Types and types of roofing. Types of roofing, their features and characteristics

When building a house great importance For the aesthetic perception of the building and protection from unpleasant weather conditions, such an important detail of the entire structure as the roof has. The most different types Roofs, depending on the shape factor, type, size, as well as design features, require appropriate building materials and complex calculations of loads on various elements of the roof structure.

To answer the question of what roof shapes there are, let's look at some of them. Depending on the angle of inclination, roofs are divided into two main categories:

Flat roof

Flat roofs - the angle of inclination of such roofs is usually 2 - 3 degrees, if this angle is correlated with the horizon. The use of such roofs in the construction of private houses can be found very rarely. This is due to the fact that maintenance of roofs of this shape becomes problematic. During rainy periods, water stagnates on the roof, and in the winter season, accumulated snow will need to be removed independently.

Apparently, due to these reasons, these types of roofs are not widespread in private construction, although they may have some positive aspects. When erecting this type of roof, you can significantly save on building materials, and use the resulting additional space to your advantage by arranging a recreation area for your loved ones and guests or a small beautiful garden.

Pitched roof

Pitched roofs - these types of roofs are very practical to use; usually the angle of inclination of such roofs can start from 10 degrees or more. During the winter and rainy seasons, precipitation does not accumulate on it; snow or rainwater quietly drains away along the slopes. It is for this reason that the use of pitched roofs has become so popular in private construction.

What types of roofs are there for houses with pitched surfaces? To answer this question, consider some types of roofing of this type:

• single slope;
• steep gable;
• flat gable;
• broken (attic) gable;
• semi-hip hipped;
• hipped hipped roof;
• hip hipped.

One of the most convenient in construction are pitched roofs, whose slope is no more than 4 - 6 degrees. Such roofs are mainly erected in garages, sheds and other outbuildings. It is quite easy to install shed roofs, but they are still rarely found in suburban or dacha construction residential buildings, mainly this type of roof is used for outbuildings.

If there is a need to use an attic space, then they build an attic roof, which can be gable and have broken lines of the roof contour. The hip roof is very practical to use; these types of roofs cope well with various types of load, including wind. But this type of roof is not as easy to install as the previous ones. Its construction requires much more building materials and requires a competent team of professionals to ensure that everything is done very accurately and correctly. Next, we will take a closer look at the different types and designs of roofs.

When choosing a roof and its type, you need to consider all factors. Don't just look at durability characteristics or other practical parameters, but also consider what the appearance and shape of your roof will have in terms of aesthetics and artistic value.

For example, a mansard roof not only looks aesthetically beautiful due to its broken shapes, but it is also very practical to use. If there is a heavy snowfall, the snow masses will not linger on such a roof.

What types of roof are there? Let's look at them in more detail.

The most popular types of house roofs today

The popularity of a particular type of roof is often explained either by the ease of its creation, or by economic factors, or by the climatic conditions of the area. Let's briefly talk about what types of roofs there are and why they are so good and popular today.

Gable roof

It is not at all surprising that this particular type of roof comes in first place. Even in ancient times, our ancestors built houses, namely, with gable roofs, and only then Western trends came to Russia, such as mansard or domed roofs, as well as hip roofs.

This is one of the most popular and convenient roofs for private homes. A roof with two slopes resting on walls of equal height and forming a space in the form of a triangle (gables) is sometimes called a “gable roof.” The installation of such a roof is much more complicated than the construction of a pitched roof, but the choice of roofing material for it is simplified. It is not inferior to it in functional characteristics: it also easily copes with snow, rain, and wind. From a design point of view, a gable roof looks much better than a single-pitch roof.

Hip roof

Hip roof

Hip roofs already have 4 slopes, two of which are trapezoidal in shape, and two are triangular.
This type of roof gets its name from the word “hips,” which means triangular slopes that are located on the front side. When constructing such a roof, beams and double ties are used. In addition, it is necessary to equip drains for each slope, the slope of which is usually made up to 45 degrees. Only a steep enough slope can drain both water and snow, and also withstand strong gusty winds. The construction of hip roofs requires a lot of labor, as it uses a rather complex rafter system.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are another type of hip roof, which differs from the hip roof in that it has a truncated triangular slope, usually located higher than trapezoidal slopes. Its only drawback is the large consumption of material to cover those areas of the roof that are adjacent to the roof ribs.

Mansard roof or sloping roof

Also applies to gable roofs with broken lines of slopes. Such fractures increase the area and volume of the attic, which is commonly called the attic. The pentagonal shape of the gables of mansard roofs attracts the attention of almost all passersby. It is not very difficult to build such a roof. However, during construction you are unlikely to do without insulating your attic.

The cost of the roof is approximately 15 to 20% of the total cost of constructing the entire house. Creating an attic under the roof is the most economical option obtaining additional premises. Therefore, it is very appropriate to slightly increase the cost of the attic, which will give you another full floor. And there you can arrange summer bedrooms and recreation rooms for young family members and guests.

But why does an attic increase costs compared to building a simple attic? This is connected, of course, with the need to insulate the roof; residential premises require this. Additional infusions will be required and due to the inevitable complication of the roof structure with an attic, there cannot be struts and braces that would be located in the living rooms themselves. For these purposes, they came up with this form of roof (in the form of an attic) with braces and racks above the ceiling of residential premises.

The presence of an attic floor makes it necessary to place a layer of thermal insulation under the roof, and therefore a multi-layer roof arises. Thermal insulation material with internal lining is usually attached to the rafters (to the inside), and sheathing is installed on the outside and the direct roof covering is laid. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the rafter structures due to the multi-layer roof. This can be done by increasing the number of rafters, while reducing the distances between them. A successful solution to this problem can be considered the use of metal rafter structures.

One of the important positive aspects of the attic roof can be considered that the arrangement of the attic can be done later, since the space of the resulting attic will no longer require major complex work.

If you want to save money, but at the same time build a two-story mansion, then we recommend that you take a closer look at the mansard type of roof. This is a great option!

Flat roof

Previously, flat roofs were not popular in private housing construction. But recently, interest in flat roofs has grown again and is in the field of view of modern architects and designers. Flat roofs have unique features due to their flat surface. On such a roof you can plant a flower garden, arrange a sports ground or a small swimming pool. This solution is especially suitable for areas with warm climates. Although in central Russia you can use this roof option if you use a special system of removable canopies. They will be able to protect the desired part or the entire flat roof from annoying rain.

There are many different types of such canopies, but transparent ones are especially attractive glass structures. They provide additional light to the upper rooms of your home; you can use special lanterns for evening lighting. And here you can find a great place for solar panels and water heating elements, if necessary.

The advantages of flat roofs include low construction costs, since the cost is reduced due to a reduction in the total roof area and the absence of complex rafter structures.

Many people hesitate to build such roofs for fear of problems with drainage. But you should not be afraid of this; installing drainage systems from a flat roof is no more difficult than creating storm drains. And the roof itself should have a small, barely noticeable slope so that the emerging water can flow to the drains. Drainage systems are usually installed outside and inside the house.

Many people find it convenient to combine storm drainage with internal sewerage buildings, but do not forget to take into account the level of precipitation in your region.

The disadvantages of a flat roof include problems with thermal insulation. It can be difficult to cope with the strong heating of residential premises during the hot season, but it is not difficult to create a system of protection against the cold (as in the case of a mansard roof).

If in a pitched roof the “heat exchanger” is the attic, then in a house with a flat roof it has to be created in a special way. The main thing is to know that between the ceiling of living rooms and the roof of the roof there must be ventilation, in any form. Create a small ventilated attic or special ventilation ducts, which are best located under the roofing material.

Less popular, but no less interesting types of roofs

In this section, we will consider what types of roofs there are, besides the most popular and widely known among the population of our country. This group represents types and designs of roofs of unusual and beautiful shapes, but requiring practical skills to create them. What are the different roof shapes of original structures and where can they be used? We will briefly present them later in the text.

Shed roof

Shed roof

Feature This type of roof is that it has a rafter system that rests on walls of different heights, and since one wall is slightly higher than the other, a slope is formed due to this. Such roofs are quite easy to construct, and to cover them, you can use inexpensive and reliable materials such as ondulin, slate, and roofing felt. The convenience of such roofs is obvious; precipitation does not accumulate on them, flowing smoothly in the direction of the slope. Therefore, you can clearly understand where water drains need to be installed, ensuring the building is reliably dry.

