1. State service for monitoring the state of the environment (environmental monitoring) has its tasks:

· Monitoring the state of the environment and individual natural objects, the physical, chemical, biological processes taking place in it, the level of pollution of soil, atmospheric air, water bodies, the consequences of its influence on flora and fauna, human health;

· Generalization and assessment of the information received about the state of the environment;

· Forecasting changes in the state of the environment in order to prevent its negative environmental consequences;

· Provision of information on the state and changes of the natural environment to interested organizations and the population.

Depending on the objects of environmental monitoring, it is subdivided into general - monitoring of the natural environment, and sectoral - monitoring of natural objects.

The organizational basis for state environmental monitoring is Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring(Roshydromet). Roshydromet is a federal executive body that carries out the functions of managing state property and providing state services in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas, monitoring the environment, its pollution, and state supervision of work to actively influence meteorological and other geophysical processes.

Information storage within the framework of a unified environmental monitoring system is carried out in accordance with the established procedure State Fund of State Environmental Monitoring Data.

2. State environmental control is one of the types of administrative and managerial activities and involves, in contrast to monitoring, not only the collection and analysis of the necessary information, but also the verification of compliance with environmental requirements and standards by the subjects of nature management, the identification of violations of environmental legislation. It is of a supra-departmental nature and includes in its system bodies of general and special competence that manage the use of natural resources and environmental protection. A special place among them is occupied by special environmental inspections - the state forest protection, the hunting inspection, the fish protection, the state sanitary and epidemiological service, etc.

Organization and implementation of state environmental control and ensuring intersectoral coordination of the activities of state bodies in this area are entrusted to Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources- a subdivision of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of state control and supervision in the field of nature management and environmental protection are the identification, suppression and prevention of offenses related to illegal and irrational use of natural resources, with a negative impact on the environment in the implementation of all types of nature management, including environmentally hazardous ones.

3. Production control carried out by the environmental service of enterprises, organizations and institutions (officials, laboratories, departments, etc. for environmental protection), whose activities are related to the use of natural resources or have an impact on the environment. The task of industrial environmental control is to check the implementation of plans and measures for the protection of nature and the improvement of the environment, the rational use and reproduction of natural resources, compliance with environmental quality standards, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation at a particular enterprise, organization, institution. It can be expressed in the control over emissions of pollutants, over the allocation and development of funds for environmental protection measures, over the operation of treatment facilities, etc.

Within the framework of public control citizens and their organizations, public associations and environmental movements can, independently or jointly with state bodies, participate in the implementation of environmental measures, verification of compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation by enterprises, organizations, institutions, officials and citizens, identification and suppression of environmental offenses.

Various mass public organizations (trade union, youth, etc.), as well as specialized ecological formations (nature conservation societies, ecological parties, etc.) take part in the protection of the natural environment. The activities of environmental movements are expanding, uniting citizens in the protection of individual natural objects and complexes, in connection with the solution of zonal environmental problems (protection of Lake Baikal, the Volga River, etc.).

4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)- the procedure for taking into account the environmental requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation when preparing and making decisions on the socio-economic development of society. It is organized and carried out in order to identify and take necessary and sufficient measures to prevent possible unacceptable for society environmental and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of economic and other activities.

The result of the EIA is the conclusion about the admissibility of the impact of the planned activity on the environment. The substantiating documentation for the implementation of types and objects of economic activity, containing the results of the EIA, is submitted for the state ecological expertise.

5. Environmental expertise- this is the establishment of the compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental impact assessment in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the environmental impact assessment object (Federal Law "On Environmental examination ").

The essence of environmental expertise is preliminary (at the stage of decision making and project development) verification of the compliance of economic activities with environmental requirements, and its purpose is to prevent harmful environmental and other consequences of such activities.

Depending on the order of organization and implementation, environmental expertise is divided into two types: state and public.

State ecological expertise organized and conducted by specially authorized state bodies. The exclusive right to conduct it and the corresponding functions belong to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, namely the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources . The strategic goal of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources Management is to ensure the environmental and economic security of the Russian Federation, to comply with rational, continuous, sustainable, environmentally friendly environmental management, and to preserve all components of the environment from degradation and destruction. It is endowed with the right to order an environmental impact assessment and control the fulfillment of its requirements. State ecological expertise can be carried out at two levels - federal and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Public ecological expertise is organized and carried out on the initiative of citizens and public organizations (associations), as well as on the initiative of local self-government bodies by public organizations (associations), the main activity of which, in accordance with their charters, is environmental protection, including the conduct of environmental expertise.

Conducting a state environmental impact assessment is mandatory in cases established by law, and a public environmental impact assessment is carried out on an initiative basis. At the same time, public environmental expertise can be carried out before the state or simultaneously with it.

