Means of mechanical protection against mosquito bites, horseflies and large midges are special nets made of tulle or gauze - mosquito nets (musketeers). The most comfortable are tulle musketeers with 1.5 mm meshes. It is recommended to insert a strip of black tulle in front of your eyes, which will make your vision less difficult. The Muskiter is worn over the headdress; The part of the net falling over the shoulders is tucked under the shirt collar so that mosquitoes cannot penetrate from below. You should also pay attention to the fact that the edges of the net do not pull tightly over the collar, but form an overlap, which prevents the possibility of neck bites at the collar of the shirt.
To protect the hands, especially in taiga regions, it is recommended to wear gloves made of coarse cloth, fixed on the forearms over the sleeves.
Although the gnat bothers mainly in the open air, but often blood-sucking dipterans, especially mosquitoes and mosquitoes, fly into dwellings in droves. Horseflies that have flown into the room sit on the glass of the windows and do not touch the person.
Very useful tool individual mechanical protection against midges indoors and outdoors during sleep is a gauze or tulle canopy. The canopy is widely used in a number of areas Soviet Union... The use of canopies in Russia is one of the activities to combat malaria. The curtain of tulle No. OOO (cells 1.5 mm) or gauze must be completely intact. To protect against small bloodsuckers, a gauze or tulle canopy with cells of no more than 3 / i mm should be used. For protection against small bloodsuckers, it is advisable to impregnate tulle curtains with larger cells with deterrent substances (dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate).
There are several models of curtains. The usual type of canopy is in the form of a parallelepiped without a lower plane measuring 2.25 m in length, 1.5 m in height and 0.8 m in width. The top of the canopy is made of chintz, calico, tulle or gauze; the sides are made of tulle or gauze; a strip of calico or chintz about 30 cm high is sewn along the lower edge from the sides. At the upper corners of the canopy and in the middle of the long upper ribs, six loops are sewn to hang it from the ceiling on raised ropes stretched between walls (indoors) or poles or trees (outdoors).
It is very important to ensure the correct use of the canopy, because only under this condition the canopy protects well from mosquitoes during sleep.
For stationary placement, wooden spacers in the shape of a T are attached to the headboards, on which the canopy is put on; between the ends of the spacers, it is necessary to pull the ropes so that the canopy does not sag. The edges of the canopy should not hang freely from the bed; they should be matched to the mattress.
Before going to bed, you need to inspect the canopy inside and destroy mosquitoes that burst into it.
The shape of canopies in the form of a cone is widespread; the length of the double folded bottom edge of the cone is 380 cm; from below, the edge of the canopy is hemmed with a strip of dense fabric. The convenience of such a canopy lies in the fact that it is easily suspended by one upper loop; this can be done quickly in a dwelling without the use of special spacers.
The canopy is used to protect against gnat and when spending the night outdoors, hanging it from a tree branch, from a crossbar on poles, etc.
The lady he was interested in disappeared, probably already gone. Starygin himself was surprised at how this thought upset him. However, it was still necessary to consider all the pictures. When will you see your friend's work in such a full volume?
Starygin moved into another room, and his eyes were immediately riveted by a large painting hanging directly opposite the door. Like everyone else, it featured children, but this time the feeling of anxiety and discomfort was almost unbearable. However, there were more compelling reasons for him here than on the other canvases: the children here did not have fun and did not play. They were running away from some invisible but formidable danger, apparently approaching from the left edge of the canvas.
The source of the danger itself was not visible, but its invisible presence seemed unmistakable and tangible. The children, looking around, ran away in horror.
"Waiting for a thunderstorm" - it was written under the picture.
"Well, well," Starygin chuckled, "what a thunderstorm here, it was Leshka who just signed it ..."
Immediately he shuddered: the picture reminded him of the canvas that remained in his study. The same feeling of growing alarm, the same fleeing figures, the same expression of horror on the looking around ... Only in Leshka's picture there were no open gates where the fugitives could hide from the inevitably approaching danger ...
Of course, it was a completely accidental coincidence - a similar arrangement of figures, a similar facial expression and, as a result, a close mood created by the picture ...
