It is both difficult and easy to talk about Pushkin's lyrics. It is difficult because he is a versatile poet. Easy, because he is an unusually talented poet. Let us recall how he defined the essence of poetry:
“Free, looking for an alliance again
Magic sounds, feelings and thoughts ”.
By the age of seventeen, Pushkin was already a well-established poet, able to compete with such venerable luminaries as Derzhavin and Kapnist. Pushkin's poetic lines, in contrast to Derzhavin's cumbersome stanzas, acquired clarity, grace and beauty. The renewal of the Russian language, so methodically begun by Lomonosov and Karamzin, was completed by Pushkin. His innovation seems imperceptible to us because we ourselves speak this language. There are poets "from the mind". Their work is cold and tendentious. Others focus too much on form. But the lyrics of Pushkin are inherent in harmony. Everything is normal there: rhythm, form, content.
Pushkin, like no one else, knew how to enjoy the beauty and harmony of the world, nature, human relations, therefore the theme of friendship is one of the leading in the poet's lyrics. Throughout his life, he carried on friendship with Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, which originated in the Lyceum.
One of the first poems by Pushkin, which reflects the theme of friendship, was written by the poet at the age of fifteen. This is a humorous poem "Feasting Students". It contains light poetic portraits of friends gathered at the festive table:
A writer for your sins!
You seem to be more sober;
Wilhelm, read your poems
So that I fall asleep sooner.
The theme of friendship is revealed with particular completeness by Pushkin in his poetic masterpiece "October 19", written in 1825. The poet dedicated this poem to the anniversary of the opening of the lyceum. His opening lines are covered with sadness caused by the circumstances of his personal life.
The forest drops its crimson dress,
The frost shakes off the withered field,
The day will pass as if by captivity,
And hide behind the edge of the surrounding mountains.
Blaze, fireplace, in my deserted cell;
And you, wine, friend of the autumn cold,
Pour a gratifying hangover into my chest
Minute oblivion of bitter torment.
At this time, Pushkin was in exile and was deprived of the opportunity to meet with friends on a significant day in their life. But in his soul he was next to them.
The bitterness of loneliness softens when images of people dear to his heart appear in the poet's imagination.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -
Unwavering, free and carefree
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Wherever fate throws us
And happiness wherever it takes
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;
Fatherland to us Tsarskoe Selo.
A year after graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin has new views. The poet begins to look wider at the world, which makes him feel responsible for what is happening to his native country. Therefore, many of Pushkin's free-thinking poems are addressed to friends and associates. This is the poem "To Chaadaevu". Pushkin calls on his older friend to devote beautiful impulses to his homeland:
While we are burning with freedom
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to our homeland
Souls are wonderful impulses!
An equally unequivocal call for an uprising is contained in Pushkin's famous ode "Liberty". the main idea ode is that "freedom" is possible in a monarchical state, if the monarch and the people strictly follow the laws, including moral. Pushkin calls, but at the same time, a warning sounds to the tyrants:
“Tyrants of the world! tremble! "
Poetic curses against them occupy a whole stanza:
Autocratic villain!
You, your throne, I hate
Your doom, death of children.
I see with cruel joy.
Read on your brow
The seal of the curse of the nations.
You are the horror of the world, the shame of nature,
You are a reproach to God on earth.
The poem "The Village" is based on the ominous contrast of the serene nature and the horrors of serfdom. The work can be conditionally divided into two parts. The theme and mood of the first part differs sharply from the theme and mood of the second, but, despite this, the parts are closely related. They are related and united by the idea embedded in the poem.
The first part is a “haven of tranquility”, where everything is full of “happiness and oblivion”.
Silence, calmness and coolness emanate from these lines:
Greetings to you, deserted corner,
A haven of tranquility, work and inspiration,
Where the invisible stream of my days flows
In the bosom of happiness and oblivion!
It would seem that in the tone of the first part, nothing foreshadows an explosion of indignation.
But the second part of the poem bears an anti-serfdom orientation:
But a terrible thought here darkens the soul:
Among flowering fields and mountains
A friend of humanity sadly notes
Everywhere ignorance is a fatal shame.
Not seeing tears, not listening to the groan,
To the destruction of people chosen by fate,
Here the lordship is wild, without feeling, without law,
Appropriated itself with a violent vine
And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.
In this part of the poem, the tone of the author's speech changes dramatically. In the words of the poet - anger and indignation. Pushkin vehemently denounces and condemns the lordly violence against the labor of the serf people. In the concluding lines of the poem - the author's thoughts:
I will see, oh friends! people are not oppressed
And slavery, fallen by the mania of the king,
And over the fatherland of dedicated freedom
Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?
But the king did not heed the poet's calls. Exile awaited Pushkin. True, thanks to Zhukovsky, the northern link was replaced by the southern one. Pushkin felt like an exile, and this could not but affect his work.
The years 1820-1822 in Pushkin's work are the heyday of romanticism. Probably the most a suitable example romantic orientation of the poet is the poem "The Prisoner".
