Excess WIT D Symptoms. Research of vitamin D in the body, possible complications and prevention of hypervitaminosis

Vitamin D3 is a substance that is both a hormone and, as it is called "solar vitamin". Two types of this substance distinguish:

• natural - it is included in the food of animal origin;
• synthetic - formed under the influence of sunlight, is part of various nutritional supplements.

There are several more forms of this substance - d 4, d 5 and d 6. These groups are predecessors of D3, they are not as high biological activity, they are used in medicine as an antitumor agent.

From the deficit of vitamin D3, a person is not insured at any age. With its insufficient consumption, various health care appear. Despite the indisputable benefit, you should know that the overdose of vitamin D3 may entail the most difficult consequences. Hypervitaminosis is an overdose that requires immediate medical intervention.

The symptoms of overdose by vitamin D3 are due to the severity of poisoning, in adults this process proceeds a little different than in children.

How much and for what you need to take vitamin d3

The drug D3 is used both with therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Why is he appointed? To prevent Rakhita, doctors recommend it to children from the first days of life, especially the kids born in the autumn-winter period, when little sun. As a medical preparation for adults and children, it is appointed in the following cases:

• in the development of rickets;
• with increased fragility of bones and their long-term splicing;
• with low level of calcium and phosphorus in the body;
• when inflammation of the bone marrow;
• with tuberculosis;
• with a red lolly.

What is needed vitamin D3? The deficit, as well as overdose by vitamin E, may cause serious harm to health. The scope of this substance includes:

• synthesizing proteins;
• normalization of the growth of the skeleton;
• saturation of teeth, bone with minerals;
• strengthening muscle tissue;
• raise the protective forces of the body.

The daily dose of vitamin D for adults and adolescent children is 10 μg, children from 4 years old - 2, 5 -3 μg, up to 4 years old - 8 - 10 μg. The symptoms of poisoning with vitamin D are observed after receiving 15 μg and more substances daily. Usually, the dose is caused by age, lifestyle, climatic and environmental conditions and individual characteristics of the body. Depending on a number of factors, the dosage can be increased, it applies to people:

• living in the extreme north or in environmentally unfavorable areas;
• having kidney diseases and gastrointestinal organs;
• pregnant and nursing women;
• long-term treatment under hospital conditions.

The overdose of vitamin d occurs infrequently because it is a fat-soluble substance and accumulates without harm to health. Usually, this phenomenon is observed in infants, whose body has not yet adapted to the environment, did not learn how to deal with a stuff of certain substances.

The cause of overdose of vitamin d

The sharp and chronic form of overdose of vitamin D. The reasons for the development of this phenomenon can be a set. These include:

• uncontrollable reception of the drug without recommendation of the doctor;
• for the treatment of a small child, an incorrect dose is appointed;
• long pastime in the sun and the simultaneous reception of the drug.

The re-payment of vitamin D can develop due to the negligence of the parents. Quite often, adults leave the drug in an affordable place, as a result of which he eats a large amount of substance without parental permission.

General signs of overdose

The symptoms of the preparation of the drug are primary and secondary. Primary appear almost immediately after an excessive reception of the substance, the secondary can manifest themselves after a while. General signs of overdose are as follows:

• bad appetite;
• constant nausea;
• severe vomiting;
• non-fatty thirst.

So the primary symptoms of poisoning look like, after a while they appear secondary:

• there is an unfortunate anxiety and irritability;
• rides blood pressure;
• urination is rapidly;
• the kidney dysfunction appears.

This sign is taiting serious danger, often has irreversible consequences.

Overdose in adults and children

Overdose by vitamin D3 in adults is much less common than in children. When poisoning, this substance arises all primary, as well as secondary symptoms. Depending on the characteristics of the body, it may be observed:

• increased temperature;
• sharp weight loss;
• violation of the nervous system function;
• heart palpitations;
• scatter pale.

An overdose of vitamin D in adults is characterized by a significant decrease in the immune system, as a result of which a person is constantly sick of infectious and viral diseases.

A child suffering from such intoxication is usually hard to carry it. The following symptoms appear:

• disappearance of appetite;
• insomnia appears;
• there is a failure of the digestive process;
• opens vomiting and diarrhea;
• skin covers are pale, become flabby.

In particularly severe cases, respiratory failure is developing, seizures, heartbeat slows down.

How to treat overdose

Treatment of overdose of vitamin D is carried out in the hospital, especially when it comes to small children. First eliminates the source of the substance in the body, the symptoms of intoxication are then removed. To do this, adults and children are categorically prohibited to eat:

• milk products;
• chicken eggs;
• fatty varieties of fish and meat;
• beef liver.

For staying in the sun during treatment, a complete ban is imposed. The patient gives a lot of fluids prescribe bedding. To treat the overaction of vitamin D can be obtained:

• glucocorticosteroids are prescribed to remove inflammation provoked by calcine;
• ammonium chloride - prevents the formation of calcium calcium stones;
• vitamins C and B - they help to return the metabolism to normal.

What is dangerous overdose? This phenomenon leads to a variety of pathology:

• osteoporosis;
• deposition of salts in kidney tissues, heart and lungs;
• blockage of vessels;
• arthralgia.

If you take all the necessary measures in time, that is, stop taking the drug, seek help to a doctor, overdose symptoms will pass through a short time.

Be healthy!

otravynet.ru.

What is dangerous excess vitamin d

In the long run, chronic rejunction of vitamin D can lead to very serious pathologies:

• osteoporosis and bone demineralization
• bone marrow stroma
• plugging of vessels and valves of the cardiovascular system of mucopolysaccharides, hardening them, the development of atherosclerosis
• enhanced calcium salts deposition in internal organs
• polyuria
• arthralgia.

In children with constant excess of vitamin D, asthenia develops, disorders in the development of the skeleton are possible associated with the exceedment of the growth rate of bones over the rates of strengthening the joints and muscle corset. For this reason, scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, to highlight dislocations and fractures can develop, to appear excess growth.

However, at first, the vitamin D is characterized by temporary specific disorders, according to which it can be quickly calculated and in time to take measures without allowing the situation to be aggravated.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

When receiving several ultrahigh doses of vitamin d or the beginning of the reaction to its chronic overdose, characteristic symptoms are developing:

• digestion disorders - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or, on the contrary, constipation, loss of appetite
• breathing, shortness of breath
• fever
• muscle pain, pain in the head and joints
• causes
• enhance arterial pressure.

It is these symptoms of overdose of vitamin D that arise first. They are quickly quickly undergoing during the cessation of drugs or normalization of their quantity.

Features of overdose of vitamin D in infants

The specificity of the vitamin d in infants is that in addition to characteristic symptoms of the child, an individual reaction may appear often. If the baby has other somatic diseases, hypervitaminosis can cause the deterioration of its condition and exacerbation of symptoms.

In the general case, the symptoms of overdose of vitamin D in infants and children under the year are as follows:

• Sleep disorders, which is particularly well shown if the child has already developed a night sleep mode. With hypervitaminosis, the child becomes more restless, often crying at night, falls asleep longer, even if he wants to sleep.
• Slow hair growth.
• Vomiting, frequent jumping.
• Increased selection of urine, thirst.
• Disruption of the defecation regime.

Most often, the overdose of vitamin D in infants arises due to the inattention of the parents. Vitamin preparations for infants are designed to receive 1 drops per day. Two drops will already be an excessive dose, and three - may well cause hypervitaminosis with constant use.

It is very simple when dosing at home. Even easier to calculate that "a little more is not scary" and consciously give the child excessive amounts of vitamin.

On a note

Overdose of vitamin D in infants - the usual phenomenon is also because due to the small amount of adipose tissue, the child's body simply has no hope to excess cholecalciferol. A normal dose for a newborn is 75% of the norm for an adult, despite the fact that the body's mass of the child is 10-15 times less. 1 drop of the same aquadener is fully provided by vitamin d of adult, and therefore for a small child, even small oscillations of the amount of vitamin intake can be critical.

"We were on GW, on the second month the doctor prescribed Vitamin D in preventive doses. Three months later it turned out that my milk was missing, and began to add a mixture. Accordingly, instead of a prophylactic dose, the doctor has already prescribed the usual therapeutic, although there were no signs of rickets in the daughter, and D3 was part of the mixture. And then it began: because of the bald nape - one more drop more a day, after ARVI - generally registered 5 drops of aquadeurma a day. This I now read the normal instruction and was horrified, and then I did not even think about it. Little began to sleep badly, she has a constant thirst, pimples under the mouse. The pediatrician looked - and again she said that the matter in Vitamin D is missing. Fortunately, a familiar infectious behalf of me on time and said that without signs of Rahita, it was impossible to drink more than 1 drops on a day. Then I just found out that all the troubles are not due to the lack, but because of excess vitamin. Nightmare, I was a doctor ready to kill ... "

Alla, Ryazan

The amount of vitamin d sufficient to overdose

The normal amount of vitamin D for an adult is 400-600 IU per day (10-15 μg per day), depending on body weight and physiological state. The maximum amount of 600 meters is prescribed under therapy of certain diseases and for short-term admission to pregnant women.

The need for vitamin D in the breast child is 300-400 meters per day (7.5-10 μg).

Minor (one and a half times) One-time non-permanent exceedances will not lead to the development of overdose. More significant doses can already cause weak manifestations of hypervitaminosis, usually limited by digestion disorders.

On a note

It should be remembered that a significant amount of vitamin D is produced in a person of any age in the skin under the action of sunlight (on a summer day on the street - a complete daily rate). Adding additional doses to this amount, even prophylactic, can already lead to overdose.