- What?! Which tower? - Starygin looked around and saw the same stranger with whom he had already encountered today. The one I was looking for in all the halls, afraid to admit it to myself.
- Which tower? - Dmitry Alekseevich repeated, staring intently at the woman.
Now that she spoke to him, it no longer seemed indecent to him.
However, he was not sure that the stranger was talking to him - rather, she was talking to herself, responding to her own innermost thoughts. In any case, she looked at Starygin in surprise and asked again:
- What did you say?
The woman shook her head, as if awakening from a dream, and said a little guiltily:
Having said this as if against her will, the woman bit her lip and brought her thin hand to her temple, as if she suddenly felt unbearable pain. An expression of embarrassment and displeasure appeared on her face, as if she had said something superfluous and now she was ashamed own words or gave out her secret secret to a stranger ...
She turned away and wanted to hide in the crowd, but finally threw a glance at Starygin.
And from this look, his chest ached painfully, as if he remembered something long forgotten, irrevocable, recalled a lost youth ...
And yet - this look was imperceptibly similar to those glances that fleeing children threw over their shoulders in Lesha's picture. Or adults on an old Italian canvas that Starygin left in his study. This look showed fear of the approaching danger ... but now Starygin understood something else: it was fear not only of something terrible that was approaching from the outside, but also of what was hidden inside his own soul ...
- Wait! - Starygin exclaimed and stepped after the stranger. - You must tell me ...
- Tell? What? - She snapped abruptly, slowing down her steps and still looking at Dmitry over her shoulder.
- Tell about the painting ... how do you know about it?
“I don’t know anything,” the woman objected, but she suddenly stopped and looked intently at Dmitry Alekseevich. - What picture are you talking about?
- About the one where there is a tower, and a windmill, and people running away from something terrible ...
She looked at him with purple, almost black eyes and pressed her lips together tightly.
- Listen! - Dmitry Alekseevich was confused. - I did not mean to frighten you at all, you yourself started this conversation.
“I have to go,” she said dryly, barely parting her lips, “it's too late ...
Further pursuit of an unfamiliar woman was already completely unacceptable. Starygin sighed and turned away. And then Alexei jumped up.
- Dimka, are you with us? He shouted. - Not far from here Lenka ordered a restaurant!
- Yes, I ... - Starygin was confused.
- You, girl, also come with us! - Leshka barked. - At the same time we will meet!
The stranger smiled. Light wrinkles around the eyes became visible, and the eyes themselves seemed a little smaller, and Dmitry Alekseevich noted that she was much older than he seemed at first. But what did it matter?
- Are you really such a close friend of the hero of the day? - asked the stranger.
Starygin confirmed that it was so. Although, in fact, her question sounded a different meaning: can she trust him. And Starygin made it clear that he could.
- So what's with the picture? She asked. - Why are you so excited?
- The fact is that I am a restorer ... - said Starygin and gave his name.
At the same time, nothing was reflected in the woman's eyes - apparently, his name did not tell her anything. Dmitry Alekseevich told her about the painting, the restoration of which had begun only today, about its amazing similarity with Lesha's painting and about their significant differences. About the same tower to open gate which frightened people are running in an Italian painting of a wooded hill with windmill, about gloomy storm clouds ...
He spoke brightly and captivatingly. He wanted to understand, to explain to himself an amazing coincidence - but that was not the only point. He wanted to look at this woman as long as possible, he wanted to be close to her, to listen to her exciting chest voice, to see her amazing eyes ...
“It's strange,” she said after listening to his story, “it seems to me that this simply cannot be ...
- But nevertheless it is so! ..
- Maybe you just made it all up? - there was disbelief in her voice.
- Made it up? But for what? - Starygin looked at the stranger in surprise.
“I don’t know…” she shrugged her narrow shoulders, looked down in embarrassment. - I myself don't know what I'm saying today ... but it's all so strange ... this picture ... I think I've already seen it ...
It suddenly seemed to Starygin that all this had once already happened - halls, full of people, the even hum of voices, and a woman with amazing eyes that change color every now and then. It was like a dream, like an obsession. He tried to throw off the obsession, pull himself together - and suddenly he succeeded.