The main content of romanticism is the expression of the suffering of the soul from the inconsistency of reality with ideals: the world is not what it should be. And the romantic hero, acutely aware of this discrepancy, feels like a stranger in this gray everyday world. He is lonely, he is caged. Hence the central motives of romanticism - the theme of freedom, escape from prison into some other, unattainable and alluring world. People seem to be a faceless mass, the hero is looking for his world outside the crowd: where the sky, the sea is an element.
We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!
There, where the mountain turns white behind the cloud,
There, where the sea edges turn blue,
There, where only the wind is walking ... yes I am! ..
During the Decembrist uprising, Pushkin lived in Mikhailovsky. Here he was caught by the news of the cruel reprisals against them. He writes a wonderful poem "To Siberia", which he passes to the Decembrists through Alexander Muravyova. The poet calls on them to “keep proud patience”, says that their “sorrowful work” will not be lost, that their work will be continued by like-minded people and that “the desired time will come” - freedom.
Pushkin was not only like-minded Decembrists, his poems inspired them. One of the Decembrists, Alexander Odoevsky, writes to Pushkin in his poem "Our Answer":
Our sorrowful work will not be lost:
A spark will ignite a flame
And our enlightened people
Gathers under the holy banner.
Each new work was an event, copied from hand to hand. This is stated in the poem "Arion", written in 1927:
... And I am full of careless faith, -
I sang to the swimmers ...
The singer turns out to be the only one who survived the "thunderstorm". But he remains true to his convictions: "I sing the old hymns."
Also in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, we find reflections on the meaning of the poet and poetry, and we can try to understand what answers the great Russian poet gives to some of these difficult questions.
Considering this topic in the work of Alexander Pushkin, first of all, one should turn to his poetic masterpiece "The Prophet", written in 1826.
The hero of this poem is in a dejected state, he is tormented by "spiritual thirst", and here the messenger of God "six-winged seraphim" appears to him. Suddenly, wonderful, but painful transformations take place with the poet. He is endowed with a sharpness of vision of the surrounding world, unusual for a person. His feelings are described in the following lines:
With fingers as light as a dream,
He touched my apple.
Prophetic apples were opened,
Like a frightened eagle.
He touched my ears, -
And they were filled with noise and ringing:
And I heeded the shudder of the sky,
And the high flight of angels
And a reptile underwater passage,
And the vegetation of the distant vine.
Now the poet is initiated into the secrets of the universe and is gifted with a subtle sense of perception of the external world in all its diversity. He is freed from doubt and fear, but even this is not enough to become a prophet:
And he cut my chest with a sword,
And he took out his quivering heart,
And coal blazing with fire
I put it in my chest.
The opportunities that have opened up for the poet, on the one hand, elevate him above people, and on the other, they entrust him with a difficult task. "God's voice" appeals to the poet:
Arise, prophet, and see, and hearken,
Be fulfilled by my will
And, bypassing the seas and lands, Burn the hearts of people with the Verb.
This is how Pushkin sees his mission. He does not try to correct people, teach them how to act, but, being a poet, he appeals to our hearts. We can say that Pushkin reveals in this poem the role of poetry as something sublime, standing above people, but not edifying.
In 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem "Monument", where he talks about his role as a poet. Pushkin expresses confidence that the "monument not made by hands" erected by him gives him immortality. The great poet believes that he has coped with his responsible mission:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre
That in my cruel age I have glorified freedom
And he called for mercy to the fallen.
It is every person's sacred duty to be with friends in trouble. High feelings of love and friendship invariably accompany Pushkin, do not allow him to fall into despair. Love for Pushkin is the highest tension of all mental strength.
No matter how depressed and disappointed a person is, no matter how gloomy the reality seems to him, love comes - and the world is illuminated with a new light. The most amazing love poem, in my opinion, is the poem “I remember wonderful moment". Pushkin knows how to find amazing words to describe the magical effect of love on a person:
Awakening has come to the soul:
And here you are again,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
Even general contours female image create the impression of sublime, extraordinarily beautiful.
The main thing that the author wanted to convey with this poem is a bright memory of love, joy from the unexpected, and from this sweeter, meeting with what seemed to be lost forever.
The poem "I Loved You" shows that real love not selfish. This is a bright, disinterested feeling, this is the desire for the happiness of a loved one. Pushkin finds amazing lines, although the words are completely simple, everyday. The author uses only one metaphor: "Love has not died out completely." Probably, it is in this simplicity and everyday life that the beauty of feelings and moral purity are manifested:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant you beloved to be different
I would like to pay special attention to the poem "Madonna". Pushkin dedicated this work to his wife. The joy and happiness from the long-awaited marriage were expressed in the lines:
My wishes came true. Creator
He sent you down to me, you, my Madonna,
Purest delights, purest specimen
Summing up, we can say that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin not only revealed in his poetry the theme of the role of the poet, but also proved with all his work that a poet can really be a prophet. Much of what Pushkin dreamed of, what he called for in his poems, came true. And most importantly, his poetry still serves to awaken the highest and brightest feelings in us.
Extracurricular activity.The script for an evening dedicated to the memory of the Decembrists.