Serious overdose of vitamin Ds occurs with regular use of more than 2000 months or at once reception 10000 - 15,000 meters.

On a note

1 drop of aquadeurma or vitamin D-TEV contains 600 meters of vitamin - a complete daily rate. For one-time overdose, it is enough to use 15-18 drops, and for the development of chronic hypervitaminosis - daily 3-4 drops.

How to avoid overdose?

Avoid overdose of vitamin D is easy. It is important to remember that in the absence of explicit signs of rickets and symptoms of hypovitaminosis, it is not worth using it. You can add products rich in vitamin to the diet, and as often as possible to the sun, substitute it open areas of the body.

In winter, a daily dose of vitamin as the prevention of hypovitaminosis will be justified for a healthy adult and child. But more than 400 meters per day can be taken only in the following cases:

• at the direction of the doctor, it is desirable - confirming the need to receive by several more specialists;
• in the presence of explicit health problems - already a doctor must understand whether vitamin D will help in these cases;
• in the absence of the possibility of consulating vitamin D with food.

It should be remembered that in many cases the cause of the overdose of vitamin D is self-treatment. Even if the patient does not trust a specific doctor, it is wiser to seek advice to several specialists and act according to the results of consultation with them, than to appoint treatment yourself. In any case, when taking vitamin D, it is necessary to closely monitor its organism and well-being, and if there are any sharp disorders to reduce dosages or to cancel the reception of vitamin at all.

The benefits and harm of vitamin D: whether it is necessary to give it to children

www.vitaminius.ru.

Vitamin D: overdose and its causes

The re-payment of vitamin D is not as often as poisoning by other vitamins by virtue of its specificity, and almost all cases of intoxication due to the oversupply are explained by the desire to be reinsured and give more vitamin the child in order to prevent rickets, or illiteracy in the appointment of doses (which, alas, refers Not only to people, "appointing" vitamin themselves, but also to some doctors).

As a rule, one-time overdose is not dangerous, except when Vitamin was accepted in incredibly large quantities. A chronic form is much more characteristic of vitamin D overdose - gradual accumulation of calciferol in fatty tissues with constant dose over a long time.

Overdose vitamin D may be caused by the exceedments of normal doses by more than 1.5-2 times for a month (and more often - several months), and it is important to understand that we are talking about the total content of calciferol in the body, which means that it should be taken into account All its sources.

What way excess vitamin is in the body?

• First, the detailed situation is possible, if you do not take into account the ability of the organism itself to synthesize in your cells this substance under the influence of the Sun. Staying in the summer for a walk in a couple of hours provides the body with a complete daily rate if the day was cloudless. Therefore, if in the summer it is also added to the use of synthetic vitamins to walk, get the vitamin D is simpler simple.
• Secondly, the hypervitaminosis is conducted by dosage through ignorance or deliberately (alas, it is often a desire to "feed" with vitamins with interest, without considering the fact that a lot does not mean well).
• Thirdly, the excessive concentration of vitamin in the body may not be needed if a person is included in the risk group - is among people, especially sensitive to calciferol, including renal patients, cores, severely sick and bedridden, pregnant and nursing mothers , as well as persons with obesity (after all, as we remember, fat-soluble vitamin D accumulates precisely in fatty tissues).
• And in fourth, sometimes an overdose can be one-time, but very big: the baby drank a bubble with a drug, the grandmother gave a vitamin with a complete tablespoon, confusing it with fish fat, and not a pipette on the droplets, or someone deliberately gives or takes a vitamin drug In order to cause harm to health.

On the other hand, sometimes even excess dosage costs without dangerous consequences. For example, if the overdose was admitted to a patient with RAhte a child: they transfer such exceeds much easier than healthy kids, because in a sick rickets there is too large calciferol deficiency.

Another factor that reduces the risk - reception of natural fish fat instead of synthetic vitamin D: natural fish oil (as well as a cracking liver) also contain vitamin A, which does not allow vitamin D to overdose.

What is the vitamin D?

In order to prevent the dose of vitamin, you need to understand where it is taken in our body.

In addition to how we already know, the production of cells themselves under the influence of sunlight, there is a food method of replenishing the reserves of this vitamin. Therefore, if you give a child or take Vitamin D yourself, do not satisfy your diet:

• fish fat,
• fatty fish,
• marine algae (including canned),
• caviar
• seafood.

Also carefully consider the number of milk products consumed, cheeses, butter, egg yolks, oatmeal, and even forest mushrooms.

Symptoms of poisoning vitamin D: when to beat the alarm?

Overdose vitamin D causes an increase in calcium and phosphorus in the body in the blood, which means that it increases the content of these elements in fact in all organs and systems, it provokes the calcination of the walls of vessels, liver tissues, kidneys, hearts and lungs.

There is an overabundance of vitamin D with such symptoms:

• violation of the digestion process (various, sometimes opposite manifestations: from nausea and vomiting with diarrhea - before constipation and loss of appetite);
• appearance of shortness of breath and breathing problems;
• pain in muscles and joints;
• headaches;
• convulsions;
• high pressure;
• fever and heat.

However, these manifestations pass, it is worth only to remove the source of excessive vitaminization from the diet.

It is important to understand that, since hypervitamination can be acute and chronic, then its manifestations may also differ in two these forms.

With acute overdose, the most dangerous signs can be considered:

• full loss of appetite;
• nausea and then frequent vomiting and diarrhea;
• dehydration, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes;
• pressure lifting;
• reducing cardiac activity (pulse becomes less often, the skin has a blue shade);
• strengthening thirst;
• an increase in the amount and volume of urination;
• appearance of convulsion;
• loss of consciousness.

In chronic form (more than a few months) an overdose overdose overlook neurological and gastrointestinal manifestations:

• fast fatigue
• constant irritability, reduced mood,
• asthenia, loss of appetite and body weight,
• sleep disorders and drowsiness
• muscular pain, cramps, ticks,
• degradation of appetite
• nausea and vomiting,
• diarrhea or constipation,
• frequent urination, pyelonephritis risk,
• moving pain in the lower back,
• dental pains
• sweet,
• skin manifestations (itching rashes),
• immunity loss, soreness,
• increase the risk of bone fractures.

Among the symptoms of overdose of vitamin D there are deadly!

• Reinforced stone formation in the kidneys can lead to death, since the kidneys simply refuse.
• The violated operation of the calibrated heart (calcium deposition in the heart muscle externally appears only by arrhythmias).
• The brain is squeezed, whose vessels also calcinate.
• Acidosis appears - an increase in the overall acidity of the body.

Overdose by vitamins in children

The reaction of the children's body to the constant oversupply of vitamin D differs primarily in that:

• too quickly "closes" the spring and the skull bones are closed;
• the formation of a skeleton is distorted, its correct development (especially tubular bones) is disturbed due to their rapid growth against the background of insufficient muscle strengthening, ligaments and joints, diseases such as kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis and even osteoporosis occur, because of which fractures occur more often and dislocation;
• the existing diseases are exacerbated, their flowing is harder;
• the hair grows slower and worse;
• the skin loses elasticity, becomes dry;
• gray skin pallor, blue, under the eyes;
• the child sharply loses and lags behind in growth;
• he is even thirst all the time;
• temperature is often slightly elevated;
• during surveys, the liver and spleen are increased, and the pulse is slowed down.

If the inxication is acute, and not chronic, that is, the baby received a one-time exceedable dose of vitamin, manifestations will be such:

• baby-baby too often jumps out, more older - constant vomiting, especially with a one-time significant exceeding;
• the chair is also broken (individual deviation options are observed - from constipation to diarrhea);
• the baby can not be drunk anywhere, and therefore he writes a lot, much more than usual;
• sleeping is disturbed: it becomes restless, it is interrupted by crying, and the fallouts become painfully long, even if the child is very tired;
• convulsions and muscle spasms happen;
• irritability and increased capricious appear.

In the case of an overdose of vitamin D in infants, the responsibility is 100% lies only on parents: the kids are not capable of how older children have to adopt vitamins - they are given and dosage adults, and therefore errors in the dosage arise only by their fault. Regular reception of vitamin "With the additive" will not end with anything good: calciferol, like any other substance, should be in the body in optimal quantities, and not in excess, because in overdose it simply flips calcium from bones, which is then accumulated in the internal organs, muscles and vessels.

A little baby has a very little fat layer, and he just has nowhere to form a "depot" from the surplus calciferol, so the overdose of vitamin D 3 (and the infants are usually prescribed to aqualeberim, that is, a water-soluble version of chill bellifier)) immediately "hit" the symptoms of intoxication even with insignificant to your View of excess.

Clearly follow the dosage and do not exceed it at your discretion - otherwise the child will have to pay his health for your fears and incompetence.

Competent help

If the errors when receiving vitamin already allowed, they must be corrected immediately.

In the case when it comes to the adoption of a large dose of vitamin at the same time (for example, the child drank the entire bubble), the actions will be standard, as at any intoxication:

• washing the stomach with plenty (up to one and a half liters) slightly salted water;
• acceptance of absorbents (activated carbon, enterosgel, polysorba, etc.);
• reception of salt laxatives;
• call ambulance.

If you need to assist in chronic dose of vitamin D, then there are only two correct moves in the competence of parents:

• immediate cessation of drug use;
• immediate appeal to the hospital.

It is especially important to assist in a timely manner in the case of intoxication in infants until the year and pregnant women.