The truth and shortcomings are obvious. One of the most important things is that the room will have no attic. Today it is very rare to see private houses that have a pitched roof.

Hip roof

Usually it has four slopes of identical triangles that converge at one upper point. If you like houses in the shape of an equilateral polygon (for example, a square), then a hip roof will help you out, which looks like a tent and looks great. However, installing such a roof is not easy; it has a very complex rafter system.

Multi-gable roof

Multi-gable roof

A standard roof of this type (also called a valley roof) has a very complex structure: a large number of external ribs and valleys (internal corners) at the junction of the slopes. When erecting such a roof, be sure to contact specialists with experience in its installation. The multi-gable roof is used for the construction of polygonal-shaped houses that have many different extensions and side attics.

Dome roof

Dome-shaped roofs usually cover only part of the building, rarely the entire structure. During its construction, a frame of curved elements is used, and is used to cover the roof as soft materials(glass insulation, roofing felt, bitumen shingles), and flexible (galvanized steel or plastic tiles). Some lovers of the ancient and unique style even today decorate their “castles” with domed roofs of various sizes.

Spherical roof

Building a spherical roof has become a little more popular lately. Under this type of roof, gazebos are usually placed, as well as other types of buildings (stadiums, cathedrals and churches), which also have a roof or dome type. Therefore, it cannot be said that this type of roof has no application at all.
But still it loses very significantly to such types of roofing as a gable roof or mansard.

Green roof

A green roof uses natural soil and planted greenery as a roof covering, while plants grow on the same well-groomed surface.

Green roof

soil. U green roof all the positive properties of flat roofs are present, but when creating

eliminate its main drawback (difficulty with ventilation) with the help of a special ventilation gasket. This gasket not only limits the growth of plant roots, but also allows you to save water necessary for the life of green spaces. In addition, which is also important, it also serves to aerate the root system of the green lawn.

Another advantage is that green roof– this is a very unique phenomenon for almost any area in our country. The popularity of flat roofs will undoubtedly grow from year to year along with the development of the latest technologies in this direction. If you want to be known as the owner of a home with a “fashionable” roof, then create your dream with a beautiful, comfortable flat green roof.

Types of roofing in terms of covering materials

Having decided on the type of roof, mansard, gable, and perhaps dome, you need to select the appropriate materials that are optimal for each type. What types of roofs are there and what material they are covered with – we will try to answer these questions in this section.

The five most common types of roofing used in construction today are roll roofing, made from materials based on various mastics, composite types (sheet), and membrane. Let's look at them in more detail.

Roll roofs

To make this type of roofing, special bitumen and polymer materials are used, the base of which is cardboard and fiberglass. During the manufacturing process of such materials, special modifiers are added, which then give the entire material water resistance, heat resistance, and others. beneficial features. It can also be noted that these additives protect the material from cracks, which of course has a positive effect on their service life.

Roll roofing

When installing such a roof, the roll is unwound and laid in several layers, usually from 3 to 4. But they are not simply laid, but glued together with mastic or fused to each other.

This type of roofing would be universal, it is easy to install, very inexpensive, but it has some disadvantages. This material does not have a very attractive appearance, this material may be susceptible to rotting. Therefore, such roofing material is often used to cover sheds or other utility rooms, which are usually made with a pitched roof.

Membrane roofs

This type of roof covering has a very high strength for punctures or various types of sprains. Membrane coverings are used for installation on roofs with slight slopes. You can cover your roof with this material quite quickly. And excellent protective properties will allow you to keep roofs in their original form for a long time.

Roofing from sheet roofing materials

This type of roofing covering can include more than modern views, such as metal tiles, artificial slate, made from bitumen and corrugated sheets of cardboard.

• Artificial slate can be found on many roofs; it is a sheet of asbestos cement, wave-shaped, which can be painted in a variety of colors. Paint, of course, is very decorative; this type of coating gives the material a beautiful appearance. Good characteristics temperature changes can also speak in favor of this coating. And the service life is quite long and can be up to 40 years.
• Metal tiles are very popular material Today, it can be observed on various types and shapes of roofs, be it a hip roof or a mansard roof. These are galvanized sheets that have a special decorative polymer coating and this coating reliably protects the roof from most types of adverse weather influences.
• Bitumen-cardboard sheets - made from pressed cardboard, which is impregnated with bitumen. The thicker the outer layer, the longer it will last. this type coverings. Such sheets also became popular among the people under the name “Euroslate”. Its main advantages are the ease of working with this material and fairly good elasticity. But in terms of service life, this material is inferior to others. Euro slate “lives” on average 30 years.

Roofs made from piece roofing materials

Roof tiles

The main and main representative of the piece material can be safely called ceramic tiles. This material is still very popular, although it is already several thousand years old. It can still be seen on all shapes and types of roofs. The performance characteristics of this material are very high. Ceramic tiles do not require constant maintenance, meet environmental characteristics, and are a soundproof coating. It also has the ability not to accumulate static voltage, as in other materials.

Well, the most main feature this material, in its unique durability. In one of the Western countries there is even an ancient castle, which is many hundreds of years old, and it still stands under a tiled roof, safe and sound

They say that the disadvantage of ceramic tiles is their high weight. But on the other hand, it is precisely this quality that allows a roof with such a coating to successfully withstand heavy snow and wind.

Today, ceramic products are gradually being replaced by similar products made from concrete and various mixtures of cement and sand, which are included in the final product. Such analogues may be easier for installation work, but they significantly reduce the service life of the material.

Let us briefly mention this type of material as flexible tiles. It is made from fiberglass, and sometimes cellulose or asbestos cardboard is used. The inner side is covered with a layer of self-adhesive rubber bitumen, and the front part consists of fine mineral chips. Weight of this coverage very small. And the most important advantage is that it can be quickly and easily replaced without having to dismantle the entire coating.

Sandwich panel roofing

Construction of sandwich panels

It is impossible not to mention such material as sandwich panels. It arose with the recent rapid development of technology " rapid construction" They are made from 2 sheets of steel, as well as one layer of insulation. The panels have very good strength characteristics and, according to manufacturers, can even compete with other materials in terms of resistance to temperature changes, ranging from -50 to +50.

Such panels will look good on roofs of various types and types, but mainly they are used in the construction of office buildings, retail spaces, and hangars. If desired, such panels can be easily painted in any color, which, of course, improves the aesthetic appearance of buildings made from this material.

Basically, such panels, due to their modularity, have proven themselves well in the construction of sheds and utility rooms for household equipment, but you can also find houses made according to this sandwich panel fashion that came to us from the West.

Using sandwich panels, you can quite easily construct the roof of a building, while the interior will be comfortable and warm in winter, and pleasantly cool in summer. To the disadvantages of this material, perhaps, can only be attributed to a relatively short service life, only 30 years.

When getting ready to build a roof, you need to think through everything down to the smallest detail, types and structures of the roof, design and quality protection, with or without an attic space. And of course, you need to make a choice suitable materials so that the appearance of the roof pleases the soul and eyes!

So, it has long been known that every house can provide much more information about its owner than he will tell about himself. The walls of a house, and especially its roof, tell not only about wealth, but also about the tastes of its owners. Remember this when choosing a beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly, suitable roof for your future home.

The roofs of private houses are one of the fundamental elements of the entire structure. A spectacular, appropriately designed roof is the calling card of the house, a measure of the taste of the owners. Important Basic structure, it is designed to protect housing from the vagaries of the weather and maintain comfortable temperature and humidity. Modern construction offers all kinds of roofs for a private home. All of them can become a reliable, sustainable and durable solution, provided correct calculation loads on the structure and selection of appropriate building materials.

The roof is like a business card Source freepvpgame.com

Main types of roofs

The main division of roofs into types is made depending on their appearance, and even the naked eye of a layman can distinguish one type of roof from another.