He stood next to an unknown woman in the middle of an empty gallery.
The visitors have already dispersed, even Lesha and his wife left, apparently, went to the restaurant to celebrate the successful opening of the exhibition. Only a tired and anxious gallery employee walked around the halls, putting things in order, picking up scattered candy wrappers and disposable plastic cups, looking impatiently at the delayed visitors.
“Sorry,” Dmitry Alekseevich told her, embarrassed. - We're leaving!
He turned to the strange stranger and asked her:
- Where should I take you?
“Don’t consider me impolite ...” she began, and Starygin was convinced that the lady would now push him off quite firmly.
Well, he is not a womanizer and not a ladies' man, it is not in his rules to rush at every more or less attractive woman he meets at fashionable parties and opening days. The stranger interested him professionally - she definitely knows something about the painting, the restoration of which he this moment busy. And he just needs to find out what.
Here Dmitry Alekseevich tried to deceive himself, because, in addition to the professional, he had a personal interest in the stranger. It’s easier to say that she didn’t exactly like him at first sight, but undoubtedly attracted him with something that he could not explain.
If Starygin had found time for introspection, he would be very surprised at his the current state... It seems to be not a boy already - forty-three years old, and before that he had not suffered from excessive amorousness even in his youth.
Dmitry Alekseevich determined his attitude to women once and for all. He did not shy away from them, but he did not let one get too close to him, he did not allow one to occupy in his soul. more space than I wanted myself. I must say, the ladies felt it and made no attempts to turn the situation in their favor.
If the stranger does not even want to give her name, therefore, there is nothing to count on the continuation of the acquaintance.
“I could give you a lift,” said Dmitry Alekseevich, distantly polite.
In fact, even if she does not think that he is a frivolous molestation, he is a decent person and, by the way, very busy. Today, however, as always, he had a busy day, Starygin was in a hurry for Opening Day and did not have time to eat even at lunchtime, because he was unexpectedly summoned to the museum authorities. In the department of manuscripts, an old acquaintance, Tanechka, treated him to coffee and biscuits. During the conversation, Dmitry ate the entire pack, although he repeatedly promised himself to limit the flour. It was beyond his strength to give up all sweets. Tatyana's coffee was liquid, but at least hot.
And at the opening day, the hungry artists instantly grabbed all the sandwiches with red fish and half-smoked sausage, he didn't even have time to blink.
INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION
In order of preference, methods and means individual protection a person from blood-sucking insects can be arranged as follows: 1) mechanical means and methods of protection; 2) clothes, fabrics, protective nets and other means impregnated with deterrent substances; 3) direct application of repellents to the skin.
The best way to mechanically protect yourself from gnat is by wearing a special protective suit. The set of protective clothing includes: underwear shirt made of thickened cloth (lintel thickness 3.6-3.7 mm, mesh size 7x7 mm), top shirt made of fine-mesh cloth (mesh size 0.5x0.5 mm, thickness 0.5 mm) ... The purpose of the undershirt is to create a space between the human body and outer clothing equal to the length of the proboscis of mosquitoes (the most common bloodsuckers). The outer shirt prevents the entry of small insects (midges). Both shirts reliably protect against gnat bites and at the same time, thanks to the mesh, provide sufficient ventilation for the body, it is not hot to work in them.
The head, neck and face are protected with a repellent-soaked cape that falls over the shoulders and leaves the face exposed. It is made of cotton tulle or thin knitted fabric. The length of the cape is up to 30 cm, the width is 80-100 cm. It is attached to the headdress with a linen elastic band, threaded along the upper edge of the cape. The cape consists of a double layer of fabric at the front and along the edges (stripe width 10 cm). To saturate the cape, 10-15 g of repellent is required. Protective properties when used, for example, DEET are retained for 3-4 weeks. When stored in plastic bag the duration of the processed cape is increased. Tulle capes are more effective than cotton nets.