"While we are burning with freedom, while hearts are alive for honor ...."
The song "Cavalier Guards is not a long time ..."
A table covered with a tablecloth, candles ...
Slide A. Pushkin
From a poem by A.S. Pushkin.
"While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to the Fatherland
Souls are wonderful impulses!
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
The star of captivating happiness
Russia will rise from sleep
And on the wreckage of autocracy
They will write our names. "
First presenter :
The 19th century is the golden age in the history of Russia. He gave the world gifted famous writers and poets, artists and musicians, historical figures. This is the century of victories and searches of the advanced Russian youth.
Second presenter:
The Decembrist movement originated in 1810. Future Decembrists read the works of French educators, free-thinkers: - Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, D'Alembert, Montesquieu. These authors pursued anti-feudal goals and set them before the thinking youth.
Third presenter:
The Patriotic War of 1812 and the overseas campaign of the Russian army contributed to the spread of liberal views, ideas of abolishing serfdom and changing state structure Russia. The inaction and indecision of the authorities in reforming society pushed the advanced youth to create secret societies and circles.
Second presenter:
The first organization of the Decembrists was"Union of salvation ”, Created in 1816. It set as its goal the introduction of the Constitution and civil liberties. Its participants were Alexander Muravyov, Nikita Muravyov, Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostles, and Prince Sergey Trubetskoy. Later Pavel Pestel and Ivan Yakushkin joined the Union.
Third presenter:
In 1818, instead of the Salvation Union, was createdUnion of prosperity ... It included the same persons, but his activities began to be more open. The society already consisted of about 200 people. The main tasks of the organization were to prepare public opinion and educate the people. The Green Book, the charter of the society, spoke of the introduction of a constitution and the abolition of serfdom.
Fourth presenter :
After the dissolution of the Union of Welfare, in 1821-1822, the Northern and Southern Decembrists' societies were created. The first operated in St. Petersburg, and the second in Ukraine, in army units.
The Northern Society was headed by Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy. The program document of the society was the Constitution of Nikita Muravyov. It spoke about the abolition of serfdom, about the limitation of the power of the monarch by a 2-chamber representative body, elected on the basis of a property qualification.
Meeting Northern Society.
Slides with the names and portraits of the Decembrists. Lunin M.S. Yakushkin I. D. , Obolensky E.
Muravyov:
« Serfdom and slavery must be abolished. A slave who touches the Russian land must be free. "
Turgenev:
"The right to property should be sacred and inviolable."
Trubetskoy :
"Every word should be free."
Pushchin :
"It is necessary to destroy all military settlements." "Every citizen Of the Russian state must obey the laws and authorities of the Fatherland, be ready to defend the Motherland. "
Slide Ryleev, Alexander Bestuzhev
Fifth presenter:
Later, young radical people came to the leadership in the Northern society -Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev ... They were both poets. Both took an active part in preparing the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825.
Reader 2. Ryleev's poem.
"I know: death awaits
The one who rises first
On the oppressors of the people, -
Fate has already doomed me
But where, tell me, when was
Is freedom redeemed without sacrifices?
I will die for my native land, -
I can feel it, I know.
And joyfully saint father,
I bless my lot. "
A sad violin melody sounds.
Sixth presenter :
A policy document Southern Society became "Russian Truth", compiled by Pavel Ivanovich Pestel. Russia was proclaimed a single and indivisible republic. Serfdom canceled. The landowners' land was redeemed by rent and corvee. Legislative power was vested in the People's Council, elected by the entire population.
The soul of society has becomeSergey Muravyov-Apostol , and with his right hand -Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin ... During the southern exile, the meetings of the Southern Society attended andAlexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Third presenter:
The performance was scheduled for December 14, 1825. Senate Square In the morning, the Moscow regiment was built, the sailors of the guards crew, the 6th company of the grenadier regiment. Prince Trubetskoy, the leader of the uprising, did not appear, feeling the senselessness of the uprising and its disastrous outcome. Confusion and confusion reigned in the ranks of the rebels.
Stills from the movie "Star of Captivating Happiness". The moment of the uprising.
Seventh presenter:
The uprising was short but dazzling. The strength of the Decembrists was in the fearless challenge they threw down to the autocracy. The expectation that their own people would not shoot at their own was almost confirmed. The Decembrists themselves repelled the attacks with blank volleys. The course of the uprising was greatly damaged by Kakhovsky's senseless assassination of the Governor-General of St. Petersburg, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 M.A. Miloradovich. After that NikolayIput the artillery into action. And the long confrontation ended in a bloody massacre.
Sixth presenter:
December 29, 1825 in support of the Decembrists revoltedChernigov regiment. Led bySergei Muravyov-Apostol , he moved to join with other parts. But on January 3, 1826, he was overtaken by a detachment of hussars with horse artillery. The rebels were forced to surrender.
