Vitamin D is the unified name for a whole group of fat-soluble biologically active substances formed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation in animal and plant tissues. Some of the vitamins of this group are synthesized in the cells of the human body, some come exclusively from the outside.
Source: depositphotos.com
D vitamins include:
- vitamin D 2 - ergocalciferol;
- vitamin D 3 - cholecalciferol;
- vitamin D 4 - dihydroergocalciferol;
- vitamin D 5 - sitocalciferol;
- vitamin D 6 - stigma-calciferol.
Currently, the term "Vitamin D" denotes two forms - D 2 and D 3, colorless, odorless crystals, resistant to high temperatures. The activity of vitamin D preparations is expressed in international units (ME): 1 ME contains 0.000025 mg (0.025 μg) of chemically pure vitamin D.
Food sources of vitamin are some types of algae, fatty fish, fish oil. To a lesser extent - butter, cheese and other fatty dairy products, egg yolk, caviar, forest (not grown in artificial conditions) mushrooms, yeast.
Vitamin D is a unique biologically active substance that combines the functions of a vitamin and a hormone, in the capacity of which it influences intestinal cells, stimulating the production of a carrier protein necessary for calcium transport, as well as kidney and muscle, where it enhances the reabsorption of Ca 2+. The main task of vitamin D is to ensure the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The absorption of these microelements in the intestine (maximum in the duodenum 12) is carried out due to active transport against the electrochemical gradient, this transition through cell membranes becomes possible only with the help of a calcium-binding protein dependent on vitamin D.
Other functions of vitamin D:
- stimulates cell proliferation and development (often used externally in dermatology to reduce skin manifestations of diseases);
- participates in the synthesis of monocytes;
- inhibits the growth of cancer cells, which makes it effective in the prevention and treatment of certain types of tumors, including malignant blood diseases;
- affects the level of insulin, thereby and the level of glucose in the blood;
- provides adequate neuromuscular interaction.
The therapeutic dose of the vitamin is 100-4000 IU, depending on the age and functional state of the body. Exceeding the specified threshold provokes symptoms of an overdose, the so-called D-vitamin intoxication.
Some researchers point to a much higher dose of the vitamin as toxic - about 1 million IU per day.
Signs of overdose
Vitamin D overdose can be acute or chronic.
Acute overdose develops, as a rule, in children of the first six months of life when taking unjustifiably high doses of vitamin D preparations for 2-3 weeks, or in individuals with individual hypersensitivity to the substance. Acute vitamin intoxication is characterized by violent symptoms, and signs of dehydration come to the fore:
- a sharp decrease in appetite up to its complete absence;
- drowsiness, lethargy;
- excruciating thirst;
- dry skin and mucous membranes;
- increased blood pressure;
- decrease in heart rate;
- nausea, frequent vomiting;
- increased urination;
- unstable stools: diarrhea, alternating with constipation;
- the appearance of clonic-tonic cramps, muscle rigidity is possible;
- short-term loss of consciousness.
Source: depositphotos.com
Chronic intoxication develops for a long time (6 months or more) with regular intake of vitamin doses that slightly exceed the therapeutic dose. Her symptoms:
- irritability;
- increased fatigue;
- sleep disorders;
- muscle and bone pain, cramps, muscle twitching;
- weight loss;
- dyspeptic disorders (decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders);
- enlargement of the liver and spleen;
- dull aching pain in the lumbar region, increased urination, edema (mainly on the face) - signs of kidney damage;
- decreased immunity, manifested by susceptibility to colds and other infectious and inflammatory diseases.
As a result of chronic overdose, there is a toxic effect of vitamin D on cell membranes, metabolic disorders with an increase in the content of Ca 2+ ions in the blood and urine, acidification of the internal media of the body, deposition of calcium salts in organs and tissues.
First aid for overdose
With a single oral intake of an ultra-high dose of vitamin D, it is necessary:
- Rinse the stomach (drink 1-1.5 liters of water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate and induce a vomiting reflex).
- Take a saline laxative (magnesium sulfate).
- Take an adsorbent (Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan according to the scheme or activated carbon at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight).
With the development of symptoms of intoxication against the background of systematic intake, it is necessary to immediately discontinue the drug and consult a doctor.
Antidote
There are no specific antidotes for vitamin D.
According to some reports, it is advisable to take antioxidant drugs, for example, vitamin E (tocopherol), which prevent the damaging effect of vitamin D.
When is medical attention required?
Medical assistance is needed if:
- a child, pregnant woman or elderly person is injured;
- indomitable vomiting or diarrhea;
- neurological symptoms (convulsions, intense headache);
- symptoms of dehydration (sharp thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, a decrease in the amount of urine separated, a change in its concentration, a decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia);
- traces of blood appeared in the vomit or feces;
- the victim has limited contact or is unconscious.
The victim, depending on the severity of the condition, receives outpatient treatment or is hospitalized in a specialized department of the hospital, where further pharmacotherapy of D-vitamin intoxication is carried out:
- a therapeutic diet that restricts foods containing calcium and vitamin D;
- parenteral administration of an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% glucose in order to restore lost fluid and reduce symptoms of intoxication;
- the introduction of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution to eliminate acidosis;
- forced diuresis;
- oxygen therapy;
- vitamins of group A and B, ascorbic and pantothenic acid to level the side effects of vitamin D;
- antibiotic therapy (penicillins, cephalosporins) to prevent the addition of a secondary bacterial infection;
- glucocorticosteroids (Prednisolone) in a short course to normalize intracellular processes;
- therapy of concomitant complications (for the correction of cardiovascular disorders, cardiac glycosides, adrenergic blockers, metabolites are used; drugs of the nitrofuran series and derivatives of nalidixic acid for the treatment of renal pathology; neuroprotectors for neurological symptoms, etc.).
