Humanity exists on planet Earth more than 2 million years and with ancient times has a different impact on nature. People began to cut out forests to free the place for the construction of first settlements, then - cities, exterminate animals using their meat in food, and skins and bones - to create clothes and housing. Many fauna representatives disappeared from the face of the planet, becoming victims of people. Consider the influence of people on animals.
Deforestation
Human influence on animal world May be worn both positive and negative. First of all, people from a long time actively invade life wildlife, destroying forests. Humanity requires wood that is used in construction and industry. The population of the planet is growing every year, so the free place is also required, where the city will be located. At the site of the noble forests, a man suits pastures.
Therefore, forests are subjected to cutting. The wild representatives of the fauna will have nowhere to live, so the year of the year of their population is reduced. In addition, forests are green light planets, since the trees in the process of photosynthesis are separated into the air oxygen. Than they are less, the worse the air itself becomes, making the life of some species is very difficult. If earlier, most of the North American continent was covered with dense forests, now at their places proudly housed the city. Tropics, known for their diverse fauna, previously covered more than 10% of the surface of the planet, now they are only 6%. Often, animals disappear along with their "home".
So the first factor negative influence People on animals are the destruction of the forest, which leads to the death of entire species and even ecosystems.
Hunting
From the oldest epochs one of the main ways to produce food for people was hunting. The man learned to use spears and harpuna, onions and arrows to make as simple as possible and safely kill representatives of wild fauna. However, hunting primitive people, the main purpose of which was the extraction of food, was not so destructive for animals, it was much worse with them modern man. Meat no longer presented value in itself, but animals were exterminated in huge quantities Due to valuable fur, bone, tested. Therefore, many species were completely destroyed:
- An example of the terrifying cruelty and the most negative impact of a person on animals - cow steller. These good-natured nervy giants on their trouble had a very tasty gentle meat and a dense skin, which was used for the manufacture of boats. Therefore, in less than 30 years old dating with civilized people, they completely disappeared from the face of the earth.
- Outless gangs - residents of Northern Antarctic. When people got here, they had meat and eggs of these birds to taste, and the pillows began to fill with soft down. As a result, a rare bird was destroyed.
- Black rhinos had a very valuable horn, because of which they became the desired prey of hunters and poachers. Now this species is considered completely destroyed, and the animals themselves are rare and are protected.
In addition to extinct animals, which our descendants will never see, you can bring a lot of examples of fauna representatives, whose number has sharply reduced the raised actions of people. These are elephants, tigers, koalas, sea lions, galapagos turtles, cheetahs, zebras, hippos. Next, consider direct and indirect influence Man on animals.
Pollution of nature
Industry is actively developing, all new plants are constantly opened, which, with all its utility, are produced in air toxic waste, which are destructive for wildlife. Air and soil pollution is an example of human influence on animals, and the influence of the negative.
To make a factory, it needs the energy obtained by burning fuel, the role of wood, coal, oil. Grief, they form smoke, which is most of all carbon dioxide. It poisoned the atmosphere and may even cause a greenhouse effect. Therefore, wild fauna is becoming increasingly harder to survive in the conditions created by insatiable civilization. The death of hundreds of animals cause acid rains, the use of poisoned water from water bodies, where modern enterprises merge their waste.
Ecological disasters
The negative impact of a person on animals can be caused by a tragic chance. So, among the most terrible environmental disasters that led to the death of a large number of fauna representatives can be attributed as follows:
- In 2010, the industrial tanker was crashed, hardly destroying the main natural attraction of Australia - a great barrier reef. More than 900 tons of oil got into the water, so the event is rightfully considered to be one of the most terrible environmental disasters. On the surface of the water, an oil spot was formed area of \u200b\u200babout 3 km, and only the operational intervention of people saved the nature of complete destruction.
- Leachelocyanate in the Indian city of Bhopal in 1984. Then more than 40 tons of poisonous vapors got into the atmosphere, which was the cause of the death of thousands of people and animals.
- The explosion at the Chernobyl NPP forever changed the natural world of Ukraine. The consequences of this monstrous catastrophe still make themselves felt.
Examples of terrifying environmental disasters can be given a lot, they all have an indirect effect on the world of wildlife and its fauna.
Drain of swamp
With the apparent benefit, this process leads to a violation of the environmental balance and may cause animal death. He entails the death of plants that need high humidity, which cannot but affect the reduction of the number and species of wild animals that used these plants in food. Thus, the dedication of the marshes is an example of the negative impact of mankind.
Use pesticides
Wanting to get a rich harvest, people spray the fields of poisonous substances that allow you to destroy bacteria and mushrooms that affect cultural plants. However, representatives of the animal world become victims often become victims, which, absorbing chemicals, die immediately or receive infection.
Research
Science walks forward by wide steps. People learned how to create vaccines against such diseases that were considered incurable for a couple of centuries ago. But animals suffer from this again. It is our experiments that are conducted, new drugs are investigated. On the one hand, there is its own logic in this, but on the other, it is scary to imagine how many innocent creatures died in flour in laboratories.
Reserves
In an effort to preserve rare and endangered species, a person takes them under his defense, opening a variety of reserves, reserves, parks. Here, the beasts live on freedom, in natural habitat, the hunt for them is prohibited, and the number is regulated by experienced researchers. For the world of fauna, all conditions have been created. This is an example of a positive effect of man on animals.