Eighth host:
For 6 months, an investigation was conducted in the case of the Decembrists. More than 120 people were brought to trial. Five were executed: Pavel Pestel, Kondraty Ryleev, Pyotr Kakhovsky, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The rest were exiled to hard labor in Siberia. Wives came here to many Decembrists. They did not use Nikolai's permissionIto remarry and abandon freedom and a secure noble life for the sake of their husbands. One of these wonderful Russian women is Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskaya.
Scene. Readers 3-4
From the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Russian women".
Trubetskaya:
“Having left the homeland, friends,
Beloved father,
Taking a vow in my soul
Execute to the end
My duty, I won't bring tears
To the damned prison
I am pride, I will save pride in him
And I will give him strength. "
Zeidler:
“Yes, frankly,
Better return to the light! "
Countess Trubetskaya:
“Thank you, thank you
For your kind advice! "
Zeidler:
“But your husband didn’t spare you?
Think, child.
Who is the yearning for? To whom is love?
Carried away by an empty ghost,
And now - his fate ...
And what? .. you run after him,
Like a pitiful slave. "
Countess Trubetskaya:
"No! I'm not a pathetic slave
I am a woman, wife!
May my fate be bitter-
I will be true to her!
Teacher: 11 Russian women followed their husbands to distant Siberia. Among them are Ekaterina Trubetskaya, the Frenchwoman Podina de Geble (Annenkova), the wife of the Kostroma Decembrist Natalya Dmitrievna Fonvizina. Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, leaving her little son, also went to Siberia for her husband.
Shot from the movie "Star of Captivating Happiness" Maria's meeting with her husband Sergei Volkonsky.
Ninth presenter:
Another Russian woman -Alexandra Muravyova , sacrificing her life, conveyed to the Decembrists the revolutionary message of A.S. Pushkin.
Reader 6. “In the depths of Siberian ores
Keep your proud patience
Your sorrowful labor will not be lost
And doom high aspiration.
Unhappily faithful sister
Hope in a dark dungeon
Will wake up cheerfulness and fun.
The desired time will come:
Love and friendship is up to you
Will reach through the gloomy gates,
As in your convict holes
My free voice reaches.
Heavy shackles will fall
Dungeons will fall - freedom
Will perceive joyfully at the entrance,
And the brothers will give you the sword. "
Tenth presenter:
The answer to A. Pushkin was written by the Decembrist Alexander Ivanovich Odoevsky.
“... We are proud of our destiny,
And behind the gates of the prison
In our hearts we laugh at the kings,
Our sorrowful labor will not be lost
A spark will ignite a flame
And our enlightened people
Gather under the holy flame ... "
11th presenter:
The widely educated Decembrists had a great influence on the life of the local population. The majority of the illiterate population needed a school first of all. Such schools were opened in many places, and the Decembrists themselves taught in them. In the settlement, the Decembrists began to engage in arable farming, start exemplary farms. They first introduced the peasants to the use of machines in agriculture... Thanks to their efforts, truck farming appeared in Siberia.
Teacher: about the Kostroma-Decembrists. Slide presentation.
1 slide
Nikolay Alekseevich Panov.
ON. Panov came from Soligalich, was born in 1803, sent to St. Petersburg, to the guard. He was admitted to the secret society just a month before the uprising and played a brilliant role in it. As it was summed up in the investigation, “using the love of the lower ranks for him, he carried away the Life Grenadier Regiment, with a part of which he went to the palace,” and when they opened fire on the rebels with canshot, he kept the soldiers in line. If the “dictator” chosen by the rebels behaved just as decisively and purposefully, Prince S.P. Trubetskoy, by the way, is also a Kostroma landowner!
Convicted in the first category to eternal hard labor, in 1839 he was settled in the village. Mikhailovsky Irkutsk province and died in 1850.
2 slide
Pavel Dmitrievich Cherevin.
Born in 1802. in the rich and dignified family of the Cherevins in the Soligalich estate of Neronovo, he received an excellent home education, completed by studying at Moscow University, which he graduated "with excellent success." After that, Pavel Dmitrievich entered military service first to the Semenovsky regiment, then to the imperial retinue. He was not even 20 years old when his works on political economy and history began to appear in the capital's magazines - Cherevin's erudition was generally extraordinary. But, unfortunately, Pavel Cherevin died very early, at the age of 22, in May 1824. And after a year and a half, his name began to be repeated often in commission of inquiry in the case of the Decembrists. It turned out that this young man was an active and authoritative member of secret societies. At the age of 17, he joined the Union of Welfare, and then into the Northern Society, advocated there for the abolition of serfdom, a republic and the execution of the emperor. So death from consumption saved him, perhaps, from the gallows.
3 slide
Mikhail Matveevich Korsakov.
This Decembrist was saved from Siberia and hard labor by a coincidence. A native of the Ivanovskoye estate of the Buysky district, he, like Panov, served in the Life Guards Grenadier Regiment. The young lieutenant knew about the existence of society and promised to bring his company to the square. But in December, Korsakov's battalion was outside Petersburg, and on the eve of the uprising, the bullfighter fell ill. Therefore, the sentence was less severe. Korsakov was transferred from the Guardto the Caucasus, after 7 years of being under the bullets of the mountaineers dismissed from the service, with expulsion to the buisk estate, the prohibition of entry into the capitals and the establishment of police supervision. He did not renounce his convictions, he took part in the reform for the emancipation of the peasants.
