conventional signs.
Question 3. What is a geographic map?
A geographic map is an image of a model of the earth's surface, containing a coordinate grid with conventional signs on a plane in a reduced form.
Question 4. Why was it necessary to introduce a scale?
When drawing a map, distances decrease. The scale shows how many times the length of the line on the map is reduced relative to the length of the line on the ground.
Question 5. What is a geographic map?
A geographic map is a drawing of an area made in a system of geographical coordinates using a scale and symbols.
Question 6. What does the word "drawing" mean? How is a drawing different from a drawing?
The drawing is done in compliance with certain, very strict rules. The image in the figure is immediately clear to everyone. And in order to understand what is shown in the drawing, you need to be able to read it, that is, to know the rules by which it is made.
Question 7. What is the scale?
The scale of the map shows how many times the image on it is reduced compared to the actual size on the ground. The more the image on the map is reduced, the smaller its scale.
Question 8. What are the ways to record the scale?
There are three ways to write scale - numerical, named and linear. At least one of them must be indicated on the map. Most often this is a numerical scale.
Question 9. What is the difference between a small-scale map and a large-scale one?
Small-scale maps are maps of the world and continents. They cover large areas, but their detail is not very great. Large-scale, or topographic, maps depict the surface of the Earth with all the details.
Question 10. Which scale is smaller - 1:10,000 or 1 cm 1 km?
Scale 1 cm 1 km is smaller than 1 cm 10,000.
Question 11. What is the length of the equator line on a map at a scale of 1:100,000,000?
This scale is 1 cm 1000 km, the length of the equator is approximately 45000 km, which means the length of the equator on this map is 45 cm.
Question 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of small-scale maps compared to large-scale ones?
Small scale maps contain more cartographic information, large area. But this is also their disadvantage, because they have a large error.
Question 13. In what cases are small-scale maps used, and in which - large-scale ones?
Large-scale maps are intended for various measurements and technical projections on the ground. Small-scale maps are designed to explore large areas and are often used as the basis for thematic maps.
Question 14. The scale of the map is 1:30,000,000. Convert this numerical scale to a named one.
The named scale is 1 cm 300 km.
Question 15. Determine the scale of the map if the length of the line on the ground is 5 km, and the length of the line on the map is 0.5 cm.
Scale 5:0.5=10 km. Therefore, there are 10 km in 1 cm or 1:1,000,000.
Since ancient times, a person has had a need to convey to other people information about where he was and what he saw. Today there are various types of images of the earth's surface. All of them are small models of the world around us.
Cartography
Images of the earth's surface appeared earlier than writing. ancient man used mammoth tusk, stone or wood for the first sketches of the area. AT ancient world images were made on papyrus and cloth, and later on parchment. The first mapmakers were real artists, and the maps were works of art. Ancient maps resemble fabulous paintings depicting unknown countries and their inhabitants. In the Middle Ages, paper and the printing press appeared, which made it possible to establish mass production kart. The creators of the maps collected information about the Earth from the words of numerous travelers. The contents of the cards became more and more diverse. The science of maps as a special way of depicting the earth's surface, their creation and use is called cartography.
Globe - a model of the Earth
The ancient Greeks proved for the first time that the Earth is spherical. To correctly display the shape of the Earth, a globe was invented. Globe (from the Latin word globe - ball) is a three-dimensional model of the planet, reduced by many millions of times. There are no surface distortions, therefore, with its help, they get the correct idea of the location of the continents, seas, oceans, islands. But the globe is much smaller than the Earth, and it is impossible to show any area in detail on it. It is also inconvenient to use while traveling.
Plan and map
A plan is a drawing on which a small area of the terrain is depicted in detail in a reduced form with conventional signs, so there is no need to take into account the curvature of the earth's surface.
A map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using the system.
Geographic maps have important properties. In contrast to the plans, they depict different areas but in coverage - from small areas of the earth's surface to the continents, oceans and the globe as a whole. When displaying the convex surface of the Earth on a flat sheet of paper, distortions inevitably occur in the image of its individual parts. Nevertheless, maps allow you to measure distances and determine the size of objects. They contain information about the properties of objects. For example, about the height of the mountains and the depth of the seas, the composition of the flora and fauna.
Atlases - collections of maps
An important step in the development of geographical images was the creation of atlases of map collections. These are real cartographic encyclopedias. It is believed that the first collection of maps appeared in the Roman Empire. Later, in the 16th century, the very concept of "atlas" was introduced. Geographical atlases are very diverse in terms of territorial coverage: world atlases, atlases
individual countries, regions and cities. According to their purpose, atlases are divided into educational, local history, road and others.
aerospace images
Progress in aviation and astronautics allowed man to photograph the Earth. aerial photographs and space images give a detailed picture of all the details of the area. But the geographical objects on them have an unusual look for us. Recognition of images in pictures is called decoding.