Help natural treasure
Already mentioned large barrier reef in Australia - an example of not only a negative, but also the positive influence of mankind in nature. So, the natural attraction forms corals - small organisms, which live so extensive colonies that form whole islands. People from a long time will shove this natural treasure, because in coral Rifah Many amazing marine inhabitants have found themselves: Parrot fish, butterfly fish, tiger sharks, dolphins and whales, sea turtles and many crustaceans.
However, a large barrier reef is in danger: coral polyps, its formulations, are a favorite delicacy sea Star "Ternist crown." For a year, one person is able to destroy more than 6 square meters. m corals. Humanity struggles with these pests, an artificially reducing their number, but it is rather problematic, since the only effective, but safe for the ecosystem method is to collect a terns manually.
We looked at the direct and indirect influence of a person on animals and we can conclude that negative impact It is much stronger. People destroy whole types and make impossible life Others, numerous ecological disasters XX-XXI centuries. caused the death of whole ecosystems. Now efforts are applied to the protection and protection of rare and endangered species, but for now the results are disappointing.
The direct impact environment is also called the direct business environment of the organization. This environment forms such subjects of the environment, which directly affect the activities of a particular organization.
Suppliers
From point of view system approach The organization has a mechanism for converting inputs to outputs. The main varieties of exits are materials, equipment, energy, capital and labor. Suppliers provide entry of these resources. Obtaining resources from other countries may be more profitable in terms of prices, quality or quantity, but at the same time a dangerous strengthening of such environmental mobility factors as exchange rate fluctuations or political instability,
All suppliers can be divided into several groups - suppliers of materials, capital, labor resources.
Laws and government agencies
Many laws and government agencies affect the organization. Each organization has a certain legal status, being the sole ownership, company, corporation or a non-profit corporation, and this is exactly how organizations can conduct their affairs and what taxes should pay. No matter how referring to these laws, he has to adhere to them or, repaid the fruits of refusal of law in the form of fines or even complete cessation of business.
As is known, the state in a market economy has on the organization as an indirect effect, primarily through the tax system, state ownership Both budget and direct - through legislative acts. For example, high tax rates significantly limit the activity of firms, their investment opportunities and pushed to conceal income. On the contrary, the decline in tax rates contributes to the attraction of capital leads to revival of entrepreneurial activities. And thus, with the help of taxes, the state can manage the development of the necessary directions in the economy.
Created consumers
The famous specialist in managing Peter F. Drucker, speaking of the goal of the organization, allocated, in his opinion, the only genuine goal of the business is to create a consumer. The following is understood under this: the survival and justification of the organization's existence depends on its ability to find the consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its requests. The value of consumers for business is obvious. However, non-profit I. state organizations Also have consumers in the "Drukovsky" sense.
All variety of external factors is reflected in the consumer and through it affects the organization, its goals and strategy. The need to meet the needs of customers affects the interaction of the organization with suppliers of materials and labor resources. Many organizations focus their structures on large consumer groups, from which they are most dependent.
Important in modern conditions and various associations and consumer associations that affect the demand not only for demand, but also on the image of firms. It is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the behavior of consumers, their demand.
Competitors
Impact on the organization of such a factor as competition cannot be disputed. The leadership of each enterprise clearly understands that if not satisfying the needs of consumers as efficiently, as competitors do, the enterprise does not hold out for a long time. In many cases, no consumers, but just the competitors determine what kind of performance activities can be sold, and what price can be requested.
Underestimation of competitors and reassessment of markets the largest companies To significant losses and crisis. It is important to understand that consumers are not the only object of rivalry of organizations. The latter may also conduct a competitive struggle for labor resources, materials, capital and the right to use certain technical innovations. Such internal factors such as working conditions, remuneration and the nature of managers with subordinates depend on the response to competition.
Environmental impact environment
The factors of the indirect effect environment or the overall outside environment usually do not affect the organization is also noticeable as the factors of direct impact. However, management must be taken into account.
The environment of indirect exposure is usually more complicated than the direct impact environment. Therefore, when it is studied, it is usually based on forecasts. The main factors of the indirect impact environment include technological, economic, sociocultural and political factors, as well as relations with local communities.
Technology
Technology is simultaneously internal variable and external factor much. As an external factor, it reflects the level of scientific and technical development that affects the organization, for example, in the fields of automation, informatization, etc. Technological innovations affect the effectiveness with which products can be manufactured and selling, on the rate of product obsolescence, on how You can collect, store and distribute information, as well as what kind of services and new products are expected by consumers from the organization. In order to maintain competitiveness, each organization is forced to use the achievements of scientific and technological progress, at least those on which the effectiveness of its activities depends.
The researchers described the speed of changes in technology in recent decades and argue that this trend will continue. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that in our time on Earth lives more scientists than they were in the world before. Some recent major technological innovations that deeply affected organizations and society are computer, laser, microwave, semiconductor technology, integrated lines, robotics, satellite communications, nuclear powerobtaining synthetic fuels and food, genetic engineering. Daniel Bell, a famous sociologist, believes that future generations will consider the most valuable innovation of miniaturization technology. Today's innovations of the type of point trace elements and memory on cylindrical magnetic domains make it possible to store this amount of information on a small disk, under which the buildings were required with numerous database file blocks. Semiconductors and microprocessors made small computers easily available. They also changed the nature of many products (for example, electronic clocks were replaced by mechanical) and caused the introduction of machinery and devices of new types to new areas (for example, devices intended for diagnosing and treatment in medicine).