Doctors, in addition to the main and symptomatic treatment, will also be prescribed:

• a special diet with minimal consumption of products containing vitamin D and calcium;
• day mode (minimum time in the sun),
• anti-inflammatory hormonal drugs
• vitamins for recovery of metabolism,
• and also preparations for increasing urine acidity, which will help prevent (at least reduce the likelihood) the formation of calcium calcium stones.

Preventive measures: how to prevent overdose of vitamin d

In order not to create problems with your own way to yourself either by your child, it is important to understand that calciferol preparations (vitamins d) are not assigned:

• without examination and recommendations of the doctor,
• without signs of rickets,
• in the warm and sunny season.

If it seems to you that "the body needs to be supported," better adjust the diet, adding into it those products in which there is a lot of vitamin D, and increase the duration of walks in the sun, while always leaving open areas of the skin, because vitamin is produced in the body only with direct Contact with sunbeams.

So, if we refer to the reception of the vitamins of the group D responsibly, they will protect you from big health problems and will not allow developing rickets from babies. If you exceed the dosage and take preparations carelessly, health can be seriously harvested, because the same thing is capable and treated, and destroy the body.

Take care of yourself and your children and be careful when taking vitamins - they are not harmless!

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General characteristic of vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound - cyclic unsaturated high molecular weight of Ergosterian, which has anti-oscillatic activity. Often, vitamin D is simply called an anti-grade factor, since this compound is necessary for proper growth and bone formation.

Since vitamin D is dissolved in fats, it is able to accumulate in the human body in cells of various organs. The greatest amount of vitamin D accumulates in subcutaneous fatty tissue and liver. Because of the ability to accumulate in the human body, there is always some depot of vitamin D, from which this compound is spent in case of insufficient admission to food. That is, against the background of insufficient receipt with food, the deficiency of vitamin D develops quite after a long period of time, until its reserves in the depot are spent.

The ability to dissolve in fats determine the possibility of excessive accumulation of vitamin A when he has been received into the human body in large quantities. With the accumulation of high concentration of vitamin D in the blood and tissues of the body, the development of hypervitaminosis occurs, which, as well as hypovitaminosis leads to violations of the functioning of various organs and tissues.

This means that Vitamin D should enter the body in strictly defined, optimal doses, since harmful is, both its excess and disadvantage. It is impossible to take vitamin D in large quantities, as this will lead to hypervitaminosis. And it is also impossible to use a small amount of vitamin D, as it will provoke its deficiency or hypovitaminosis.

However, even if the human diet contains an insufficient amount of vitamin D, its deficit and hypovitaminosis develop very rarely, if a person spends at least 1 hour per day. This is due to the fact that the skin under the influence of solar radiation can produce endogenous synthesis of vitamin D, which fully ensures the needs of the body in this substance. And since accommodation in temperate climate conditions allows a person to be regularly influenced by the sun's rays throughout the year, then the deficiency of vitamin D meets the population is extremely rare. More often, vitamin E deficiency develops from the residents of the Far North, where there are no sun rays for several months, since the polar night comes. Due to the insufficient intake of vitamin D and the lack of sunlight, people may suffer from hypovitaminosis D. Also from hypovitaminosis, small children who were born in winter and rarely come on the street, not exposed to sunlight.

Thus, Vitamin D can flow into the human body with food or to form in the skin under the influence of sunlight. After formation in the skin or ingress in the intestine with food, vitamin D is absorbed into the blood and enters the kidneys, where it is connected to calcium ions, forming an active substance called calcitriol. It is in the form of calcitriol vitamin D that provides its biological effects on the human body. Therefore, calcitriol is called the active form of vitamin D. and therefore, for normal operation of vitamin D, calcium is required.

For the absorption of vitamin D into the blood from the intestine, a sufficient amount of fats and bile is needed. Therefore, for better assimilation of vitamin D, it should be used together with fats of plant origin. With a sufficient amount of fats and bile, vitamin D is absorbed by 90%, and with their disadvantage only 60%. The absorption of synthetic vitamins D does not depend on the number of fats and bile, therefore pharmacological preparations can be more efficient than natural compounds.

Vitamin D shape (what variants of vitamin D exist)?

Vitamin D is a general group name of five substances with the activity and properties of the sterols. These substances are called Vitamin D. i.e., each vitamer is, in fact, the variety of vitamin D. So, currently, the following vitamers are currently related to vitamin D:
1. Vitamin D 2 - Ergocalciferol;
2. Vitamin D 3 - cholecalciferol;
3. Vitamin D 4 - dehydroholesterol;
4. Vitamin D 5 - Siticalciferol;
5. Vitamin D 6 - stigmacalciferol.

Vitamin D 1 in nature does not occur and can only be obtained by chemical synthesis. Ergocalciferol Vitamin is a synthetic vitamin D 2 formed under the action of ultraviolet radiation to some types of fungi. Vitamin D 2 is used as additives to various finished products, such as bread, children's milk mixtures, etc. Ergocalciferol enriches the food product, providing human body entering the normal daily dosage of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is obtained directly from Ergosterina.

Cholecalciferol It is natural vitamin D 3, which is contained in various animal products. This means that cholecalciferol enters the human body when using animal products.

DehydroHolesterin - This is vitamin D 4, which is the predecessor or provitamin for D 3 (cholecalciferol). Normally in human skin, it is dehydroholesterol, from which vitamin d 3 (cholecalcyferol) is synthesized under the influence of sunlight.

Siticalcyferol It is vitamin D 5, which is contained in wheat beans. Stigmacalcyferol - It is vitamin D 6, which is also contained in some plants.

The most biologically active two forms of vitamin D is d 2 and d 3, which a person can get with food or synthesize with skin with the help of ultraviolet. The remaining forms of vitamin D (D 4, D 5 and D 6) have relatively low biological activity.

All forms of vitamin D are generalized called calciferol. In ordinary practice, vitamin D, two forms are meant - d 2 and d 3, since they are the most biologically active and effects at the human body level. Moreover, since the functions of all forms of vitamin D are the same, and they differ only in the method of obtaining and activity, they are usually not divided into medical and popular science articles. Therefore, saying "Vitamin D", the doctor implies all his forms. If it is required to say that it is about one or another form of vitamin D, this is indicated separately.

Vitamin D in the body - biological functions

Vitamin D provides the right and appropriate growth of bones, which is important for the formation of the musculoskeletal system and the prevention of rickets in children and adults. In addition, calciferol accelerates the process of bone healing at various damage, for example, fractures, cracks, etc. Participating in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus exchange, vitamin D propigates osteoporosis, maintaining the normal level of calcification, and, consequently, bone strengths. This is very important for adults who often suffer from osteoporosis. Thus, calciferol is an indispensable vitamin that supports bone tissue in the normal state.

Being in systemic bloodstream, vitamin D supports the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in normal limits. In addition, calciferol increases the absorption of calcium compounds in the intestine, thereby preventing its deficiency and leaching from the bones. That is, with a deficiency of vitamin D, there is a decrease in the concentration of calcium in the blood and flushing out of the bones, which leads to osteoporosis and other violations.

Vitamin D provides the regulation of calcium and phosphorus exchange due to the following mechanisms and effects:

• An increase in the permeability of the intestinal cell membrane (enterocytes) for calcium;
• The launch of the synthesis of a special protein that transfers calcium in the systemic bloodstream from some organs and tissues to another;
• Enhances the absorption of phosphorus in the intestine;
• Stimulates the calcification of bones;
• Reduces the synthesis of type I synthesis, thereby preventing calcification and solidification of excess bone education. This avoids the development of numerous bone growths;
• Enhances the reverse absorption of calcium in the kidney channels from the primary urine.

It is known that in conditions of a strong deficit of vitamin D, the human body loses the ability to absorb calcium, both from food and from specialized pharmacological preparations. This leads to the destruction of teeth, caries, arrhythmias and other numerous problems associated with the lack of calcium.

However, vitamin D not only protects the bones and adjusts the calcium content and phosphorus in the blood, although these functions are undoubtedly very important. Vitamin D reduces the risk of developing skin and heart diseases, as well as malignant tumors. So, it prevents the active growth of cancer cells, thanks to which Vitamin D is successfully used in complex treatment and prevention of breast cancer, ovaries, prostate, brain and leukemia. In addition, the constant normal intake of vitamin D with food reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, arthritis and diabetes.

Also, vitamin D prevents muscle weakness, increases immunity, provides normal blood coagulation and optimal mode of functioning of the thyroid gland. According to experimental studies, calciferol helps restore nerve cells and nerve fibers, thereby reducing the rate of progression of multiple sclerosis. In addition, Vitamin D is involved in the control of blood pressure and heart rate.

With the external use of vitamin D preparations, the skin's flakes decreases in people suffering from psoriasis.

Vitamin D rate for consumption and content in the body

• Adult women and men over 15 years old - 2.5 - 5.0 μg (100-200 me);
• Pregnant women - 10 μg (400 me);
• Nursing mothers - 10 μg (400 me);
• Older people over 60 - 15 μg (400 - 600 me);
• Breast children up to one year - 7.5 - 10.0 μg (300 - 400 me);
• Children 1 - 5 years - 10 μg (400 me);
• Children 5 - 13 years old - 2.5 μg (100 me).

Currently, micrograms (μg) or international units (IU) are used to designate the content of vitamin D in food. At the same time, one international unit corresponds to 0.025 μg. Accordingly, 1 μg of vitamin D is equal to 40 me. Ratio data can be used to transfer units of measurement to each other.

