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Objective world and progress
Throughout the entire development of scientific and technological progress, there is a dispute: what comes first - a product (as an object of the market) or the technology of its manufacture.
IN in most cases, it is the enterprise development technology that determines:
1. Opportunities for the release of new competitive products
2. Achievement of the main economic results of the enterprise
Technology is confirmed to be the mother of the economy. The innovative development of an enterprise is impossible without technological innovation. Therefore, according to the concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020, one of the priority areas in the field of economy and economic development are:
1. Transformation of innovations into a leading factor of economic growth of sectors of the national economy
2. Transition to the formation of a technological base socio-economic development based on innovation
The main objective:
The development of technological support for production - the creation of the objective world.
This applies to both tangible and most intangible economic products (patents, know-how, software). However, the competitiveness of the created objective world, especially at the present time, is determined not so much by a constructive as by a design solution. It would be impossible without the “explosive” development of technology. Today, only the collective creativity of all specialists of the enterprise can ensure the high competitiveness of the product.
Today, when designing products, it is especially important to take into account all the factors that determine their existence in the subject environment:
1. Technological
2. Technological
3. Economic
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4. Aesthetic
5. Ergonomic
6. Environmental
7. Commercial
8. Socio-political
9. Social
10. Psychophysiological and other factors
It follows that any modern enterprise must take into account the presence of both internal and external factors.
Internal factors- everything that is needed to create a product (design and technological preparation of production, production itself, control, testing)
External factors - actions that need to be taken towards a market partner (marketing research, sales policy, creating a positive image of the enterprise).
In Russian manufacturing practice, insufficient importance is still attached to both the technological support of production and the design of products, which are closely related to each other.
At the same time, industrial products designed according to the design rules are not only the subject of production, but also the main means of expressing their form and content, which directly depend on the technological provision of production processes.
In other words. The engineer is responsible for the technical parameters of the product, and
a designer - for his properties that are valuable to humans. That is, both an engineer and a designer
have a single design object. An engineer is the author of the technical logic of machines and devices, and a designer is their harmony with a person.
A designer is needed to sell products.
Consequences:
1. Engineering solutions provide technical, technological and organizational parameters for the production of new products.Technical specifications- physically and technologically achievable level
certain market competitive properties of the product.
Technological parameters- physical and chemical properties of the processed materials, the value of which characterizes the level of development of a particular technological process. Determined, for example, by the rotational speed
or movement of the product during processing: temperature, pressure and
similar parameters accompanying the manufacturing process of the product.
Organizational and technical options - organization level
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the production process of manufacturing products. (For instance,
production capacity pcs / shift, labor intensity)
2. Design solutions provide intelligent, social,
comfortable, aesthetic parameters of modern products.
Intelligent parameters- reflect the level of application of knowledge and the progressiveness of design and technical solutions.
Social parameters- express their social and industrial
usefulness and significance for society and individuals. Comfortable indicators- reflect the optimality of their functional and
emotional ties with a person.
Cultural traitsreflect the degree of its value and prestige, corresponding to a given era, region or society as a whole.
Aesthetic signsreflect the measure of integrity and harmony of technology
on equipment and artistic ideals and values \u200b\u200bof society.
Product as an object of design, production and consumption
1. Product creation
Design + production
2. Usage
Operation + repair
3. Destruction Disposal / destruction
Design is a complex process that combines engineering, technological and aesthetic principles.
Design purpose:
To initiate the necessary changes in the objective world around a person, taking into account all the factors of the existence of a future product in this environment.
The dominance of certain factors is dictated by the need
meet specific needs.
The dominance of utilitarian (technical) factors makes it necessary to design a product with a predominance of engineering solutions.
Dominance of the aestheticfactors determines the need to develop
decorative design.
Thus, a product as a product of production is a set of utilitarian and aesthetic values \u200b\u200bdesigned to satisfy the functional, social, psychological, economic and other needs of the consumer.
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Products depending on their purpose:
1. Products of the main production After delivery to the market become a commodity
2. Auxiliary production products
Designed and manufactured by the company itself, cat. are intended for technological support of their own production (non-standard
equipment, fixtures, tools)
Manufacturing Process- organization of purposeful technically, economically and socially justified actions to transform the subject
human habitat.
Operation of an industrial product - the process of external and / or internal changes on the part of objects that this product affects in
during its operation.
Industrial product repair- technological processes of restoration of its main technical and energy changes (losses) that occurred during its operation.
The life of the product ends with its disposal or destruction.
This process can be active (the product is crushed, taken apart or remelted) or passive (rusts, crumbles,
disintegrates).
Methods for designing the form and content of products that increase the competitiveness of products
The designer is responsible for the form, the constructor is responsible for the content
Product structure- ordered interconnection of all elements included in the product.
Design of shapes and surfaces of the product
To determine the competitive points of the product, you need to know the algorithm for its
creation, i.e. the order of its design and the technological algorithm of manufacturing.
Determining the shape of the product
The general form of the product determines the order of construction and the process of interaction of its elements, i.e. the form and content of the product are in constant interaction.
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Determining the shape of product elements
The shape of each element is determined by the properties of the selected material, dimensions and surface requirements. Starting point for design
the shape of an element is the shape of its functional surfaces.
Functional surfaces- surfaces, cat. should play a major role in meeting the specific need for which these elements
must be manufactured. There can be several such surfaces. (For example,
a screwdriver has 2)
At the same time, the elements connecting functional surfaces can change more dynamically, which makes it possible to create whole ranges
products. At this stage of the design, the necessary
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engineering calculations, sketches and drawings are being developed. Finally
the designs of each element are selected after:
1. Material selection
2. Element Sizing
3. After assigning surface parameters
4. The choice of manufacturing technology of the element
Those. working drawings always reflect 4 basic properties of each
element (shape, material, dimensions and surface). To select the manufacturing technology for each of the elements, technical requirements are indicated,
presented to their mutual arrangement, physical and mechanical properties
surfaces, etc. The fifth main property of the product - its structure - is displayed in the assembly drawing.
Product shape design methods
Main function of the product:description of the practical implementation of a specific
the need for which it was created. This function can be expanded by increasing the number of satisfied needs.
The main function of the product has a decisive influence on its shape:
whether it is a machine, apparatus or tool. Therefore, two products with different
the basic functions will be so different that it is impossible to create an intermediate product.
Surface elements have basic functions, while products have sub-functions !!!
Very often the main function of a product is subdivided into sub-functions, which
are almost as important to design as the main function. For example, the main function of a watch is to show the exact time, but in order to do this, it is necessary to create a whole structure between the mechanism that supplies energy and the hands, the elements of which perform various sub-functions.
The method of changing the functional surfaces of the product is based on
changing parameters that determine the shape of the element. It is used
to search or generate new ideas.
Parameters that may change during the design development process
functional surfaces:
1. Amount of elements
2. The arrangement of elements relative to each other
3. Geometric shape of elements
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4. Dimensions of elements
Example: the difference and unity of people's faces
Analysis shows that a change in the listed design parameters
leads not to a difference in functional purpose, but to a difference in parameters
function performed by this surface.
Form division method
If you carefully consider the designs of the parts connecting
functional surfaces of various products for the same purpose (for example, handles in modern toothbrushes), then you can find
regularity, which is attributed to the fifth variation parameter of the form.
Thus, when designing products, 5 variation parameters of the shape are used in the following order:
1. Amount of elements
2. Arrangement of elements
3. Geometry
4. Dimensions
5. Division of the form
However, this does not mean that all 5 should be used in any situation.
parameters. The final decision on the adoption of design features of the shape of the product depends on:
1. From the choice of materials
2. From the manufacturing process - processing technology
3. From evaluating appearance
Using sketches, models, scale drawings, the shape of all parts is selected, which are then documented in the form of a set of working drawings of parts and assembly drawings at the stage design preparation for production, which are then the basis for the implementation
subsequent work on the technological preparation of production.
Technology as the basis for the economic development of an enterprise
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Market success
the product depends not only on its
(aesthetic properties) and
constructions
(utilitarian properties). IN
significant,
sometimes they depend decisively
from level
technological
ensuring their
production, which should be owned by a particular enterprise. At the same time, the basis of the life and innovative development of any enterprise is its technological environment, which includes (see figure) first of all:
1. Technological processes as a set of methods, techniques and operations necessary for the consistent achievement of production goals for the production of industrial products (borscht) or the provision of services, but without technology, nothing happens (what and how?)
2. Tools and technological equipment required to obtain the specified design parameters of the processed products or services provided (what?)