Obviously, organizations dealing directly with technology high level, high-tech enterprises, should be able to quickly respond to new developments and offer innovations themselves. However, today, to preserve competitiveness, all organizations are forced to keep up at least with those developments on which the effectiveness of their activities depends.
State of economics
Management should also be able to evaluate how they will affect the organization's operations general changes The state of the economy. The state of the global economy affects the cost of all resources entered and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services. If, for example, inflation is predicted, the management may consider desirable an increase in the stocks of the resources supplied by the organization and hold negotiations on fixed payments in order to keep the increase in costs in the near future. It can also decide to make a loan, because when paying the payments time, money will cost cheaper and thus will be partially compensated for the losses from interest payments. If the economic downturn is predicted, the organization may prefer the way to reduce the stocks of finished products, since the difficulties of its sales may appear, reduce part of the employees or postpone the plans to expand production.
The state of the economy can strongly affect the possibility of obtaining capital organizations for their needs. This is mainly due to the fact that the federal government is often trying to smooth out the effects of deterioration of the economic situation, regulating taxes, monetary mass and interest rate established by the Federal Reserve Bank. If this bank has tightening the conditions for obtaining a loan and increases interest rates, commercial banks must do the same thing so as not to be out of the game. As a result, it becomes harder to take loans, and they are expensive than the organization. Similarly, the decline does not increase the mass of money that people can spend on the purpose of not essential and, thereby contribute to business stimulation.
It is important to understand that this or that particular change in the state of the economy can have a positive impact on one and negative on other organizations. For example, if, with an economic downturn, retail stores can seriously suffer in general, then shops located, for example, in rich suburbs, will not feel anything at all.
Socio-cultural factors
Any organization functions at least in one cultural environment. Therefore, sociocultural factors, including installations, are dominated by life values and traditions affect the organization.
Socio-cultural factors affect the formation of population's demand, labor Relations, wage levels and working conditions. These factors include the demographic state of society. The relationship between the organization with the local population is important, where it functions. In this regard, they also allocate as a factor of socio-cultural environment - independent funds mass mediawhich can form the image of the firm and its goods and services.
Socio-cultural factors also affect products or services, which is the result of the company's activities. Socio-cultural factors depend on the methods of conducting their own organizations.
Political factors
Some aspects of the political situation are of particular importance for managers of the Organization. One of them is the mood of administration, legislative bodies and business courts. These sentiments affect the following governments: taxation of income of the corporation, the establishment of tax breaks or preferential trade duties, the requirements for the practice of hiring and promoting representatives of national minorities, consumer protection legislation, price control and salary, The ratio of the forces of workers and managers.
Of great importance for companies, leading operations or having markets in other countries, has a political stability factor.
Relationship with the local population
Almost all organizations are the prevailing attitude towards the local community, in which one or another organization operates is of paramount importance as a factor of an indirect impact environment. In almost every community, there are specific laws and attitudes towards business, which determine where one can deploy the activities of a particular enterprise. Some cities, for example, do not spare efforts to create incentives that attract industrial enterprises within the city. Others, on the contrary, are fighting for years to prevent industrial enterprise. In some communities, political climate favors business that is the founding of the influx of local budget funds from taxation. In other places owner owners prefer to take on a large share of the costs of municipal bodies or in order to attract new enterprises in this community, or to assist enterprises in preventing environmental pollution and in solving other problems that can generate business together with new jobs created by them. .
When considering the influence of the external environment on the organization, it is important to understand that the characteristics of the environment are different, but at the same time are associated with its factors. Characteristics of interconnectedness, complexity, mobility and uncertainty describe the factors of both direct and indirect effects. This dependence will become clearer when considering the main factors in the direct impact environment: suppliers, laws and government agencies, consumers and competitors.
Suppliers
From the point of view of the system approach, the organization is a mechanism for converting inputs to outputs. The main varieties of entrances are materials, equipment, energy, capital and working force. The relationship between the organization and the network of suppliers providing the entry of the specified resources is one of the most bright examples Direct environmental impact on the operation and success of the organization's activities. Obtaining resources from other countries may be more profitable in terms of prices, quality or quantity, but at the same time more dangerous to the strengthening of such environmental mobility factors as oscillations of exchange rates or political instability.
In some cases, all organizations of a certain region are dealing with one or almost one supplier. Therefore, they all fall into equal dependence on the actions of the Supplier Good example - Ensuring energy. All organizations receive energy at the prices established by the state (an example of interdependent external variables), and rarely can find an alternative supplier, even if the organization believes that the current energy supply is inadequate or too expensive. There are such changes as the price increase by the supplier, affects the organization to the extent it consumes energy. For example, a sharp drop in gasoline prices in 1986 to a certain extent influenced each organization of the world, but significantly tangible this impact was on firms depending on gasoline, in particular, engaged in automotive and air freight and passenger transportation.