On the pattern of tulle, you can make capes from cheap fabrics (not mesh) - calico, chintz, muslin. 0.4-0.5 sq. m of fabric. The weight of the calico or muslin cape is 35-40 g, of the calico 45-50 g. It is recommended to soak them with DEET solutions in acetone, at the rate of 15 g of repellent per cape. Capes made from these fabrics are easy to wash. They are easy to use and accessible to the public.
The mosquito nets, which reliably protect against the attack of bloodsuckers, have not lost their importance either.
Indoors, tents from mechanical means protection can be applied canopy. It is easy to make it yourself. Above a bed, a folding bed, a sofa, a sleeping bag at a height of 1 m, a string (cord, bandage, etc.) is stretched and fixed on both sides, on which a piece of gauze is hung in such a way that this simple structure turns out to be a roof with steep slopes ... The edges of the gauze are tucked under the mattress. Pieces of gauze are sewn into the end parts. With a sufficient amount of gauze, you can do without sewing in the end sides of the canopy (one canopy requires 14 m of gauze). With a limited amount of this fabric, it is possible to use two hand-sewn sheets, from which the curtain is made according to the method described above. In this case, it is imperative to sew pieces of gauze of the appropriate size into the end sides.
One of the main uses for repellents is to soak clothes, fabrics, protective nets and other products with them. Gauze and muslin kerchiefs, stockings, socks, cotton overalls, gauze hoods are impregnated with solutions, emulsions and clean repellents. The consumption of a pure preparation averages 40 ml per 1 sq. m of clothing or 30-35 ml per 100 g of fabric. Outerwear (shirt, trousers, jacket, skirt, etc.) is treated by rubbing in the drug using cotton swabs. 300-400 ml of the drug is applied to a men's suit. Clothes can also be processed using a household spray bottle. It should be borne in mind that some drugs dissolve plastic.
Aerosol cans are used to apply repellents to clothing. When spraying liquid, the cylinders should be kept at a distance of 15-25 cm from the surface to be treated, sprinkling it for 15-20 seconds.
An easier way to apply a repellent to clothing is also possible. The palms are moistened with a small amount of the drug, and then it is applied to the surface of the clothing and thoroughly rubbed into the fabric. In this case, from 20 to 40 ml of the substance are consumed. This way of processing clothes is more economical. It does not require the use of cotton swabs and spray devices, and reduces the need for the drug.
The repellent-impregnated suit provides reliable protection from a gnat attack for two months. Processed clothes are stored folded in tight packing (plastic or oilcloth bags, parchment paper, etc.) between socks. This lengthens the duration of the deterrent effect.
Protective nets for impregnation are immersed in 300-400 ml of repellent for 2-3 hours. Then they are removed, wrung out and dried in the open air for 1-2 hours. These nets protect the face for 10-15 days. In order to fix the repellent on the mesh, cellulose acetate jellies are used (1 part by weight of cellulose acetate, 10 parts of acetone, 4 parts by weight of a repellent). The nets treated in this way retain their repellent properties for more than a month, and when stored in a closed container ( glass jars, oilcloth and plastic bags) - about three months.
The net can be made by yourself from a piece of a fishing net (nonsense with a mesh of any size) measuring 50x75 or 60x80 cm. The edges of the net can be trimmed with a narrow cotton tape - edging. On one of the long sides of the mesh, ribbons 30-35 cm long are sewn at the ends.
Sewing nets and in the form of hoods or cut in the form of stripes with beveled corners. They are convenient to use in logging. The net, impregnated with some kind of liquid repellent, is thrown over the headgear so that the front edge hangs down to the brow ridges, the side edges fall on the shoulders, and the back edge covers the neck. The ends of the braid are tied under the chin. At the same time, the face remains open. At the back, the mesh can be attached to clothing with safety pins. It is not recommended to tuck the net under the headdress or collar to avoid skin irritation.
Repulsive nets are harvested in advance, and soaked with repellents just before use. Each mesh can be used for several summer seasons.
Of the previously mentioned repellents, only a few are suitable for skin use. These include: DMF, DEET, Repellin-ALFA.