3. Technological equipment, means of mechanization and automation
production processes
The prospectus for the Harvard Information Resource Policy Program states:
1. Nothing exists without materials
2. nothing happens without energy
3. without information, nothing makes senseIn relation to technology, this means:
1. The product is always material
2. Manufacturing of products without the use of energies contained in various equipment is impossible
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3. Any production without information in the form of manufacturing technology
loses its meaning
Production technology -sequence of targeted
technologically and economically justified actions (methods and techniques), without
which it is impossible to produce a product or service.
The technological process cannot be realized without the availability of technological
equipment, tooling and tools.
Technological equipment- such equipment, which is intended for the processing of the source material with the aim of making the final
product or intermediate semi-finished product. Today it is understood as
equipment used both for industrial purposes and equipment used, for example, for IT technologies, i.e. machine tools, and
multimedia technology.
The organization of the production process is impossible without instrumental
provision, and without special or universal equipment. Tools are needed both for shaping (for example a stamp) and for surface treatment of parts (for example, turning tools). Technological equipment
used to fix the processed parts (products) during their processing \u003d\u003e technological innovations are possible only as a result of innovations
and improvement of both instrumental and technological equipment and a set of methods, techniques and sequence of operations.
Selection of the optimal technological process
Optimal technological process - the process that provides the best way of reconciliation between design and technological
product manufacturing requirements.
Those. when developing a technological process, the features of
not only the features of all the main properties of the product elements from the standpoint of design (shape, material, size and surface properties), but also the required
engineering properties of the structure.
The technological cycle of processing parts (elements of products) includes
achieving two goals:
a) at the first stages, ensuring the maximum approximation of the shape of the workpiece to the given shape of the part (shaping technologies)
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b) At the subsequent stages of processing, technological support for achieving
required surface properties (surface forming technology)
Shaping technologies:
1) blank production (casting, rolling, stamping)
2) Pressure treatment processes
Surface-forming- manufacturing technologies: processing
cutting, electrophysical technologies, laser hardening, etching,
coating, etc.
As a rule, the given shape of the product is maximally achieved by
called roughing operations. While surface treatment
refers to semi-finishing and finishing operations. The higher the requirements for the quality of surfaces, the more complex the technology of their processing.
It follows that the cost of obtaining high-quality surfaces as
the rule is much higher than for getting the shape of elements (parts)
products for procurement or roughing operations - this also applies to time and financial costs.
In this case, the conversation is often about the parameters of the surface layer, which requires
knowledge of laws such as surface physics, electronic theory of metals, and
etc. This led to the emergence of the concept of high technology (high technologies).
As we said above, a product is determined by its form and content, while the content is determined by the number of elements and technological
processes of their connection with each other. Connecting technologies: welding,
soldering - non-separable structures, bolted or screw connections, dismountable structures.
The problem of choosing a technology for manufacturing products is usually solved even before the release of working drawings and is the subject of heated discussions between designers and technologists. The former often underestimate the importance of technology in the economic space, which can lead to
unjustified overspending of expended resources and funds for organizing the production of products. A technologist, like a designer, must begin his
activities at the first stages of design, and from the standpoint of today -
at the stage of marketing research.
Leading foreign firms have long understood the importance of technology and are trying to
make the most of the knowledge of the technology staff in improving
productivity, quality and efficiency of the use of labor. When choosing a rational set and sequence of technological operations, first of all, discussion of the technology for obtaining functional surfaces begins, i.e. those surfaces, without which no element and no product can fulfill the stated needs.
All over the world, industry is one of the main initiators, customers and consumers of innovations. Thanks to innovation, industrial companies are starting to produce and offer us new products that are better and / or cheaper than the old ones. We are happy about this, companies are getting richer, the state collects taxes from everyone and talks about an innovative way of development. However, this idyllic picture is not entirely correct. In fact, companies don't like to innovate and they can be understood. To switch to a new technology, it is necessary to stop the existing production, invest money (instead of distributing it as bonuses and dividends) in purchasing equipment and setting up a new production, wait until production starts working and enters into the previous working rhythm. In addition, there is always a risk that the market will not accept new products. And this risk is, in fact, much greater than it seems. Let's not forget that all companies are happy to report their successes and carefully hide their failures. Therefore, there is an illusion of inevitable success from the introduction of innovations.
Why is innovation still being introduced? There are two main reasons why companies are interested in innovation. The first and foremost is competition. The fear of falling behind competitors and, conversely, the desire to get ahead of them is the most effective motivation for the introduction of innovations. If not for competition, we would not see many products on the market. Why introduce a new one if the old one brings good income? Moreover, the more competitive the market, the more it is receptive to innovation. Our country is no exception. Compare the domestic food industry, which is driven by high competition in the market to constantly improve quality and improve the range of products, and the Russian automotive industry, which is making heroic efforts to prevent competition. The second reason that encourages companies to introduce innovations is the increase by the state of environmental, energy-saving and other standards that force them to update their products. So far, our state is poorly able to use this resource of innovative development.
Is it time for Russian industry to innovate? The answer is ambiguous. It all depends on the market, its openness and the level of competition.
Two niches have not emerged on the foreign market today, in which Russian companies feel confident enough.
- The first is energy and related products. For example, the export of aluminum is largely the export of electricity, which is spent on its production. In the context of the global energy shortage, interest in innovation is mainly shown by those who think about the future decline in oil prices.
- Another market niche for Russian companies on the world market is the production of products that are superior in complexity and quality to the Chinese, and at a price lower than the European ones. This strategic niche for Russian products is quite dynamic. On the one hand, China is mastering more and more new technologies. On the other hand, it turns out that it is quite difficult to compete with European and American companies on price, especially where energy resources are not dominant in the cost structure. The lag in labor productivity and production efficiency affects. Therefore, in order to stay, the more confidently to develop in this niche, it is vitally necessary to introduce innovations, both technical and managerial, to master the production of new goods, improve the quality and reduce the cost of products.
The situation is similar within the country. The more open the market is, the more competition it is, the greater the need for innovation. Russia's accession to the WTO will even more align the situation on the external and internal markets.
In many industries, a qualitative change in the development strategy is currently taking place. Until recently, the main content of the business was redistribution and concentration of property, and the main income came from the resale of assets. After that, the companies took up a more familiar business for industrial business: the production and sale of products with a focus on profit as the difference between the price of the product and its cost. At the same time, the main criteria were an increase in sales and the company's market share. In the empty domestic market, this was easy at first. Then the first difficulties arose due to competition from foreign companies. But the default came in time. Some companies took advantage of the respite and confidently captured the newly deserted market. Others were less agile, and today they are again uncomfortable in the market. In the foreign market, the success of Russian companies in many respects, in addition to the already mentioned low prices for energy carriers, was, in fact, due to the free operation of fixed assets created in Soviet times. To date, these resources have largely been exhausted: the domestic market is relatively full, energy prices have leveled off, and fixed assets have been worked out. In addition, in 2004, the cost of most types of raw materials jumped 1.5–2 times. And this was a big shock for the manufacturing industries, because it is impossible to shift the growth of the cost of raw materials onto buyers. This year, many companies for the first time began to think about another component of profit - the cost of production. Thus, the Russian industry begins to move from an extensive to an intensive development path.
So, due to the intensifying competition and the impossibility of increasing their market share, many Russian companies today face the following problems:
- It is necessary to improve, in some cases, fundamentally the quality of products
- It is necessary to improve and develop the product range
- It is necessary to enter the market with new, more complex products with new consumer properties
- It is necessary to reduce the cost of production.
Most companies have financial resources or access to such resources. The question is how to solve these problems. There are three seemingly contradictory, but in fact complementary ways of solving these problems. In order for them not to contradict, but to complement each other, it is important to understand the possibilities and limitations of each of these paths.
The first way . Purchase of modern western equipment and technologies. I would like to note that in many cases it is not about replacing Soviet equipment with Western ones. On many old machines you can see "made in ...", and "in" not only in the CMEA countries. In the renewal of fixed assets, managers of many Russian enterprises see a panacea for solving all their problems related to the competitiveness of their products on the market. Of course, the transition to a modern technical and technological base is an extremely important, necessary and relevant process. But to think that this will solve all problems can only be those who still believe that they live in a closed, limited world, and not in a global economy. Comparing your enterprise with a neighboring one, which does not have modern equipment, you can sleep peacefully. If you see leading companies equipped with modern equipment as your competitors, you begin to understand that the technical level of production is a necessary, but by no means sufficient, condition for competitiveness in the market. Moreover, by installing standard equipment and mastering modern standard technologies, Russian enterprises begin to compete with Western ones not in terms of consumer properties, but in terms of price and quality, which have never been our strongest sides. In the production of standard products with sufficiently low levels of redistribution, this path is inevitable. But we must remember that in this way we can only catch up or keep up with competitors, but not get ahead of them.