4 slide
Fedor Vishnevsky was a member of the Northern Society, arguing “more strongly than others to the brigadier general, who insisted on the oath of allegiance to Nicholas I, heled the sailors to the square, ordering them to take live ammunition. " A because only in August 1825. frigate "Cruiser", on which Fyodor Gavrilovich served,returned to Kronstadt from a circumnavigation, which began in 1822. He commanded the "Cruiser" MP Lazarev, and among the officers were PS Nakhimov and ... Dmitry Zavalishin, a prominent Decembrist.
Having received a demotion to soldiers as a "reward" for a three-year difficult voyage, Vishnevskyexploits in the Caucasus again served as an officer ... Having retired, he from 1842 to 1846. lives on his estate in the Kostroma province, and then sells it and moves to Moscow to raise children.
5 slide
Mikhail Alexandrovich Fonvizin.
37 years old, general, 1,300 male owner in Kologriv district. At the same timesecret society member from 1821, convicted of the IV category,served hard labor in the Nerchinsk mines, lived in a settlement in Yeniseisk and Tobolsk. He brightened his life in Siberian exilearrival of his wife Natalia Dmitrievna , who was born in the Kologriv estate of the Apukhtins Otrada and was 17 years younger than her husband. She survived Mikhail Alexandrovich, who died in 1854, and entered into a second marriage with the Decembrist I.I. Pushchin. friend of A.S. Pushkin.
6 slide
Pavel Alexandrovich Katenin
A participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, a poet, an inveterate theater-goer, a Decembrist, corresponded with A. Pushkin, a member of the Union of Salvation Society.
Poem Young generals of the old days.
Performance of K. Frolov's song "As long as blood is in the veins, and not kvass ..."
Closing remarks from the teacher.
History of creation. The poem was written in 1818 - in the Petersburg period of Pushkin's work. It became widely known, especially in Decembrist circles, and began to spread in the lists. It was for such verses that Pushkin fell into disgrace - he ended up in southern exile. Much later, in 1829, without the knowledge of the poet, this poem was published in a distorted form in the almanac "North Star".
The poem is addressed to a specific person: Peter Yakovlevich Chaadaev (1794-1856), one of Pushkin's close friends since his lyceum years. In addition to this poem, Pushkin's messages to Chaadaev (1821) and Chaadaev (1824) are addressed to him. The poet had a long-term friendship with Chaadaev: both of them were characterized by freedom-loving moods, a desire to change life in Russia, and non-standard thinking. Chaadaev, like many of the poet's lyceum friends, was a member of the secret Decembrist society "Union of Prosperity", although later he moved away from this movement, taking his own very peculiar position on the issue of state power and further destiny Russia, For the publication " Philosophical writing", In which these views were stated, Chaadaev was declared by the government to be crazy - this is how the autocracy fought against dissent and love of freedom. Not always the position of Pushkin, especially in mature years, coincided with the thoughts of Chaadaev, but in 1818 the young poet saw in his elder friend a man wise with life experience, endowed with a sharp and sometimes sarcastic mind, and most importantly, with freedom-loving ideals that were so consistent with Pushkin's mood.
Genre and composition.
Pushkin's lyrics are characterized by a desire to transform established genres. In this poem we see a manifestation of such innovation: a friendly message addressed to to a certain person, develops into a civic appeal to the entire generation, which also includes elegy features. Typically, a poem in the genre of a message is addressed to either a friend or a beloved and refers to intimate lyrics by subject. Changing the addressee of his poem, Pushkin creates a new genre work - a civil message. That is why its construction is based on the appeal to comrades: "Comrade, believe ..." French Revolution... But at the same time, the composition of the poem, built as a thesis - antithesis, implies the presence of contrast. This is how poetic thought develops: from the elegiac beginning, imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness, through the opposing union "but" ("But desire is still burning in us ..."), the first elegiac part is combined with the second, completely different in mood, feeling and thought : civic themes prevail here, accusatory attitude. And the end of the poem, which summarizes the development of poetic thought, sounds like a bright major chord: "My friend, we will devote to our homeland / Beautiful impulses of souls!"
Main themes and ideas. main idea poems are a call to like-minded people to move away from private interests and turn to civic issues. Associated with it is the poet's belief that freedom-loving dreams will be realized, and "the fatherland will wake up from sleep." At the end of the poem, a very rare idea in Pushkin's work sounds like a breakdown of the entire state system, which, according to the poet, will occur in the near future (“And on the wreckage of autocracy / They will write our names!”). The statesman poet often called for gradual transformations proceeding primarily from the authorities themselves, as in the poems "Liberty" and "Village". It can be considered that such a radical position of the author in the poem "To Chaadaev" is evidence of youthful maximalism and a tribute romantic mood... The general pathos of the poem is civil, but it contains elements of romantic and elegiac pathos, especially in the first part, which is reflected in the specificity of a number of images.