The list shows the optimal dosages of the daily use of vitamin D, which replenish its reserves and are not able to provoke hypervitaminosis. Safe from the point of view of the development of hypervitaminosis is the use of no more than 15 μg of vitamin D per day. This means that the maximum allowable dosage of vitamin D, which will not lead to hypervitaminosis, is 15 μg per day.

Increase the dose of more cited optimal values, it is necessary to people who have an increased need for vitamin D, such as:

• Accommodation in northern latitudes with a short duration of a light day or polar night;
• Accommodation in regions with a strongly polluted atmosphere;
• Work in the night shift;
• Lying patients who are not on the street;
• People suffering from chronic intestinal diseases, liver, gallbladder and kidney;
• Pregnant and nursing mothers.

In the blood, the normal content of vitamin D 2 is 10 - 40 μg / l and d 3 - also 10 - 40 μg / l.

Symptoms of deficit and excess vitamin D

Due to the possibility of accumulating vitamin D in the human body, it can appear as its lack and oversupply. The lack of vitamin D is called hypovitaminosis or a deficit, and the overabundance - hypervitaminosis or overdose. Both hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis D cause a violation of the work of various tissue organs, provoking a number of diseases. Therefore, vitamin D cannot be used in large quantities so as not to provoke an overdose.

Lack of vitamin D.

The lack of vitamin D leads to a decrease in the absorption of calcium from food, as a result of which it is washed out of the bones and stimulates the generation of parathgamon with parathyroid glands. Against the background, it is formed hyperparathyroidism, at which the washout of calcium from the bones is enhanced. The bones lose strength, curvatched, without holding the load, and a person forms various violations of the normal structure of the skeleton, which are manifestations of rickets. That is, the lack of vitamin E is manifested by Rakhit.

Symptoms of lack of vitamin D (Rakhita) in children:

• Delay teething delay;
• Delaying the closing of spring
• The softening of the bones of the skull, against the background of which there is a flattening of the occipital fractions with the simultaneous formation of bone growths in the region of frontal and dark bugs. As a result of such processes, the head of man becomes square, which is maintained for life and is a sign of Rakhita transferred in childhood;
• Deformation of the bones of the face, as a result of which a saddle nose and a high gothic sky can be formed;
• The curvature of the legs by the type of letters "O" (in the people, this condition is called "foot wheels");
• Deformation of the bones of the pelvis;
• Thickening of the ends of tubular bones, as a result of which the knee, elbow, shoulder and the ankle and finger joints become large and repellent. Such discover joints are called rachistic bracelets;
• The thickening of the ends of the ribs, which leads to the formation of discovering large joints in the connecting places of the rib bone with the sternum and spine. These discover the places of the connection of the ribs with the sternum and the spine are called rickets;
• Thoracic deformation (chicken breast);
• Sleep disturbance;
• Irritability;
• Sweating.

After eliminating the deficiency of vitamin D of sleep disorders, irritability and sweating pass, the strength of the bones is restored, and the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood gradually comes to normal. However, the deformations of the bones (for example, a saddle-shaped nose, chicken breast, curvature of the legs, a square shape of the skull, etc.), which during the deficit of vitamin D has already managed to form, during the elimination lack of vitamin will not be corrected, but will remain for life and will be a sign Rahita suffered in childhood.

Symptoms of vitamin D (Rakhita) deficiency in adults are:

• The development of osteomalysis, i.e., the bone dissolument, from which calcium salts are washed, give strength;
• Osteoporosis;
• Loss of appetite;
• Insomnia;
• Feeling of burning in the mouth and throat;
• Weight loss;
• Worsening vision.

All violations that arose in adults against the background of vitamin D deficiency are completely held after the normalization of the flow of calciferol in the body.

Overdose vitamin D.

The overdose of vitamin D is a very dangerous state, because at the same time there is intensive absorption of calcium from food, which is sent in all organs and tissues, departing in them as solid salts. The deposition of salts causes the calcification of organs and tissues that cease to function normally. In addition, an excess of calcium in the blood provokes severe violations of the heart and nervous system, manifested by micron attriboses and arrhythmias. Clinical symptoms of overdose of vitamin D depend on its degree. Currently, three degrees of vitamin d degrees characterized by the following clinical manifestations:

I degree hypervitaminosis - Easy poisoning without toxicosis:

• Anorexia;
• Sweating;
• Irritability;
• Sleep disturbance;
• Weight gain;
• Thirst (polydipsy);
• A large amount of urine more than 2.5 liters per day (polyuria);
• Constipation;
• Pain in the joints and muscles.

II degree hypervitaminosis - average poisoning with moderate toxicosis:

• Anorexia;
• Periodic vomiting;
• Reducing body weight;
• Tachycardia (heartbeat);
• Deaf tones of the heart;
• Systolic noise;
• Reducing the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood (SHF).

III degree of hypervitaminosis d - severe poisoning with severe toxicosis:

• Stubborn vomiting;
• Severe weight loss;
• Dehydration;
• Low muscular weight (hypotrophy);
• Lethargy;
• Low mobility (hypodynamia);
• Drowsiness;
• Periods of expressed concern;
• Periodic cramps;
• Increased blood pressure;
• Deaf tones of the heart;
• Systolic noise;
• Expansion of the heart;
• Attacks arrhythmia;
• Violations on the ECG (expanding the QRS complex and shortening the ST interval);
• Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
• Cold hands and feet;
• Dyspnea;
• Pulsation of vessels on the neck and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach;
• Increasing calcium level, phosphates, citrates, cholesterol and general protein in the blood (hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperproteinemia);
• Reducing magnesium level in blood (hypomagnemia);
• Reducing the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood (SFC);
• Complications in the form of bacterial infections (for example, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, myocarditis, pancreatitis);
• Depression of the CNS up to coma.

Treatment of overdose of vitamin D

With the appearance of signs of overdose of vitamin E, it is necessary to immediately begin the measures for the accelerated elimination of the substance from the body. The elimination process of excess vitamin D is considered to be the treatment of hypervitaminosis, which is as follows:
1. With a mild of the poisoning to give a person into a vaseline oil, which will reduce the suction of the residues of vitamin D existing in the intestine. For the speedy reduction of the normal cell structure and reduce calcium penetration in tissue, vitamin E and A. In order to accelerate excess excess calcium, furosemide is used, and for reimbursement of potassium and magnesium losses, asparks or Panangin are used;
2. With the average degree of poisoning, human gives vaseline oil, vitamins E and a, furosemid, asparkamka or Panangin. Verapamil is added to these drugs (eliminates excessive calcium deposition in tissues), ethydronat (reduces the absorption of calcium from the intestines), phenobarbital (accelerates the transformation of vitamin D into inactive forms);
3. With severe overdose of vitamin D, all drugs used to treat medium poisoning are administered intravenously. In addition to these drugs, glucocorticoids, saline, calcitrine and trisamine are injected if necessary.

In case of violations of the heart (arrhythmia, shortness of breath, heartbeat, etc.) or CNS (inhibition, coma, convulsions, etc.) on the background of vitamin E overdose, it is necessary to introduce drugs of phosphate salts, for example, in-phos, hyper-phos-k and others .

Overdose and deficiency of vitamin D (Rahit) in children: causes, symptoms, treatment, answers to questions - video

Vitamin D - Indications for use

Vitamin D is shown to receive with therapeutic or preventive purpose. Preventive intake of vitamin D is to prevent Rahita in children and vitaminodeficiency in adults. Therapeutic intake of vitamin D is produced as part of the complex therapy of various diseases accompanied by a violation of the bone structure and low levels of calcium in the blood. The preventive and therapeutic reception of vitamin D differs only by dosages, otherwise it is carried out according to the same rules. So, for prevention, calciferol preparations should be taken at 400 - 500 IU (10 - 12 μg) per day, and for the treatment of 5000 - 10,000 IU (120-250 μg) per day.

Vitamin D is shown for use in the following states and diseases:

• Hypovitaminosis d (rickets) in children and adults;
• Bone fracture;
• Slow fireing bones;
• Osteoporosis;
• Low level of calcium and phosphates in the blood;
• Osteomyelitis (bone marrow inflammation);
• Osteomalacia (softening of bones);
• Hypoparathyroidism or hyperparathyroidism (insufficient or excessive amounts of parathyroid hormones);
• System red lupus;
• Chronic atrophic gastritis;
• Chronic enteritis of any etiology, including gluten enteropathy, Wipple's disease, Crohn's disease, radiation enteritis;
• Chronic pancreatitis;
• Tuberculosis;
• Arthritis;
• Hemorrhagic diathesis;
• Pollnosis;
• Psoriasis;
• Muscle tetania;
• Climacteric syndrome in women.

Vitamin D for a newborn - give?

Currently, the question of whether vitamin D to give a newborn child is raising wide discussions in society. Someone believes that this is necessary, referring to the long experience of moms, grandmothers and "experienced" pediatricians working for more than one year. And someone says that it is not necessary, because the child receives all the necessary vitamins from milk. In fact, these are two radical, completely opposite positions, none of which is correct. Consider in what cases the child must give vitamin D for the prevention of rickets.

If a child is at least 0.5 - 1 hour per day, it happens on the street and is exposed to direct sunlight, while completely on breastfeeding, and the mother eats fully, then you do not need to give vitamin d. In this case, part of the vitamin d, the child will receive from Mother's milk, and the missing amount is synthesized in its skin under the influence of ultraviolet. It should be remembered that under the full nutrition of the mother is understood as such a diet at which it necessarily consumes vegetables and fruits every day, and meat, fish, eggs and dairy products at least one day per week. And under the waging of the child, his stay is on the street, under the sun, and not a few hours spent in a closed, closed from the outside world stroller.