The second way . Mastering Russian technologies. A very difficult path. First, because of the different understanding of what technology is. For a scientist, technology is "I know how to do it." For the head of the enterprise, technology is a production line for the release of new products (see fig.).
And there is a gap between these ideas, which is practically not filled with the broken chains of the innovation cycle. Secondly, the market perspective of the new product is not clear, since the scientist worked on his technology, proceeding primarily from his own interest, and not from the needs of the market. But on the other hand, original domestic technologies can give products new consumer properties that will allow them to differ from competitors not only in price. Currently, Russian companies solve these problems, usually in the following ways.
Development or creation of anew our own design offices. Large enough companies can afford it. Such design bureaus are quite good at solving issues of ongoing modernization and renewal of the product range. It is more difficult with the development of fundamentally new products, especially with the development of new markets. this requires initiating innovation at an earlier stage.
Scaling technologies of small innovative enterprises. Small innovative companies are a new form of introducing scientific developments into production and business. For the industry, small enterprises are interesting not only because they have technologies already at the level of, albeit experimental, but production, but, first of all, because they tested the market with their products, and the market accepted their goods.
The introduction of scientific developments through the instrument of corporate funds or other infrastructural elements that undertake market analysis, technology delivery, its approbation, etc.
The third way . Implementation of modern management technologies. Management issues have traditionally been underestimated in Russia. We have never had a high production culture. Our destiny has always been uniqueness, "through the thorns to the stars", and not the production of homogeneous products with the same high quality and decreasing cost. At the same time, our classic once rightly said that the winner in economic competition will be the one who shows the maximum labor productivity. So far, according to this indicator, Russian business is lagging far behind. In the United States, the average output per employee in corporations is about $ 200,000 per year. In the best Russian companies this figure does not exceed $ 30 thousand. In very good ones, it is 15-20 thousand. Most does not exceed 10 thousand. What to do? You can, of course, try to invent your own methods. But without a common culture of high productivity, such inventions are unlikely to be systematic. Obviously, we cannot do without attracting Western experience and management culture. Of course, this should not be blind copying, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality, the level of the economic structure, the traditions of paternalistic relations between the leader and subordinates in Russia. Our Russian style of effective management should be formed in the adaptation, creative refraction of Western management culture with Russian specifics. Just like there is an American style of management, Japanese, French.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
EE "Belarusian State Economic University"
Department of Industrial Economics
Course work
discipline: Economics and innovation management
on the topic of: Introduction of innovations into production (on the example of JSC "MPOVT")
Student: FM, 4th year, DKP-2
Ya.O. Lisovets
Manager: assistant
S. D. Nelyubin
abstract
Course work: 35 pages, 9 tables, 14 sources.
Implementation of innovations, innovations, quality, competitiveness, advantage, improvement, efficiency.
Object of study - JSC "Minsk Production Association of Computing Machinery".
Subject of study - innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT".
Objective: study and assessment of the innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT" in order to develop measures for its improvement.
Research methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, system analysis, economic and mathematical.
Research and development: theoretical aspects of innovation activity and its introduction into production are considered, an analysis of the innovation activity of JSC "MPOVT" is carried out, measures to increase its efficiency are developed.
Scope of possible practical application: certain provisions of the course work can be used in the activities of JSC "MPOVT".
The author of the work confirms that the calculated and analytical material produced in it correctly and objectively reflects the state of the process under study, and all theoretical and methodological provisions and concepts borrowed from literary and other sources are accompanied by references to their authors.
Introduction
1. Theoretical foundations of the organization of innovative activities
1.1 Concept of innovation and innovation
2 The main methods of introducing innovations in the enterprise
3 Organizational aspects of introducing innovations into production
2. Analysis of the innovative activity of the enterprise OJSC "MPOVT"
2.1 Brief description of the enterprise
2 Analysis of the innovative activity of the enterprise
3. Proposals for improving the innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT"
3.1 Development of proposals for improving the innovative activity of the enterprise
2 Assessment of economic efficiency in the implementation of the proposed activities
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
In a market economy, the successful functioning of industrial enterprises is largely due to the effective operation of the innovative mechanism for their development. The study of economic practice shows that the importance of innovation for industrial enterprises in modern conditions is constantly growing. Meanwhile, the statistical data of recent years confirm the fact that industrial enterprises are experiencing a serious crisis in the innovation sphere, and if active measures are not taken to overcome it, both on the part of the state and on the part of the management of the enterprises themselves, then there will be adverse consequences in the near future. even more significant.
The crisis in the innovative sphere of industry, in addition to objective reasons associated with the reform of the Belarusian economy, is also due to the lack of purposeful work to improve the efficiency of industrial production in general and innovation, as its most important component, in particular. In this regard, it is necessary to note the special importance of the timely formation and systematic use of rational methods of organizing innovation in order to increase its efficiency.
The relevance of the topic of the course work lies in the fact that with the transition to a market economy, the survival of enterprises has largely become dependent on their innovative activities. Only those enterprises that at least keep up with the world trends in the development of science and technology can survive in modern conditions.
Innovation strategies, that is, strategies for developing fundamentally new products and services, are costly and very risky: on average, only one of seven innovations has a market success, the other six turn into costs that are irreplaceable for the company.
The aim of the study is to study and analyze the innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT" and develop ways to improve its efficiency.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:
.Explore the current state of the innovation sphere of industrial enterprises in the context of strengthening market relations;
2.Explore the characteristics and features of innovation and innovative products at the enterprise;
.Analyze the state of innovation at JSC "MPOVT";
.To develop measures to improve the innovative activity of the enterprise.
The object of the research is OJSC "MPOVT".
The subject of the research is the innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT".
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists, materials of scientific and practical conferences, materials from periodicals, and the relevant regulatory documents.
1. Theoretical foundations of the organization of innovative activities
.1 Concept of innovation and innovation
Innovation is innovation brought to the stage of commercial use and offered to the market as a new product. The genuine novelty of a product is always associated with an increase in the economic effect of its use.
Novelty can be "relative", "absolute" and "particular".
Absolute novelty is characterized by the absence of analogues to this innovation; relative - this is an innovation that has already been applied at other enterprises, but is being implemented for the first time at this enterprise; Private novelty refers to the renewal of a product element.
The economic merit of an innovation lies in the fact that the benefit from implementation exceeds the cost of its creation. From the moment it is accepted for distribution, innovation acquires a new quality - it becomes "innovation". Only then do various ideas, inventions, new types of services, products receive consumer recognition and already in a new quality they become innovations. Those. the innovation process combines the process of creating an innovation and its implementation.
All stages of the innovation process are interconnected and it is necessary to think over the implementation of all subsequent stages already at the first. The main thing is to be able to make the transition from one to the other. Since the effectiveness of the innovation process is determined not only by the effectiveness of its individual stages, but also by the speed of transition from one stage to another, i.e. in the control process, it is important to reduce the interval between stages, maximally combining them in the overall process.
The period of time from the inception of an idea to the practical creation and implementation of an innovation, its use is commonly called the life cycle of an innovation. The need arose to manage creative potential and improve the efficiency of communication between science and production. This is what innovation policy is doing - the science of the formation of innovations, their diffusion, as well as the factors that oppose the introduction of innovations; adaptation of a person to them; organization and mechanism of innovation; developing innovative solutions and policies. In other words, innovation policy is a new area of \u200b\u200bresearch, necessary for the effective solution of the tasks of intensification and accelerated development of an innovation economy, first of all - the creation, development and distribution of various types of innovations. Thus, innovation policy, innovation activity arose as a reaction to the modern requirements of the economy, the need to increase the susceptibility of its elements to the emerging changes.
In practice, innovation is classified according to a number of characteristics.
For reasons of their occurrence, they are divided into reactive - as a reaction to new transformations carried out by a competitor, to fight the market and the survival of the enterprise, and to strategic, the implementation of which determines the acquisition of promising advantages over competitors.
For an enterprise, innovation can act as:
-productive - the production of new products, products and services, which is associated with the creation of new types of production; a new product created can lead to a decrease in demand for the old one, which will entail the elimination of old types of production;
-market - opening new areas of product introduction and thus expanding the market space;
-process - the use of new technologies, management structures and the organization of a resource-saving production method, product or service;
-consumer - aimed at meeting current consumer needs and the formation of new ones in the future.
In terms of innovative potential, depending on the subject content and rate of implementation of the innovation, the following types of innovations are distinguished: radical (basic), when fundamentally new inventions are used; technological, characterized by the development and implementation of new highly efficient technological processes, new technological equipment, which can dramatically increase labor productivity, the quality of products; modifying (privates), with a focus on improving, updating designs and forms of innovations (small inventions, rationalization proposals).