Flat

Modern fashion trends have made flat roofing a popular trend in private construction. Roofs of this type are soft and have a slope of up to 3°. They can be a worthy option for many reasons:

• Thanks to the minimal area, significant savings are achieved on materials, construction and installation work and construction time. The same can be said for subsequent maintenance and repairs.
• Such a roof is an additional multifunctional area. Here you can install an antenna, air conditioning system or solar panels. The roof makes it possible to equip a sports ground, a place for comfortable relaxation and sunbathing, and plant a flower garden.

Main disadvantage– small slope angle. In areas with snowy winters, such a roof can accumulate a large mass of snow, sufficient to damage the structure. With warming, there is a high probability of leaks, but this is mainly a feature of buildings during the construction of which the construction technology was violated.

You can place a relaxation area on the flat roof Source krovlyaikrysha.ru

Sloping

Pitched roofing – with sloping surfaces that allow the roof to self-clean naturally. The slope of the slopes is characterized by the angle to the horizon; it can vary from 5° to 70°.

Pitched types of roofing of private houses allow the attic space to be used for household needs and as an attic. The design of a pitched roof depends both on the architecture of the building and the material for the finishing coating, as well as on the climate.

There are various pitched roofs of houses, the varieties are grouped according to the shape and number of slopes:

• Single-pitch. Such structures rest on walls of different heights. A simple, cheap and durable option.
• Gable. They allow you to equip an attic or attic, and remove precipitation well. A practical and common option.
• Four slopes. The most durable and reliable. But the large weight of the roof requires strengthening the supporting structure.
• Tents, designer. The most unusual and expensive options.

Hip roof; ideal for a house in the form of a square or regular polygon Source happymodern.ru

Spherical

Interest in spherical structures is always high. In addition to the original appearance, they attract additional advantages:

• Streamlined shape. Allows you to avoid direct wind pressure, which is a guarantee of strength and integrity.
• Tightness. Provided with roofing material (usually galvanized steel).
• Ease of maintenance. Snow and water do not accumulate on the surface.

Online roofing calculator

To find out the approximate cost of different types of roofing, use the following calculator:

Optimal slope angles for roofs

Professional builders know that slope angles for roofs are selected based on the upcoming operating conditions. When determining optimal angle The slope of the roof takes into account several factors:

Natural (climatic) factors

A properly designed roof should withstand the wind and precipitation that is typical for the area.

• In areas with snowy winters, a large roof angle is set (45-60°); This way the snow melts smoothly, reducing the likelihood of icing.
• In order for the structure to withstand in areas with strong winds, the slope angle is kept to a minimum. To reduce windage, choose a range of 9-20°.
• In the southern regions, where it predominates sunny weather, the best option would be a flat roof with a slope of 3-5° (for water drainage). Compared to other types of roofs, it will heat up less.
• The optimal slope angle is considered to be values ​​from 20 to 45°.

Snow does not accumulate on a properly made roof Source nagradi.me

Type of roofing material

The minimum slope angle of the slopes depends on the choice of roofing covering.

• Slate covering, tiles. Moisture will not accumulate and leak with a minimum roof slope of 22° (for tiles) and 30° for slate.
• Roofing felt, euroroofing felt. The number of layers determines the parameter value. For a roof with 2 layers, a slope of 15° is required, for 3 layers, 5° is sufficient.
• Profiled sheet. The minimum permissible roof slope is 12°.
• Metal tiles. The minimum roof slope is limited to 14°.
• Ondulin. The minimum indicator is 6°.
• Soft tiles. Mounted with a slope of 11°.
• Membrane type roofing coverings. Ask minimum slope within 3-5°.

Video description

What the roof should be like - in the video:

Structural differences of frames - popular configurations

Despite the high interest in flat roofs, the leader in popularity is still pitched roofs, which, with some stretching, can include hip roofs. Therefore, when determining the optimal design, one primarily chooses from the following options:

Single-pitch

This design is an inclined plane that rests on external load-bearing walls of different heights. It is supplied to outbuildings (garage, veranda, barn). Its advantages are ease of installation, cost-effectiveness and ease of repair. Disadvantages: choosing such a roof excludes the construction of an attic; strong wind can tear off even a well-secured roof. But modern materials significantly increase both the beauty and strength of pitched roofs of private houses - the photo below shows one of the solutions that allows you to make two-storey house with an attic.

Modern style pitched roof Source houzz.es

Gable

Classic roof options for a private house, reliably protecting from bad weather in various climatic conditions. Such designs are easy to install and reliable in operation; You can select any material for the roof. The base consists of 2 slopes (slopes), resting on two walls of equal height.

Another name for a gable roof is gable roof (gable is the plane between the slopes).

Advantages:

• Self-cleaning from snow, low probability of leakage.
• Big choice available materials during manufacture.
• Possibility of arranging an attic space.

Flaws:

• Difficult installation due to the slope of the roof.
• The weakest structural element is the valley ( internal corner at the junction of the slopes), which experiences the maximum climatic impact.

Source vermonttimberworks.com

Combined (multi-pincer)

Multi-gable (valley) frames are among the most complex. The need for such a configuration arises if the layout of the building does not allow the use of a simpler design. The features of multi-pincer forms are:

• Complex installation of additional intersections, requiring professional knowledge and good weather.
• Additional costs of materials and time, a large amount of waste material.
• To eliminate problems with condensation, high-quality vapor and waterproofing is carried out, and high-quality ventilation is installed.

Hip and half-hip

The hip roof consists of four surfaces (slopes). The two large slopes have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, the two side slopes are triangular (hips). In half-hip roofs (they are also called Dutch), the hip takes on a truncated appearance, which is why overhangs with a small overhang and a smaller angle of inclination are formed at the ends of the building.

These types of roofing for the roof of a private house are complex in design and installation (they require reinforcement of the rafter system), but are economical in terms of material consumption; they are justified in northern areas with strong winds.

Source roofsrustulsa.com

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer roof repair and design services. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

Tent

The roof consists of slopes in the shape of isosceles triangles, converging at one point. Such a structure, which involves the construction of an attic floor, is difficult to design; A mitigating circumstance is a minimum of consumables. The aerodynamic shape of the roof helps to withstand winds.

A special class of roofs consists of round (dome) roofs, repeating the shape of a figure of rotation. Similar roofs can be seen on religious buildings; they are installed in stadiums, swimming pools, industrial buildings, verandas and winter gardens, and increasingly in private construction.

Vaulted (arched)

A vaulted (arched) roof can be designed over an attic space, a hall, a winter garden or an entrance. A supporting structure made of metal, concrete or wood is placed at the base. The coating is galvanized steel, shingles (shingles), glass, polycarbonate, transparent slate. This solution is practical and original; the coating is wind-resistant, and the use of transparent material saves energy.

Source superfb.site

Geodetic

A conventional dome roof is created on the basis of a curved frame.

A geodesic dome roof allows you to get a spherical structure without the use of rafters and vertical stops. The frame is assembled from triangular elements assembled from bars. The bars are connected to each other by metal connectors; A connecting beam is installed between the rows.

To design the structure it is necessary computer program three-dimensional modeling. Compared to pitched roof material consumption is on average one third less.

Features of attic roofs

For several centuries now, since its invention in France, mansard roofs enjoy constant popularity. An attic space is usually called an attic space adapted (or planned) for living.

The types of roofs of private houses with an attic are pleasingly diverse. All kinds of attics are suitable for arranging attics - gable, hip, hipped, domed. There is enough space in the attic to create living room, training room, library or winter garden. Since the attic room is located in the upper part of the building, it requires a special approach:

• Heat loss from lower living spaces causes condensation to form on the inside of the roof. The design must provide for thorough vapor and waterproofing, as well as ventilation.
• U attic room There are no internal walls, it is completely in contact with the external environment. Thermal insulation with mineral wool or polystyrene foam is relevant for the room. Natural wood is best suited for interior decoration.

Source julifacer.com

Cladding materials

The use of one or another type of material for roof cladding is determined primarily by the climatic characteristics of the region. Even the traditional “issue price” often gives in to common sense - no one has ever managed to save on the quality of a roof. The most popular materials are traditionally:

Roof tiles (metal, bitumen or ceramic)

• Metal shingles are a popular option valued for their durability, low price and ability to withstand impacts, which is especially valuable during loading and transportation. Metal tiles are lightweight (does not create pressure on the foundation) and are easy to attach. The disadvantage is considered to be uneconomical installation (a significant percentage goes to waste) and poor sound insulation, which becomes noticeable in any rain.
• Bituminous (flexible) tiles. This coating has high sound and heat insulation, but requires professional installation.
• Natural (ceramic) tiles. A time-tested material with the advantages of metal tiles, except one. Significant weight requires a reinforced roof.