If the child is on mixed feeding, it happens regularly on the street, and the mother eats fully, it is also not necessary to give vitamin D, since modern baby food contains all the necessary vitamins and trace elements in the desired quantity.

If the child is completely in artificial feeding using modern mixtures, it is not necessary to give vitamin D, under any circumstances, even if it practically does not walk. This is due to the fact that in modern mixtures there are all the necessary vitamins and microelements in sufficient quantities.

If the child is on breast or mixed feeding, it rarely happens on the street, not exposed to solar radiation, and at the same time the mother eats in defective, then you need to give vitamin D. It is also necessary to give vitamin D if the child is on artificial feeding not with modern mixtures, but, for example, a cow, goat or donor milk, etc.

Thus, Vitamin D needs to be given newborns only in the following cases:
1. Nursing mother does not eat badly.
2. Artificial feeding is carried out not by modern mixtures, but donor milk of various origin.
3. The child is on the street less than half an hour per day.

In principle, in modern conditions of temperate climate, the need for an additional admission of vitamin d newborn children up to a year arises very rarely, since the nutrition of nursing mothers and the presence of modern mixtures enriched with various nutrients for baby food completely eliminated the problem of calciferol deficiency. It should be remembered that the mandatory reception of vitamin D newborn for the prevention of Rakhita was introduced more than 40 years ago, when nursing mother was not always fed fully, worked overtime in the difficult conditions of factory workshops, and they simply did not eat children's mixtures, and "artificials" fed donor milk, which was sure to boil, which means the vitamins in it turned out to be destroyed. Therefore, in the conditions of the conditions that existed then, Vitamin D conditions had a necessity for almost all newborns. Today the conditions have changed, and the vitamin is not needed to all babies. Therefore, it should be taken only as needed.

Vitamin D for children

Vitamin D needs to be given to children if they are in the sun at least one hour per day, do not use meat at least twice a week and do not eat animals products (oil, sour cream, milk, cheeses, etc.) daily. You can also give vitamin D if it is noted that the child appears an o- or x-shaped curvature of the legs and a saddoid nose is formed. In all other cases, the reception of vitamin D is not needed, with the exception of serious diseases, when it is appointed by a doctor in comprehensive therapy.

Vitamin D Summer

In the summer period, if a person happens in the sun and consumes animal products at least once a week, then take vitamin D, regardless of age. At the same time, under the stay in the Sun, it is understood to be on the street in a small number of clothes (open T-shirts, short shorts, skirts, dresses, swimsuits, etc.) under the right sunny rays. Such a stay on the street for half an hour in the summer is quite enough to ensure that the endogenous production of the required amount of vitamin D in the skin occurs. Therefore, if a person is at least half an hour a day in the summer, it doesn't need to take Vitamin D.

If the person does not happen on the street in the summer, for some reason it is constantly in the room, or does not undress, leaving the most closed part of the skin, then he needs to prevent Vitamin D.

Vitamin D in products - where is it contained?

Vitamin D is contained in the following products:

• Liver of marine fish;
• Fatty varieties of fish, such as salmon, herring, mackerel, tuna, perch, etc.;
• Beef liver, pork;
• Fatty meat varieties, such as pork, duck, etc.;
• Fish caviar;
• Eggs;
• Milk cream;
• Sour cream;
• Vegetable oil;
• Seaweed;
• Forest mushrooms chanterelles;
• Yeast.

Vitamin D. preparations

In the pharmacological preparations of vitamin D, the following forms are used:

• Ergocalciferol - Natural Vitamin D 2;
• Cholecalciferol - natural vitamin d 3;
• Calcitrol - active form of vitamin D 3, obtained from natural products;
• Calcipotriol (psoschantan) - synthetic calcitrill analogue;
• Alphaqalcidol (alpha d 3) is a synthetic analogue of vitamin d 2 (ergocalciferol);
• Natural fish oil - source of various forms of vitamin D.

All listed forms have high activity and can be applied without any restrictions.

Pharmacological preparations may be single-component, that is, containing only forms of vitamin D, or multicomponent, which include vitamin D and various minerals, most often calcium. Both types of drugs can be used to eliminate the deficiency of vitamin D. However, multicomponent drugs are the optimal option, since simultaneously eliminates the deficiency of vitamin d and some other elements.

All forms of vitamin D

Currently, the pharmaceutical market has the following drugs containing vitamin D:

• Aquadeurim Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol);
• Alphabet "Our Kid" (vitamins A, D, E, C, RR, in 1, 2, in 12);
• Alphabet "Kindergarten" (vitamins A, E, D, C, B 1);
• Alphayll (Alfakalcidol);
• Alphaell-Ca (calcium carbonate, alphaqalcidol);
• Alpha-d 3 -Teva (Alfakalcidol);
• Van Alpha (alphaqalcidol);
• Wigantol (cholecalciferol);
• Videohol (various forms and derivatives of vitamin E);
• Vita Bears (vitamins A, E, D, C, B 1, B 2, in 6, in 12);
• Vitrum (vitamins A, E, D, C, K, B 1, 2, in 6, in 12);
• Vitrum calcium + vitamin D 3 (calcium carbonate, cholecalciferol);
• Vitri (vitamins E, d 3, a);
• Calckene Advance (calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, cholecalciferol, oxide, magnesium, zinc oxide, copper oxide, manganese sulfate, borate);
• Calcium d 3 nicomed and calcium d 3 nomed forte (calcium carbonate, cholecalciferol);
• Calcium complivates d 3 (calcium carbonate, cholecalciferol);
• Multi-tabs (vitamins A, E, D, C, B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12);
• Foundation d 3 (calcium carbonate, cholecalciferol);
• Oxidevit (alphaqalcidol);
• Osteotryol (calcitriol);
• Peaks (vitamins A, RR, D, C, B 1, B 2, in 6, in 12);
• Polivitis (vitamins A, E, D, C, B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12);
• Rockaltrol (calcitriol);
• Sana-Sal (vitamins A, E, D, C, B 1, B 2, in 6, in 12);
• Center (vitamins A, E, D, C, K, B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12);
• Ergocalciferol (Ergocalciferol);
• Ethint (Alfakalcidol).

Oil solution Vitamin D

The oil solution of vitamin D can be used inside or administered intramuscularly and intravenously if necessary. In the form of oily solutions of vitamin D, the following drugs exist:

• Wigantol;
• Vitamin d 3 solution for intake in oil;
• Videohol;
• Oxidevit;
• Ergocalciferol;
• Ethint.

Calcium with vitamin D

Calcium with vitamin D is a vitamin and mineral complex, often used for the prevention of various diseases associated with the destruction of bones, for example, osteoporosis, osteomalysis, bone tuberculosis, etc. Currently, there are the following preparations containing calcium with vitamin D at the same time:

• Alphayll-sa;
• Vitrum Calcium + Vitamin D 3;
• Calckene Advance;
• Calcium d 3 nicomed and calcium d 3 nicomed forte;
• Calcium complivits d 3;
• Foundation d 3.

Ointment or cream with vitamin d

Ointment or vitamin D cream is used to treat psoriasis. Currently, there are the following ointments and creams containing vitamin D:

• Glenniasis (calcipotriol);
• Diving (calcipotryol);
• Divex (calcipotriol);
• Xamiol (calcitriol);
• Kuratoderm (Takalcitol);
• Psorcan (calcipotriol);
• Silkis (calcitriol).

Vitamin D - what better

With regard to any group of drugs, the term "best" is incorrect and incorrect in its essence, since in medical practice there is a "optimal" concept. This means that for each specific case there will be a strictly defined drug that doctors are called optimal. This fully applies to the preparations of vitamin D.

That is, complex vitamin-mineral complexes containing vitamins D are optimal for the prevention of osteoporosis, osteomalysis and other bone tissue diseases. Vitamin E oil solutions are well suited for the prevention and treatment of rickets in children and adults, since they can be administered not only inside, but also intravenously or intramuscularly. And the outer creams and ointments with vitamin D are optimal preparations for the treatment of psoriasis.

Thus, if a person wants to simply put the course of vitamin D for prophylaxis, then complex vitamin and mineral complexes will be optimal for it, for example, Vitri, Alphayll-SA, etc. If it is necessary to prevent rickets in a child, the oil solutions of vitamin D. are best suited for this purpose. To eliminate the vitamineficiency and the treatment of various diseases, the optimal form is also oil solutions of vitamin D.

Vitamin D Instructions for use - how to give drugs

Tablets, drops and dragee vitamin D must be taken during or immediately after eating. Oil solution can be poured on a small piece of black bread and eat it.

For the prevention of Rakhita Vitamin D is taken in the following dosages depending on age:

• Funny newborn children from 0 to 3 years old to take 500 - 1000 meters (12 - 25 μg) per day;
• Premature newborn children from 0 to 3 years - take 1000 - 1500 meters (25 - 37 μg) per day;
• Pregnant women - take 500 meters (12 μg) per day during the entire periods of the child's nodding;
• Nursing mothers - take 500 - 1000 meters (12 - 25 μg) per day;
• Women in the menopacteric period - to take 500 - 1000 meters (12 - 25 μg) per day;
• Men reproductive age for improving the quality of sperm take vitamin D to 500 - 1000 meters (12 - 25 μg) per day.

Preventive use of vitamin D can be continued for several years, alternating 3 - 4 weeks of reception courses with 1 to 2 month intervals between them.