In official statistics, technological innovation is understood as the final results of innovation activities that have been embodied in the form of a new or improved product (service) introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process or a method of production (transfer) of services used in practice. All the formalized characteristics of this process depend on what definition of innovation is used. Currently, there is no unified approach to the definition of innovation activity, just as there have been no continuous surveys of enterprises and organizations in which innovation would be studied. Existing estimates of innovation activity are based on sample surveys of greater or lesser breadth, and this explains the frequent contradiction of their results.
An innovative enterprise is one that introduces product or process innovations, regardless of whether the originator of the innovation is the organization's employees or external agents (external owners, banks, federal and local government representatives, research organizations and technology providers, other enterprises ).
1.2 The main methods of introducing innovations in the enterprise
We live in a fluid world. At the same time, the dynamics of change is different, depending on geography, economic well-being, legal sphere, social relations, climate and a host of other variables that do not or depend on people. The organization also changes: grows or shrinks, moves towards well-being or is peddled. That is why one of the significant restrictions that a modern enterprise must take into account is the impossibility of the organization's existence (long-term and efficiently) without changes. Reforming can be carried out in two ways: 1) slow evolutionary changes; 2) dynamic, abrupt and revolutionary changes in a short time.
As a result of the introduction of new equipment and technology into the activities of the enterprise, the quality and characteristics of the products improve, as well as the means, methods and organization of production are being improved. The introduction of innovations is carried out, as a rule, in the following areas:
-development of new and modernization of manufactured products;
-introduction into production of new technologies, machines, equipment, tools and materials;
-the use of new information technologies and new methods of production;
-improvement and application of new progressive methods, tools and rules for organizing and managing production.
The tasks of complex improvement of technology and organization of production are directly linked to the needs of the market. First of all, the products that the enterprise should master, its potential consumers and competitors are determined. These issues are solved by engineers, marketers and economists, who develop a strategy for the development of the enterprise and its technical policy. On the basis of this policy, the direction of the technical development of production and the market sector in which the company is going to gain a foothold are determined.
The innovative activity of the enterprise for the development, implementation, mastering of innovations includes:
-research and development work on the development of the idea of \u200b\u200binnovation, laboratory research, the manufacture of laboratory samples of new products, types of new technology, new designs and products;
-selection of the necessary types of raw materials and materials for the manufacture of new types of products;
-development of a technological process for manufacturing new products;
-design, manufacture, testing and mastering of new technology samples required for the manufacture of products;
-development and implementation of new organizational and management solutions aimed at the implementation of innovations;
-research, development or acquisition of the necessary information resources and information support for innovations;
-training, education, retraining and special methods of personnel selection;
-carrying out work or purchasing the necessary documentation for licensing, patenting, and acquiring know-how;
-organizing and conducting marketing research to promote innovation, etc.
The combination of managerial, technological and economic methods that ensure the development, creation and implementation of innovations is the innovation policy of the enterprise. The goal of such a policy is to provide the enterprise with significant advantages over competing firms and ultimately increase the profitability of production and sales.
To carry out innovative activities, it is necessary to have the innovative potential of the enterprise, which is characterized as a set of various resources, including:
-intellectual (technological documentation, patents, licenses, business plans for the development of innovations, an innovative program of the enterprise);
-material (experimental and instrumental base, technological equipment, resource of areas);
-financial (own, borrowed, investment, federal, grant);
-personnel (innovative leader; personnel interested in innovations; partnerships and personal relations of employees with research institutes and universities; experience in conducting innovation procedures; project management experience);
-infrastructural (own divisions, chief technologist department, new product marketing department, patent and legal department, information department, competitive intelligence department);
-other resources necessary for the implementation of innovative activities.
The choice of a particular strategy depends on the state of the innovative potential, which in this case can be defined as a measure of the readiness to fulfill the set goals in the field of innovative development of the enterprise. Practice shows that not all enterprises need to master new technologies, despite the constant increase in the importance of innovations. Some types and forms of economic activity, for example, small pharmaceutical enterprises, are unable to independently develop new drugs. And for enterprises that are in complete decline or at the stage of bankruptcy, it simply does not make sense to modernize production.
Innovation in material production is closely related to investment. The development and release of new products, the use of new equipment and technology become real only if they can be financed. Financial resources intended for investment are conditionally divided by enterprises in the following areas:
-development and release of new products (in this case, progressive changes are almost always made to the technology and organization of production, which ensures the comprehensive and rapid introduction of advanced scientific achievements into production);
-technical re-equipment (a form of renewal of the production apparatus, when the old production equipment and technology are permanently replaced with a new one with higher technical and economic indicators);
-expansion of production (involves the construction of new additional shops and other divisions of the main production, as well as new auxiliary and service shops and sections);
-reconstruction (measures related to both the replacement of obsolete and physically worn out machinery and equipment, and the improvement and reconstruction of buildings and structures);
-new construction (it is advisable only to accelerate the development of the most promising and developing products and industries, as well as to master a fundamentally new technique and technology that does not fit into traditional production structures).
Businesses are at high risk when introducing new products or new technology. The level of risk varies considerably and is in direct proportion to the degree of novelty of the product or technology. It's no secret that the higher the novelty, the higher the uncertainty about how the product will be perceived by the market. There are various approaches to the classification and identification of diverse uncertainties that affect the effectiveness of the innovation process, including: scientific and technical, marketing, financial, legal, environmental and other risks. The main failures in bringing new products to the market are considered to be:
-insufficient analysis of external factors of the environment of the enterprise, the prospects for the development of the market and the behavior of competitors;
-insufficient analysis of internal innovation, production, financial and other opportunities;
-ineffective marketing and insufficient (or unprofessional) support for a new product when it is introduced to the market.
When considering the generally recognized shortcomings in the presentation of innovation to the market, we can conclude that the success of innovative technologies can largely depend on the management system used in the enterprise in general and innovative technologies in particular.
The need for an integrated approach to the creation and implementation of new equipment, technology and organization of production introduces significant amendments to the conceptual apparatus and production management system. When using new engineering solutions, production is forced to rely on scientific developments in the field of economics, sociology, mathematics, biology and other sciences. Thus, the concept of "introduction of new technology" has expanded and became an integral part of the concept of "scientific and technological progress", which characterizes the development of science and technology and their practical application for solving the social, economic and political problems.
There are several methods that are applied when innovating.
.Forced method. Provides for the use of force to overcome resistance from personnel. This is a socially costly and undesirable process, but it gives an advantage in strategic planning time. It is used in conditions of a sharp shortage of time and only in those cases when the nature of resistance is clear and a frank manifestation of force is not required.
2.Adaptive deviation method. In this approach, strategic change occurs through gradual, small changes over a long period. The process is not led by senior management, but by a specially created project team. At any given moment, there will be resistance, albeit weak. Conflicts are resolved through compromises, deals, and leadership moves. This method is useful in such a state of the external environment when the danger or opportunity is easy to foresee, and therefore there is no particular urgency in taking action. In the event of extreme events in the external environment, the method may be ineffective.
.Crisis management. The method can be used in a situation where the administration is in a crisis situation, for example, changes in the external environment threaten its improvement and it finds itself in a cruel framework limited by time.
.Resistance control. If the compulsory and adaptive methods are extreme measures for carrying out changes, then this method is intermediate and can be implemented in terms dictated by the development of events in the external environment. The duration of the change process should take into account the time available. With the increase in urgency, this method approaches the compulsory one, with the decrease in urgency - the adaptive method of making changes.
1.3 Organizational aspects of introducing innovations into production
innovation licensing patenting costs
In the context of the study of the phenomenon of social innovation, the main goal of management in the implementation of innovations is seen in the establishment and provision of group balance and support for the adaptation of individuals, the conditions of which were dictated by the transformation process. They saw the preservation of group balance as a necessary condition for the effective implementation of innovations. Equilibrium (homeostasis) is a characteristic of an organization that describes the organization's ability to restore and maintain the balance of interests of individuals, to protect it from significant violations. Each individual has a certain level of tolerance to the ongoing innovations due to the special physiological, mental and social costs of the individual's adaptation. Exceeding a certain "limit" of costs threatens the individual with severe stress and overload, and the organization - the potential failure of the innovation process. The growth of the scale of innovation entails an increase in the costs of its implementation, and the rate of appearance of the results of innovations is inversely proportional to their scale.
Specialists identify three types of individual resistance to innovations: 1) logical (rational); 2) psychological (emotional - attitudes, attitudes); 3) social (due to the impact of the group on the individual).