The tiles can be laid on any roof shape Source dnolchare.blogspot.com

Slate

Slate is the most affordable material containing up to 15% asbestos. This limits its scope of application to commercial buildings. Slate has great strength during bending and impact; it is non-flammable and easy to process (cut with a grinder). The disadvantages are fragility, high hygroscopicity (over time it can become covered with moss) and a health hazard.

Glass roof

A glass roof (especially its spectacular panoramic version) attracts with many advantages. In addition to the original appearance, this design provides excellent weather protection and helps reduce energy bills. The main disadvantage is its cost, including the complexity of design and installation. In addition, in summer the room turns into a greenhouse, and in order not to look sloppy, the glass roof needs regular cleaning.

Green roof

Growing attention to environmental issues has generated interest in the green roof. Modern technical solutions developed in Scandinavian countries, allow you to realize the desire to communicate more often with nature.

Timber log house with eco-roof Source pinterest.com

During installation, layers of hydro- and thermal insulation with a waterproof membrane are laid on the roof, protecting the roof from roots. Then a drainage layer is formed and, finally, a vegetation layer (soil) on which plants can be planted.

An eco-roof serves not only as a decorative element. It maintains a stable microclimate in the house, protects against noise and reduces the load on the sewer system (by absorbing rainwater). At the same time, significant expenses on organization and time for subsequent care are inevitable.

Another option for a “green” roof Source pfpi-co.com

Beautiful and original roof designs: photos and videos

Video description

See the following video for interesting types of roofs of private houses:

And more original types of house roofs in the photo:

Symbiosis of a flat and pitched roof of a high-tech style house Source viendoraglass.com

Interesting design solution for a pitched roof Source remontbp.com

A window in the attic was once a complex technical task Source superdom.ua

The absence of a ceiling visually enlarges the room Source music4good.ru

Conical and pitched roofs on one house Source cosmictherap.com

The production of such structures should be trusted exclusively to professionals. Source horodom.cx.ua

Source weareart.ru

To ensure that such beauty remains functional, careful calculations are required. Source roofcostestimator.com

Classic solution for a two-story house Source za.pinterest.com

In such a design, it is very important to correctly make the points where the roof of the first floor meets the walls. Source houzz.com

Classic gable roof, but assembled on several levels Source houzz.com

Hip roof with an additional canopy over the terrace and a dormer window Source casacom.pro

Source pinterest.com

In such structures, it is necessary to carefully calculate the possibility of shrinkage of the building Source pinterest.com

A large window in the attic provides good lighting in the room Source houzbuzz.com

An original design that requires careful windage calculations Source pinterest.com

“Modified” classic gable roof Source dom-izhevsk.ru

What is interesting here is not so much the design as the cladding material Source superfb.site

An example of arranging a flat roof as an outdoor recreation area Source michalschein.com

Ideal solution for a roof over a swimming pool - the area can be completely covered if necessary Source rus-teplitsa.ru

Conclusion

When starting the construction of a private house, the owner wants to choose a roof that is not only aesthetically perfect, but also reliable and capable of serving for a long time. This choice is not always straightforward; each option has pros and cons. To make the right decision, it is not enough just to know the types of roofs and their names - you should consider a set of issues, including design features and the general architecture of the building, climatic conditions and, of course, personal preferences.

The roof design and choice of roofing material are determined at the project stage and depend on the design of the building facade and roofing technology. The choice of roof type, materials for its installation, its design, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, degree of capital of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which serves as load-bearing, waterproofing and, in case of roofless (combined) roofs and warm attics, thermal insulation functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of a building consists of the following elements: inclined planes called slopes (1), the basis of which are rafters (2) and sheathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of slopes, forming incoming corners, creates valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called eaves overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs (11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through water inlet funnels (9) into drainpipes(10) and further into the storm drain.

1) Cornice strip; 2) Sheathing board; 3) Falling counter-lattice beam; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Horse; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Ridge seal; 9) Ridge cap; 10) Wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage gutter; 14) Gutter holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower endova; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the roof slopes, there are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction As a rule, pitched and flat-sloped roofs are used. In flat roofs, stagnant water may form on the roof and, as a result, leaks may appear in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the ability to use them for various purposes. By constructive solution roofs can be attic (separate) or non-attic (combined). Attic roofs can be insulated or cold. In atticless (combined) roofs, load-bearing elements serve as the ceiling of the upper floor of the building. Demon attic roofs There are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. Depending on the operating conditions, roofs can be used or not. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and roofing material. Depending on the shape, roofs can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 2).

Shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two slope planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called gables or gables. A type of gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular end slopes is called hip hipped (Fig. 2, d). There are also gable hip ones ( half-hip ), when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building in the smaller slope of the slopes and greater width and length.

Vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross section can be outlined by a circular arc or other geometric curve.

Folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

Domed roof (Fig. 2, j) in outline it is half a ball with continuous support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, m) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is used on houses with a complex polygonal plan shape. Such roofs have a larger number of valleys (internal corners) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersections of the roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault consists of four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, l).

Spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline it is a vault resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used to install translucent lanterns.

Spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep slope triangles connecting at the apex.

Sloping roof (Fig. 2, p) consists of several flat planes resting on load-bearing walls standing at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls of the same height. Flat roofs are the most wide application both in civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, flat roofs are not used as roofing pieces and sheet materials. Here, materials are needed that allow the construction of a continuous carpet (bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to withstand temperature and mechanical deformations of the roof base. The thermal insulation surface, load-bearing slabs, and screeds are used as the base.

IN individual construction, as a rule, the roofs shown in Fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are facing downwards, they are called gutters, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper edge, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and bottom part slope - overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which the water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches. street ditches. The magnitude of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the roofing material, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs must be operated under conditions of good condition of the roof, load-bearing roof structures, normal temperature and humidity conditions in attic spaces and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (own weight); 2 - temporary loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - influence of temperatures environment; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space.

Slopes of pitched roofs and their durability

Roof material Slope Service life, year Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles 1:2 40-50 Corrugated asbestos cement sheets 1:3 40-50 Clay tiles 1:1 - 1:2 60 or more Roofing sheet steel black 1:3,5 20-25 Roofing sheet steel, galvanized 1:3,5 30-40 Rolled materials, two-layer, with mastic 1:7 5-8 Ruberoid on glassine 1:2 3-5 Wooden shingles 1:1,25 5-10

1 - frame crossbar (beams, trusses); 2 - load-bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - screed; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a - d - for pitched roofs; d, f - for gable roofs; g - rafter arrangement plan; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - stand; 3 - strut; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - upper run; 8 - lying down; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - truss spans of 6 m or more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - strut; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - tightening; 7 - grandmother; 8 - strut.

1 - tightening; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - strut; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roof covering; 9 - two pads; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

a, b - unventilated; c - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - rolled carpet; 3 - screed; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs. A pitched attic roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and the attic floor there is an attic used for placing ventilation ducts (boxes), pipework, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in rooms. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example at the external walls, must be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures. In the attic in winter through attic floors Heat and moisture penetrate from the rooms on the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (frost) will form. When increasing outside temperature condensation melts, causing decay wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from stairwells, in connection with which the density of the vestibule of doors and hatches leading to the attic becomes important. A very important and effective measure against moisture in the attic space is its ventilation. To do this, install ventilation holes under the eaves (supply holes) and in the ridge (exhaust holes), as well as dormer windows. The load-bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The load-bearing structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of roof structure depends on the size of the spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Layered rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the rafter beams - Mauerlats, and with the upper ends on horizontal beam, called the top ridge run. The role of the mauerlats is to create convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The upper purlin is supported by posts mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts supporting the ridge girders is taken to be 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of rafter structures, longitudinal struts are installed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal purlins are laid. Layered rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden layered rafters, pre-fabricated at the factory, have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of individual structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter board, rafter truss. It is possible to construct such a structure of layered rafters made of prefabricated reinforced concrete. Rafter trusses are used to construct roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs connected by a tightening, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). For truss spans of 6 m or more, a crossbar is inserted, and for a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, increasing rigidity and reducing the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Rafter trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made from beams and boards. Sometimes the elements that absorb tensile forces in the lower chord or racks are made of steel. Such trusses are called metal-wood trusses. For hipped or more complex roof shapes, diagonal slanted rafter legs are introduced, forming triangular-shaped slopes in plan, the so-called hips.