To treat Rakhit and other diseases of the bone system, it is necessary to take vitamin D to 2000 - 5000 IU (50 - 125 μg) within 4 - 6 weeks. Then you need to make a weekly break, after which the course of receiving Vitamin D. will repeat

Analysis on vitamin D

Currently, there is laboratory analysis to the concentration of two forms of vitamin D blood - d 2 (ergocalciferol) and d 3 (cholecalciferol). This analysis makes it possible to accurately determine the presence of vitamideficiency or hypervitaminosis, and in accordance with its results, adopt the necessary decision on cancellation or, on the contrary, receiving drugs of vitamin D. The concentration of data of two forms is determined in venous blood, in the morning on an empty stomach. Normal concentration and d 2, and d 3 is 10 to 40 μg / l.

Vitamins are catalysts of all biochemical reactions occurring in the body and ensuring its viability. Everyone knows that the lack of vitamins is bad. In many cases, their additional reception is appointed in the form of special drugs, which helps strengthen the immunity and resist the effects of negative factors. However, like any biologically active substances, vitamins benefit only in a certain dose, the excess of which can cause great harm. In particular, it is very dangerous to exemplary vitamin D.

Content:

What is vitamin D

Vitamin D is called a group of biologically active substances, calciferol derivatives capable of influence by calcium content in the body. They are formed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the provitamins located in the human skin. Provitamins occur directly in the body of cholesterol, or come with vegetable or animal food.

Under the commonly used term "vitamin D" is usually implied by vitamins D2 (Ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).

• skin color (the darker skin, the worse it produces such a component);
• age (in aging skin, the production of this substance is reduced);
• climatic conditions (the intensity of UV irradiation depends on the duration of the light day and the number of sunny days a year);
• environmental environment (dusty or contaminated by industrial waste, the air is worse than the UV rays).

Vitamin D is rich in parsley, sea cabbage, oily fish, caviar, milk food, egg yolk, yeast. With normal nutrition and a sufficiently long stay of a person under the sunny rays, the daily need of the body in this substance is completely covered.

In the presence of adverse factors, to prevent the effects of avitaminosis (first of all, Rakhita) have to compensate for its lack using synthetic preparations. At the same time, it is important to prevent overdose of vitamin D.

Video: Properties and functions of vitamin D

Functions of this substance in the body

The uniqueness is that it is not only an accelerator of reactions involving calcium and phosphorus, but also a hormone-stimulator of the production in the small intestine of a special protein. Without this protein, it is impossible to absorb such elements into the blood and entering them into muscles and kidneys, that is, the implementation of mineral metabolism.

This fat-soluble vitamin accumulates in bone and adipose tissue, ensures the maintenance of calcium balance, preventing the development of rickets and osteoporosis. It stimulates the growth of skin cells, strengthen muscle and nerve fibers.

The substance maintains the work of the thyroid gland and the immune system, participates in the regulation of blood coagulation, blood pressure, prevents the development of cancer cells. Therefore, synthetic vitamin D is actively used as a medicine in many diseases, including breast cancer or the rectum in women.

The need for vitamin D (table)

The daily need for this substance increases significantly in pregnant women, as the formation of the skeleton and muscles of the fetus occurs. Nursing mothers through breast milk are supplied with this vitamin the developing body of the kid. It protects it from Rahita and developmental disorders.

What is dangerous overdose

The overdose of vitamin D occurs with an uncontrolled reception or long-term therapeutic use of synthetic vitamins. Child poisoning can occur with random use of a vitamin remedy left in the place available to them.

In contrast to water-soluble substances, fat-soluble vitamin is not excreted with urine, accumulates in the body. Its excess leads to deposition of calcium in various tissues. The consequences of overdose in women of any age can be:

• the appearance of calcinates in lactic glands, violating the structure of their tissues, blood vessels;
• disruption of the work of the thyroid and other endocrine glands, leading to a hormonal failure, hormonal disorders contribute to the emergence of many diseases and menstrual disorders;
• disorder of the kidneys, the formation of stones;
• calcium deposition in blood vessels, heart activities.

There is also a decrease in immunity and an increase in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Video: Consequences of hypervitaminosis

Contraindications for reception of vitamin D preparations

The use of this vitamin is contraindicated to people who have symptoms of excess calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) or in urine (hypercalciuria) suffering from thrombophlebitis, as well as allergies to this substance. Its use should be avoided in the treatment of cardiac glycosides (drugs that slow down the pulse).

Note: With extreme caution, Vitamin D is prescribed to complete people and underlying patients who have a substance metabolism.

Symptoms of overdose of vitamin D

Overdose can manifest itself in acute and chronic form.

Acute intoxication occurs as a result of receiving large doses of vitamin D for 2-3 weeks. Often, such a condition is observed in small children with the simultaneous purpose of the vitamin preparation and UV therapy (to increase immunity). Often, acute poisoning occurs in adults if their body is particularly sensitive to this substance.

Chronic poisoning occurs if vitamin D is accepted for a long time (for more than 6 months) in a dose, slightly exceeding the need.

Symptoms of acute overdose

In acute poisoning, vitamin D arise such symptoms as elevated thirst, a feeling of dryness of the skin, loss of appetite, drowsiness. The signs of acute overdose are also increased pressure, reduction of heartbeat frequency, arrhythmia. Could disturb cramps in the ionic muscles.

At the same time, the disorder of digestion occurs, becomes frequent urination, nausea and vomiting appear, the feeling of constant fatigue, it is possible to loss of consciousness.

Symptoms of chronic overdose

Signs of chronic overdose are breaking sleep, weakness, increased irritability, bone pain and muscles, convulsions, violation of the liver, kidney, digestive system. There are edema on the face and body, pain in the lower back, inexplicable weight loss.

Video: Danger of hypervitaminosis d in children

Features of manifestations of overdose in children and adults

Overdose in infants occurs usually with prolonged incorrect use of the drug. Excessive accumulation occurs even with daily use of vitamin D in a normal dose, if a child has congenital development pathologies.

The manifestations of acute intoxication are restless behavior, poor sleep, tightening, frequent urination and constipation, no weight gain, dry skin. The consequences of overdose in young children are the improper development of the skeleton and various organs, including the urogenital and digestive system. Perhaps a sharp decrease in immunity.

Girls adolescent and adult women in overdose of vitamin D symptoms are:

• pressure jumps, weak pulse;
• lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, sharp weight loss;
• alternation of diarrhea with constipation;
• dry skin and the appearance of her gray shade;
• constant thirst, dry mouth;
• unfinished increase in body temperature;
• irritability;
• muscle cramps;
• insomnia;
• fainting.

Cancellation of vitamin D and restriction of stay under the rays of the Sun allow us to usually eliminate the problem.

During pregnancy

The consequences of hypervitaminosis in a pregnant woman can be a threat of miscarriage, delay in the development of the fetus, the appearance of such pathologies, as the improper formation of the skeleton, kidney damage, the cardiovascular system. A woman has a deposition of calcium in the kidneys, their functioning is disturbed.

Inflammatory diseases (pyelonephritis, pneumonia) are possible due to a sharp decrease in immunity, as well as a violation of the work of the thyroid gland and other endocrine organs.

After childbirth

Hypervitaminosis in a nursing woman is dangerous not only for her, but also for a child who receives excess doses of vitamin D with breast milk. In a nursing mother, the likelihood of calcium deposits in Milky Duchs increases, the appearance of salinity of milk, as well as mastitis. In addition, an excess of the component in the body contributes to the development of postpartum depression, a decrease in the body's resistance to infections.

When climax

In old age, women should be especially careful to receive polyvitamin drugs. It is necessary to stick to the diet, limit the use of products with a large content of vitamin D. Its excess can aggravate the characteristic ailments arising due to the aging of the body, such as frequent bone fractures, vascular and heart disease, nervous disorders.

Treatment

In the event of symptoms of acute overdose of vitamin E, it will immediately stop its reception and provide a person to first aid. It consists in washing the stomach with plenty of water with manganese (it is necessary to cause vomiting).

The laxative is given, and after emptying the intestine - sorbent (activated carbon or other means). This reduces the concentration of toxin in the body.

The "ambulance" is caused in cases where poisoning is observed in a child, a pregnant woman or an elderly person. At the same time, they observe strong vomiting and diarrhea (especially with blood), signs of dehydration of the body appear, arterial pressure drops, cramps, a faint state occur.

In the hospital, therapy is carried out by drugs that eliminate the harmful effects of vitamin D, the elimination of dehydration and its consequences, replacement therapy with vitamins A and group V. It is prescribed anti-inflammatory treatment with antibiotics, as well as drugs for restoring heart, kidney, liver and other organs.

In order to prevent excess of vitamin D in the body, it is necessary to study the instructions attached to the preparations, paying attention to its content in 1 tablet or capsule. Apply them only to the appointment of a doctor who takes into account the composition of the integrated funds and the possible consequences of the simultaneous reception of some components.

When signs of intoxication appear, it is necessary to control the composition of blood and urine on the content of calcium and phosphorus in them.

Vitamin D is necessary for normal growth and human development. With a lack of this substance, a terrible disease is developing - Rahit. But overdose of vitamin d is no less dangerous. It is accompanied by pronounced intoxication and deposition of calcium salts in the internal organs. To avoid complications, taking vitamin means is necessary strictly in the designated dosage and after the preliminary consultation of the specialist.

Who is in the risk group?

The risk of obtaining vitamin d is greater than the norm in children, especially in infants. Parents, knowing how important for the health of the child this vitamin, begin to give it without consulting the doctor, without taking into account the fact that it is capable of synthesize in the body under the action of ultraviolet. The predecessor of vitamin D (7 - dehydroholesterol) when the child is in the open sun turns into vitamin D3. Next is the complex chain of transformations, which ends in a thick intestine, where calcium ions are binding and further reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules.