Materials. Some organizations depends on the continuous inflow of materials. Examples: Machine-building firms, firms distributing goods (distributors), and retail shops. The inability to ensure delivery in the right volumes can create great difficulties for such organizations. Imagine that the absence of at least one part would cost, which is installed at a specific point of the assembly conveyor. Similarly, if the store is deprived of some popular product, consumers will most likely go to the competitor.
Japanese consider the creators of methods for restricting stocks, firms for which materials - inputs, believe that what is necessary for the next stage manufacturing process Must be delivered according to the principle of "exactly on time". Such a supply system requires close interaction of the manufacturer with highly interrelated suppliers. In other countries, you may need to search for alternative suppliers or maintain a significant amount of stocks. Major beer manufacturers, for example, conclude contracts with several paper producers on cardboard for boxes standard size - under six cans of beer and thereby provide a permanent influx of packaging material consumed in large quantities. In this way, beer producers provide their safety in case of strike or production difficulties, which in a situation of one cardboard supplier would prevent beer production in popular six-tankers. However, reserves associate money that you have to spend on materials and storage, and not for other needs. This dependence between money and supply of source materials well illustrates the interconnectedness of variables.
CAPITAL. For growth and prosperity, the firm needs not only suppliers of materials, but also capital. There are several potential investors: banks, programs of federal borrowing institutions, shareholders and individuals, acceptance bills of company bills or bonds buying it. As a rule, the better the company is, the higher its ability to negotiate with suppliers on favorable conditions and obtain the necessary amount of funds. Small, especially venture, enterprises today are experiencing great difficulties with the necessary funds. For this reason, some researchers fear for the fate of small businesses in the United States.
Labor resources. Adequitable provision working force The necessary specialties and qualifications are necessary for the implementation of tasks related to achieving the goals set, i.e., for the effectiveness of the organization as such. Without people who can effectively use complex technology, capital and materials, all listed has little to proc. The development of a number of industries is currently constrained by the shortage of the necessary specialists. An example is almost every sector of the computer industry, and this applies to firms in need of highly qualified technicians, experienced programmers and system developers. In some industries, global competition forced a number of companies to look for less expensive labor in other countries.
The main concern of the modern organization was the selection and support of talented managers. Jord Steiner In his study, I asked the managers of a number of firms to run in terms of the degree of importance for them 71 factor in relation to the last five years. The factors included: general leadership, finance, marketing, materials, production and finished products. For labor resources above, two factors were quoted: attracting highly qualified management managers and training capable managers within the company. The fact that improving the qualifications of managers turned out to be higher than the profit, consumer maintenance and payment of acceptable dividends to shareholders, a clear sign of the importance of the influx of this category of labor resources into the organization. Support for talented managers is often the problem of negotiations with an eye to the eye with candidates for the position that are sufficiently high. wage and benefits. For the most part, the organization is also trying to solve problems of ensuring the necessary labor resources by learning and supporting their own employees.
Laws and government agencies
Laws and government agencies also affect the organization. In a predominantly private economy, which is American, the interaction between buyers and sellers of each introduced resource and each resulting product is subject to numerous legal restrictions. Each organization has a certain legal status, being sole ownership, a company, a corporation or a non-profit corporation, and this is precisely how an organization can conduct their affairs and what taxes should pay. The number and complexity of laws directly dedicated to the business in the 20th century sharply increased. No matter how relate management to these laws, he has to adhere to them or reap the fruits of refusal of law in the form of fines or even complete cessation of business.
The state of legislation is often characterized not only by its complexity, but also mobility, and sometimes even uncertainty.
State bodies. Organizations are obliged to comply with not only federal and staff laws, but also the requirements of the bodies state regulation. These bodies provide forced fulfillment of laws in the respective areas of their competence, and also introduce their own requirements, and often have the power of the law. The Commission on the Trade between the States regulates the trade practices of enterprises leading their operations in more than one state. The Federal Commission for Communication regulates the procedure for telephone, telegraph, television and radio communications between states. The right to issue and cancel the licenses for radio and television broadcast gives the Commission a huge power over relevant organizations. Commission for securities and the stock exchanges, as public joint-stock companies must conduct financial and accounting reporting. Quality Supervision Office food products and medicines regulate the sale and development of new types of products in the respective industries. Office of labor protection establishes standards for working conditions. Protection Agency ambient Regulates activities from the preservation of the natural environment. The uncertainty of today's legal field stems from the fact that the requirements of one institutions conflict with the requirements of others, and at the same time, each is worth the authority of the federal government, which allows forced to ensure such requirements.
Lawmand of states and local governing bodies. Additionally complicates the regulatory decisions of states and local authorities, the number of which will also multiply. Each state and almost all local communities require license acquisition enterprises, limit the possibility of choosing a place to conduct business, taxes taxes, and if we are talking On energy, telephone communication systems within the state and insurance, then set prices. Some local and regular laws modify or strengthen federal norms. For example, the requirements limit emissions of car exhaust gases to the atmosphere tougher in California than the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency. Although efforts were made through a single commercial code to smooth out discrepancies between regular laws regulating business - significant differences remain so far. Imagine with what complex system Local establishment is facing an organization when leads its affairs in 50 states and dozens of foreign countries.