Layered rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the cross-section of the sheathing elements. When making rafters from beams 180 - 200 mm thick, they are placed every 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - every 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on internal walls. Beams are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a purlin is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of roof slopes, layered rafters are made from diagonal and short rafter legs (see Fig. 4, g). To protect the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs is tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with twisted wire. All rafter connections are secured with nails, bolts, and staples. Reinforced concrete layer systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a reinforced concrete ridge girder, and at the bottom on the external walls of the building. The ridge girder is supported by pillars installed every 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are installed on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.

Currently, complex multicomponent binders can be used to make reinforced concrete foundations. Before laying the roof, a cement or asphalt screed is laid on the panels. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as layered rafters, i.e. from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted tenon, and the lower ends are cut into the tie with a frontal notch and secured with bolts.

Roofless roofs. Attic roofs are divided into unventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Unventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be made with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of a combined roof are decking, insulation, vapor barrier and roofing (Fig. 7).

The flooring is made of large-sized reinforced concrete slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on mastic is provided to protect thermal insulation from moisture by water vapor penetrating from the interior. Slab and bulk heat-insulating materials are used as insulation. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. The roof is built along the screed. It is made from rolled roofing materials in several layers. Glue them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of fills of sand or fine-grained gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Unventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Such panels, manufactured in a factory, are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous layers of air that dry the roofing in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. Height air gap 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof design consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

• a load-bearing element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to match the ceiling of the upper floor;
• vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing felt on mastic;
• insulation - cellular concrete slabs or backfill made of expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
• roofing made of rolled material, made of roofing felt, roofing felt, etc.;
• a protective layer made of fine gravel or sifted slag embedded in the bitumen paint layer.

For an unventilated roof, a cement screed is installed over the insulation. If the roof is unventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof fencing consists of posts and struts and has the appearance of a vertical steel lattice. The racks and struts have bends at the bottom - legs, with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with wood grouse, driven into the roof sheathing through holes in the legs of the posts and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a continuous stone wall with holes at the locations of drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs are contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already morally outdated, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and limitations of current standards:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 “Residential buildings”;
• SNiP 2.08.02-89 " Public buildings and structures";
• SNiP 2.09.04-87 “Administrative and domestic buildings”;
• SNiP 31-03-2001 “Industrial buildings” to replace SNiP 2.09.02-85*
• Put into effect on January 1, 2002 by Decree of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated March 19, 2001 N20;
• SNiP II-26-76 “Roofs” (a new edition of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
• SNiP II-3-79*, 1996 "Construction heating engineering";
• SNiP 3.04.01-87 “Insulating and finishing coatings”;
• SNiP 21-01-97 " Fire safety buildings and structures."

The roof is considered as important in the structure of the house as the foundation and walls. It is classified as a load-bearing structure and therefore must meet a number of requirements: to be strong, reliable, durable, well insulated, and have good heat and sound insulation. Which house roofs to choose is the prerogative of the poor homeowner. The main thing here is not to make a mistake in choosing. The roof must also match the type of shape and be fireproof.

To make it easier to meet these requirements, before creating a house project, you need to select the shape in advance, calculate the height, and select the appropriate materials for its construction.

What forms are there?

There are several types of roof shapes. The choice should be based on design features:

• Single-pitch. One roof plane resting on two outer walls of unequal height. Used for utility rooms (shed) and garages.
• Gable. It has 2 planes, which, as in the first case, rest on 2 external wall structures, but of the same height. The planes are designed at a certain angle relative to each other.
• hip. It has slopes on the end side in the shape of a triangle. The side walls also resemble a triangle, only truncated, or a trapezoid.
• Half-hip. Consists of 2 slopes. The surfaces on the end side have the shape of a triangle.
• Broken. A very complex roof model. At the bottom the slopes are triangular, at the top they are connected, and always at an obtuse angle.
• Tent. It is also not without difficulties. This is a quadrangular structure with 4 slopes of the same size.
• Cross-shaped. Used when the house has a complex shape. The calculations and design of this type must be carried out by a design engineer. This is explained by the fact that the cruciform shape of the roof requires the calculation and installation of valleys. It is important to place them correctly in the structure. Otherwise, leaks cannot be avoided.

There are many roof shapes. Here you need to learn not only to choose a shape, but also to correctly calculate the roof structure. Only then will the roof perform the functions assigned to it.

Why do you need to calculate the height and how to do it correctly?

The roof is the part of the house that is most often exposed to atmospheric phenomena. If the angle of inclination, and accordingly the height, is incorrectly selected, there is a risk that due to exposure to strong winds and precipitation, its integrity will be compromised. You will have to carry out roof repairs to eliminate the problems - this is the best case scenario. At worst, you will have to build it from scratch.

The role of height indicators

You cannot neglect the standards when creating a project. The reliability of the structure and the health of those who will live there depend on this. Below are a number of arguments that can absolutely confirm the correctness of the above and the importance of correctly calculating the roof height for the structure of the house:

• Reliability and durability. A correctly calculated and selected height will allow the roof to be resistant to external influences, weather influences, and resistant to increased loads, for example, roofing, insulation.
• Aesthetics. Appearance plays an important role. If its height does not correspond to the structure of the house, then such a roof will not look aesthetically pleasing.
• Convenience. At correct height you can build an attic.

The highest point is called the ridge. This is the point where all the inclined planes of the roof connect. If its height is chosen incorrectly, then there is a risk that the roof will not last the period for which the owner of the house intended. The ridge height parameters must strictly comply with the technological process.

How to calculate the height of the roof?

Video tutorial on finding

What determines the height of the ridge?

An important parameter in the calculation is the slope angle. There is a list of factors on which it is based mainly on atmospheric influences :

• winds, if they are frequent in the region, then the slope angle should be 10-20 degrees;
• precipitation in areas where it falls abundantly above 45 degrees;
• snow - in very snowy winters, the angle of inclination can be similar to the previous point.

Advice

More detailed regulatory data can be taken from the requirements of SNiP 2301-99.

Selecting height by roof type

Here, height calculations are made taking into account the type of coverage:

• If roof materials contain many piece elements, the angle of inclination should be chosen as large as possible.
• If the roof structure is low, joints should be kept to a minimum.
• For very heavy roofing masses, the largest inclination angle is selected so that the weight can be evenly distributed over the entire surface.

Calculation parameters taking into account the width of the building

Here the cross section of the structure is represented as an equilateral triangle. Where the height parameter is the leg. Next, the calculation is made as follows:

By purchasing roofing you need to pay attention to the weight. For example, let’s compare two popular types – metal and ceramic tiles. The latter is 10 times heavier than the first. And this plays a significant role in the design of rafters.

Many buyers make the mistake of buying cheaper coverage - it is most often of low quality, which means it will not last long.

What materials can be used?

The list of coatings for roofing is quite wide. Each has its own advantageous characteristics and disadvantages.

Roofing materials

Metal tiles have been the most popular for years

Ceramic tiles

It has been produced for a long time - more than 100 years. Significantly improves the appearance of the facade in comparison with its clay counterpart. Counts:

• Reliable coating.
• Has a long service life.
• Characterized by high strength.
• Not affected by humidity.
• Provides absolute UV protection.

With all the advantageous characteristics, it also has several disadvantages:

• high cost;
• large mass.

Ceramic tiles - produced for more than 100 years

Ondulin

Enjoys a reputation. Occupies positions in quality and consumer demand:

• reliable;
• moisture resistant;
• lasting;
• protects against UV;
• tolerates high loads well;
• resistant to mechanical stress;
• endowed with waterproofing properties;
• fireproof;
• not subject to corrosion;
• has good flexibility.

Installed on a deck made of slatted strips.