Today, we increasingly use maps on a computer monitor or screen. mobile phone. They are created on the basis of space images using special computer programs.
The date: 26.10.2015
Often, especially when solving various problems, one has to deal with images of the earth's surface. These images are very different. The most common among them are drawings, plans, maps, globes, aerial photographs and space photographs.
On the image the earth's surface is depicted in its real, but reduced form from any angle of view.
Aerial photographs and space pictures are usually thumbnails real view earth's surface from above.
Plans, maps and globes are reduced cartographic images of the earth's surface, since they use naming convention.
Terrain plan- this is a reduced image made with the help of conventional signs small area earth's surface. Unlike photographs, small and insignificant details are not depicted on plans and maps.
Map- this is a reduced, generalized image of the earth's surface, made with the help of conventional signs and built in a certain cartographic projection.
Geographic map give a chance depict large areas of the territory and even the entire surface of the earth. However, it becomes necessary to take into account that the Earth has a spherical shape. Therefore, when depicting a spherical earth's surface on a map that is a plane, some areas have to be depicted somewhat distorted (slightly compressed or stretched).
the globe is a model, i.e. reduced by tens of millions of times a copy of the Earth so he is in in general terms retains its shape.
On the globe, all continents, oceans, seas are shown in full accordance with their position on the globe, and the scale remains the same on the entire surface of the globe. The globe better than other cartographic images conveys the shape of our planet.
The main differences between a geographical map and a local plan
- The plan shows small areas of the earth's surface: school area, land use of an agricultural enterprise, locality etc.
- Put on the plan all objects and terrain details at a given scale. Maps through smaller scale less detailed images of the earth's surface. They display the most important objects and properties.
- When creating a plan curvature the earth's surface is not taken into account for a small value, and the earth's surface is considered a plane. All objects are shown as they really are, without distortion, their shape and outlines are preserved, only the size is reduced in accordance with the scale. While creating kart be sure to take into account the curvature (sphericity) of the Earth, so the maps inevitably present distortion.
- On the plans no graticule, and on the maps it certainly is (meridians and parallels).
On the plans north direction is considered to be the upper edge of the sheet, south - lower, west - left, east - right. The northern direction is shown additionally by an arrow with the designation north - south. On the maps, the direction north - south is determined by meridians, west - east - by parallels. They can be not only straight lines, but also arcs of various curvature, depending on the map projection.
Control testing on the topic
"Types of Images of the Earth's Surface".
Choose one correct answer.
1. One of the microdistricts of the city with minimal loss of available information is most conveniently depicted on
1) Figure 3) topographically
2) photograph 4) small scale map
2. If numerical value the scale of the map is 1: 8,000,000, this means that the distance on it 1 cm long corresponds to the real distance on the ground
1) 8 km 2) 800 m 3) 80 km 4) 8000 km
3. If the distance on the map with a length of 2.5 cm corresponds to 500 km of the real distance on the ground, then the numerical value of the scale of this map is
1) 1: 500 000 3) 1: 20 000 000
2)1: 2 500 000 4) 1: 50 000 000
4. If you stand facing north, then right hand we'll have
1) west 2) east 3) south 4) southeast
5. If 9 contour lines are drawn on a hillside plan every 5 m, then its height will be
1) 180 m 2) 50 m 3) 25 m 4) 45 m
6. For the shape of the Earth not characteristically
1) the length of the equator exceeds the length of any of the meridians
2) the shape of the Earth is a sphere, slightly flattened at the poles
3) the length of the equator is less than the length of any of the meridians
4) the average radius of the Earth is longer than its polar radius and shorter than the equatorial one
7. General geographical maps include a map
1) world population
2) Agriculture India
3) mainland South America
4) natural areas peace
8. The equator crosses the mainland
1) South America
2) Australia
4) Antarctica
9. For degree network not characteristically
1) any parallel is shorter than the equator
2) all meridians are the same length
3) the length of the parallel arc increases when moving from the equator to the poles
4) the meridians determine the direction "north - south"
10. Berlin is located to ... from Rome
1) north 2) south 3) west 4) east
11. North geographical latitude has(s)
1) Strait of Magellan 3) Tasman Sea
2) Alps mountains 4) Cape of Good Hope
12. Closest to the prime meridian is
1) the city of Rio de Janeiro 3) the mouth of the Yenisei River
2) Mount McKinley 4) Philippine Islands
13. Install correct sequence increasing the value of the east longitude of the following geographical objects
A) Victoria Falls
B) the Gobi desert
B) the island of New Guinea
D) the Alps
Write the corresponding letters in the table
15. Set the correspondence "color of layered coloring - the absolute height to which it corresponds"
1) green A) over 5000 m
2) yellow B) from 200 to 500 m
3) orange B) 0 to 200 m
4) brown D) from 2000 to 3000 m
Write your answer in the table
Sketch the Earth. Draw the equator, the poles, the northern and southern tropics, the northern and southern polar circles, the prime meridian and the international date line.