Created consumers
Many take the point of view of a well-known management specialist Peter F. DruceraAccording to which the only genuine goal of the business is to create a consumer. The following is understood under this: the survival and justification of the organization's existence depends on its ability to find the consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its requests. The value of consumers for business is obvious. However, non-profit and government organizations also have consumers in the Drucemanship. The US government and its apparatus exist only to serve the needs of American citizens. The fact that citizens are consumers and deserve an appropriate relationship, unfortunately, are sometimes not obvious in everyday contact with the state bureaucracy. Nevertheless, during the election period, the use of advertising and personal meetings with voters serves as clear indication that candidates for future hosts are considering citizens as consumers who need to buy.
Consumers, solving, which goods and services are desirable for them and at what price are determined for the organization almost all relating to the results of its activities. Thus, the need to meet the needs of buyers affects the interaction of organizations with suppliers of materials and labor resources. One of the growing groups of consumers is the children of demographic boom, born between 1946 and 1964. This group of 56 million people presents a large segment of the market, which comes with a variety of products and services of many organizations. The impact of consumers to internal variable structures is often significantly. Next, we learn that many organizations focus their structures on major consumer groups, from which they are most dependent.
Competitors
Competitors - This is an external factor, whose influence cannot be disputed. The leadership of each enterprise clearly understands that if not satisfying the needs of consumers as efficiently, as competitors do, the enterprise does not hold out for a long time. In many cases, no consumers, but just competitors determine what kind of performance results can be sold and what price can be requested.
It is important to understand that consumers are not the only object of rivalry of organizations. The latter may also conduct a competitive struggle for labor resources, materials, capital and the right to use certain technical innovations. Such internal factors such as working conditions, remuneration and the nature of managers with subordinates depend on the response to competition. In a modern complex conglometer, relationships with competitors sometimes acquire an unexpected character.
Direct exposure factors
Characteristics of interconnectedness, complexity, mobility and uncertainty describe the factors of both direct and indirect effects. The characteristics of the environment are excellent, but at the same time connected with its factors. This dependence will become apparent when considering the main factors in a direct impact environment: suppliers, laws and government agencies, consumers and competitors.
Suppliers
From the point of view of the system approach, the organization is a mechanism for the transformation of incoming elements in the outgoing. The main varieties of entrances are materials, equipment, energy, capital and working force. Dependence between the organization and the network of suppliers providing the entry of the specified resources is an example of the impact of the environment on the operation and the success of the organization.
In some cases, all organizations of a certain region are dealing with one or almost one supplier. For example, providing energy when all organizations receive energy at the prices established by the state. At the same time, such changes as price increases, affects the organization to the extent that it consumes energy.
Materials. Some organizations depends on the continuous inflow of materials. At the same time, in some regions, for example, in Japan, it is possible to use stock limiting methods, i.e. The firms proceed from the fact that the materials necessary for the next stage must be delivered exactly on time. Such a supply system requires highly close interaction of the manufacturer with suppliers. At the same time, in other regions, it may be necessary to search for alternative suppliers or maintain a significant amount of stocks. However, reserves associate money that you have to spend on materials and storage. This dependence between money and supply of source materials well illustrates the interconnectedness of variables.
Capital. For the functioning and development of the organization needed capital. As potential investors may be: banks, programs of federal loans, shareholders and individuals, acceptance bills of company bills or bonds buying it. The better the company is, the higher its ability to get the right amount of funds.
Labor resources. For the effective activities of the organization, to implement the tasks associated with achieving the goals of the goals, it is necessary to ensure the personnel of the necessary specialties and qualifications. The development of a number of industries is currently constrained by the shortage of the necessary specialists. An example is many of the computer industry sectors. Many firms were forced to look for cheap labor in other countries.
The main concern of the modern organization is the selection and support of talented managers. In the conducted studies in ranking according to the degree of importance of a number of factors, managers of firms were allocated primarily: attracting highly qualified managers of the highest management and training of capable managers within the firm. The fact that improving the qualifications of managers turned out to be higher than the profit, consumer maintenance and payment of acceptable dividends to shareholders, a clear sign of the importance of the influx of this category of labor resources into the organization.
Laws and government agencies
Labor legislation, many other laws and government agencies affect the organization. In mainly the private economy, the interaction between
by buyers and sellers of each resource introduced and each resulting product under the action of numerous legal restrictions. Each organization has a certain legal status, being sole ownership, a company, a corporation or a non-profit corporation, and this is precisely how an organization can conduct their affairs and what taxes should pay.
The state of legislation is often characterized not only by its complexity, but also mobility, and sometimes even uncertainty. Virtually continuously developed and revised the vaults of laws on the security and protection of health in the workplace, on the protection of the environment, to protect the interests of the consumer, about financial protection, etc. At the same time, the amount of work necessary to keep track of and complying with the current legislation is constantly increasing.
State bodies. Organizations are obliged to comply with not only federal and local laws, but also the requirements of state regulation bodies. These bodies provide forced fulfillment of laws in the relevant areas of their competence, and also introduce their own requirements, often having the power of the law.
Lawmand of local governments. Regulatory decisions of local authorities also complicate the situation. Local authorities require license acquisition enterprises, limit the possibility of choosing a place to conduct business, have taxes taxes, and if we are talking, for example, energy, telephone and insurance systems, then set prices. Some local laws modify federal norms. The organization that leads its affairs on the territory of dozens of subjects of the federation and dozens of foreign states is faced with a complex and diverse system of local establishments.