For a single treatment of the face, neck, arms up to the elbow, 2-3 g of the drug are needed. When applying a repellent to the body up to the waist, the consumption increases to 6-8 g. In total, 300-350 g is required per person during the season. physical activity when a person sweats a lot, the seasonal rate of the repellent substance increases by 1.5-2.0 times.
When applying cutaneous repellents in the form of pastes, creams, lotions, acetone, glycerin, vegetable oils as they are well absorbed by the skin.
Aerosol cans containing insect repellent can be used to spray open areas of the body (other than the face). The disadvantage of aerosols is that they contain little active substance, only 15-25%.
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In many areas, in the warm season, they cause a lot of trouble different kinds gnats - mosquitoes, midges, mosquitoes and other blood-sucking flying insects. Abomination interferes and normal work(geologists, fishermen, lumberjacks, etc.), and rest.
It has been established, in particular, that the labor productivity of lumberjacks working in wetlands, when attacked by gnats, can decrease by more than ten percent.
Many species of mosquitoes, midges and other blood-sucking flying insects can carry pathogens that are dangerous to humans, such as malaria. Therefore, protection against gnat is a very important task.
To protect people from the bites of mosquitoes, midges and other insects, nets (mosquito nets) and gauze capes are often used.
More convenient and much more effective are chemical means of protection - repellents, that is, substances that repel insects.
The effectiveness of repellent drugs is usually determined by the duration of the protective effect with a single application to the skin.
The duration of the protective effect of drugs produced by the domestic industry is from 2 to 8 hours. It depends not only on the properties of the drug itself, but also on weather conditions (air temperature, wind force, etc.) and on whether a person works or resting. So, if you calmly walk along a forest clearing in cold weather, DEET cream protects from mosquitoes for about 6 hours; at the same time, for a lumberjack working intensively in hot weather, the duration of action of the cream applied in the same amount can be reduced to 2 hours,
All repellent chemicals... suitable for use not only by adults, but also by children (under the supervision of adults).
Avoid getting the drugs in the eyes and on such areas of the skin where there are abrasions, scratches, etc., since the substances that make up the drug can cause tearing and irritation. If the drug does get into your eyes, you should immediately wash your hands and face with soap and water and, if necessary, rinse your eyes with warm water.
The most effective repellents are those containing di-ethyltoluamide. They are quite safe and protect a person from gnats for several hours. To the touch, the preparations are slightly oily; when applied to the skin, they form a film that repels flying insects.
Repellent preparations based on carboxyde, benzoylpiperidine and benzimine also have a long-lasting protective effect; the duration of the protective action (about 2 hours) of preparations based on dimethyl phthalate is somewhat shorter.
All repellent preparations are easily removed from the skin by routine washing with soap and water.
It should also be borne in mind that di-ethyltoluamide (and to an even greater extent dimethyl phthalate) have plasticizing properties and can damage products made from some synthetic materials... So
It is necessary to ensure that repellent preparations do not get on products made of acetate, viscose and polyamide fibers.
Repellent products are available in aerosols, lotions, pastes, sticks and wipes.
Lotions "DETA" and "DETA-1" are repellent preparations based on diethyltoluamide. They are applied with a cotton swab or by hand. thin layer on the open areas body (face, neck, arms). The duration of the protective action is 5-8 hours.
Lotions "DETA" and "DETA-1" can also be applied directly to the workwear from the spray: in this case, the duration of the protective effect is 5-7 days.
In terms of properties and method of application, the lotion "REPEKUL" is similar to the "DEET" and "DEET-1" lotions. This lotion is not recommended for frequent use by children and pregnant women.
The liquid preparation "BENZFTHALAT" based on benzoyl-piperidine and dimethylflatal has a very long-term protective effect. The duration of its protective action is about 5 hours. In terms of properties and method of application, it is similar to the DEET lotion. Under the name "DEET", there is also a cream in aluminum tubes and a liquid cream in plastic bottles with a ball mounted in the body. When the ball touches the skin, the cream is easily applied to it.
Creams, like DEET lotion, contain a repellent - diethyltoluamide. The duration of the protective action of the DEET cream is 4-6 hours.