Ondulin - has a reputation

Slate

The cheapest roofing material:

• service life – 40 years or more;
• moisture resistant;
• withstands mechanical stress;
• withstands high loads well, for example, a layer of snow.

Flaws:

• During long-term use, its edges begin to crumble;
• In places where it is constantly shaded, lichen begins to appear.

Slate is the cheapest roofing material

Corrugated sheet

Roofers often work with this material citing the fact that it is reliable and very durable. Compared to metal tiles, the sheets are wider, and also:

• low specific gravity;
• high strength indicators;
• considered an environmentally friendly coating;
• has a wide selection of colors;
• It can be installed in any weather conditions.

How to choose corrugated sheeting?

What should you pay attention to?

Flaws:

• makes a lot of noise if it rains;
• complex roof shapes require a lot of material;
• susceptible to corrosion during operation;
• drilling or cutting areas require additional processing;
• requires laying a hydraulic layer to prevent condensation;
• requires additional insulation.

Corrugated sheeting is reliable and very durable

Flexible tiles

Seamless coating based on glass fibers impregnated with bitumen. The outer part is treated with basalt, painted in different colors:

• has high strength;
• endowed with good sound and heat insulation properties;
• Provides excellent sealing.

From this entire list, you can choose any roofing material. Which one will be best is up to you to decide.

Flexible tiles - seamless coating based on fiberglass

Choosing insulation – which one is better?

When choosing a good insulation material, refer not only to the cost, but also to the technical and operational characteristics. And also on the difficulty of installation. You can install the insulation yourself, although in some cases you will need to use special equipment. Criteria for choosing a good insulation:

• thermal conductivity coefficient - the lower it is, the better;
• moisture resistance;
• lifetime;
• stability of shape and appearance;
• heat insulator weight;
• resistance to low temperatures;
• soundproofing properties;
• environmental friendliness.

Insulation - mineral wool

Advantages:

• high thermal insulation coefficient;
• price;
• mineral wool does not burn;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of installation;
• biostability - not subject to putrefactive phenomena, it will not be damaged by rodents or insects;
• has good vapor permeability;
• the sound insulation coefficient is high;
• does not lose shape.

Roof insulation

What is needed for this?

When installing mineral wool insulation, it is necessary to provide vapor barrier and waterproofing layers.

And also take care of organizing ventilation gaps. This will prevent condensation from forming. If this is not done, the rafters will begin to rot over time.

Its thermal insulation properties are close to mineral wool; it has been used as a heat insulator for a long time. Made from fused glass. Goes on sale at in roll form, is characterized as a good, environmentally friendly and non-flammable material.

When using this insulation, you should protect your hands, body and eyes with special equipment. When installing, follow the installation technology.

If you buy glass wool without a foil outer covering (this is an improved type that many manufacturers have been using lately), then you should take care of laying a vapor barrier layer from the same foil.

Expanded polystyrene

Foam plastic is also used very often in insulating walls and as a heat insulator for roofing:

• It is characterized as a material with high thermal insulation properties.
• Resistant to moisture.
• It does not absorb steam, which means it can be laid directly on the waterproofing; there is no need to create an air gap.

When laying polystyrene foam in pitched roofing forms, you must ensure that the edges of the material fit snugly against it. After installation, the seams must be treated with polyurethane foam.

The material is flammable and vapor-tight, which means it cannot be used in insulating flat roofs.

Polyurethane foam

Also good for roof insulation. The list of its advantages includes:

• low thermal conductivity;
• small weight;
• good sound insulation;
• biostability;
• good waterproofing properties.

The material is endowed with sufficient rigidity. It cuts and drills well. Does not lose shape during service.

Polyurethane foam insulation can be laid (tile form) or sprayed onto (liquid form).

Polyurethane foam - the material is endowed with sufficient rigidity

Ecowool

Made from paper. Refers to environmentally friendly roofing insulation. Endowed with good sound and heat insulation qualities. To ensure that the material is not flammable and is not damaged by rodents and insects, ecowool manufacturers treat it with defenseless substances and antipyrine.

Refers to the lightest and cheapest types of insulation. Sold in liquid form. when using it as insulation for the roof (between the rafters), it is necessary to create some kind of closed boxes. Ecowool is blown into them so that it not only fills the space, but also fills all sorts of cracks. Disadvantages: the use of special equipment in installation work.

There are other ways to insulate a roof.

Ecowool - made from paper

Painting the roof - nuances, methods, features

The roof is covered with different materials; the specifics of the work and the feasibility of using painting depend on this:

1 Slate. At first it looks good. Over time, it fades, and islands of lichen begin to appear on its surface. You can prevent these manifestations by painting it with water-dispersion or acrylic paint. They are resistant to external influences and weather factors. True, before this you should tint the coating.

2 Corrugated sheet. It is rarely repainted. During production, they are coated with a colored polymer-based coating. It is painted only during the process of restoration or restoration work.

3 Sheet metal. It can be painted, but before doing this you need to treat the surface with an anti-corrosion primer.

The roof is painted in two ways - manual or machine. Before the procedure, you must adhere to the following requirements:

• Do not paint the roof in bad weather, especially during rain. It is best to do this in spring in April or May, in autumn in September or October. During these periods, the paint layer will have the best adhesion, which means it will last a long time.
• In summer it is generally not recommended to paint due to the heat.
• Painting should be done in non-slip shoes that do not scratch the surface.
• If work is carried out at a high altitude, you need to take care of your own safety by tying yourself with a rope to the rafters or beam.
• It is highly not recommended to attach a safety rope to the chimney - the support is unreliable and may not support your body weight.

How many coats should a roof be painted?

In order for the paint layer to be stronger and look appropriate, at least 2 layers of paint should be applied:

• When applying for the first time, you need to take 700 grams of drying oil for each kilogram of paint, mix and only then paint.
• When painting again, for every kilogram of paint you need to take 5000 grams of drying oil.

Application technology - or how long to wait between the first and second painting:

• After applying the first layer, you need to wait a week for it to dry thoroughly.
• The second layer will take 3 days longer to dry, that is, a total of 10 days.
• If you decide to apply the 3rd layer, then you need to use and wait exactly this time.

How to choose a color for the roof and facade?

You can order a ready-made turnkey project, but such a service is not available to everyone. View all possible options Another way is to create a template. To do this, the flat projection of your facade needs to be transferred to tracing paper(you can also use plastic film), and then use the color substitution method to select a shade and manufacturer.

Even if everything goes well with the color, the chosen option will suit you in all respects; there is no need to run out and buy all the coloring material. First you need to paint a small piece of the facade and roof in the selected colors.

The assessment of the final shade is influenced by:

• surface texture;
• base type;
• lighting.

Look at them at different times of day and weather conditions:

• in the morning before sunrise;
• during the day in good light;
• in the evening, when only the lights are on;
• on a cloudy day.

The disadvantage of this selection method is that it can be used to test a limited number of colors.

An important stage in building a house is creating a roof and choosing roofing material. In addition to the fact that the roof protects the house from negative external factors, it is always in sight, so it must be beautiful and fit harmoniously into the design of the site.

What roofs exist: features of each type

Manufacturers offer big choice materials, so home owners often find it difficult to decide what to use for the roof. And in order to make the right decision, you should understand the advantages and disadvantages of popular roofing coverings.

The roof can be protected with tiles, soft surfacing materials, sheet metals and other coverings - you just need to make a choice for a particular case

Any roofing material must be waterproof, frost-resistant, and comply technical requirements in terms of flexibility, heat and sound insulation.

There are many roofing materials, but each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages

When choosing a material for roofing, experts recommend paying attention to indicators such as:

• load on the roof - take into account snow and wind influences in a particular region, the weight of the roof along with insulation and sheathing;
• architectural solution - take into account the shape, size and slope of the roof, and also determine the optimal design of the building’s exterior;
• service life and fire resistance - take into account the purpose of the building: expensive and high-quality materials are usually used for the house;
• warranty - some coatings have a service life significantly longer than the warranty.

For laying seam roofing they are used metal sheets(paintings), which are fastened together with a special seam - a fold. These connections are: recumbent and standing, single and double. The folds are folded and sealed using hand or electric tools.