Created consumers
A well-known specialist in managing Peter F. Kdrugers argues that the only genuine business goal is to create a consumer. This is understood that the survival and justification of the organization's existence depends on its ability to find the consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its requests. The value of consumers for business is obvious. However, non-profit and government organizations also have consumers in this sense. Thus, the government of the state and its apparatus exist only to serve the needs of citizens. The fact that citizens are consumers and deserve an appropriate relationship, unfortunately, are sometimes not obvious in everyday contact with the state bureaucracy, but during the pre-election campaigns of citizens are considered as consumers who need to "buy".
Consumers, solving, which goods and services are desirable for them and at what price are determined for the organization almost all relating to the results of its activities. Thus, the need to meet the needs of buyers affects the interaction of the organization with suppliers of materials and labor resources. The impact of consumers on the internal variable structures can be quite significant.
Competitors
Competitors are the most important factorwhose influence cannot be disputed. The leadership of each enterprise understands well that if not satisfying the needs of consumers is also effectively, as competitors do, the enterprise is not long done. In many cases, no consumers, namely, competitors determine what kind of activity results can be sold and what price can be requested.
It is important to understand that consumers are not the only object of rivalry of organizations. Organizations may also lead a competitive struggle for labor resources, materials, capital and the right to use certain technical innovations. Such internal factors such as working conditions, remuneration and the nature of managers with subordinates depend on the response to competition.
Factors of indirect impact
Indirect exposure factors usually do not affect the operations of organizations are also noticeable as factors of direct impact. Nevertheless, management should take them into account. The environment of indirect exposure is usually more complicated than the direct impact environment. Guidance is often forced to rely on the assumptions about such an environment based on incomplete information, in attempts to predict possible consequences for the organization.
The main factors of the indirect impact environment include: technology, state of economics, socio-cultural and political factors, as well as relationships with local managers.
The technology is simultaneously the internal variable and the external factor of the big value. (It should be taken into account a very wide interpretation of the term Technology, and the processes and methods, and the technique of implementing any production, serving and even creative activities.) Technological innovations affect the effectiveness with which products can be made and sell, on the rate of product obsolescence, How to collect, store, and distribute information, as well as what kind of services and new products are expected by consumers from the organization.
The speed of changes in technology in recent decades has increased markedly. From major technological innovations, which deeply affected the society and had a strong impact on specific organizations, it is possible to note computer, laser, microwave, semiconductor technology, integrated lines, robotics, satellite communications, nuclear power, production of synthetic fuel and food, genetic engineering etc. The famous sociologist Daniel Bell believes that in the future, miniaturization technology will be considered the most valuable innovation.
Obviously, organizations dealing directly with high-level technology, high-level enterprises, should be able to quickly respond to new developments and offer innovations themselves. At the same time, all organizations are already today to maintain competitiveness, should keep up with those developments on which the effectiveness of their activities depends.
State of economics
The management should also be able to evaluate how general changes in the state of the economy will affect the operations of the organization. The state of the global economy affects the cost of all resources entered and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services. For example, if inflation is predicted, the manual can go to an increase in resource reserves and to carry out the work negotiations on fixed payments to keep the cost growth. It can also decide to make a loan, since when paying the payment time will cost money cheaper.
The state of the economy can strongly affect the possibility of obtaining capital organizations, since the banks have a deterioration in the economic situation, the conditions for obtaining a loan also increase the interest rates. Also, with a decrease in taxes there is an increase in the mass of money, which people can spend on the purpose of not essential and, thereby contributing to business development.
This or that particular change in the state of the economy can have a positive impact on one and a negative impact on other organizations. Organizations, leading things in many countries, often consider the state of the economy particularly complex and important for themselves aspect. So, the fluctuations in the dollar's exchange rate relative to the currencies of other countries can cause instant enrichment or infringement of the company.
Socio-cultural factors
Any organization functions at least in one cultural environment. Therefore, sociocultural factors, and above all, the vital values, traditions, installations affect the organization. For example, in the system of values \u200b\u200bof the American Society, the gift of bribes for obtaining a profitable contract or political benefits, the spread of discrepancies of rumors is considered unethical and immoral, even when they cannot be considered as illegal. However, in some other countries, this practice can be considered quite normal.
Based on special studies, it was shown that the values \u200b\u200bof workers are changed. In general, relatively young workers want to have more independence and social interaction at work. Many workers and employees seek to work, which requires greater flexibility, has greater meaningfulness, does not infringe the freedom and awakens self-esteem in man. Many modern workers Do not believe that all their labor life will be held in one organization. These settings are becoming particularly important for managers regarding their main function - motivation of people, taking into account the objectives of the organization. These factors led to the emergence of posts on social issues of the corporation.
Socio-cultural factors also affect products or services resulting from the company's activities. A good example is the production of clothing. Another example is passion about NPPs that have sharply affected many related to these firms.
Socio-cultural factors depend on the methods of conducting their own organizations. For example, public opinion can put pressure on a company that has connections with bonding organizations in society, groups, possibly and countries. The daily practice of retail and restaurants and restaurants depends on the ideas of consumers about quality service. The result of sociocultural impact on the organization has become a growing attention to social responsibility.