In the implementation phase, the losing side may or may not consider the question posed to the same degree of probability. If the problem is not considered, then the minority 1) resists innovations (its behavior affects the efficiency and effectiveness of implementation): 2) requires a revision of the initiation phase of the organizational development process. The phenomenon of the first type is characteristic of the authoritarian style of decision-making, the second - of the collective one.
The destabilization of the organizational system at the stage of initiation of innovation is caused by the entry of new information into the organization, new knowledge - in connection with the use of unusual vocabulary in the transfer of information (the phenomenon of communication differentiation or a barrier of the codification scheme was studied by F.J. Rotlisberger, K.R. Rogers, K.Ch. Deutsch (1969), Young K. (1972) Resistance to the flow of new information can be caused by status differences between potential donors and recipients.The higher the status of a potential donor organization, the less likely it is that information will be transmitted. economic ability to implement innovation Research often monitors the dependence of the formation of defects in information transmission on the weakness of communication channels.
An innovation may not be accepted due to the potential impact on existing social ties in the organization, as it threatens the hierarchy of power and prestige that has developed on the basis of the established technology, or rather, the control system it offers. Innovators pose a personal threat to certain social circles in the organization. The reason for the resistance may also lie in what is called local pride. The organization is unique, and future innovations may deprive it of this uniqueness.
The factor of resistance to innovation is the system of doing business (technology) used in the organization, especially if it gives certain positive results: a truly difficult obstacle to the implementation of innovative solutions is the successful current functioning.
The obstacle also lies in the division of labor and the associated role structure of the organization. Competition between divisions is highly likely. Speech in this case will be about the process of reallocation of limited resources. The quality of communication between departments deteriorates and often escalates into conflict.
An important condition that is the key to success in the implementation of innovations is the openness of the enterprise and the involvement of various experts in a particular field. The enterprise does not always have a sufficient number of properly qualified specialists who are able to effectively assess the position of the enterprise and develop a strategy. Thus, the involvement of experts "from outside" will allow choosing a more suitable way of carrying out changes and clearly identifying the area in need of modernization.
In order to maintain the continuous development of the enterprise and the possibility of making changes, it is also necessary to constantly invest in these processes. Without investment, the company will not be able to conduct effective innovation activities and, accordingly, increase the level of its competitiveness.
For the successful implementation of innovation and the general functioning of the enterprise, the flexibility of the enterprise is of no small importance, the ability to quickly change the direction of its activities in accordance with the demand in the market for goods and services.
2. Analysis of the innovative activity of the enterprise OJSC "MPOVT"
.1 Brief description of the enterprise
In 1956 the union government made a decision to build a plant for the production of electronic computers in Minsk.
In 1959, the first production building was commissioned and the first electronic computers M 3 with a speed of 30 operations per second and a RAM of 1024 words were produced. It was one of the first serial domestic machines of the first generation, developed by the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
In 1980, the Minsk Association of Computer Technology was awarded the Golden Mercury Prize for active international cooperation in the field of production of computer technology.
The structure of OJSC "MPOVT" includes the following separate structural divisions:
-production and technical complex of computer facilities;
-recreation center "Rudakovo.
In addition, the structure of the company includes two branches without the right of a legal entity and without taxpayer registration numbers:
-computer equipment plant;
-printed circuit board factory;
Management of OJSC "MPOVT" is carried out in accordance with the Charter. The governing bodies are the general meeting of shareholders, the supervisory board and the general director.
The supreme governing body of OJSC "MPOVT" is the General Meeting of Shareholders. The general meeting of shareholders consists of shareholders or persons authorized to do so by a power of attorney issued to them by the company's shareholders.
The general director represents the company in all institutions and organizations, concludes contracts, issues orders for the company, opens company accounts in banks and performs a number of other functions.
Eight deputies are directly subordinate to the director of the enterprise: for production, for investment projects, for social development, for marketing and long-term planning, for economics, for personnel, for the quality of products, a technical director, as well as an audit commission and a department for documentation support. Also in direct subordination to the general director are two structural divisions - a computer plant, a printed circuit board plant.
Nowadays, the open joint-stock company "MPOVT" is one of the leading enterprises of the radio-electronic industry of the Republic of Belarus, specializing in the production of information technology, energy-saving equipment (water and heat meters), electronic blocks for automotive and tractor construction, competitive communications in the markets of the CIS and RB countries and telecommunications, cash registers and other products.
At present, OJSC "MPOVT" manufactures a wide range of products.
Information technology means: machine for dispensing banknotes (ATM); payment and reference terminal equipment and equipment for cashless payment systems; computer classes; hardware-software problem-oriented complex.
Systems and means of telecommunications: universal input-switching devices UVK-U; closed-type cross-section KZT; integrated network platform for subscriber access (ISPAD); synchronous multiplexer SMM; direct communication station SPS; integrated digital dispatcher communication system DDS-M for the railway.
Products of intra-ministerial cooperation: system of universal numerical control (CNC); production of programmable universal controllers; rotary locks; relay-analyzer for electric torch heating control (MCP); lamp control unit (BKL); mechanism for remote control of the hydraulic system distributor for tractors "Belarus" (Joystick RU-1); digital contactless fuel consumption registration system (SRRT); fuse and relay block for MAZ (BPR-2); equipment control unit (BKA-3A); switching junction box (KRK); indication unit (BI); block of the on-board monitoring and diagnostics system (BSCD); microclimate control unit (BUM); improved instrument panel (USCHP); speed sensor; improved block of switching equipment (UBKA).
Products for national economic purposes: cash registers; system passive cash register (KSA) "VM-8014SM 2"; water and heat meters.
Medical devices: multifunctional impedance cardiograph for hemodynamic diagnostics in the central, cerebral and peripheral zones (IMPECARD-M); multifunctional device for esthesimetry "Estesimeter".
The main performance indicators of the enterprise OJSC "MPOVT" are shown in table 2.1.
Table 1 - Dynamics of indicators of financial and economic activity of JSC "MPOVT" for the period 2008 - 2010
Indicator name rev 2008 2009 2010 Volume of production in actual prices mln rubles 324 791.36331 419.76362 824.37 Sales products mln rubles 88 403.07221 978.30435 075.61 Cost of sold products mln rubles 80 010 , 00201 866.18400 608.74 Profit from the sale of products RUB million 8 393.0720 112.1234 466.88 Profit for the reporting period RUB million 12 265.5821 949.9728 504.08 Average annual cost of fixed assets RUB million 49 217.43133 418.37225 438.21 Average annual value of standardized working capital, million rubles 26 399.6243 989.5391 232.24 Return on sales% 10.499,968.60 Return on total capital% 16.2211,349.00 , 98
The growth rate of revenue in 2010 compared to 2009 amounted to 196.00%, which is 213,097.31 million rubles, but the increase in the cost of goods sold amounted to 98%. The production growth rate was 109.48% in 2010 compared to 2009.
Analyzing the indicators of profitability of products sold, we can conclude that the enterprise's profitability for the period 2009 - 2010. declined. And in 2010 compared to 2009, this figure decreased by 1.36 percentage points.
The turnover of working capital decreased by 3 days.
Based on the above data, we can conclude that the overall financial position of the plant can be characterized as satisfactory.
OJSC "MPOVT" operates a quality management system, within the framework of which the following quality management systems are certified in the national certification system for compliance with the requirements of STB ISO 9001-2001 (certificate No. ВY / 112 05.01.003 0162):
-design and production of automatic telephone exchanges;
-production of personal electronic computers;
-production of input-switching devices and cash registers;
-production of printed circuit boards;
-production of fuse and relay blocks, water and heat meters and regulators;
-production of rotary locks.
The quality control system of manufactured products is built on the basis of reliability assurance schemes and is constantly being improved through the implementation of annual reliability assurance programs, schedules for periodic tests, control assemblies and author's design and technological supervision.
Product quality management is planned to be carried out in accordance with the annual comprehensive plan of organizational and technical measures, the Quality program, quarterly plans to improve the quality of products, programs to ensure reliability at the stages of development, production, current activities taking into account the results of production and operation.
The company has equipped test centers accredited in the national system of the Republic of Belarus.
The manufactured products undergo compulsory certification and hygienic registration in accordance with the regulatory documents in force in the Republic of Belarus.
.2 Analysis of innovative activity of the enterprise
Let's define the strengths and weaknesses of the company "MPOVT".