You can bend the folds yourself using hand tools

When creating paintings the following are used:

• galvanized steel - thickness within 4–7 mm, service life 25 years;
• steel with polymer coating- galvanized sheet is coated on the outside with a layer of polymer with added color, service life is 30–35 years;
• aluminum - lasts 70–75 years;
• copper is an expensive solution, but its service life is about 100 years;
• zinc-titanium - has the longest service life, but is difficult to install. And work is carried out at air temperatures above 5 o C.

Seam roofing has high seam tightness and good moisture resistance

Such sheets are mounted on a roof with a slope exceeding 10°. A sheathing or a solid base is made under them. Clippers are used to secure the paintings to the sheathing. If the sheets are longer than 10 m, then they are fastened with “floating” clamps, which compensate for the thermal expansion of the material.

You can lay ready-made, ordered paintings or use rolled material, which is cut directly on the construction site into strips of the required length. For this, special equipment is used. With this cutting method, only a vertical connection is required, so the tightness of the coating will be high.

Seam roofing is reliable, but has its drawbacks during installation.

Disadvantages of seam roofing:

• poor heat and sound insulation characteristics - a thick layer of insulation is required;
• installation requires special equipment and appropriate skills;
• metal surface - lightning protection (grounding) is required.

From metal tiles

Metal tiles look like natural ones, but are made from galvanized sheets treated with colored polymers. This coating is applied on the outside of the sheet, and varnished on the inside. The result is a durable, beautiful and durable roofing material.

Installing a metal tile roof is quite easy and quick, even with your own hands.

The main advantages of metal tiles:

• light weight;
• variety of colors;
• simple installation;
• resistance to temperature changes, natural and mechanical influences;
• affordable price.

Among the disadvantages, there is increased noise during rain if the installation was carried out incorrectly and the roof is not insulated enough.

Metal tiles are very similar to natural ones, but are lighter

There are several types of polymer coating:

• polyester is the most common option;
• polyurethane - increases the service life and cost of metal tiles;
• made of special polymer compositions - thickness 35 microns, it is optimal for roofing.

Sheets of metal tiles are mounted on the sheathing, the pitch of which is 35–50 cm.

If the length of the roof slope is less than 7 meters, then a single sheet is used, and when it is longer, the sheets are combined. If the slope angle is less than 14°, then the sheets are overlapped by 2 waves.

To prevent condensation from accumulating on the roofing material, it is necessary to properly assemble roofing pie made of vapor and waterproofing films, as well as two types of insulation.

From corrugated sheets

In terms of characteristics and installation method, corrugated roofing is no different from metal tile roofing. The main difference is only in their appearance.

Roofing from corrugated sheets differs from metal tiles only in the ribbed surface

Here the sheathing is done in exactly the same way and insulation is laid.

The greater the slope of the roof, the thinner you can take the boards for the sheathing (but not less than 3 cm) and the less often you can step it (but not less than 0.3 m).

Sheets of corrugated sheets may differ in color, size, wave shape and metal thickness.

With corrugated sheeting you can cover not only the roof of your own house, but also the top of an ordinary city balcony

From ceramic and cement-sand tiles

Despite the fact that new roofing materials are constantly appearing on the market, natural tiles do not lose their popularity.

Elements made from baked clay and dried cement-sand mixture They do not allow heat to pass through and have high porosity, so a roof made from such materials is warm and “breathable”, and when it rains, there is no noise in the house.

Ceramic tiles are also produced in the form of individual flakes, which can be used to lay out patterns on the roof

Choosing a coating from natural tiles, it is important to consider its heavy weight. Therefore, not only the rafter system must be powerful, but also the entire supporting structure of the building: the foundation and walls.

Another disadvantage is the fragility of the tiles, which complicates their transportation, unloading and installation.

Their different types of roof tiles turn out beautiful and neat in appearance. Tiled roofing correct installation always reliable and beautiful.

Despite the high cost of the material, such a roof is an excellent investment for the next 100 years. By classification ceramic tiles

• is divided into the following types:
• glazed - shiny and smooth, covered with a special glaze;
• engobed - matte and resistant to fading in the sun, covered with a thin layer of clay suspension.

Membrane

This is one of the types of soft roofing used on flat roofs. On such a surface you can organize a recreation area and even plant lawn grass.

Membrane roofing is quickly laid and easily attached

Membrane thickness is from 0.8 to 2 mm. It is supplied in rolls ranging from 90 to 150 cm wide and up to 60 m long.

The service life of a properly installed membrane roof is 50 years or more. The manufacturer provides a 20-year warranty.

First, the membrane is laid out and then attached to the surface in one of the following ways:

Pros of membrane roofing:

• light weight;
• resistance to damage - thanks to the reinforcing mesh;
• high elasticity - practically does not decrease over time;
• resistance to sunlight;
• high fire resistance;
• simplicity and speed of installation - a team of workers can cover 500–600 m2 per shift.

The main disadvantage of this coating: it is 30–50% more expensive than bitumen materials.

Membrane roofing is commonly used to cover flat roofs

Several materials are used to create the base:

• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• synthetic rubber (EPDM);
• thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO).

Methods for installing membrane roofing:

• ballast - if the roof slope does not exceed 15 degrees. Ballast (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) is poured on top of the spread material or a cement-sand screed is poured. When using broken stone, additionally mats or non-woven fabric (loose technical fabric) are laid. Additional point fasteners are made along the perimeter and all junction points;

  With the ballast method of installing a membrane roof, it is difficult to find places of damage if a leak appears under the roof

• mechanical - when the roof structure is not designed to support the weight of ballast. The laid membrane is attached around the perimeter with special slats, and to the surface - with telescopic and disk holders;
• gluing is not a very reliable installation method, so it is rarely used. It is enough to glue the membrane around the perimeter, in problem areas and where there is overlap: double-sided adhesive tape is used for this;
• hot air welding - air with a temperature of up to 600 o C is supplied through special equipment.

  The membrane coating is welded with hot air using a device similar to a hair dryer: it simultaneously heats and dries the edges, so it can be used even in the rain

Fused roofing

For flat roofs and slopes with a slight angle, fused rolled materials are used. And at the most complex roofs Soft tiles are used in any shape. The disadvantages of such tiles are the high price and the need to lay the elements on sheets of waterproof plywood.

All deposited materials consist of bitumen, which, when heated with a special burner, adheres perfectly to the surface.

Soft bitumen shingles allow you to cover roofs of various shapes and configurations due to their small size and ease of installation. The tightness of such a roof and its service life directly depend on the quality of the elements being deposited and strict adherence to installation technology. A soft roof can last for 25 years. High

1. performance characteristics
2. are ensured due to its complexity:
3. Bottom layer: protects the roof from mechanical damage, sunlight and temperature changes;
4. Second layer: made of bitumen, serves to protect against moisture;
5. Base: made of fiberglass, ensures preservation of shape, does not allow the material to crack;

Another layer of bitumen: for additional waterproofing;

Top layer: slate or basalt topping, protects the surface from damage.

The bottom of the material can be covered with fine-grained stone sand, polymer, slurry or foil. All characteristics of a fused roof can be easily determined from its markings.

Bituminous shingles, when exposed to the sun, are additionally heated and glued into one common layer.

If the roof slope is more than 15°, then two layers of fused fabric are laid, but if it is 5–15°, then 3 layers will be required.

Roll

Roll materials are used on roofs with an inclination angle of 0 to 30 degrees.

More recently, the rolled materials used lasted no more than 10 years, but now new coatings have appeared, the service life of which has increased to 25 years.

• Rolls for soft roofing began to be produced in different colors, which made it possible to design roofs in unusual combinations
• Roll roofing materials can be of two types:

the main ones are made on a base impregnated with viscous mixtures. They can be tar, bitumen or bitumen-polymer;

baseless - various fillers are added to binders and combined using heat treatment into a single web.

According to their structure, they are integumentary and non-integumentary.

• roofing felt and glassine - based on roofing cardboard. They are still popular due to their low cost, although their service life is about 5 years;
• Rubemast is an improved roofing material: it is designed to be built-up, which is convenient for self-installation. It is easier and faster to install, but its service life is almost the same;
• glass roofing material - based on fiberglass or polyester. The service life reaches up to 15 years, and when laid in three layers - up to 30;
• membrane coating - service life more than 30 years. Installation is carried out in warm weather: just remove the film, roll out the material and press it down.