Of the creams, one should also mention "REPECUL" - a repellent preparation also based on diethyltoluamide. The cream is squeezed into the palm and; rubbing, apply a thin layer to open areas of the body. The duration of the protective action is 4-5 hours.
Very convenient for tourists is a repellent preparation in the form of a pencil, enclosed in a polyethylene pencil case, which is used to wipe open areas of the body. Such a pencil is produced under the name "DEET".
Convenient to use "REPELLENTS AYA NAPKIN" - a small paper napkin impregnated with a composition based on diethyltoluamide, packed in a sealed film bag.
"Repellent napkin" is a single-use preparation. The duration of the protective action is 4-5 hours. Before use, the package is opened and the open areas of the body are wiped with a paper napkin.
The duration of the protective action of drugs based on dimethyl phthalate is significantly lower than the above lotions containing diethyltoluamide. Thus, the duration of the protective effect of the "REPEFTAL" lotion is about 2 hours. This lotion is used in the same way as described above.
In addition, a liquid in a glass bottle called "DIMETHYL PHTHALATE" is on sale. It, like the lotion, is applied with a cotton swab to open areas of the body. The duration of the protective action is 2 hours.
The repellent preparation "TAIGA" containing both diethyltoluamide and dimethylphthalate is produced in an aerosol package. The duration of the protective action is about 5 hours. The drug is applied from an aerosol can in a thin layer to open areas of the body, with the exception of the face. The face is wiped either with a cotton swab moistened with the preparation, or with the palm of your hand.
"TAIGA" and "TAEZHNY" creams are pasty products containing dimethyl phthalate. They are similar in efficiency to REPEFTAL cream.
The liquid repellent preparation "BENZIMIN" is on sale, intended only for impregnation of clothes. The contents of the bottle are diluted with an equal amount of water and the resulting emulsion is sprayed with clothes - overalls, trousers, jackets, kerchiefs, stockings - until lightly moistened.
Protective capes are also impregnated with BENZIMINE. The processed clothes are straightened and hung in the shade until they are completely dry. After processing, the clothes protect the person from the attack of gnats for a month (or until the first wash). The treatment is repeated after each wash. Outside working hours, clothes treated with the drug should be stored rolled up in a plastic bag.
It should be remembered that the "BENZIMINE" preparation dissolves plastic and paints.
For forest workers and fishermen, capes impregnated with "BENZIMINE" are very convenient. To make them, a piece of mesh about 80 cm long and 60 cm wide is moistened with a preparation diluted with water, dried in the air in the shade, and then attached to the headdress so that it falls over the shoulders; the face is left open. Instead of a mesh, you can take gauze folded in several layers or other similar material. The cape processed in this way preserves protective properties within 1-1.5 months or before washing. Outside working hours, such capes are stored in a plastic bag or thick paper.
Not everyone knows that the "SOLAROL" aerosol preparation intended to protect the skin from Sunburn and chapping, and has certain repellent properties. The repellent additive is diethyltoluamide. Apply "SOLAROL" in the same way as "TAIGA".
For the destruction of mosquitoes, midges and other insects flying into the premises, we recommend the preparations "Dichlorvos" and "Neofos-1" in aerosol packaging. After spraying the aerosol, it is necessary to leave the room with closed windows for a while.
To scare off the gnat, you can prepare a homemade repellent: pour b-10 drops of clove or anise oil or valerian drops into a tablespoon of any cologne. This liquid is used to wipe open parts of the body; the duration of the protective action is about half an hour.
If there is no clove oil, a decoction of cloves can be used to prepare a repellent at home: 5 g of cloves are boiled for 16 minutes in water (one glass), 10 drops of the decoction are poured into a tablespoon of any cologne and wipe the open areas of the body with the resulting liquid.
To prevent mosquitoes and midges from flying into a room or tent, you can throw a little camphor on a hot iron sheet or frying pan - its vapors scare away flying insects.
A protective cover made of mesh or gauze can be impregnated with birch or pine tar or liquid composition based on tar, for example, as follows: 10 parts of tar, 5 parts of caustic soda and 100 parts of water. This compound is used to moisten a protective cape, then dry it in the shade. After processing, the cape repels mosquitoes, midges and mosquitoes for 10-12 days. Special care must be taken when working with caustic soda.