Strengths of the enterprise:
)a wide range of products, which allows satisfying the needs of consumers in full. at the same time, the plant is constantly searching for new design and technological solutions, which makes it possible to constantly supplement and expand the existing product range at OJSC "MPOVT";
2)an organizational system has been introduced at the enterprise, which, already at the R&D stage, involves production units, serial design and technological support services for each purpose;
)possession of the full technological cycle of manufacturing products;
)the ability to independently develop new products and technological processes and implement them in their own production;
)own base for product testing;
)the work of the enterprise in various markets that are not directly related to each other, which avoids sharp fluctuations in the work of the enterprise.
Weaknesses of the enterprise:
)technically and morally outdated technological equipment that requires updating;
2)use of obsolete technologies in production;
)low rates of re-equipment of the enterprise;
)long terms of development and mastering of new products;
)significant costs for electrical and thermal energy associated with climatic features and the lack of high-tech energy-saving equipment and technologies, which increases the cost of manufactured products and reduces competitiveness.
The effectiveness of the work of the management of the enterprise OJSC "MPOVT" in the field of innovation can be determined in three directions:
-participation in modern innovative programs,
-conclusion of contracts for R&D with third-party organizations,
-communication with scientific design institutions.
JSC "MPOVT" takes part in the implementation of the following programs:
-State target program (GPC) for the development of the radio-electronic industry and instrument making, systems and means of information and optoelectronic technologies, measurements, telecommunications and communications for 2007-2012;
-GNTP "Radioelectronics";
-State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Instruments, Measuring Instruments and Technical Diagnostics";
-State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Mechanical Engineering";
-State program of import substitution;
-Sectoral program of import substitution;
-State program "Belmedtekhnika".
Within the framework of the State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Radioelectronics" for 2010 - 2012 it is planned to develop and master in the production of such competitive products as:
-closed-type crossover device for use in telecommunication systems;
-passive system cash register with extended functionality;
-hemodynamic monitor for tracking vital body functions (patient monitor);
-currency exchange terminal.
Within the framework of the State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Instruments, Measuring Instruments and Technical Diagnostics", together with BSUIR, work is being carried out to develop and master the production of a digital contactless system for monitoring and recording fuel consumption of mobile cars.
Within the framework of the State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Mechanical Engineering" under the subprogram "Machines and Tools" in 2011, the development of a universal system of numerical programmed control of a machine tool based on an industrial PC was started. Completion of the project in 2012. Under the subprogram "Belavtotraktorostroenie" together with OJSC "MAZ" it is planned for 2011 - 2012. development and mastering of the production of a dashboard, on-board monitoring systems, diagnostics and control of the heating and microclimate system for MAZ cars.
As part of the implementation of the State and Industry Import Substitution Programs, the enterprise produced import-substituting products for a total amount of 17552.0 thousand dollars, including import-substituting products for the amount of 3955.95 thousand dollars during 2010 and 9 months of 2011. year, it is planned to complete the development and development in production of products according to two projects of the State Program of Import Substitution, as a result of which production will be mastered:
-competitive import-substituting digital fiber-optic systems providing all functions of SDH synchronous digital hierarchy stations with transmission rates of 155 (STM1), 622 (STM4) and 2500 (STM16) Mbps;
-integrated network platform of subscriber access (ISPAD). The implementation of this project will make it possible to put on the market domestic equipment that provides a high-level service of telematic services and will allow replacing similar expensive equipment from foreign firms. It can be especially effectively used in the construction of departmental and corporate communication networks.
Within the framework of the State Program "Belmedtekhnika", work is underway to master the production of a medical device for measuring tactile and pain sensitivity - an estesimeter (E-01), the serial production of which is planned for 2012.
The enterprise OJSC "MPOVT" constantly maintains contact and carries out joint work with various scientific and design institutions of the republic. Thus, in cooperation with the Physico-Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, work has been carried out to create and implement an economical and progressive technology for processing the surface of copper foil and the pattern of the outer layers of printed circuit boards using polyamide-corundum circles; Together with the Institute of Solid State Physics and Semiconductors of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, in order to develop the production of competitive products, work was carried out to introduce the technology of applying a wear-resistant protective coating to the working surface of the magnetic heads. Together with BSUIR, on a contractual basis, within the framework of the State Enterprise "Import Substitution" in order to create domestic equipment for a synchronous digital hierarchy, a synchronous multiplexer SMM-16 is being developed, which can be used to build departmental and local primary fiber-optic networks; within the framework of the State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Radioelectronics" it is planned to develop a medical device "Patient Monitor" and according to the State Scientific and Technical Enterprise "Instruments, Measuring Instruments and Technical Diagnostics" work is being carried out to develop and master the production of a digital contactless system for monitoring and recording fuel consumption of mobile cars
Within the framework of R&D, implementation of the State Scientific and Technological Program, ONTP, the introduction of new technologies, the enterprise carries out joint work with the following scientific and design institutions:
UE "MNIIRM";
BSUIR;
-Institute of Solid State Physics and Semiconductors, NASB;
-Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus;
-Research Institute of Powder Metallurgy;
-State Institute of Communications Design "Giprosvyaz";
RUE BelGIM;
BelGISS;
LONIIS;
-Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
OJSC "MPOVT" mainly faces the problem of expanding existing markets and penetrating new sales markets, ensuring break-even sales of goods.
To solve the problem of expanding markets, a number of measures are envisaged: to master a payment and information terminal and an ATM in production; to master in production the software and hardware for optical synchronous transmission; to complete preparation of production of direct communication station; to master in production an integrated subscriber access platform; develop and master the production of a multi-service access gateway; to develop and master the production of programmable universal controllers.
JSC "MPOVT" relies on science-intensive production, high technologies, on the intelligence of specialists, the creation of high-performance jobs for young specialists, which allows planning the development of new products in the total volume of production annually over 50%.
The main trends in improving the technical level of telecommunications facilities and systems, ensuring their competitiveness, are associated with the creation of a single digital transport telecommunications environment for the transmission of all types of information, the development of multiservice networks - next generation networks, reflecting the process of merging two industries - telecommunications and information. As a result, a wide range of services is provided, ranging from classic telephony services and ending with various data transmission services or their combination for the provision of additional communication services to organizations and the population.
For the development and implementation of new technologies, it is planned to introduce the following measures to achieve a positive effect in terms of expanding the technological capabilities of the enterprise:
-modernization of mechanical paint production (purchase of equipment);
-introduction of technologies for surface mounting of printed circuit boards of the 5th class;
-work to improve the packaging technology of products;
-modernization and development of the polymer coating area;
-introduction of molding technology for low-combustible domestic plastics for the manufacture of modules for protecting cross devices of our own production instead of imported ones;
-introduction of technology for electrical control of printed circuit boards at the stand with scanning probes;
-mastering the technology of applying organic topcoat OSP on single-layer printed circuit boards, etc.
The total number of design and technological services of the enterprise in 2011 amounted to 431 people, of which 259 are directly engaged in research and development or modernization (60.0%), including by divisions:
Table 2.2 - The composition of the design and technological services of the enterprise, people
Name of the subdivision Total number (including those engaged in development or modernization) Absolute deviation 2009 2010 Special design bureau of the head plant (SKB) 174 (157) 178 (160) 4 (3) Special design and technological bureau of the head plant (SKTB) 63 (17) 67 (19) 4 (2) Design and technological department of the production and technical complex of computer facilities 17 (17) 18 (18) 1 (1) Special Design Bureau of the Integrated Automated Control System (SKBIASU) 49 (17) 52 (19) 3 ( 2) Department of the chief designer of a computer plant (OGK ZVT) 31 (23) 33 (25) 2 (2) Department of the chief technologist of a computer plant (OGT ZVT) 50 (12) 50 (12) 0 Department of the chief technologist of a printed circuit board plant (OGT RFP) 30 (5) 33 (6) 3 (1) Total: 414 (248) 431 (259) 17 (11)
Note - Source: own development based on enterprise data.
Analyzing table 2.2, we can conclude that the number of design and technological services of the enterprise in 2010 compared to 2009 increased by 17 people, including 11 people directly engaged in research and development or modernization. The largest increase in people was observed in the special design bureau of the head plant and in the special design and technological bureau of the head plant for 4 people in each department.
OJSC "MPOVT" carries out design and technological work to create new products in four main areas:
-communications and telecommunications;
-information technology tools;
-articles of national economy and consumer goods;
-new technologies.
In 2012, the enterprise plans to develop and master the following competitive products in production.