In the summer, Vitamin D can be appointed to the baby up to the year according to the testimony (the high risk of developing rickets, prematurity). The rest of the children usually do not need an additional intake of vitamin if they are constantly in the fresh air and at least 10 minutes walk in the sun with open areas of the body. This time is enough for high-quality synthesis of vitamin D through the skin.

With proper use, vitamin D is useful and not at all dangerous. In an overdose, the person himself is to blame, when it exceeds the dose recommended by the doctor or at all starts treatment without consulting a specialist. The main function of vitamin D is in the process of absorption of phosphorus and calcium in the duodenum and other delicate sections. Calcalciferol and Ergocalciferol also affect the reproduction of man, exchange reactions and the production of many hormones. The use of vitamin d according to testimony is not hazardous to health. But even a minor dose excess requires a doctor's advice and medical care.

What is dangerous hypervitaminosis D?

The re-payment of vitamin D can have hazardous consequences. In adult signs of hypervitaminosis are extremely rare, and in children - more often than it is considered. Excess vitamin D can lead to the development of the toxic form of hepatitis, acute liver failure. Chronic overdose in children ends with the development of pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, can lead to renal failure and even a fatal outcome.

High concentrations of vitamin D lead to peroxidation oxidation of fats, which in turn is accompanied by the active formation of free radicals, which injure CNS cells and all internal organs. Against the background of hypercalcemia, the fork glands are damaged, the functions of lymphoid formations are disturbed, which dramatically reduces immunity and leads to the attachment of hazardous infections.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis D.

Hypervitaminosis is not manifested immediately (the exception is the simultaneous use of large doses of vitamin). For some time there will be no obvious violations.

Most often, the dose is slightly exceeding, but sooner or later the symptoms of hypervitaminosis will be shown as follows:

• decline in appetite;
• sleep disorders;
• constipation and diarrhea;
• weight loss;
• increased thirst;
• increase in daily urine volume;
• dry skin and tongue;
• reducing the turgore of the skin;
• heartbearance;
• a tendency to cramps.

Hypervitaminosis sharply increases the risk of pneumonia, severe infectious diseases. For a child, such a state may end with calcinity of coronary vessels and fast death. When the signs of hypervitaminosis discovery requires emergency medical care. It is necessary to stop receiving a vitaminative, to provide a patient physical and psycho-emotional peace, call specialists to the house.

Chronic hypervitaminosis proceeds with less pronounced symptoms. Incication moderate, patients complain about insomnia, physical weakness, joint pain and deterioration of general well-being. In a child on the background of a minor, but long overdose of vitamin D is early closed by large springs, there is a premature contraction of the seams of the skull. Chronic pyelonephritis may also progress.

Confirmation of diagnosis

In suspected hypervitaminosis, it is not worth doing any cardinal actions. Contact your doctor as soon as possible so that it gives the first medical care. To confirm the diagnosis, laboratory diagnostics are carried out. It involves definitions in the urine and blood content of calcium and phosphate, an assessment of exchange processes in bone tissue and determining the risk of development of osteoporosis and other complications.

With hypervitaminosis, experts reveal hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcalemia, an increase in calcitonin on the background of reducing the production of parathyroid hormone, and also diagnose a positive sample of Sulkovich, which shows the degree of calcium metabolism in the urine. X-ray diagnostics allows you to detect the increase in calcium in tubular bones. Calcium deposits are also found in the heart, muscles, kidneys, liver and other internal organs.

The complexity of diagnosis, especially in childhood, is that the symptoms of overdose are not particularly specific and can be confused with signs of other diseases. Therefore, it is impossible to waste time and try to deal with the child's condition. The doctor's help with hypervitaminosis is essential. Only a specialist can designate laboratory diagnostics and determine the level of vitamin D in the blood, as well as examine other organs and systems to assess their toxic damage and develop an individual treatment scheme. In severe cases, the hospitalization of the child is shown in the children's office or in intensive care, depending on the state of the kid's body.

Blood test

The main confirmation of hypervitaminosis is a blood test from Vienna. Diagnostics does not require any difficult training. The study is carried out on an empty stomach, the last meal is no later than 2-3 hours before the procedure. 30 minutes before the study, refrain from excessive physical exertion and smoking. The day before the diagnosis, exclude the reception of any vitamin means and alcohol.

Normal value of vitamin D blood for children and adults 30-70 ng / ml. If the digit exceeds 150 ng / ml, they talk about the toxic influence and development of hypervitaminosis. The newborn baby has increased vitamin D levels when taking high doses of the drug to a woman even during pregnancy.

The need for vitamin D decreases in the summer. With high sun activity and in the air in the air 20-30 minutes a day, additional intake of vitamin cancel. But before this it is better to consult with your doctor or a pediatrician if you spend the prevention of rickets in a child. The doctor must take into account not only the season, but also the diet. If there are many products with a high content of vitamin D and calcium, the reception of vitamin complexes can contribute to overdose.

In which products a lot of vitamin D?

Most of all Vitamin D is contained in the following products:

• liver fish;
• fish fat;
• butter;
• milk;
• chicken eggs;
• sea fish, especially cod, salmon and carp;
• black caviar.

It is also worth considering that vitamin D is better absorbed with the products that additionally contain calcium.

Treatment

Treatment of hypervitaminosis D assigns only a qualified specialist. At the same time, it takes into account the results of laboratory and diagnostic studies. The doctor cancels the vitamin preparations, corrected the diet and reduces the time of staying the patient in the sun with open parts of the body.

Additionally, disinfectants are required. Blood is purified from formed toxins, infusion infusion of glucose, saline solutions, sodium bicarbonate is carried out. Additionally, vitamins E, C, A and Group B, glucose insulin therapy, glucocorticosteroid agents are prescribed. Vitamin D antagonists are retinol, tocopherol and prednisone. They are prescribed at mandatory when signs of overdose.

The diet includes the use of products that are rich in potassium, but at the same time limit calcium. With timely medical care, the forecast for hypervitaminosis is favorable.

If you conduct rickets in childhood or use vitamin D for medicinal purposes, be sure to control the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, the calcium level in the urine several times a month. In pathological changes received in the results of analyzes, it is necessary to adjust the dosage of the means or to completely cancel it.

And substances that are needed by our body for its proper work. It is important to obtain the established daily dose of this substance so that it is subsequently not to suffer its deficit. How many calciferol needs a person per day? Adults sufficiently receive from three hundred to six hundred me, and children up to twelve years need from four hundred to five hundred meters. The kids are already saturated with vitamin D through mother's milk, while it is also important to walk with a child in the sun, because calciferolene in addition to food penetrates our body through the sun's rays. The deficit of calciferol is already at an early age threatens such a serious and dangerous disease as Rahit.

But it does not mean at all that it is necessary to overstat the body by this substance, because otherwise hypervitaminosis of vitamin D, which is no less dangerous than its disadvantage. In this article, we will consider the reasons why such a phenomenon and symptoms may arise, which is worth paying close attention. And also talk about treatments and prevention.

Why does an overdose arise?

Above, we wrote the permissible daily rate of calciferol, the overabundance arises from exceeding this norm. How to exceed the dose?

• It may arise If you use drugs containing calcium, while at the same time take "ultraviolet baths" and fish oil in order to strengthen the immune system in such a way. But remember that everything is good in moderation.
• If you take the drug about six months, three or five drops, you can also have an overdose of vitamin d.
• Alcohol solution in large doses Also provokes the state of acute hypervitaminosis. We are talking about a period of three or four weeks, in the dosage from ten to twenty drops.
• On the oversupport of this substance It may affect the increased sensitivity to this element, while this may occur when used by a small dose.
• Remember that it is worth considering and individual intolerance to the drug, because the symptoms will be similar to hypervitaminosis.

It is important to understand that the reception of any drug is extremely not recommended without observation and control of the doctor, even the reception seemingly innocuous vitamin d. But without recommendations, the specialist can easily be able to overdo it with a dosage, initially determining it for himself wrong. Do not think that if after two or three times the drug did nothing happened, it means everything is controlled, it is not. Calciferol has a cumulative property, so the symptoms appear with long-term drug use, the period may be even six months. In order not to eliminate the consequences of an uncontrolled reception of the drug, it is better to discuss the dosage with a doctor, for each person it will be individual.

About symptoms

Overdose calciferol, as can be both acute and chronic. It is acute in the kids until the age of six months, it is enough to use the drug for two or three weeks, and it also applies to people who have increased sensitivity to the components of this substance. Symptoms of acute hypervitaminosis are manifested differently in adults and children.

Breasts may suffer from hypervitaminosis due to parental carelessness in observance of doses, as well as due to fine fat tissue, where the extra substance is accumulated. So, what kind of symptoms should be paid attention to?

1. The kid will break sleep, it will fall asleep for a long time, while often crying at night.
2. He will often jump off vomiting can be added.
3. The hair will grow slower.
4. Baby will often want to drink At the same time, urine will begin to stand out in large sizes.
5. In addition to sleep, the appetite will also worsen, will be reduced.
6. The newborn can suffer from cramps and constipation.
7. Mustitude, weakness and apathy will appear.
8. The color of the skin takes a grayish tint, It becomes dry.
9. Baby loses weight.
10. Bone tissue becomes dense.