To eliminate itching from gnat bites, it is recommended to wipe the skin with a solution ammonia(a mixture of equal amounts of ammonia and water) or a solution of baking soda (half a teaspoon in a glass of water).
To scare off wasps and bees, any cologne is applied to open areas of the body, to which a little mint oil or mint drops are added (b drops per tablespoon of cologne). The duration of the protective effect of this agent is about an hour.
When a bee or a wasp stings, first of all, you need to remove the sting from the skin, and then, in order to avoid pain and the appearance of a tumor, rinse the bitten area for an hour (3-4 times) with a weak solution of ultramarine washing blue.
Protection against gnat is carried out using mechanical and chemical means. Their application can be individual and collective.
C p e ds t v o m m e X a n and ch e protection from the bites of mosquitoes, midges, horseflies is a mosquito net made of tulle with 1.5 mm cells or gauze.
The mosquito nets are put on over the headdress, part of the mesh falls over the shoulders and is tucked under the collar of a shirt or jacket. The hands are protected with gloves or mittens made of coarse linen. In addition, a shirt is proposed from a thickened mesh fabric with a cell wall height of 4 mm (L. I. Zhukova, V. A. Ivanov, 1966). The proboscis of insects, having a length of up to 3.5 mm, does not reach the skin of a person wearing a shirt, and the insect cannot produce an injection.
A tulle or gauze curtain is used to protect against midges while sleeping outdoors or indoors. The canopy is suspended by the upper loop, which is easy to do indoors, and in the open air the loop is attached to a tree branch, to a bar on poles, etc. In this case, the edges of the canopy are tucked under the mattress.
K chemicals include repelling substances, or repellents (repello, lat. - to reflect, repel), which scare away insects or neutralize attractive odors, thereby providing indirect influence on blood-sucking dipterans.
The mechanism of action distinguishes between volatile repellents that affect the olfactory receptors of insects (remote repellents), and non-volatile, affecting insects in direct contact with the treated surface or acting on the organs of taste (contact or taste repellents). Modern deterrent substances should not have a harmful effect on humans when applied to the skin, linen, clothing and when processing premises, tents, nets, etc. Repellants should also not have a strong unpleasant odor. However, these substances should provide a long-term and universal repelling effect on various blood-sucking insects when minimum consumption drug.
At present, the CCCP has mastered or is improving industrial production several repellents (diethyltoluamide-DEET, benzimine, carboxyde, phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide - R-203 and the well-known repellent - dimethyl phthalate - DMF), rational forms of their use have been developed (lotions, creams, pastes, ointments, bars, aerosols) ...
Repellents are applied to the skin of exposed parts of the body or applied to protective nets, human clothing, tents and curtains. It is advisable to use repellents on hikes or while working in places full of gnats, where other methods of fighting insects are difficult.
For application to the skin, apply liquid substances, creams, ointments and bars. Liquid preparations applied to exposed parts of the body with a cotton swab moistened with repellent, or poured into a clean palm and then evenly lubricate the corresponding areas of the body. Open body surfaces can be irrigated with an ordinary spray bottle. In this case, do not allow the repellent to get into the eyes. For a one-time treatment with a clean liquid repellent of the face, neck and hands, 2-3 g of the drug are required. Creams and ointments have the advantage of being better adhered to the skin, slower and less absorbed. They are more convenient to store and use.
Creams and ointments contain a repellent, a base (fat, emulsion, soap or jelly), film-forming substances and perfume (various fragrant substances). Substances that are neutral to human skin (petroleum jelly) are introduced into the base composition. The repellent in creams and ointments ranges from 20-30% to 70-90% (depending on the base). Recommended for use ointment "Hexatilate", containing a repellent carboxyde, and creams, which include repellents DEET, benzimine, carboxyde, phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide under various names ("DEET", "Geologist", "Taezhny", "Tabu-B" , "Optim"), as well as the liquid "Lesnaya" containing phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide. Ointment and cream are applied to the hands, face and neck in an amount of 2.5-3.0 g (a column about 2.5 cm long is squeezed out of the tube).