For the first time in this poem, a combination of civil themes with an intimate one - love and friendship, characteristic of Pushkin's further work, appears. In this regard, the poet raises the problems of civic duty and political freedom in conjunction with the issues of individual freedom and private life of a person, which sounded extremely unusual at that time. Consider how poetic thought develops. The beginning is imbued with elegiac moods. The lyrical hero, turning to his soul mate, recalls with sadness that many of his former ideals turned out to be "deception", "a dream":
Love, hope, quiet glory
The deception did not live long for us,
Gone are the young fun
Like a dream, like a morning mist.
All the poetic vocabulary, all the imagery of the first quatrain is built in the style of romantic elegies: quiet, uninhabited, sleep, morning fog. What is left of the days of the passing youth? There is no longer love, no hope. But it seems that some word is missing in this familiar triad? Of course there is no first word of this sustainable combination- "faith". This key word will still appear in the poem - it is left for the final, shock ending in order to give it the character of a special, almost religious inspiration and conviction. But the transition from a pessimistic key to a major sound occurs gradually. This transition is associated with images of combustion, fire. Usually, the likeness of longing desire to fire was characteristic of love lyrics... Pushkin introduces a completely different sound to the motive of fire: it is associated with a civil appeal, a protest against the "oppression of the fatal government":
But desire still burns in us,
Under the yoke of a fatal power
An impatient soul
Fatherland heed the call.
This is followed by such an unexpected comparison that not all Decembrist friends, even those close in thought and spirit, accepted it. It was believed that the comparison of civil life with private, the combination of lofty patriotic motives with sentimental ones is unacceptable. But Pushkin in this poem chooses a truly innovative move: he combines the concepts of "freedom" and "love" into a single and indissoluble image. Thus, he shows that love of freedom and civic aspirations are as natural and inherent in every person as his most intimate feelings - friendship and love:
We wait with languor of hope
Holy minutes of freedom,
As a young lover awaits
Minutes of a faithful date.
And then the transition of the image of burning from the area of love feelings to the sphere of civil motives is already quite logical:
While we are burning with freedom
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to our homeland
Souls are beautiful impulses.
Now it is obvious that an appeal to a friend has grown into a call to faith in the ideals of freedom and the possibility of achieving them, addressed to the entire young generation of Russia. It is not for nothing that the last quatrain uses something else, more high word- "friend" is replaced by "comrade". And the poetic image of the "star of captivating happiness", which concludes the poem, becomes a symbol of hopes for the triumph of the ideals of civil freedom.
Artistic originality. The message "To Chaadaev" is written in Pushkin's favorite size - iambic tetrameter. In addition to genre innovation, which is associated with the peculiarities of the development of the author's thought and the construction of the poem, it is distinguished by its unusual artistic imagery. This is a marked comparison of striving for "saintly freedom" and love; metaphorical images of “burning”, epithets of romantic coloring (“under the yoke of a fatal power”, “moments of saint's liberty”), high-style metonymy (“Russia will rise from sleep”). Special emphasis should be placed on the symbolic image of the star - "the star of captivating happiness", which entered not only Russian literature, but also became an element of the consciousness of Russian society.
The meaning of the work. The poem became a landmark for Pushkin's work, identifying the most important theme of freedom for his poetry, as well as its special interpretation. In the history of Russian literature, it was the beginning of the tradition of combining civil, freedom-loving and intimate themes, which is confirmed by the work of Lermontov, Nekrasov, novels of the second half of the 19th century, and then passed on to such poets of the 20th century as Blok.
The central motive of Pushkin's poem "To Chaadaev", as in the ode "Liberty", is the agonizing expectation of "A moment of the saint's freedom" (this is the tenth line, which occupies the central place in the poem consisting of 21 lines). The message is addressed to a like-minded person who does not need to state his position in detail. With him, the lyric hero shares the experiences that have arisen at the age turn.
At the same time, a generalization arises behind the psychological specifics, since it is a reflection of the general animateness that colors the outlook of an entire generation. The lyrical hero is not alone, he can, outlining the specifics of his state, hope that he will be understood ("... deception has not lived us ...", "... desire is still burning in us ...", "We are waiting ... "," our names "), support, respond to" wonderful impulses. " He sees his task in strengthening his friend's faith in the imminent onset of the era of "captivating happiness", without doubting his choice, because they all "burn" with freedom, await its arrival, ready to fulfill their duty of honor ("As long as hearts are alive for honor ... ”), Considering the memory of their contribution to the struggle against“ autocracy ”as a reward.
In terms of content, Pushkin's poem "To Chaadaev", the analysis of which interests us, is divided into two parts. In the first (it occupies a quatrain with a cross rhyme), youthful illusions about happiness in love, about the realization of hopes, and the achievement of fame are recalled. They "did not live" the imagination, filled the soul, but, "like a dream", they were dispelled with the advent of maturity:
Love, hope, quiet glory
The deception did not live long for us,
Gone are the youthful fun
Like a dream, like a morning mist ...