Possible consequences
Vitamin D overdose can cause the following complications:
- renal failure;
- accession of a secondary infection;
- deposition of calcium crystals in the kidneys with the subsequent development of renal failure;
- toxic hepatitis;
- toxic damage to the myocardium;
- vascular calcification, early atherosclerosis;
- damage to the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
YouTube video related to the article:
An overdose of vitamin D adversely affects the state of the entire body. An excess of such a substance can manifest itself in any person, requires an attentive approach and on time the treatment started. How to prevent overdose, how to help the injured person?
Properties and norm
Vitamin D is prescribed to humans for treatment or prophylaxis. It is a group of substances that affect the calcium content in the body. It is formed inside or comes from the outside along with food. The amount of such an element is influenced by some factors.
Factors:
- Skin tone - in dark, synthesis is slower,
- Human age - in old age, production slows down,
- The number of sunny days per year
- The ecological situation around.
Vitamin D 3 is found in many foods - yeast, egg yolk, parsley, seaweed, fatty dairy products. The substance ensures the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body. However, this is not the only function of vitamin d3. The compound has a different effect on organs and systems.
Functions:
- Has a stimulating effect on cell development,
- Reduces the risk of developing cancer, prevents cancer cells from growing,
- Has an effect on the level of insulin and glucose in the body,
- Maintains the normal interaction of nerve endings and muscle tissue,
- Takes part in the formation of monocytes.
Lack of vitamin adversely affects the functionality of organs, however, excess also does not give a positive effect. An overdose is especially dangerous for babies and children under the age of one year.
Excessive amounts negatively affect the condition of people with increased body weight, metabolic disorders occur.
What is the norm for vitamin D in adults and children? The synthesis of a substance occurs under the influence of ultraviolet rays. A person, being in the sun, gradually gets a tan, the skin becomes darker. The production of the vitamin is slowed down, thus the formation of the element in the body is controlled. We advise you to read about
When using vitamins, you need to know when to stop and know with which foods they are best combined. For example, you can improve the quality of your homemade baked goods by using vitamin E, which can be purchased
Rate per person:
- Adults under sixty years old - no more than 15 mcg or 400 IU,
- After sixty years, it rises to 600 IU,
- A similar amount is recommended for pregnant and lactating women,
- In children aged four to ten years, the amount of vitamin is 100 IU or 2.5 μg,
- For infants and toddlers up to four years old, a sufficient amount of vitamin per day is 300-400 IU or up to 10 μg.
The daily dosage depends on the time spent in the sun, with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, the required amount of vitamin D decreases.
Causes and symptoms of overdose
Why is it possible to develop an overdose with a similar vitamin? Allocate acute and chronic forms of poisoning.
In the first case, an overdose occurs as a result of a single use of more than 15,000 IU. The chronic form is diagnosed with a constant intake of more than 2000 IU per day. However, there are other reasons that can provoke an overdose.
Causes:
- Independent use of drugs with vitamin D in the composition,
- Incorrectly calculated dosage of vitamin in children,
- Finding a person in the sun for a long time and simultaneously taking vitamin tablets,
- In children, an overdose is possible as a result of the carelessness of parents who left medicines in accessible places.
An overdose gives a person a lot of unpleasant moments, there is a violation of the normal functionality of organs and systems.
Symptoms of an excess of vitamin D
For intoxication with vitamin D, the development of some symptoms is characteristic. In an acute form of overdose, it manifests itself rather quickly.
Signs:
- Vomiting, nausea,
- Lack of appetite,
- Painful sensations in the abdomen
- Stool problems
- Strong desire to drink
- High blood pressure,
- Convulsive manifestations
- Impaired coordination
- Pain in the head, joints, muscle tissue,
- Depressive state, psychosis.
With an excess amount of vitamin D in the body in adults, insoluble calcium salts are deposited in the kidneys. The result is an increase in the concentration of urea in the blood, the appearance of protein in the urine.
Symptoms in adults with an overdose of chronic vitamin D are slightly different. With prolonged intake of an increased amount of an element in a person, pathological processes in the urinary system, impaired visual function, an increase in the size of the liver and spleen are noted.
Chronic vitamin poisoning is accompanied by aching pain in the lumbar region, swelling, sleep disturbance and mental state. Metabolism is disrupted, calcium salts are deposited in organs and tissues.
In babies in infancy, an overdose poses a certain danger and requires contacting a medical institution. There are two types of poisoning in infants - acute and chronic. Each is characterized by the presence of specific symptoms.
Acute:
- Vomiting, regurgitation,
- Sleep disturbance,
- Irritability, anxiety,
- Frequent passing of urine
- Convulsive manifestations
- Disruption of bowel function
- Constant thirst.
In infants, weakening, lethargy, and lack of interest in other people are noted. Chronic overdose is less intense, but symptoms cannot be overlooked.