The duration of the deterrent effect of drugs can range from 3-4 to 10-15 hours and depends on the specifics of work and rest, as well as climatic conditions... During physical work and in hot climates, sweat will wash away repellents, oiled parts of the body may become dirty and the protective effect of the repellent will weaken.
Therefore, for different landscape zones, it is recommended various creams(V.V. Markina, 1973). On the other hand, Pavlovsky's safety nets impregnated with repellents are used, made of cotton ravine Delhi 50x70 cm in size with 1-1.5 cm meshes and capes made of tulle and gauze. For impregnation, repellent bars can be a convenient form (V. H. Nizovkin et al., 1959). Nets, capes, garments are rubbed with bars. In addition, a 10% aqueous emulsion of a water-soluble paste containing 80% carboxyde is used to impregnate the meshes.
The composition of the bar includes:
repellent (DEET) .............................................. ....................... 40%
stearic acid ................................................ ................ 50%
ethyl cellulose ................................................. ........................... 7%
wax................................................. ............................................. 3%
The mesh is worn on the headdress. The edges of the mesh run down to the sides and back of the neck. The front of the face remains open. The repelling effect of impregnated nets lasts up to 1-1.5 months. When the protective effect of the mesh decreases, it is rubbed again. It is recommended to store the net in a plastic bag after use.
On garments, repellents are applied using spray guns, a disinfal apparatus, aerosol cans in a dedicated room or outdoors under a canopy. Clothes are hung on poles, laid out on platforms or processed on a person. The dosage (of pure preparation) for cotton fabric is recommended 20-40 g per 1 m2 of fabric. For a working cotton overalls, approximately 150-200 ml are consumed, for a Pavlovsky net - 40-60 ml. You can soak items of clothing and nets in repellents. It should be borne in mind that repellents can damage plastic buttons on clothing.
The WHO Expert Committee recommends the following repellents when used each against one or more groups of insects: benzyl benzoate, butylethylpropanediol, DEET, dibutyl phthalate, dimethylcarbate, dimethyl phthalate, O-chlorodiethylbenza * mid, ethylhexanediol, indalone and M-2020 mixtures (40% phthalate , 30% dimethylcarbate, 30% ethylhexanediol) and M-250 (60% dimethylphthalate, 20% ethylhexanediol, 20% indalone). Their forms of application are in the form of liquids, solid waxes, creams and preparations sprayed from containers under pressure.
Protection of premises from the arrival of insects is achieved by marking windows, doors, ventilation openings. For these purposes, it is applied metal grid with cells of 1.5-2 mm, and for protection against mosquitoes - 0.75 mm or gauze. To increase breathability, it is recommended to lightly starch the gauze and then iron it with a hot iron. Reinforcement of premises must be carried out before the season of mosquitoes or mosquitoes.
Windows and doors of rooms can be closed with nets made of delusional, treated with repellents, or the entrance to the room is closed with a protective deterrent curtain, consisting of strips of thick fabric 5-6 cm wide. A bag of sand is sewn into the lower end of each strip to pull the strip down. These stripes are treated with a repellent. It is easy and convenient to enter through such a curtain.
To protect the camp tents from mosquito infestations, the entrance to the tent and its sides are treated with a repellent, or a 50 cm wide strip of repellent mesh is suspended from the outside of the tent, the entrance is hung with a net in its entire length and width. Hanging the treated net has the advantage that it can be removed for a day and protected from rain. Before hanging the nets in the tent at night, kill mosquitoes that have flown in during the day by burning a pyrethre candle. For the processing of tents, the equipment used for impregnating clothes with repellents is used. In order to prevent the penetration of the repellent inside, in the case of using ointments and creams, the latter should be removed from the hands before eating by washing with soap and water.
Avoid contact with objects made of plastic (watch glasses and bracelets, fountain pens, combs, etc.) with repellents. The personnel impregnating nets and items of clothing must wear rubber gloves and aprons. Smoking and eating during work is prohibited.