14. 1d, 2c, 3b, 4a
15. 1c, 2b, 3d, 4a
For each correct answer in tasks 1-15, 1 point (24 points in total), for task 16 - 5 points (0.5 b for each element)
Total for work - 29 points.
"5" - 29 - 23 b
"4" - 22 - 17 b
Exercise 1. What is the name of the conditional line on the geographical map that divides Earth into two hemispheres - Western and Eastern?
prime meridian
Equator
Horizon
Skyline
Task 2. From figure 1, determine which side of the horizon corresponds to the 90 ° mark on the compass division scale.
Rice. one
Task 3. In what direction are you moving if the sun is on your right in the early morning?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 4.
Rice. 2
SIDES OF THE HORIZON | SYMBOLS IN THE FIGURE |
A) north B) northeast B) west | 1) B 2) A 3) F |
Answer:
Task 5. Mushroom pickers walked from the railway station through the forest all the time in a northerly direction. In which direction do they need to move to get back to the station?
Task 6. If you stand with your back to the sun at true noon, which side of the horizon will be behind you?
North South East West
Task 7.
Figure 3
SYMBOLS | OBJECTS |
A) A B) B B) B D) D | 1) Meadow 2) Break 3) Wooden bridge 4) Spring |
Answer:
Task 8.
Answer:
Task 9. What is the difference between a map and a map? List at least two differences.
Task 10. Establish a correspondence between objects and the colors they are shown on a geographical (physical) map.
Answer:
Task 11. According to a fragment of the terrain plan (Fig. 4), determine what is located to the north - a larch forest or a river.
Rice. 4
Answer: ___________________________________________________
Task 12. Why do you need to know where the sides of the horizon are?
Task 13. Arrange the parallels in descending order of their length.
1) 10° 2) 60° 3) 40° 4) Equator
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 14. Using the atlas, study the symbols physical map hemispheres. Select from the list and underline the geographic features that can be identified from this map.
Task 15. Guess the crossword.
Questions:
1. Reduced image of the Earth on a plane.
2. One of the main sides of the horizon.
3. Space visible to the eye.
4. The opposite side of the horizon to the west.
5. The image of a small area of the terrain on paper using conventional signs.
Task 16.
TEST
Option 2
Exercise 1. What is the name of the imaginary line that limits the space visible to the eye?
Horizon
Skyline
Front line
prime meridian
Task 2. From figure 1, determine which side of the horizon corresponds to the 0 ° mark on the compass division scale.
Rice. one
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 3. In what direction are you moving if the sun is behind you early in the morning?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 4. Establish a correspondence between the sides of the horizon and their designations in Figure 2.
Rice. 2
SIDES OF THE HORIZON | SYMBOLS IN THE FIGURE |
A) east B) south B) northwest | 1) D 2) B 3) Z |
Answer:
Task 5. Tourists walked from the highway through the forest all the time in an easterly direction. In which direction do they need to move to get back on the highway?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 6. If you stand with your back to the sun at true noon, what direction will your shadow fall from you?
North South East West
Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the conventional signs of the terrain plan (Fig. 3) and the objects they designate.
Figure 3
Answer:
Task 8. Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions.
Answer:
Task 9. If you don’t have a device for orientation at hand, then what other ways can you navigate the terrain? List at least two ways.
Answer: ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 10. Establish a correspondence between objects and the colors they are shown on the terrain plan.
Answer:
Task 11. According to a fragment of the terrain plan (Figure 4), determine what is located to the south - a settlement or shrubs.
Rice. 4
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 12. Why do you think local orientation cannot be considered accurate?
Answer: __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 13. Arrange the parallels in ascending order of their length.
1) Equator 2) 40° 3) 10° 4) 60°
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 14. Using the atlas, study the symbols of the physical map of the hemispheres. Select from the list and underline geographic features that cannot be determined from this map.
Glaciers, rivers, population, volcanoes, caves, cities, currents, islands, minerals, climate aridity, countries, forests, roads.
Task 15. Guess the crossword.
Questions:
1. Space visible to the eye.
2. The equator is considered the longest of them.
3. It was invented in ancient China.
4. Shows how many times the distance is reduced in relation to real distances.
5. Unit of measure for parallel and meridian.
6. If you stand with your back to the sun at true noon, in what direction will the shadow falling from you point?
Task 16. On the contour map in green circle all the meridians, in blue - all the parallels, in red - the equator and the prime meridian. SignHemispheres: Northern and Southern, Western and Eastern.
Answers to the control work
"Types of images of the Earth's surface"
Option 1
Exercise 1. prime meridian.
Task 2. East.
Task 3. North.
Task 4.
Task 5. To the south.