Chronic:
- The large fontanelle closes ahead of schedule,
- There are seams between the flat bones of the skull,
- The risk of developing kidney disease increases
- Malfunctions of the heart system
- The skin tone decreases, dehydration is diagnosed,
- Exacerbation of existing diseases,
- Retardation in development,
- Slightly high temperature
- Slow pulse
- Hair growth slows down
- The liver and spleen are enlarged.
Chronic overdose of such a vitamin in children leads to developmental disorders, so parents are advised to closely monitor the baby's condition. The famous doctor Komarovsky advises, if you suspect a violation of the level of vitamin D, contact a specialist.
Vitamin D overdose - treatments
With a single use of an increased dosage, the victim is provided with first aid. A number of actions are carried out to cleanse the body of a toxic substance.
Actions:
- The stomach is washed with a large volume of water, it is allowed to use a weak solution of potassium permanganate,
- It is allowed in case of an overdose to use laxatives or enemas to cleanse the intestines of toxin,
- After carrying out the cleaning procedures, the victim is allowed to take sorbents to completely get rid of excess vitamin D.
After providing first aid, the victim is transferred to doctors. Treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis or in a medical institution, depending on the patient's condition. It is imperative to consult a specialist if an overdose has occurred in a pregnant woman, a small child or an elderly person.
Overdose treatment includes a number of measures and actions aimed at restoring normal vitamin levels in the body.
What is being done:
- A special diet is selected that restricts the consumption of foods with a high vitamin content,
- Various medicinal solutions are introduced to neutralize the negative effect of the substance,
- If necessary, in case of an overdose, antibiotics are used,
- Hormonal preparations are introduced to restore processes inside cells,
- Conduct therapy of concomitant diseases, prescribe suitable means.
Irritation, a feeling of grit in the eyes, redness are only minor inconveniences in case of impaired vision. Scientists have proven that a decrease in vision in 92% of cases ends in blindness.
Crystal Eyes is the best way to restore vision at any age.
At home, it is imperative to adhere to proper nutrition and stop taking any complexes with vitamin D in the composition.
Consequences and prevention
What can happen after an overdose of vitamin D? Such intoxication can cause many complications.
Complications:
- Kidney failure
- The presence of infectious diseases
- Toxic damage to the liver and heart muscle,
- Development of atherosclerosis
- Deposition of calcium salts in the kidneys,
- Disruption of the normal functionality of the thyroid gland.
It is possible to avoid an overdose if you do not violate the rules for taking vitamin D. It is not recommended to take the medicine on your own, increase the dosage and the number of times it is taken. It is required to store vitamin complexes in places inaccessible to children.
An overdose of vitamin D can deliver many unpleasant moments to a person, especially when it develops in infants. If signs of poisoning appear, you need to contact a medical facility.
Video: what to lead to an excess of vitamins
Excess vitamin D - the reason for a single or long-term intake of a component in large quantities. This condition can be acute or chronic. Symptoms can appear both on the first day and several days after the compound enters the body. Chronic hypervitaminosis may appear in 4-6 weeks. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin D3 is more common.
The main function of vitamin D is to participate in the exchange of calcium and phosphorus. The component plays an important role in the life of an adult and a child's body. Deficiency of both vitamin D and other beneficial components is often associated with malnutrition and rare exposure to the fresh air. More often there is a lack of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
If a daily rate exceeding the value by 10 times was used during the month, we can talk about redundancy. Blood calcium levels rise. An overdose, in particular of vitamin D, occurs due to improper selection of foods containing calcium and phosphorus or mixtures.
However, in most cases, the excess is the result of taking the vitamin form prescribed by your doctor. When calcium levels rise to a high level, serious damage to the kidneys, stony and soft tissue is possible. Signs of hypercalcemia depend on the extent of the process.
Patients have:
- irritability;
- muscle spasms;
- severe cramps;
- calcium deposition.
An overdose of vitamin D can be judged by the following symptoms:
- nausea and vomiting;
- loss of appetite;
- intense thirst;
- losing weight;
- stable pressure rise;
- the formation of excess urine;
- muscle stiffness;
- fast fatiguability;
- constipation.
Causes that lead to death:
- compression of the brain;
- renal failure;
- hypercalcemic arrhythmia;
- acidosis.
Hypervitaminosis (excess) of vitamin D is diagnosed by laboratory and instrumental methods:
- blood chemistry;
- determination of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum;
- analysis for the content of vitamin D;
- radiography, detection of bone density.
Hypervitaminosis D requires immediate treatment. It consists in canceling the intake of additional doses of the component. A diet based on limiting the intake of foods high in calcium is indicated. At the same time, it is possible to neutralize the effects associated with an increased level of macronutrient in the blood.
Other appointments:
- hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the risk of bone and soft tissue damage;
- ammonium chloride to increase the acidity of the urine, as a result of which the likelihood of calcium stones being deposited can be reduced.
Without treatment, hypervitaminosis D leads to undesirable consequences:
- toxic damage to the nervous system and internal organs;
- incorrect course of metabolic processes;
- violation of the permeability of cell membranes.
Manifestations associated with an increase in calcium in the urine:
- the formation of kidney stones;
- nephritis;
- renal failure;
- deposition of calcium salts in internal organs, skin, muscles.