6. The economic mechanism of environmental protection.

In the conditions of the formation of a market economy in the implementation of the functions of state environmental management, along with the use of administrative methods, economic means of ensuring rational use of natural resources and environmental protection are acquiring increasing importance. In this regard, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" introduces the concept of an economic mechanism for environmental protection and defines its objectives and basic elements. Among the latter, the Law includes the above-considered economic aspects of accounting for natural resources, financing environmental activities, creating and spending environmental funds, environmental insurance, payment for environmental management, as well as environmental incentives, which can be expressed in concessional lending and taxation of enterprises and organizations in their activities. providing an environmental effect (the introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies, the use of secondary raw materials, etc.), in the use of incentive prices and premiums for environmentally friendly products, etc.

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Ecology
Approved as a teaching aid by the Academic Council of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Komsomolsk-on-Amu

Development of ecological beliefs
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Definition of ecology, system of environmental sciences
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Universal methods
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General scientific methods
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Private scientific methods
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The concept of environmental factors
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Temperature
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Humidity
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Correlation of the Basic Concepts of Population Ecology
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Population static indicators
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Population dynamics
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Concept and structure of biocenoses
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Essential ecosystems
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Biosphere structure
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Lithosphere
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Atmosphere
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Hydrosphere
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Metabolism in the biosphere
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The cycle of biogenic elements in the biosphere
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The carbon cycle
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Oxygen cycle
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The nitrogen cycle
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The sulfur cycle
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Phosphorus cycle
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The circulation of trace elements in the biosphere
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The concept of nature management
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Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the biosphere
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Air pollution
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Anthropogenic problems arising from air pollution
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Land pollution
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Energy pollution of the technosphere
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Water pollution and drinking water quality
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Aspects of social ecology
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State environmental management
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The most important functions of state environmental management
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The goal and objectives of environmental safety
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Socio-ecological problems as a political factor
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Water resources of the Amur region
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Natural parks
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Ecological corridors
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Natural Monuments
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Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
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Health-improving areas and resorts
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Exam questions
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3.5 / 5 ( 2 voices)

When carrying out monitoring and control of an ecological type, a common detail in these activities is the observation and assessment of the information received from the object being monitored.

But it should be said about the difference between environmental monitoring and environmental control. It's all about the objects being monitored, and, of course, the subsequent actions taken based on the data obtained.

Environmental control

When monitoring an ecological type, objects for observation are places with an anthropogenic effect, that is, they emit harmful substances into the ecosystem during their activities.

This is how environmental monitoring differs from environmental control. When carrying out control of the ecological type, the specialists of ANO "Center for Ecological Expertise" make a control-type influence over the object that is subject to observation.

During monitoring, the objects of observation are air, water of various types and soil. And this is the answer to the question of how environmental monitoring differs from environmental control. The purpose of the observation is to obtain information on the state of these components of nature, to make forecasts of the expected changes in them under the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes.

The tasks of this type of observation are to ensure that the natural environment remains in good condition, and nothing threatens it, no negative impacts of objects that are studied under environmental control. This is the most important thing in what distinguishes environmental monitoring from environmental control. So we can say that they are mutually complementary.

Environmental control (supervision)- a system of measures aimed at preventing, identifying and suppressing violations of legislation in the region.

Types of environmental control

1. State ecological control- carried out by federal executive authorities (rosprirodnadzor) and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. (Types of state environmental control: state land control, in the field of atmospheric air protection, etc.);
2. Industrial environmental control- carried out by the business entities themselves (self-control). In order to carry out industrial environmental control at enterprises, special structural divisions or positions are provided;
3. Public environmental control- is one of the guarantees of ensuring the right of everyone to a favorable environment and to reliable information about its condition. Citizens have the right to exercise public environmental control both individually and jointly.

Environmental monitoring

- comprehensive monitoring of the state of the environment, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment.

Environmental monitoring tasks

• Regular monitoring of the state of the environment;
• Storage and processing of information about the state of the environment;
• Analysis of the information received;
• Providing public authorities, local governments, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, citizens with information on the state of the environment.

Environmental control- this is one of the important links in the organizational and legal mechanism of the environmental protection. Its purpose is to check: compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation; compliance with standards and regulations in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

The implementation of these tasks is entrusted to the system of eco-control, which consists of state, industrial, municipal and public control.

Eco-control, as a legal measure, performs a number of functions - preventive, informational and punitive.

State environmental control carried out on behalf of the state, it gives independent and objective results. This is the most influential control, because in order to carry out its functions, it can resort to the support of law enforcement agencies.

Industrial environmental control is carried out by the enterprise itself - the user of natural resources at its facilities in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation in the process of economic and other activities and compliance with established standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as self-examination of rational environmental management at its facilities and the implementation of plans and measures to limit and reduce the impact on the environment.

Municipal environmental control carried out on the territory of the municipality by local self-government bodies or organizations authorized by them.

Public environmental control carried out by public or other non-profit associations in accordance with their statutes, as well as by citizens. Its task is to check the fulfillment of the requirements of environmental legislation both by all legal entities from the ministry to an enterprise, institution or organization, regardless of their form of ownership, and by all officials and citizens.

Monitoring- a system of regular complex long-term observations of the environment, its pollution, occurring natural phenomena, performed according to a given program, as well as an assessment and forecast of subsequent changes. One of the main principles of monitoring is the continuity of tracking. Eco-monitoring is the initial stage of the system for ensuring environmental safety.