In terms of further development of communications and telecommunications within the framework of the branch scientific and technical program "Means of telecommunications", the development has been completed, production has been mastered and it is planned to start serial production of the automatic telephone exchange for city telephone networks "BETA M 25", which is the latest model, a promising digital switching platform "Beta M" construction of competitive automatic telephone exchanges (ATS) with a capacity from 128 ports to 75 thousand ports, which completely cover the needs of local and departmental telephone networks of the Republic of Belarus in switching equipment of this type at a price 2.5 times lower than the S12 ATS of Alcatel. Implementation of interfaces and access protocols in accordance with the standards of the European Telecommunication Standardization Institute (ETSI) ensures the compatibility of Beta M PBX with any types of modern equipment and the possibility of its integration into international networks. The use of the most modern element base of domestic and foreign production in the equipment made it possible to reduce the material consumption and energy consumption of automatic telephone exchanges by 35% in comparison with automatic telephone exchanges "Beta" and, according to these indicators, correspond to the best foreign analogs.
In the future, the release of the automatic telephone exchange of the modernized Beta M switching system will continue. The main focus is on expanding the functionality of stations, meeting the requirements of corporate customers, and increasing reliability.
Recently, one of the most dynamically developing areas of telecommunications is the sphere of subscriber access, which is also called the "last mile". Modern technologies make it possible to provide the user with a complete set of various services (speech, data, video information) over one communication line. Domestic subscriber access equipment that meets modern requirements is not produced, and similar equipment from foreign firms is quite expensive. Therefore, within the framework of the State Enterprise "Import Substitution", the enterprise is carrying out work, planned for completion in 2012, on the implementation of the project "To develop and master in production an integrated network platform of subscriber access (ISPAD)", which can be especially effectively used in the construction of departmental and corporate networks communication.
In 2012, work is being completed on the development in serial production of an optical multiplexer unit designed to organize connecting lines between the same type of automatic telephone exchange or to connect automatic telephone exchanges to switching networks via a single-mode cable in the wavelength range of 1.30 or 1.55 microns. The optical multiplexer corresponds to the best foreign counterparts QFLC, TC-16E and has a lower cost. The development and development in production of a dispatcher communication switch (CDS), intended for use on departmental telephone networks as an office-production automatic telephone exchange, office automatic telephone exchange and a dispatch communication switch, is nearing completion. The implementation of this project makes it possible to modernize and expand the local telephone networks of the republic with cheaper equipment of its own production without attracting foreign exchange funds to purchase equipment abroad.
Currently, the Republic of Belarus is developing the concept of building NGN networks. In this regard, it is advisable to develop and put into production domestic equipment by the time the networks are built. To this end, the company has planned, starting in 2012, work on the development and production of an access gateway to NGN networks - ATS "Beta MS ShD". The goal of this project is to develop domestic equipment and software products of the access level, which can work both with old networks and with the NGN network as it is deployed. The main consumers of the equipment will be corporations and departments (including law enforcement agencies), as well as government bodies of the Republic of Belarus.
OJSC "MPOVT" is the only manufacturer of input-switching devices (ICD) in the republic and produces, constantly improving, equipment corresponding to the products of European companies Krone and Ericsson in its technical parameters. In 2008 and 9 months of 2009, the enterprise manufactured and delivered to consumers VKU products with a total capacity of over 500 thousand lines, including 253.4 thousand lines for the joint Belarusian-German enterprise Alcatel-MPOVT. For 2011-2012, it is planned to work on the development and development in the production of closed-type cross devices for use in telecommunication systems and high-density cross devices based on LSA-PROFIL-NT skirtings.
In terms of the development of promising information technology tools in 2011 a new version of the PC VM 2002 based on a processor with a 64-bit architecture was developed and mastered in production, and a special version of the PC designed for processing closed information was developed, which will be mastered in serial production in 2012. Work is planned to master the production of a PC based on a dual-core microprocessor. In addition to the traditional production of personal computers and computer classes, it is planned to master the production of a server version of personal computers, currency exchange terminals.
In the direction of consumer goods and consumer goods in 2011 at the enterprise, in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Industry for the phased provision of OJSC "MTZ" and OJSC "MAZ" with domestic components, developed and mastered in production: a control unit for heating candles (MKP-3), a block of fuses and relays (BPR-2), two modifications of the lamp control unit (CCL). The manufacture and delivery of remote control mechanisms for the hydraulic system distributor of Belarus tractors (Joystick RU-1) and relay-signaling devices for electric torch heating (MCP) control installed on the Belarus tractors to ensure their reliability continues.
For 2012, it is planned to work on the development, mastering of production and production of more than 10 types of components purchased outside the republic for tractor and automobile plants. These are modernized control units for heating the tractor candles (MKP-3) and fuse and relay units (BPR-3) for RUE "MTZ", a unified switchgear unit (UBKA) and blocks of a distribution switch box (RKK) for MAZ, lamp control units BKL on LEDs, display unit (BI), contactless system for monitoring and recording fuel consumption of mobile cars, etc.
The enterprise has begun the development of a universal numerical control system (CNC) for a machine tool based on an industrial PC, intended for use in machine tools of domestic manufacturers as a central control core instead of expensive imported systems. Serial production is planned for 2012.
Further work is underway to improve the manufactured heat and water meters (SViT-03). Here the emphasis is on reducing their cost, increasing reliability and increasing output. Installation of metering and regulation devices for heat energy allows saving up to 30% of energy consumption during the heating season.
In addition to the traditionally produced medical cabinets and transducers with digital output ROC 2-02, in 2012 it is planned to launch the production of pain sensitivity threshold devices (Extesimeter-01) and begin the development of a new medical device "Patient Monitor" to equip intensive care units in hospitals.
3. Proposals for improving the innovative activity of JSC "MPOVT"
.1 Development of proposals for improving the innovative activity of the enterprise
When analyzing innovation processes at OJSC "MPOVT", one could notice the company's tendency to release new types of products, to update the base.
To survive in such difficult conditions of existence, the company seeks to expand the range of products, thereby raising its image and strengthening its position in new sales markets.
In this project part, measures will be proposed for the effective use of innovative resources, both technological and organizational, and the economic effect of the implementation of these measures will be calculated.
Raw materials and materials per unit of the cost of marketable products at the OJSC "MPOVT" enterprise make up 16% of the total mass of costs, among them the share of 9% falls on the material "metal".
During the formation of market economic relations in connection with a sharp increase in the cost of metal products, the issue of using metal waste becomes relevant, this problem is closely related to the efficiency of social production and is an essential part of the formation of economic conditions for creating waste-free production.
Only on the basis of the development of the economic mechanism of interrelations between the main production and industries that use waste as a raw material for obtaining new products can the prerequisites for a truly waste-free production be created, where economic problems will be fully resolved.
The implementation of the existing reserves of secondary raw materials at OJSC "MPOVT" will save many valuable materials and save a significant amount of energy. The national economic effect will be obtained by expanding the resource base without allocating additional investments for the exploration and development of mineral deposits; release of land areas from dumps and dumps; reduction of irrational transportation of primary raw materials; costs of environmental protection.
One of the types of valuable secondary raw materials is metalworking waste: metal shavings, cuttings of workpieces, hoses of grinding machines.
When machining metals by cutting, a large amount of cutting fluids (coolant) is carried away with the chips. In addition, at the plant of OJSC "MPOVT" during the heat treatment of metals, a large amount of scorched is formed, which is deposited in the oil after quenching. The coolant in chips and scale reduces their economic value, because during the melting process, the content of sulfur, carbon and impurities in the steel being melted increases. For rational use as a charge material, the chips must be pressed into briquettes and bags of maximum density.
The use of briquettes or packages increases its metallurgical value, reduces the labor intensity of loading and unloading operations.
Obtaining high-quality briquettes or packages from shavings is possible only by thoroughly cleaning it from oil and emulsion.
The main goal of the event is the justification and development of equipment and integrated systems for processing metal shavings. The idea is to obtain the highest possible density of briquettes or packages due to high-quality preparation of raw materials and agglomeration with minimal energy consumption. At the same time, high-quality preparation of raw materials should ensure the maximum density of briquettes or packages when using serial pressing equipment, which requires a certain improvement in agglomeration technologies.
.2 Assessment of economic efficiency in the implementation of the proposed activities
In order to develop and introduce innovations into production, it is proposed to introduce special equipment for the collection and agglomeration of metal waste to obtain briquettes.
The definition of economic efficiency is based on the definition of the main cost items:
-costs of initial analysis and planning of IP implementation;
-the cost of purchasing technical equipment;
-costs of dismantling old equipment;
-installation and assembly costs;
-commissioning costs;
To assess economic efficiency, it is necessary to carry out:
-calculation of capital costs;
-calculation of current costs.
The initial analysis and planning costs amount to RUB 1,220,000. (salary for a specialist).
The cost of purchasing technical equipment will amount to 21,650 thousand rubles.
The costs of dismantling the old equipment will amount to 3210 thousand rubles.