Hypervitaminosis D in children has various symptoms:
- partial or complete refusal of food;
- vomiting, which often occurs with acute excess;
- upset stool or constipation;
- pale or pale gray complexion, presence of blue around the eyes.
An overdose of fat-soluble vitamin D leads to behavioral changes in the child. In case of an overdose, lethargy, apathy, and drowsiness are observed. Loss of consciousness may occur. Chronic poisoning is characterized by poor sleep, tearfulness, and a capricious state.
The size of the liver and spleen increase, especially in acute hypervitaminosis. Weight gain stops, the layer of subcutaneous fat becomes thin. A deficiency of calcium and vitamin D is the cause of rickets.
Overdose in children of vitamin D can manifest itself as gastrointestinal disorders, impaired renal function. Symptoms are often similar to sepsis. The amount of calcium in the body is increased. Hypervitaminosis (excess) of vitamin D occurs due to the intake of drugs containing the component without a doctor's prescription.
X-ray of bones indicates the following abnormalities:
- osteoporosis;
- violation of the growth process of tubular bones.
Symptoms of rickets appear. Urinalysis indicates signs of nephritis. Hypervitaminosis D requires immediate hospitalization. An overdose of both vitamin D and other biologically active substances requires symptomatic treatment.
Daily rate
The amount of vitamin D you should receive daily varies depending on living conditions. If a person regularly stays in the sun for 20 minutes, the need decreases by 2-3 times. The average daily intake is 0.005-0.01 mg. Children in the active growth phase and pregnant women need 3-4 times more vitamin D.
Compound-rich foods:
- fish fat;
- dairy products, including butter;
- parsley;
- egg yolk;
- oat groats;
- seafood.
Lack of vitamin D
Lack of vitamin D occurs with inadequate nutrition, rare exposure to the sun, and the use of sunscreens. Some people experience shortages due to the lack of sun exposure to prevent skin cancer.
The likelihood of the onset of insufficiency increases significantly when living in the northern regions, since several months of winter do not allow the compound to be synthesized on the skin.
Deficiency of minerals and vitamin D develops under the following factors:
- age after 50 years;
- pregnancy and lactation;
- dark skin, since a large amount of melanin interferes with the synthesis of vitamin D;
- disruption of the kidneys and liver;
- strict diets.
Deficiency (cholecalciferol) vitamin D3 leads to a decrease in calcium absorption and a deterioration in its concentration in the blood. In childhood, rickets develops.
Lack of vitamin D in adults has the following symptoms:
- loss of appetite;
- losing weight;
- sweating of the scalp;
- tooth decay, including the development of caries;
- weakness and fatigue;
- irritability.
Such signs can be observed with other diseases. For an accurate diagnosis, an examination is carried out.
Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin D is treated in a complex way:
- eating foods containing vitamin D;
- regular exposure to the sun;
- the use of preparations containing a component;
- elimination of factors contributing to the lack of vitamin D.
When using drugs to eliminate vitamin deficiencies, the rate of a single dose should be taken into account. The therapeutic dose is several times higher than the prophylactic one. The daily norm for pregnant women is more vitamin D. Exposure to the sun, good nutrition, periodic visits to the doctor are the best prevention of excess and lack of vitamins!
Vitamin d3
Vitamin D (D) is a complex organic substance that is both a hormone and a “sun vitamin”. There are two main forms of it, differing in origin: “natural” vitamin D3, which is contained in animal food, and synthetic D2, which is usually enriched with biological additives. Both act on the body in the same way. There are several more forms (D4, D5 and D6), which have relatively low biological activity, are, respectively, a precursor of D3 and are used in medicine, respectively, as an antitumor substance (D5). D1 does not occur in nature, but it was synthesized under laboratory conditions. In everyday medical practice, the term “vitamin D” combines all active forms of a substance for convenience.
Vitamin D functions
The dual action of vitamin D is due to its unique properties. One of the most important elements ensures the normal development of bone tissue and at the same time acts as a hormone, regulating carbohydrate metabolism and controlling the natural production of insulin by the pancreas.
The element has a positive effect on various systems and organs of the human body. The main benefit and main function of the biologically active substance is the regulation of the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. By promoting the absorption of calcium and magnesium into bone tissue, vitamin D ensures the formation of teeth and bones. In addition, the substance regulates the content of phosphorus and calcium in the blood, promotes the absorption of the latter in the intestines and kidneys.
The hormonal action is to coordinate insulin production and regulate blood glucose levels. The benefit of the vitamin lies in the fact that it is directly involved in the growth and normal development of cells.
The benefit for the immune system is that the optimal amount of the substance has a positive effect on the area of \u200b\u200bthe brain responsible for the production of immune cells, therefore, increases the level of resistance to viruses and infections.
For the nervous system, by maintaining sufficient blood calcium levels, the benefit is to ensure the normal contraction and function of nerves and muscles.
Overdose
With all the positive qualities of the substance, its excess in the body can lead to rather negative consequences and cause harm. In the long term, these consequences include:
- chronic decrease in bone density, negative changes in bone tissue;
- resorption of the connective membrane of the bone marrow;
- blockage of blood vessels, which threatens the development of atherosclerosis;
- excessive calcium deposition in internal organs;
- an increase in the volume of urine excreted;
- joint pain without any objective reason;
- children may develop scoliosis, kyphosis, asthenia and other disorders of skeletal development;
- in both children and adults, bone fractures can be more frequent, even due to minor injuries, which, as a rule, do not have such serious consequences.