Rolled materials are fixed using roofing nails, bitumen mastic or a gas burner.

Roofing made from fused rolled material lasts longer if the installation technology is followed

Liquid roof

Pouring liquid roofing can be used both during the construction of a new roof and as a repair of an old roof without dismantling the roofing materials.

Liquid roofing is made by self-leveling, painting and spraying

The main advantage of this roof is its high reliability and long service life: liquid rubber is not afraid of temperature changes, is resistant to mechanical damage and high humidity.

You can safely walk on it without fear of slipping.

1. Types of liquid roofing:
2. One-component: applied immediately after opening the container.
   • Two-component: consists of different parts:
   • bitumen-polymer emulsion - provides waterproofing characteristics;

an aqueous solution of calcium chloride - helps the sprayed solution to harden quickly.

To install the second coating, you need special equipment in which two components are mixed at the output. This is a small device, so it is convenient to use on the roof. The applied composition hardens in a few seconds.

Applying liquid roofing during repairs increases the service life of the previous coating Depending on the method of application, liquid roofing can be painted, sprayed or self-leveling. Base under liquid rubber

cleaned thoroughly. The composition is usually applied to a concrete or metal surface previously coated with polyurethane. But rubber can also be sprayed onto rolled roofing, improving its performance characteristics. Liquid rubber is sprayed in a thin layer over roll roofing

, creating additional protection for her

Inversion

This type of roofing is used on flat roofs and can be walked on. Its main feature is that all layers are arranged in the reverse order: thermal insulation is on top, and waterproofing is on the bottom.

On the inversion roof you can arrange recreation areas, playgrounds and even parking lots

Inversion roofing is reliable, durable, and does not collapse under the influence of negative external factors.

Easy to install: just remove the previous covering from the flat roof and lay out the new one in the required order. Such a roof is usually actively used - it houses cafes, parking lots, and playgrounds.

Inversion roofing means “reversal”, that is, all layers of the coating are turned upside down.

Inversion roofing can be of three types:

• for minimal loads - used in private homes;
• for medium loads - a more durable insulation is laid, and the top is covered with paving slabs or other material;
• for increased loads - an intermediate reinforcing layer is added, then reinforced concrete slabs are laid.

If in a private house the installation of an inversion roof is carried out on a concrete slab, then it must first be primed, then waterproofing, insulation and welding material must be laid.

Polycarbonate roofs are erected over terraces, verandas, balconies and other non-residential structures. For this, different types of this material are used:

• profiled polycarbonate - monolithic corrugated sheets;
• cellular (cellular) polycarbonate - honeycomb structure, sheet lengths are 6 and 12 m, produced in colored and transparent;
• monolithic (cast) polycarbonate - solid sheets without voids, externally reminiscent of glass. They are multi-layered: the top layer is rough, the second serves to delay ultraviolet radiation, and the third ensures the strength of the material.

If high loads on the roof are expected, then it is better to lay thicker polycarbonate

Pros of polycarbonate:

• lightweight - does not require massive roof structures, can be quickly installed;
• transmits light well;
• colored specimens add brightness to the interior of the building;
• flexible and elastic - large sheet sizes make it possible to cover roofs of complex shapes;
• impact-resistant - does not break from any mechanical impacts (falling branches, impacts of stones);
• fireproof - fire does not spread over such a surface and dies out;
• resistant to strong temperature changes.

The polycarbonate is fastened using special self-tapping screws with press washers. The thickness of the sheets varies.

For a greenhouse or canopy, 4–10 mm will be enough, and for covering large area It is better to take sheets no thinner than 16 mm. If high loads on the roof are expected, then it is necessary to lay sheets 32 mm thick.

To create good illumination in a room, transparent polycarbonate is used, and when it is necessary to protect some space from overheating, colored sheets with reflective additives are placed above it.

A colored polycarbonate canopy regulates heat exchange under the roof and serves as a shelter from the sun's rays, reflecting ultraviolet radiation

To build a roof of a certain shape, you first need to create a frame made of metal or aluminum profiles, sometimes a wooden beam is used. But there are also special polycarbonate profiles: detachable and non-detachable. And since they are also transparent, it seems that the structure is floating in the air.

From ondulin

In appearance, ondulin is similar to slate, but is made of elastic material.

Advantages of ondulin:

• almost zero water absorption;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• protection from damage by fungus, mold and insects;
• resistance to chemically active substances;
• protection against color loss under sunlight;
• light weight;
• simple installation;
• long service life.

Ondulin and slate are laid in the same way, but certain features still exist.

Manufacturers recommend laying ondulin at temperatures from 0 to +30 °C. If the roof slope is less than 10 degrees, then for fastening it is necessary to fill a continuous sheathing or plywood sheets. You can carry out installation without vapor and waterproofing film, but it is still better to lay it.

Installation of ondulin is carried out on a thin sheathing, and if the roof slope is less than 10 degrees, then the wooden base is nailed tightly, without gaps

The laying of ondulin sheets is carried out staggered, the lateral overlap is made by 1–2 waves, and the longitudinal overlap by 20–30 cm (it all depends on the angle of inclination of the slope). On wooden frame special nails are used, and on metal - self-tapping screws.

From slate

Slate is considered budget material. It is durable and easy to install.

Slate is usually produced in gray color, but you can paint it yourself or buy already painted sheets. Colored enamel not only changes the appearance of the slate covering, but also additionally protects it from moisture.

Painted slate roof instantly updates the appearance of the entire house

Its popularity is due to the following advantages:

• does not rust, does not conduct electricity, does not burn;
• during repairs, it allows you to replace one sheet;
• absorbs noise during rain;
• does not heat up from solar heat;
• lasts at least 30–40 years;

Gray slate is a common roofing material for small private houses

But this material also has a number of disadvantages:

• fragile;
• heavy;
• absorbs water, cracks over time and becomes covered with moss;
• asbestos slate contains carcinogenic substances (it is better to use chrysolite-cement slate).

Slate sheets come with different amounts waves, but their length is always 175 cm. The slate is installed using nails with wide flat heads.

Thatched roof

It is believed that the thatched roof is already a relic, but now many luxury houses use just such a roof for covering. Not only straw, but also reed, heather, and reeds can also be used. Such natural materials They are characterized by high flexibility, which gives unlimited scope for design imagination.

Roofs made of reeds and thatch look unusual and are used to decorate private houses

A thatched roof not only looks original and beautiful, it is also characterized by high heat efficiency.

A 30–35 cm layer of vegetation cover protects the building from heat and cold no worse than modern thermal insulation materials. With a layer thickness of about 30 cm, the weight of a square meter of roofing is only 35 kg.

The natural plant roof is a modern, original solution with high performance characteristics

Do not think that a thatched roof will ignite from any spark. Before use, the material is treated with a fire retardant, and its dense installation reduces fire safety to the level of other types of roofing.

The service life of a thatched roof is 50 years or more, which is longer than that of corrugated sheets or metal tiles. Experts recommend installing this coating on roofs with an angle of at least 35 degrees. Natural roof does not require a ventilation system and perfectly absorbs sounds.

Types of roofing for private houses

A private house may have a flat or pitched roof, but usually the second option is found. In this case, the following types of roofing materials are used:

• piece - natural, composite, cement-sand or bitumen tiles, slate roofing;
• sheet - metal tiles, corrugated sheets, ondulin, slate, seam roofing;
• vegetable - from reeds, reeds, straw, heather.

When choosing a roofing material for a private house, you need to take into account not only its performance characteristics, but also its appearance in order to make the building beautiful and original.

Video: choosing a roof for a private house

Types of roofing of apartment buildings

If apartment house 1–4 floors high, it usually has a pitched roof, so the same materials are used to cover it as in private housing construction.

In multi-storey buildings, the roof is always flat: to cover it, roll and fused materials are used or laid membrane roofing. If the surface of a flat roof is planned to be used, then an inversion roof is installed, on which you can walk and drive. Additionally, liquid roofing is used on the roofs of high-rise buildings: it perfectly protects from moisture and is durable.

Video: green roof on the roof of an apartment building