The installation and installation costs are determined according to generally accepted standards, as a percentage of the cost of technical equipment. Cost rate - 5%
Commissioning costs are subdivided into the following items:
-costs of consumed electricity;
-labor costs (basic and additional wages);
-payroll.
Table 3.1 shows the data required for calculating costs.
Table 3.1 - Initial data
Indicator Designation Unit of measurement Value Cost of 1 kW of electricity Tsr.360 Power consumption of electric motors MkW5 Operating time of one electric motor per day tHour10Duration of developmentThree month1Number of workersHuman9Wage of workers \\ ptys. 1220 Additional wages rate Nd% 40
Any modern production is inconceivable without the use of advanced technologies, materials and equipment that must comply with modern international standards in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.
Everyone knows that the current difficult situation in the world industrial market steadily requires an increase in the competitiveness of products. That is why modern industrial production should not stop at dogmatically outdated technologies, it should move and develop all the time.
The competitiveness of an enterprise largely depends on the efficiency of the use of production capacities and in this matter it is impossible to lag behind modern technologies, such as: modern machines and equipment; industrial information technology; production automation technologies; energy supply and energy saving technologies for enterprises; industrial water treatment system technologies; waste disposal technologies, etc.
With all of the above and many other equally important modern industrial technologies, you will have the opportunity to get acquainted in this subsection of the independent scientific and technical publication WWW. Site.
The development and approval of the SSS project allows the owner of the enterprise not only to avoid administrative and financial sanctions, but also to express his civil responsibility about the state of water supply and protection of water resources. The approval of such a project is preceded by work on its preparation based on the regulatory framework and the collected initial data. It is coordinated by Rospotrebnadzor, on the basis of which a corresponding conclusion is issued.
The Karelsky Kombinat Group of Companies announces the modernization of the technological line at the enterprise in Sortavala. The updated lines will feature a number of technological innovations. The technologies of the enterprise have no analogues in the world. This is evidenced by the frequent offers from foreign companies to purchase developments and their implementation at foreign enterprises ...
Special equipment for testing the quality and strength of manufactured products in industry are universal testing machines. They are intended for a wide range of static tests. Various physical properties of materials are determined by this kind of research. These properties are most often checked for specific types of deformation: compression, twisting, flaking, shearing, bending, and others.
Since early times, people have tried a large number of different materials for the manufacture of weapons, household items and just jewelry. Time passed, and mankind discovered metals. The main method of processing this material was forging hammers and an unpretentious technology at the heart of which heating the original blank to a high temperature and further transforming the product to the shape required by the customer. This technology is used ...
The role of the railway is great both in Russia and abroad. A track lifting and straightening machine is necessary for performing work on a railway bed: repair work, daily operation of communication lines, even tram tracks as needed. During operation, rails tend to deform under the weight of trains and freight trains. This task is easily handled by the track lifting and straightening machine, which has been used for a long time to repair rails.
Almost every branch of industry in modern conditions needs high-quality equipment for metal processing. This can be safely attributed to such industrial giants as car factories, as well as enterprises that specialize in the production of aircraft, ships, trains, etc.
The popularity of custom-made mirror workshops is constantly growing. This is easy to understand, because thanks to their services, it is possible to obtain a relatively inexpensive product that is guaranteed to exist in a single copy and at the same time fits perfectly into the interior of your home.
Especially for the RIA Science section \u003e\u003e
Steven Perlberg
The World Economic Forum, known for its annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, has published a new report that outlines the main technological trends for the current year.
“Technology has become perhaps the greatest agent of change in the modern world,” writes entrepreneur Noubar Afeyan. “It's never without risk, but positive technological breakthroughs promise to provide innovative solutions to the world's most pressing challenges today, from resource scarcity to global environmental change.”
“By highlighting the most important technological advances, the Council aims to raise awareness of their potential and help close gaps in investment, regulation and public perception,” he notes.
Below is a summary of the latest technologies to look out for this year, from wearable electronics to brain-to-computer interfaces.
1. Body-adapted wearable electronics
New York Police Test Google Glass Smart GlassesPolice officers have several devices at their disposal that are used to test how this technique can be used to solve everyday problems. According to media reports, police can use Google Glass for facial recognition, retrieving data from archives, recording videos and preparing reports.“These virtually invisible devices include earbuds that track heart rate, underwear sensors that monitor posture, temporary tattoos that track vital organs, and tactile soles that show GPS directions by vibrating your feet.
This technique has a wide variety of applications: tactile soles are proposed to be used as a guide for the blind, and Google Glass is already worn by oncologists, since this device helps them with operations, showing medical data and other visual information by voice commands.
2. Nanostructured graphite composite materials
Air pollutants from the rapidly growing car fleet are a growing concern for environmentalists. Therefore, improving the operating efficiency of transport is a promising avenue for reducing the overall impact of pollution.
New methods for nanostructuring carbon fiber for the latest composite materials demonstrate the ability to reduce vehicle weight by 10% or more. A light car needs less fuel, which will increase the efficiency of transporting people and goods and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. ”
3. Extraction of metals in seawater concentrate during desalination
Fresh water supplies continue to decline, and therefore, one of the solutions to the problem has become the desalination of seawater. But desalination has serious drawbacks. It requires a lot of energy and also results in concentrated salt water waste, which, when returned to the sea, has a serious negative impact on marine life.
Perhaps the most promising solution to this problem may be a new attitude towards this concentrate, if you look at it not as a production waste, but as a raw material source of very valuable substances. Among them are lithium, magnesium and uranium, as well as ordinary soda, calcium and potassium compounds.
4. Storage of electricity on an industrial scale
There are indications that many new technologies will help us get close to solving a number of problems. Some of them, say, flow batteries, in the future will be able to store chemical energy in liquid form and in large quantities, just as we store coal and gas.
Various solid batteries will also allow you to store fairly large amounts of energy in fairly cheap and affordable materials. Recently invented high-capacity graphene capacitors make it possible to charge and discharge batteries very quickly, completing many tens of thousands of cycles. There are other options, such as harnessing the potential of kinetic energy in large flywheels and storing compressed air underground.
5. Nanowire lithium-ion batteries
2014: which scientific ideas should be retiredFamous scientists have compiled their own list of popular scientific ideas that have lost their relevance in the light of the latest research and modern views.These new generation batteries are capable of full charging faster and generate 30-40% more electricity than today's lithium-ion batteries. This will help transform the electric vehicle market and allow solar energy to be stored at home. For the first time in the next two years, silicon anode batteries will be used in smartphones.
6. Display without screen
In this area, significant and rapid progress was made in 2013. It looks like there are major breakthroughs in the near future in the dimensionally variable application of non-screen displays. Various companies are making great strides in this area. We are talking about a virtual reality headset, bionic contact lenses, the development of mobile phones for the elderly and visually impaired, as well as video holograms that do not require glasses and moving parts.
7. Medicines for human intestinal microflora
Nowadays, much attention is paid to the intestinal microflora and its role in the occurrence of various diseases - from infections and obesity to diabetes and inflammation of the digestive tract.
It became clear that antibiotic treatment leads to the destruction of the intestinal flora and causes complications such as infections from the bacteria Clostridium difficile. And in some cases, complications can even threaten a person's life. On the other hand, clinical studies are now underway on a group of microbes found in healthy intestines, which will help create a new generation of drugs to improve the process of treating human intestinal microflora.
8. RNA drugs
Advances in the research of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and synthesis technologies in a living organism make it possible to create new generation drugs based on RNA. These drugs will be able to dilute the naturally occurring protein present in excess and allow the body to naturally produce optimized drug-based proteins. In collaboration with large pharmaceutical companies and research centers, a number of private firms have been set up to develop RNA-based drugs and treatments.
9. Know yourself (predictive analytics)
Smartphones contain a huge amount of information about the activities of people, including those they know (contact lists, social networking applications), with whom they communicate (call logging, text message logging, email), where they go (GPS, Wi-Fi georeferenced photos) and what they do (applications we use, load data).
Using this information, as well as special algorithms for machine understanding, you can build detailed predictive models about people and their behavior. This will help in urban planning work, in prescribing individual medicines, in considering future needs and in medical diagnostics.
10. Brain-computer interfaces
The ability to control a computer solely by the power of reason is closer to reality than you think. Brain-to-computer interfaces, in which a computer reads and interprets signals directly from the brain, are already undergoing clinical trials and showing good results. They will allow people with quadriplegia (paralysis of the arms and legs), isolation syndrome and those who have suffered a stroke to move around in their wheelchair and even drink coffee from a cup, controlling a robotic arm using brain waves. In addition, brain implants help partially restore vision for those who have lost it.