In general, an overdose of vitamin D is a rather rare phenomenon, because the substance is fat-soluble and can be stored “in reserve” without harm. An excess of vitamin D can be diagnosed in infants whose bodies have not yet developed a mechanism that allows them to independently cope with excess of certain substances.
Daily vitamin requirements
The daily requirement of a biologically active substance for adult men, women and adolescents from 15 years old is 5 mcg, and overdose symptoms are observed when 15 mgq of an element is ingested daily. The dose is largely determined by age, lifestyle and health status. So, for example, for pregnant and lactating women and children under one year old, as well as the elderly (from 60 years old), a daily rate of 10 μg is provided.
The allowable dose is increased for those categories of the population (other than pregnant women and nursing mothers) who:
- permanently live in the Far North or environmentally unsafe regions;
- work mainly at night;
- suffer from diseases of the kidneys, intestines, gallbladder and liver;
- undergo a long course of treatment in a hospital and are not on the street.
Oversupply symptoms
In adults, an overabundance occurs in rare cases. As a rule, this occurs with excessive use of products containing a biologically active substance, or their pharmacy substitutes (vitamin complexes). Among such food can be listed fish oil and generally fatty fish, offal (liver of marine species) and caviar, fatty meats and meat offal.
The main symptoms of an overdose of vitamin D (hypervitaminosis D) are manifested in thirst, along with abundant urine flow, insufficient weight gain or rapid and excessive weight loss (anorexia), sleep disorders, irritability, muscle and joint pain. Serious vitamin D poisoning is also characterized by chronic high blood pressure, persistent vomiting, dehydration, and noticeable pallor of the skin and mucous membranes.
Symptoms that are laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis may include decreased blood magnesium levels, increased calcium and cholesterol levels.
Causes and features of overdose in infants
An excess of vitamin D in infants is observed, as a rule, in situations where parents deliberately increase the daily dose received in capsules or liquid supplements with a vitamin. Mothers often do not even suspect that they can seriously harm the child. The main cause of vitamin D (D) hypervitaminosis in infants is precisely the neglect of the instructions given by the attending physician.
Signs of overdose in children are complemented by sleep disturbances that parents cannot help but notice, constant thirst, frequent regurgitation and vomiting, slowed hair growth and problems with the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are complemented by general nervousness, the child becomes capricious.
Therapy of an excess of a substance in the body
Symptoms of a vitamin D overdose in children and adults should be treated immediately. Therapy for excess vitamin D in mild cases involves taking small doses of petroleum jelly by mouth, which will reduce the absorption of the poisonous substance.
Serious vitamin D overdose poisoning requires complex treatment. The patient is prescribed a certain range of vitamins and medicines. If the treatment is carried out in a timely manner, then the signs of an overdose disappear relatively quickly and do not harm the state of health.
Prevention of vitamin D overdose
Overdose is easier to prevent than to cure. Prevention primarily includes full adherence to the doctor's recommendations for taking medications and vitamins. It is also not recommended to stay in the sun for a long time (but one should not forget about the necessary minimum of solar irradiation for optimal production of vitamin D), one should try to limit the influence of bad ecology and work on the night shift.
An excess of vitamin D can manifest itself in a wide range of symptoms: vomiting, indigestion, hypercalcemia, manifested in an increased concentration of calcium in the blood. This condition is no less dangerous than calciferol deficiency. What to do with an excess of vitamin D in the body? Let's find out together.
The role of vitamin D
Calciferol is usually divided into natural and synthetic by the method of formation. The first variety is found in food of animal origin (D3), the second - in biological additives (D2).
One of the main roles of vitamin D is to participate in the formation of the normal development of teeth and skeleton. Calciferol is also responsible for the entry of minerals into the bone and dental tissue, participating in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus into the blood. Vitamin D acts as a regulator of carbohydrate metabolism and insulin production, and controls blood sugar levels.
The positive properties of calciferol do not end there. The nervous system, for example, begins to function better due to the normal contractions of muscle and nerve fibers. The immune system is provided with the necessary number of immune cells due to the influence of the "vitamin of the sun" on a certain part of the brain, which is responsible for the production of "defender" cells.
Causes and main manifestations of hypervitaminosis D
Excess vitamin D, with all its positive properties for humans, leads to serious disorders and disruptions in the body. In some cases, hypervitaminosis can end fatally. The most common cause of an overdose is both a single excess of the permissible dose (30,000 IU) and a prolonged excess of the daily norm (15,000 IU).
Symptoms can appear as:
- muscle cramps;
- lack of appetite;
- irritability.
In children and adults, the symptoms of hypervitaminosis D manifest themselves in different ways. Most often, infants suffer from high levels of calciferol in the blood and bones. In babies, appetite decreases sharply, excessive sweating appears, regurgitation, urination become more frequent, and there is an increased thirst. The child is not interested in games, wants to sleep all day, the previous activity disappears.
Prolonged overfeeding of the baby with vitamins by too zealous mom and dad leads to malfunctions of the spleen, liver and heart. In preschool age, symptoms of delayed physical and mental development may be observed.
In adults, excess vitamin D levels in the body are very rare. In most cases, the cause of overdose is the passion for "proper nutrition" in the form of various food additives and vitamin complexes, coupled with daily exposure to the sun for more than three hours. Lovers of dishes made from fatty fish and meat are at risk. Such "abuse" can lead to serious poisoning.