For older children, the symptomatics largely coincides with adults, but there are individual signs, some of which are extremely dangerous to health:

• The child loses weight.
• The skin becomes less elastic.
• The body temperature rises.
• There appears spasm and cramps in the muscles.
• There is an increase in the liver and spleen.
• There is a slowdown of the pulse.
• And two more serious disorders, which can lead to serious consequences. If calcium is postponed in the cornea, it threatens blindness, and if in the heart, then let's have a fatal outcome.

The well-known Children's Doctor of Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky in his transfer answered the question of how not to cause an overdose of calciferol at an early age of the baby. To avoid rickets, while maintaining the normal level of vitamin D in the body, with the child you just need to walk in the sun, while it is enough for its rays on the face and brushes. With walks, too, you should not overdo it, just a week in the amount they should be no more than two hours.

As for adults, it should be paid to the following signs that talk about overdose of the drug:

1. The process of digestion is broken.
2. Approach nausea and vomiting.
3. Urine stands out often and has a muddy shade.
4. Hypertension is observed.
5. Can manifest a toothache.
6. There appears lethargy in the joints, drowsiness.
7. Eyes are inflamed.
8. Cholesterol rises.
9. It becomes difficult to breathe.
10. You can even lose consciousness.

Chronic intoxication is characterized by: pain in muscles, sleep impairment, weakness and regular fatigue, violation of the chair, pain in the lower back, impaired urination, muscle spasms, weight loss, weighing immunity.

About treating methods

So, we told about what is an overdose of vitamin d in infants, older children and adults, about why it arises, and what signs are manifested. It is important to understand how to treat this problem. First, it is worth noting that the treatment is carried out only under the supervision of a doctor, self-examination is unacceptable here. At the first signs of intoxication of the body immediately contact a specialist for help. Immediately it will be necessary to exclude some products from the diet, which largely contains vitamin D3. We are talking about cottage cheese, milk, chicken eggs and fish oil. Of course, treatment will not cost without special additional therapy, in which vitamins B and C are appointed.

Sometimes hospitalization occurs, Where doctors are injected with a solution of sodium chloride with glucose to restore the lost liquid and reduce intoxication of the body. In addition, antibiotics are prescribed to prevent bacterial infection. A variety of drugs are prescribed to eliminate disorders in the heart, vessels, kidneys.

It is important to immediately begin treatment, Otherwise, an overdose threatens to you renal failure, atherosclerosis, thyroid damage and other dangerous diseases. All this is very serious consequences that can be avoided by the doctor's timely. If you briefly accepted vitamin D in the wrong doses, then after the cancellation of this drug or a decrease in the dosage, the symptoms will be held by themselves without any medical intervention.

A few words about prevention

As we have already told above, be sure to consult a specialist before taking one or another drug containing, can also get acquainted with the whole.

An important moment that it is necessary to take it only in the case of an acute deficit, if there is no such, it will be enough to be in the sun and there is a right food rich in vitamin d.

We are talking about meat, fish, dairy products, mushrooms, butter, eggs (especially yolks). This rule concerns an adult, and a child. Sometimes the reception of this drug is needed in winter when there is little solar heat on the street. But for this, you also need a recommendation of the doctor, never engage in self-medication yourself and especially your child. At the first signs of hypervitaminosis, the medicine is canceled or prescribed in a smaller dosage.

Always remember that this is your health and it is important to treat him seriously, not allowing independent techniques for those or other drugs. An experienced doctor will always be able to help you in these issues and at the same time avoid unpleasant consequences. Be healthy!

Vitamin D is a unified name of a whole group of fat-soluble biologically active substances formed under the influence of ultraviolet in animals and vegetable tissues. A part of the vitamins of this group is synthesized in the cells of the human body, some come exclusively from the outside.

Source: Depositphotos.com

To the Vitamins of the group D refer:

• vitamin D 2 - Ergocalciferol;
• vitamin D 3 - cholecalciferol;
• vitamin D 4 - dihydroergocalciferol;
• vitamin D 5 - Sit Califerol;
• vitamin D 6 - stigma-calciferol.

Currently, the term "vitamin D" denote two forms - d 2 and d 3, colorless non-smell crystals resistant to high temperatures. The activity of vitamin D preparations is expressed in international units (ME): 1 ME contains 0.000025 mg (0.025 μg) of chemically pure vitamin D.

Food sources of vitamin are some types of algae, fatty fish grades, fish oil. To lesser extent - butter, cheese and other fatty dairy products, egg yolk, caviar, forests (not grown in artificial conditions) mushrooms, yeast.

Vitamin D is a unique biologically active substance that combines the functions of vitamin and hormone, as which it affects the intestinal cells, stimulating the production of the carrier protein necessary for the transport of calcium, as well as the kidney and muscle, where the reabsorption of Ca 2+. The main task of vitamin D is to ensure the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine into systemic blood flow. The absorption of these trace elements in the intestine (maximum in a 12-risen intestine) is carried out due to active transport against an electrochemical gradient, this transition through cell membranes becomes possible only with the help of calcium binding protein dependent on vitamin D.

Other vitamin D functions:

• stimulates the proliferation and development of cells (often used externally in dermatology to reduce the skin manifestations of diseases);
• participates in the synthesis of monocytes;
• prevents the growth of cancer cells, which makes it effective in preventing and treating certain types of tumors, including malignant blood diseases;
• affects the level of insulin, thereby on the level of glucose in the blood;
• provides adequate neuromuscular interaction.

Therapeutic dose of vitamin - 100-4000 IU, depending on the age and functional state of the body. Exceeding the specified threshold provokes symptoms of overdose, so-called D-vitamin intrication.

Some researchers indicate a toxic much greater dose of vitamin - about 1 million meters per day.

Signs of overdose

Vitamin D an overdose can be worn both acute and chronic character.

Acute overdose develops, as a rule, in children of the first half a year of life when taking for 2-3 weeks unreasonably high doses of vitamin D preparations, or in individuals with individual increased sensitivity to the substance. Acute vitamin intrication is characterized by turbulent symptoms, and signs of dehydration go to the fore:

• a sharp decline in appetite up to its complete absence;
• drowsiness, lethargy;
• painful thirst;
• dry skin and mucous membranes;
• an increase in blood pressure;
• pulse demolition;
• nausea, frequent vomiting;
• early urination;
• unstable stool: diarrhea, alternating with constipation;
• the appearance of clonic-tonic convulsions, muscle rigidity;
• short-term loss of consciousness.

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Chronic intoxication develops for a long time (6 months or more) with regular reception of vitamin doses, slightly exceeding therapeutic. Her symptoms:

• irritability;
• increased fatigue;
• sleep disorders;
• pain in the muscles and bones, convulsions, muscular twitching;
• reducing body weight;
• dyspeptic disorders (decrease in appetite, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders);
• increase in liver and spleen;
• dumbness pain in the lumbar region, the increase in urination, swelling (mainly on the face) - signs of kidney damage;
• reducing immunity manifested by exposure to cold and other infectious inflammatory diseases.

As a result of chronic overdose, there is a toxic effect of vitamin D to cell membranes, disruption of metabolism with an increase in the content of Ca 2+ ions in the blood and urine, the acidification of the inner media of the body, the deposition of calcium salts in organs and tissues.

First aid for overdose

With one-time intake, the ultra-high dose of vitamin D is necessary:

1. Rinse the stomach (to drink 1-1.5 l of water or a weak solution of mangartee and cause a vomit reflex).
2. Take a salt laxative (magnesium sulfate).
3. Accept the adsorbent (enterosgel, polysorb, polyfepan according to the scheme or coal activated at the rate of 1 tablet by 10 kg of body weight).

When developing symptoms of intoxication against the background of systematic reception, it is necessary to immediately cancel the drug and consult a doctor.

Antidote

No specific antidotes for vitamin D.

According to some evidence, the reception of antioxidant drugs is advisable, for example, vitamin E (tocopherol), preventing the damaging effect of vitamin D.

When is medical care required?

Medical care is needed if:

• the child, a pregnant woman or an elderly man suffered;
• non-corrosive vomiting or diarrhea;
• neurological symptoms (convulsions, intense headache);
• symptoms of dehydration (sharp thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, reducing the amount of separated urine, change its concentration, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia);
• in the vomit or feces, traces of blood appeared;
• the victim is limited to contact or is unconscious.

The victim, depending on the severity of the state, receives outpatient treatment or is hospitalized in the profile department of the hospital, where further pharmacotherapy of D-vitamin intrication is carried out:

• therapeutic diet with limiting products containing calcium and vitamin D;
• parenteral administration of isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% glucose in order to restore lost fluid and reduce symptoms of intoxication;
• introduction of a 4% sodium solution of bicarbonate to eliminate acidosis;
• forced diuresis;
• oxygen therapy;
• vitamins of group A and B, ascorbic and pantothenic acid for the leveling of by-action of vitamin D;
• antibiotic therapy (penicillins, cephalosporins) to prevent the interconnection of secondary bacterial infection;
• glucocorticosteroids (prednisone) short rate for the normalization of intracellular processes;
• therapy of the concomitant complications (heart glycosides, adrenoblays, metabolites are used to correct the cardiovascular disorders; nylidecovic acid derivatives for the treatment of renal pathology; neuroprotectors for neurological symptoms, etc.).

Possible consequences

Overdose by vitamin D can cause the following complications:

• renal failure;
• attachment of secondary infection;
• deposition of calcium crystals in the kidneys, followed by the development of renal failure;
• toxic hepatitis;
• toxic myocardial damage;
• calcine vessels, early atherosclerosis;
• the defeat of the thyroid and parachitoid glands.

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