According to R. Jounce, the former Chairman of the Board of the company "General Electric", organizations should be able to predict the change in the expectations of society and maintain them more effectively than competitors. And this means that the Corporation itself should change, consciously transforming into an organization adapted to the new environment.
Political factors
Some aspects of the political situation are of particular importance for managers. One of them is the position of administration, legislative bodies and business courts. This position affects the actions of the government as taxing income, the establishment of tax breaks or preferential trade duties, requirements for the practice of hiring workforce, consumer protection legislation, safety standards, clean the environment, price control and wages, etc. P.
Another element of the political situation is a group of special interests and lobbyists. All state regulatory institutions are objects of attention of lobbyist groups representing organizations on which the decisions of these institutions affect.
Of great importance for companies, leading operations or having sales markets in other countries, has a political stability factor. For a foreign investor or for exporting products, political changes may lead to limit property rights for foreigners (or even to nationalization) or the establishment of special import duties. Balance of payments or problems with servicing external debt may make it difficult to obtain money exported as a profit. On the other hand, the policy may change to the side, favorable for investors when the need for capital inflow arises from abroad. The establishment of diplomatic relations can open the way to new markets.
Relationship with the local population
For any organization, as a factor of an indirect impact environment, the local population is of paramount importance, the public environment in which the organization operates. Organizations should make focused efforts to maintain good relations with the local community. These efforts can be expressed in the form of financing schools and public organizations, charitable activities, in support of young tissues, etc.
International factors
The external environment of organizations operating at the international level is highly difficult. This is due to a unique combination of factors characterizing every country. Economy, culture, quantity and quality of labor and material resources, laws, government agencies, political stability, level of technological development differ in different countries. When implementing planning, organization, stimulation and control functions, these differences should be taken into account.
Also, international factors should also be taken into account:
Changes in exchange rates;
Political decisions of countries in investors;
Accepted solutions of international cartels
On the economy. First of all, this is a block of power ministries (Ministry of Defense, Ministry of the Interior, Federal Border Service, federal Service Counterintelligence, as well as the State Committee for Emergency Situations). The functions of these organizational structures are due to constitutional requirements, and the regulatory object is not directly related to economic relations (with the exception of the labor of military builders on civilians and prisoners in the MIA system). These industries have the initial budget nature of financing. Their functions are stable, and the control mechanism is quite conservative.
The effectiveness of the functioning of the quality management system is initially represented by its structure, that is, the composition and scheme for the interaction of the components of its elements. The measure of its complexity must correspond to the complexity of the control object, that is, it must be able to produce optimal control influences on all factors, directly or indirectly affect the quality of products. It must be adapted to possible changes in the quality requirements, the method of its change and control, technical and organizational support of the susceptible to new management theories.
The process of destruction of diversity - there is an information process based on obtaining and processing information, the development of control effects carried out using direct and feedback channels.
As is well known from the history of civilization, social systems, limited by rigid line communications, were doomed to gradual death. The traditional, predominant still approach to managing natural and social processes was founded on a simplified idea of \u200b\u200bthe functioning of nature and society systems. According to this presentation, the result of the external control impact is a direct proportional effect of the accompanying effort. The more insert the energy and effort, the higher (the result).
In some cases, the most effective way to avoid negative consequences Or reducing the level of risk of innovation activities are direct managerial impact on possible managed risk factors. Such as the
In the overwhelming majority of cases, private approaches suffer from substantial one-sidedness, which is unacceptable. So, often, the problem of risk management is reduced only to the level of stabilization of the financial condition. Undoubtedly, the achievement of such a private goal is a success. But in most cases, financial condition only indicates the presence of a problem, but does not demonstrate the profound reasons for the realized risks. Thus, the problem of combating the disease is actually replaced with the fight against symptoms. Obviously, there is a fairly wide range of management activities that, with their qualified application, can provide the necessary effect on the symptom management. But the causes of negative processes are not radically affected. This means that after removing the appropriate control exposure, there will be no reasons that impede the new manifestation of the problem. Moreover, the enterprise is so complex organism that a new exacerbation may be accompanied by other manifestations, unlike the previous ones. New tools will be invented to combat them, but ultimately the actual reason will not be detected (and therefore qualified eliminated). It is possible that direct identification of the reasons for the implementation of risks and implementing measures to eliminate them will require much less costs of the enterprise as compared with the sluggish struggle with its consequences. Such radical treatment will contribute better preservation The potential of the enterprise and more qualified adaptation to new, changed existence conditions.
I, there may be direct instructions and control over their implementation. A clear construction of the management apparatus and the definition of the responsibilities of each employee, the correct use of the mechanism of interest, financing and lending to combine the interests of the state, enterprise and a separate performer. All methods are based on the use of economic laws of socialism, but differ depending on the content and method of impact on the managed object.
Organizational and administrative and legal management methods, in contrast to the economic, are not advisory, but a mandatory, policy. These methods are expressed in direct impact on the managed object and suggest, as a rule, a unique solution to the relevant economic situation, which is binding to the Contractor.