You should be wary if:
- there are jumps in weight - a person is rapidly gaining weight, then sharply dropping (up to anorexia);
- insomnia appears;
- frequent urination, diarrhea, frequent vomiting became habitual;
- the skin begins to "turn blue" periodically.
As a result of an excess of vitamin D at a more mature age (after 40), urolithiasis and renal failure may develop. Calcium salts begin to be deposited in muscles, organs, and skin. Negatively exceeding the norm of calciferol is also reflected in vision, ranging from an increase in intracranial pressure and ending with cataracts.
Treatment
Symptoms of an overdose of calciferol are not so obvious, therefore, it is extremely difficult to diagnose this particular disease. But if a blood test for vitamin D and urine showed that the cause of the ailments lies precisely in the excess of this substance, it is necessary to start treatment immediately.
First of all, the doctor prescribes the exclusion from the diet of foods containing calcium and vitamin D. At the same time, other vitamin complexes are prescribed: with ascorbic acid and B vitamins. Also, ammonium chloride comes to the rescue, which prevents the deposition of kidney stones. In some cases, hormonal drugs are prescribed. A special diet is recommended containing foods rich in tocopherol (vitamin E) and retinol (vitamin A).
If acute symptoms worsen over several hours, doctors should be called. In this case, the patient must be provided with plenty of drink. Children under one year old are subject to mandatory hospitalization. After hospitalization, the visit to doctors for the baby does not end: for another three years the child should be followed up. Under the supervision of aesculapians, the work of the heart of the little patient, the composition of urine and blood will be regularly checked.
However, as a rule, to eliminate the signs of hypervitaminosis, it is enough to simply cancel the vitamin complex.
Possible complications and their prevention
The body cannot always fully compensate for the vitamin "blow" on its own. The patient may develop acidosis, hyperacidity, and cardiac arrhythmias. The manifestations of hypervitaminosis D are especially dangerous in the hot season.
You should not prescribe medications and vitamins to yourself. Try to stay sensible in the sun, avoiding direct sunlight between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. Read more about the relationship between vitamin D and the sun here →
Neglecting treatment after the onset of obvious symptoms, the patient condemns himself to toxic damage to the internal organs and the central nervous system, deterioration of the permeability of the body's cells. All this leads to premature aging.
You should always remember the "golden rule" that it is better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
Symptoms of an overdose of vitamin D are manifested by vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, an increase in the concentration of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), and dysfunction of the urinary system. In addition, an excess of vitamin D affects blood pressure, against this background, cardiopathy and cardioneurosis develop.
Vitamin D properties
Fat-soluble vitamin D is able to accumulate in the body, causing an increase in blood calcium levels, which provokes calcification. This is a disease in which insoluble calcium salts are deposited in blood vessels, narrowing their lumen, and in internal organs, disrupting their function.
An excess of vitamin D is a serious danger for infants and children under one year old due to the relatively low fat mass, as well as for overweight people due to a slow metabolism, which leads to the accumulation of vitamin D in tissues in large quantities.
Of the vitamins of group D, the most important are ergocalciferol (D) and cholecalciferol (D3). Hypervitaminosis D can occur:
- in acute form - with a single dose, many times higher than the recommended;
- chronic - with prolonged abuse of vitamin D.
An overdose of vitamin D3 affects the rate of metabolic reactions, increases
calcium concentration, reduces the level of phosphorus in the child's blood.
Vitamin D norm
Vitamin D is synthesized by UV light in the skin. In nature, the process is regulated by tanning. The more intense the tan, the darker the skin, the less vitamin D is formed in the body, which avoids an overdose.
With the invention of synthetic vitamin preparations, it is necessary to control the amount of nutrients in the diet with the help of special calculators, which make it possible to accurately calculate the amount of the required substance depending on the weight, sex, and age of a person.
A sufficient amount of vitamin per day is considered:
- for adults up to 60 years old - a dose of 10 to 15 mcg or 400 IU;
- after 60 years, the dose is 600 IU;
- during pregnancy, lactation - 600 IU;
- children from 4 to 10 years old - 2.5 μg, 100 IU;
- infants, children under 4 years old - 7.5-10 mcg, 300-400 IU.
The daily rate depends on the time of daily solar insolation. If the exposure to the sun is 20 minutes, then the daily requirement for vitamin D decreases.
Excess dose
In an adult, an overdose can occur if you take:
- once 10,000-15,000 IU;
- for a long time daily more than 2,000 IU.
Even a single overdose adversely affects health. It can change the rate of bone growth, provoke calcification. An excess of the daily intake of vitamin D also occurs when kidney function is impaired, excessive consumption of foods fortified with vitamin D.
Overdose symptoms
Hypervitaminosis D can be assumed when nausea, vomiting occurs while taking a vitamin preparation in a dose exceeding the daily norm for a long time.
Excessive vitamin D content is manifested:
- lack of appetite;
- abdominal pain, intestinal colic;
- stool disorder - diarrhea or constipation;
- intense thirst;
- increased blood pressure;
- anxiety, excitement;
- convulsions;
- ataxia - movement coordination disorder;
- headache, muscle pain, joint pain;
- emaciation;
- stupor;
- depression, psychosis.