There are 3 levels of territorial coverage of modern monitoring: local (bioecological, sanitary and hygienic); regional (geosystem, natural and economic); global (biosphere, background), including observations of the state of the OS from space - space monitoring.

In the main structural elements of the environment, constant monitoring is carried out for the presence of the following pollutants most dangerous for natural ecosystems and humans:

in the atmospheric air- oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, suspended solids (aerosols), hydrocarbons, radionuclides, benzopyrene;

in surface waters- petroleum products, phenols, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, mineral salts, and the complex pH is monitored;

in biota- heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides.

The monitoring of the impact of harmful physical factors such as radiation, noise, EMF and EMR is carried out. First of all, the zones of influence of the corresponding large sources are controlled, namely nuclear power plants, airports, large industrial and transport centers, power plants and power lines, TV and radio centers and repeaters.

There are 2 components of monitoring - abiotic (geophysical) and biotic.

State environmental monitoring is carried out in order to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals in reliable information about the true state of the environment in our country, which is necessary for:

Development of forecasts of socio-economic development and the adoption of appropriate decisions, target programs in the field of environmental protection and related activities;

Preventing and reducing the adverse effects of changing the state of the OS.

What is the relationship between environmental control and monitoring?

Environmental control and monitoring are independent institutions of environmental law. At the same time, environmental monitoring and environmental control are closely interrelated procedures, but:

The object of monitoring is the environment,

The object of control is activities that affect the environment.

Environmental control is one of the manifestations of the state's environmental function and is a set of measures to monitor the state of the environmental protection system and its changes, as well as to verify compliance with environmental requirements by all enterprises, organizations, officials and citizens.

The legal definition of environmental control is given in Art. 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection": "Control in the field of environmental protection (environmental control) is a system of measures aimed at preventing, detecting and suppressing violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection, ensuring that business entities and other activities comply with the requirements including standards and regulations in the field of environmental protection. "

The object of environmental control is, on the one hand, the environment (its components), on the other, the activities of state authorities, enterprises, organizations, officials and citizens to comply with environmental rules and regulations.

Ch. XI of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection".

The tasks of environmental control are to ensure that the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, legal entities and individuals comply with the legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with requirements, including standards and regulations, in the field of environmental protection , as well as ensuring environmental safety.

The environmental control system consists of state environmental monitoring, state, industrial, municipal and public control.

Environmental control is the most important legal measure to ensure rational use of natural resources and environmental protection from the harmful effects of public administration. It is through environmental control that the enforcement of the relevant subjects of environmental law to comply with environmental requirements is mainly ensured.

The function of environmental control is also carried out in the implementation of other legal measures to ensure rational use of natural resources and environmental protection - environmental regulation, environmental expertise, environmental licensing, environmental certification. But within the framework of all these areas of activity, environmental control, that is, ensuring the fulfillment of environmental and legal requirements, is carried out objectively, incidentally, in relation to each of the named types of activity. The implementation of any of these measures, as well as environmental control, is an independent, purposeful activity of specially authorized state bodies, carried out within the framework of the procedure established for, on the basis of special legal norms and aimed at solving their tasks.

Otherwise, the tasks of environmental control are to ensure that the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, legal entities and individuals comply with the legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with requirements, including standards and regulations, in the field of protection the environment, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

In contrast to environmental control, state environmental monitoring is the observation (control) over the state of the environment, carried out by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection").

The organization of state environmental monitoring is defined in Ch. X of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", which includes one article - Art. 63. It is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, including the state of the environment in areas where sources of anthropogenic impact and the impact of these sources on the environment are located, as well as in order to meet the needs state, legal entities and individuals in reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse consequences of changes in the state of the environment.

Its organization and implementation procedure is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Environmental monitoring includes monitoring of atmospheric air, lands, forests, water bodies, wildlife, the unique ecological system of Lake Baikal, the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, the state of the subsoil, the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, internal sea waters and the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation.

In order to increase the efficiency of work on preserving and improving the state of the environment, by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1993, a Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring was created. All specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection and the use of natural resources participate in it. The most solid monitoring base is possessed by Roshydromet, which is a specially authorized state body in this area; the following main types of observations are carried out:

the state of air pollution in cities and industrial centers;

the state of soil pollution with pesticides and heavy metals;

the state of pollution of surface waters of land and seas;

for the transboundary transfer of air pollutants;

comprehensive monitoring of environmental pollution and the state of vegetation;

for the chemical composition and acidity of precipitation and snow cover;

for background air pollution;

for radioactive contamination of the natural environment.

Environmental monitoring data are used by public authorities to ensure the environmental safety of the population, promptly identify violations of environmental requirements, monitor in real time salvo emissions, discharges, identify the causes or culprits of increased pollution.

Monitoring data serve as the basis for maintaining state cadastres of natural resources, for developing forecasts of socio-economic development, environmental programs and individual measures for environmental protection, as well as for making environmentally significant economic and other decisions.