In the organization, these methods serve as a means of direct impact on the process of production and work of workers, which makes it possible to coordinate the execution of individual functions or solving the overall task. This creates favorable conditions for the existence and development of the managed system, has a targeted impact on the management object. The characteristic peculiarities of direct impact include the immediate connection of the head and subordinate. However, in general, direct impacts ultimately lead to strengthening the passivity of subordinates, and sometimes to hidden disobedience. Therefore, indirect methods of exposure, which are carried out by setting the problem and create stimulating conditions.
Management solutions. All management decisions in the field of formation and implementation of investments are intersectively interrelated and have a direct or indirect impact on the final results of financial activities in general. Therefore, investment management should be considered as an integrated functional management system of management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the enterprise.
We complete our graphic picture of the money market by the image of the three potential curves of the SAL, SM2 and Z- In all three cases, the curve of the monetary offer has the form of a vertical direct pointing to a certain fixed amount of money defined by the Board of Managing Fed. Since the interest rate is established under the influence of monetary policy (and hence the money supply), the location of the curve of the money supply does not depend on it.
Organizational management methods - based on them direct impact on a managed object. We have a directive, mandatory. Based on management relations such as discipline, responsibility, power, coercion.
Having in mind the direct impact on the management object, which is characteristic of administrative methods, it is possible to provide production management as a system of solutions, actions, messages (information), providing focus, coherence, efficiency (efficiency) of the operating facility.
The complex nature of the formation of management decisions. All managerial solutions in the field of formation, distribution and use of financial resources and the organization of the enterprise's monetary turnover are intersective and provide direct or indirect impact on the results of its financial activities. In some cases, this impact may be controversial. For example, the implementation of high-yield financial investments may cause a deficit in financing production activities and as a result - significantly reduce the size of the operating profit (that is, to reduce the potential for the formation of its own financial resources). Therefore, financial management should be considered as a comprehensive management system that ensures the development of interdependent management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the financial activity of the enterprise.
Management - ways to influence economic processes and phenomena through the interests of workers, labor collectives in order to achieve the results of the necessary results. In contrast to administrative methods of management that provide directive impact on managed objects, E. m. Do not limit the independence and initiatives of the latter, contribute to a more complete combination of the interests of the state, enterprises and each employee. To E. m. Y. Economic calculation, economic standards, prices with the system of allowances and discounts to them, funds of economic stimulation, premiums (see bonuses), depreciation, credit, capital investments, fines and other sanctions, etc. (see also Economic levers and incentives). Enhance the role of E. m. is the most important direction of formation
Other strategic directions (goals) can be the deployment of new projects, the introduction of new types of products, the adoption of certain growth rates (achieved, faster, slower than in this industry), achieving or maintaining leadership in the field of cost and prestige of the trademark, materialization of competitive advantage, concentration efforts on a specific part of current operations, finding a specific segment or commodity niche in the market, returning positions delivered earlier competitors, etc. All this sales manager should take into account and take into account when considering from the point of view of the sales management, possible general strategies of the company and their direct and indirect impact on the sales dynamics, which ensures their practical embodiment.
Characteristic features of organizational and administrative management methods Direct impact on a managed object, the mandatory nature of the implementation of instructions, orders, orders and other administrative solutions of higher authorities for subordinate (managed) objects, strictly defined responsible for non-fulfillment of instructions, orders.
The degree of regulation of impacts depends on the scale of the managed object, as well as on the qualifications and competence of the performers, their ability to independently work. In all cases, the head must thoroughly think about which means of exposure to the most appropriate in one way or another. The head of the production unit (plot, shop, etc.) primarily takes into account the object and the purpose of the impact. An object may be one employee or group (team), respectively, the goal may be to determine and ensure the implementation of an individual or group (collective) task. In the first case, depending on the relationship with subordinates, taking into account their qualifications, degree of discipline and consciousness, the head selects ways to communicate with them and controls their work - from direct indication (in documentary or oral form) to recommendation, council, providing an employee independence in work and the possibility of self-control. In the second case, the leader is a team of work plan with the establishment of appropriate authority, responsibility and rights.
For example, the interaction of the state and market system is ensured by the flows of direct and return information connections. This interaction circuit ensures the functioning of the socio-economic system and therefore can be defined as functional. Second-order feedbacks form a second interaction circuit - dynamic, which ensures self-development of the entire system. In this case, it is necessary to specify the following. Management is often understood as a phenomenon opposite to self-organization, under which, in turn, is understood that it is in itself, without the control influence. From the standpoint of a synergistic view on the world, the control mechanism is the most important component of the process of self-organization, and vifor5. Between control and self-organization exists additional mechanism dialectical interaction. We listed only some general principles organizational systemsthat give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for their accounting in the process of practical and research activities different types organizational systems.
The media have the ability to change the proportions of a real event, making it out of it or more powerful or weaker. As an example, the statement of Guy Khanova, the President of the Agency "Publi ITY PR 1" [b] o Time of one of the election campaigns, we almost artificially inflated the hype around one situation with the lack of hot water and heating. This situation was in fact, we did not come up with anything. But we organized a lot of publications in all local media about this, forced a candidate to abandon election campaign until the problem is resolved. He walked a hard hat, rubber boots, he himself got up for the switcher, answered direct calls from the "Event Place". Thus, the situation was solved as much as possible. short term, and a few days before the elections, the candidate's rating increased, according to our estimates, about twenty items. Here is an example