An overdose causes the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the kidneys, which disrupts the excretory function, leads to the appearance of protein in the urine, and an increase in the concentration of urea in the blood.
Changes in the kidneys cause an increase in blood pressure, are accompanied by increased urination, with loss of potassium, and the development of hypokalemia.
Prolonged excess of the dose causes:
- cholestatic jaundice - predominantly drug damage to the liver, in which bile does not enter the intestines;
- the appearance of erythrocytes, protein in the urine;
- decreased urine density;
- nocturia - a disorder of the regime of urination with the release of a larger volume of urine at night.
Overdose adversely affects vision, causing:
- increased intracranial pressure;
- opacity of the cornea;
- inflammation of the iris;
- cataracts.
Signs of hypervitaminosis in infants
Trying to provide your baby with as many vitamins as possible sometimes turns into hypervitaminosis, which carries no less serious health problems than hypovitaminosis.
An excess of vitamin D in infants is manifested by symptoms such as skin rashes, diarrhea, vomiting. Changes accumulate gradually, and in order for such symptoms to appear, the baby must take a vitamin preparation in a large dose for several months.
The difficulty in recognizing an overdose is that such symptoms are not specific, and also due to the fact that, in addition to the symptoms of an overdose, an excess of vitamin D enhances the symptoms of existing diseases in the baby.
Acute form
Vitamin D poisoning, which occurs in an acute form, requires hospitalization of the child, and is accompanied by symptoms:
- regurgitation, vomiting;
- poor sleep, anxiety, poor sleep;
- frequent urination;
- convulsions;
- violation of the chair.
The kid becomes irritable, weakens, loses interest in the people and objects around him.
Chronic form
With chronic abuse of vitamin preparations, an unreasonable increase in the recommended dose, signs of an overdose of vitamin D appear, which are less pronounced than in acute poisoning.
The clinical picture in chronic overdose of vitamin D in infants is determined by the developing excess of calcium in the blood (calcification), manifested by symptoms:
- premature closure of the large fontanelle, sutures between the flat bones of the skull;
- increased risk of pyelonephritis;
- violation of cardiac activity;
- a decrease in skin tone, dehydration, because of which it becomes flabby, acquires a gray tint;
- slower hair growth.
In children with a chronic excess of vitamin D, symptoms such as stunting, decreased weight gain, and developmental delays occur.
Treatment
When symptoms of an overdose appear, all vitamin complexes are immediately canceled, foods with a high calcium content are removed from the diet, and the patient's time in the sun is reduced.
The patient is given a large amount of fluid, a doctor is called to determine if hospitalization is necessary. Babies and children under one year old must be hospitalized.
The harm that an overdose of vitamin D3 does to a child's health is difficult to exaggerate:
- for 3 years, the baby is registered in the dispensary, where the composition of urine, blood pressure, heart function is systematically monitored;
- immunity in these children remains weakened throughout their lives.
Additionally appoint:
- glucocorticosteroid hormonal drugs to reduce inflammation in the body caused by calcification;
- ammonium chloride - against the formation of calcium kidney stones;
- vitamins of group B, C, which help restore metabolism.
Clinical symptoms of an overdose of vitamin D, with timely treatment, begin to disappear already when the drug is discontinued, and with appropriate treatment under the supervision of a doctor, they disappear within a short time.
Complications
Changes caused by vitamin D hypervitaminosis, in the composition of blood, urine, are not always fully compensated by the body. If the dose is significantly exceeded, complications caused by calcification are possible, which can cause acidosis (increased acidity), disruption of the heart, contributing to the development of arrhythmias, and renal failure.
We are used to prioritizing getting enough vitamin D given that a lack of it can seriously weaken the immune system and cause other diseases. However, could there be an overdose of vitamin D? Let's turn to scientific facts.
Overall, vitamin D is considered a very safe and healthy supplement. Especially because a large number of people are deficient in this important vitamin. However, scientific evidence suggests that "vitamin D toxicity" can occur with high doses ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 IU per day for months or longer.
What are the symptoms of vitamin D overdose? The data show that signs of vitamin D overuse can include frequent illness, fatigue and weakness, digestive problems, and muscle and bone pain.
How much vitamin D to take
A person needs enough vitamin D for the body to function properly. Because vitamin D has many functions, including helping to absorb and regulate minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. It is responsible for bone health, immunity, growth and development in infants and children, cell renewal, cognitive health, and nerve function.
In an ideal world, we would all get enough vitamin D from the single best natural source: sun exposure. However, we know that most people today do not spend enough time in the sun, which is why vitamin D has become one of the most widely used supplements in the world.
While there is still no agreed daily requirement for vitamin D, health experts agree that vitamin D intake (especially vitamin D3) can benefit many people, including adults, children, and infants. So, ? The USDA's standard recommendation for vitamin D intake to prevent deficiency is 600 to 800 IU per day for adults and 400 IU for children. However, newer studies are revising these recommendations and say that the number should be higher - from 2000 to 5000 IU per day.
The amount of vitamin D you need on a daily basis depends on a number of factors, such as body weight, age, gender, and medical history. As a general guideline, aim for the following amounts of vitamin D3 in supplement form:
- Children under 5 years of age: at least 500 IU per day
- Children aged 5-10: 2500 IU per day
- Adults / pregnant women / lactating women: about 4000-5000 IU per day
Is it safe to take 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 daily? If not, how much vitamin D3 is safe? There is a small risk associated with taking about 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day. But some people may need even higher dosages for severe deficiency.