Illusions are deceptive (the word itself comes from the Latin “to deceive”), but the passion for them revealed the ability of the soul to “burn” with ideals, live with enduring values, and listen to unearthly voices. This property inner peace has not disappeared, but other concepts have come to the fore. Adversarial union not only is constantly implied in the antithesis of two periods in a person's life, it separates the parts of the poem ("But desire is still burning in us ..." - the fifth line, so important that the sound correspondence to it arises not only in the rhyming line of the quatrain - 8- th, but also in the following, 9th and 12th it is a reminder of the main idea).
There is no division into stanzas in the message, the unity of the text written with iambic tetrameter contributes to the creation of the impression that the hero's monologue is consistently moving towards the final confirmation of the timeless significance of "burning", "hope", "impulses" caused by the thirst for liberation of the fatherland from the "oppression of the fatal power" ("And on the wreckage of autocracy / They will write our names!"). Freedom is not only perceived as a rational (from Lat. "Reasonable") requirement, it becomes the content of spiritual life, filling the world of feelings. Love for the homeland has replaced youthful hobbies, the lyrical hero is ready to devote himself to it:
But desire still burns in us,
Under the yoke of a fatal power
An impatient soul
Fatherland heed the call.
The word “heed” (the first person of the plural: “we heed or heed”) is now of little use, therefore it is necessary to say especially about its meaning. To listen is to listen carefully, to listen, to absorb what has been heard or read, to direct the mind and will to carry out a speculative conclusion. Pushkin affirms an effective attitude to the misfortunes of the homeland, the need for the younger generation to intervene in the course of history, correcting mistakes, influencing the course of events.
The intensity of feelings, the intensity of the search for a way out of the historical impasse are conveyed by means of comparison and hyperbole. In anticipation of a "moment of freedom" the lyric hero languishes, as before a love date:
We wait with languor of hope
Holy minutes of freedom,
As a young lover awaits
Minutes of a faithful date.
The date appears to be faithful, he does not doubt the onset of the kingdom of freedom, but the minutes preceding it stretch like centuries, therefore it is so important to inspire hope in his comrade-in-arms, urge him not to abandon attempts to bring the ideal to life. The beautiful impulses of his soul will not go unnoticed, since they are like a signal fire, the beating of the heart is the countdown of moments before the main event. Artistic exaggeration (hyperbole) arises in Pushkin's poem "To Chaadaev" due to the fact that the importance of civic feelings is sharpened, they require self-sacrifice: impatience becomes "burning", high purpose colors existence as a whole, turns it into a life "for honor." The call to devote the best movements of the soul to the homeland is a continuation of the idea of love for her as the content of the inner world of a mature person who has rejected "young fun":
While we are burning with freedom
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, we will devote to our homeland
Souls are wonderful impulses!
Along with comparison and hyperbole, metaphors, stylistic turns are important in the figurative series of the poem, where the properties of one object are transferred to another by similarity or contrast (hidden). The metaphor is the expression "we burn with freedom." Two planes can be seen here: objective (flame) and figurative (animation). They are juxtaposed, crossed, merged in one image. This is a hidden comparison (devoted to the ideal of freedom, which captured us entirely, burns us, as if we were in a flame), however, the absence of separation between the planes, their merging in one expression, which becomes the meaning of the metaphor, brings new shades. The metaphor conveys not only an impression so vivid and tangible that one phrase can be used to judge the spiritual world of the lyrical hero's peers, but also the aesthetic value, important for the poet, their ideals. The reflections of the fire are beautiful, they are likened to the impulses of the soul, and, on the contrary, high feelings resemble tongues of flame ascending to the sky. The convergence of the signs of the two phenomena has long been noticed, which was expressed in the everyday metaphor "fiery feelings", but in Pushkin's poem it is concretized and in this connection characterizes socio-political aspirations. Thanks to her, the motive of sacrifice, the expectation of death at the stake, is introduced into the understanding of one's future. A tragic reflection falls on modernity, and therefore friends and like-minded people are perceived as a generation of heroes who consciously chose their own path, foreseeing that only memory will be the reward for fighters against autocracy. The morale of them must be supported by the consciousness that they are fulfilling a great mission - they awaken Russia from an age-old sleep, bring closer the rising of the luminary, whose ray will disperse the "thickened darkness", "eternal darkness" (AN Radishchev. "Liberty", stanza 54 ) bondage. In this they become like the very "creator" of the world, create a new reality (ibid.). Their special gift is the ability to perceive the captivity of their tragic fate as true happiness:
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
The star of captivating happiness
Russia will rise from sleep
And on the wreckage of autocracy
They will write our names!
The last statement is highlighted due to two features: an ascending intonation and a through rhyme (on, our, names), consonant with the masculine rhymes of the previous quatrain (she, sleep). The sentence is not finished in it, the fifth, final line is its continuation. There is a transfer effect (a stylistic device consisting in accentuating a word located on the border of the lines included in one sentence, but divided metrically as parts that make up a stanza; here there is no breakdown into stanzas, the poem is divided into quatrains in connection with the rhyme scheme, the appearance of the pentacle violates her, which contributes to the selection of the "extra" line). Attention is drawn to the significance of the opposing side, the enemy in the battle for the freedom of the motherland is autocracy, embodying the power of evil, hated by the lyrical hero (“the fatal oppression of power” is an image that continues generalizations in Pushkin’s ode “Liberty”: “unrighteous power” the “fatal” misfortune of the people life "everywhere", stanza 3).