What is considered an adequate amount of vitamin D? In order to find out your vitamin D level, you need to take a blood test. Most experts believe that vitamin D levels should be above 30 nanograms (ng) per milliliter (ml) of blood. A value below this is considered a deficit. Ideally, you should aim for a figure of 70-100 ng / ml for both adults and children. On the other hand, vitamin D toxicity (too much vitamin D in the blood) is considered to be above 200-240 ng / ml blood.
Related articles:
Could there be a vitamin D overdose if you know you are already deficient? If your blood test shows that you are low in vitamin D, you can either take smaller doses over an extended period of time to raise your level, such as 5000 IU per day, or take a high dose over several weeks. If you are taking a very high dose, such as more than 40,000 IU, it is possible that side effects may occur.
Signs and symptoms of vitamin D overdose in adults
You are more likely to experience vitamin D overdose symptoms when taking high-dose supplements for an extended period of time. Some signs that you may be taking too much vitamin D include:
- Frequent illnesses, ARVI, colds
- Abdominal pain and digestive problems such as nausea, constipation, diarrhea, or loss of appetite
- Increased thirst and dry mouth
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Muscle weakness or pain
- Bone pain
- Fatigue / lethargy
- Brain fog, feeling of embarrassment and dizziness
- Arrhythmia
- Chest pain
- Changes in blood pressure
- Headaches
Could there be a worrying vitamin D overdose? Because vitamin D toxicity can cause side effects such as heart palpitations, confusion, anxiety, and chest pain, it can potentially trigger feelings of anxiety.
Dangers of Vitamin D Overdose
Vitamin D toxicity is also called vitamin D intoxication or hypervitaminosis D. The reason too much vitamin D can cause problems is because vitamin D (along with vitamins A, E, and K) is a fat-soluble vitamin. This means that it accumulates in body fat and can remain in your body for a long time.
When you take high doses of vitamin D, your liver makes a chemical called 25 (OH) D, which causes calcium to build up in your blood (called hypercalcemia). In rare cases, it can damage the kidneys and cause calcium deposits in the kidneys (called nephrocalcinosis). It is a serious condition that causes symptoms such as nausea, dehydration, fever, and pain. Therefore, people with kidney disease should not take high doses of vitamin D (over 5000 IU) on a daily basis.
25 (OH) D can be measured with a blood test. Blood levels of 25 (OH) D above 150 ng / ml are considered potentially toxic.
While this is rare, several other conditions besides hypercalcemia can occur with vitamin D overdose. These are hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, and several other rare diseases.
How to prevent / treat vitamin D overdose
The best way to avoid vitamin D toxicity is to avoid taking very high doses of vitamin D supplements, such as 10,000 IU per day, for more than a month.
Vitamin D toxicity most commonly occurs when high doses of the supplement are taken for months or longer, such as 40,000 IU or more. It can also happen when a very high dose is taken only once, for example more than 300,000 IU in 24 hours.
These amounts refer to “average weight adults” who are around 60-80 kg, but do not apply to children or those weighing much less. For children who weigh between 8 and 25 kg, more than 50,000 IU / day or 2,000-6,000 IU / day for more than three months may be too large and potentially a vitamin D overdose.
If your blood levels of vitamin D are found to be too high, how do you get rid of the excess?
If you need to get vitamin D out of your system, your doctor may recommend treatment for vitamin D toxicity, including stopping your vitamin D intake, limiting dietary calcium intake, and taking intravenous fluids and / or medications such as corticosteroids or bisphosphonates to control symptoms.
Ideally, vitamin D levels should be kept high without supplementation, by getting enough sunlight, or taking supplements at a dose that is considered safe (1500 to 5000 IU for most adults). Spending 15–20 minutes in the sun with exposed skin on most days without sunscreen is your surest way to get enough vitamin D. Eating foods rich in vitamin D, such as fish and other seafood, eggs, and raw Milk can also help improve your vitamin D levels. There can be no overdose of vitamin D from foods and the sun because your body regulates how much vitamin D is made / absorbed from these sources.
Who Should Avoid Vitamin D
Because vitamin D can interact with some medications, vitamin D supplements should not be taken by those taking these prescription drugs:
- Steroids
- Epilepsy medications such as phenobarbital and phenytoin
- Slimming drugs (for example, Orlistat)
- Cholestyramine
People who have any of the health conditions listed below should not take vitamin D without medical supervision:
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney disease
- Liver disease
- Pancreatitis
- Primary hyperthyroidism
- Sarcoidosis
- Granulomatous tuberculosis
- Metastatic bone disease
- Williams Syndrome
Vitamin D Precautions
If you notice signs of vitamin D side effects and are wondering if there might be a vitamin D overdose. This could be from taking more than 300,000 IU in the past 24 hours or more than 10,000 IU per day for the past several months. Stop taking vitamin D right away and see your doctor right away for a blood test. Your doctor will test you for hypercalcemia and also discuss any symptoms you experience.
While consuming too much vitamin D can be dangerous in some cases, keep in mind that vitamin D deficiency is also dangerous. You need to know in the body. Your goal should be to find balance and get the amount of vitamin D your body needs without overdosing.