Is it possible, when speaking about the freedom-loving lyrics of Pushkin, to replace the concept of "lyrical hero" with the word "author"? Undoubtedly, they are close, the attitude outlined in the poems was characteristic of those representatives of the Pushkin generation who saw the purpose of their lives in opposing social tendencies unacceptable to them, in supporting the interests of the oppressed strata. Autobiography is also obvious due to the fact that the message is addressed to a specific person, Pushkin's elder friend P.Ya. Chaadaev (1794-1856). The poet met him in 1816, when he was still a lyceum student, and Chaadaev graduated from Moscow University and then entered military service. As a hussar officer, he participated in the Patriotic War (in the Borodino, Tarutino, Leipzig and other battles). After the war, he returned to the capital, where he became famous as a person sharply critical of the existing social order. Chaadaev was a member of the Decembrist Northern Society, but while abroad in 1823-1826, he did not take part in the uprising. Impressions from meetings with this bright personality were reflected not only in the lyrics of Pushkin, but also in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit", the prototype of the protagonist of which was Chaadaev (the name Chatsky is an echo of his name). Several Pushkin's poems are dedicated to him, showing how highly the poet valued his friend. There was much in common in their socio-political views, Chaadaev could be called the lyrical hero of the message, a comrade in the fight against the "fatal power". In another poem, he is compared with the one who participated in the assassination of the Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar and who led the Republicans in opposition to the second triumvirate M.Yu. Brutus, as well as with the Athenian leader of the democratic group Pericles:
He is higher by the will of heaven
Born in the shackles of the royal service.
He would be Brutus in Rome, Pericles in Athens,
And here he is a hussar officer.
("To the portrait of Chaadaev", 1820)
When analyzing, it should be noted that Pushkin gave friendship with Chaadaev great importance, speaking of her as "happiness" (entry in the "Chisinau Diary", April 1821), in this connection it is not accidental that he is addressed in the message as someone whose name will be on a par with others in the description generation, "burning" with freedom. And yet neither the author nor Chaadaev is depicted in the poem in all the complexity of their spiritual world. In the foreground was one of his features, it is the main focus. The peculiarities of the worldview of the fighters for the arrival of the "chosen" day (A.N. Radishchev) of liberation are prototypical for creating the image of a lyrical hero perceived in the context of this work, similar to the characters of Pushkin's poems, other images of freedom-loving lyrics, each of which nevertheless retains originality. Even between the authors' faces in the ode "Liberty" and in the message "To Chaadaev" there is a difference due to the difference in artistic purposes.
If the ode lyrical hero seeks to confirm educational truths using historical examples, expressing his personal attitude to the vices of power and the longsuffering of its slaves, then in a message to a friend it is important to determine the origins of the community between them. They are connected primarily by emotional (from Latin "excitement") factors. Chief among them is the delight of the consciousness that the fate of the heroes awaits them, that they have a road of "honor" in front of them, an activity that will bring fame. All the values learned in early adolescence, pale before the new attitude to struggle with fate itself ("fatal" force). The desire to prove their love for the motherland by sacrificial service to it "burns" in them, hope turns into "languor of hope", glory will make them known to descendants. All this is not a deception of a childhood dream, but a dangerous reality, but accepted by an "impatient soul" with a joyful expectation of a "right date".
Poetic artistic means, used in the poem, made it possible to highlight the dominant in the perception of the world. It is important not only for characterizing the figurative structure of this message, but also in general in order to characterize the lyric hero of Pushkin's early poetry. Freedom for him - necessary condition life, the impulse to her is beautiful, despite the fact that she cannot be reached like a star. The key metaphor of the message ("the star of captivating happiness") emphasizes the similarities between the spiritual and social planes. No matter how far ideal aspirations are from everyday life, a person is assessed by a lyrical hero depending on the ability to subordinate his life to the achievement of lofty goals, to sacrifice youth to a common cause, abandoning excellent aspirations if they contradict him. Thus, already in the early lyrics, one can see the assertion of the correctness of life, history, to cognize which is the task of a thinking person, and to express the beauty of the laws of the world is the happiness of the artist. At the same time, for the lyrical hero Pushkin, a person is important in all the uniqueness of his thoughts and feelings, directing volitional efforts to overcome imperfection, which he perceives as injustice, the domination of darkness. He seeks to bring happiness to people by opening the way to light, a star that ascends ("it will rise") above the earthly community of people, like the sun. The dawn, imperceptible to many people immersed in their worries, is anticipated by those who are confident in its imminent coming, but the lyric hero is ready to tirelessly prove its inevitability, to find new colors to outline what has fallen to their lot. These are sacrifices, losses, suffering, but also the acquisition of the meaning of life, "captivating happiness."