Anthropogenic factors
environments introduced into nature human activities changes affecting organic world(see Ecology).
By remaking nature and adapting it to his needs, man changes the habitat of animals and plants, thereby affecting their life. The impact can be indirect or direct. Indirect impact carried out by changing landscapes - climate, physical condition and the chemistry of the atmosphere and water bodies, the structure of the earth's surface, soil, vegetation and animal population. Great importance acquires an increase in radioactivity as a result of the development of the atomic industry and especially tests of atomic weapons. A person consciously and unconsciously destroys or displaces some types of plants and animals, spreads others or creates for them favorable conditions... For cultivated plants and domestic animals, man has created a largely new environment, multiplying the productivity of developed lands. But this ruled out the possibility of the existence of many wild species... The increase in the population of the Earth and the development of science and technology have led to the fact that in modern conditions it is very difficult to find areas not affected by human activity (virgin forests, meadows, steppes, etc.). Improper plowing of land and excessive grazing of livestock not only led to the death of natural communities, but also intensified water and wind erosion of soils and shallowing of rivers. At the same time, the emergence of villages and cities created favorable conditions for the existence of many species of animals and plants (see Synanthropic organisms). The development of industry did not necessarily lead to the impoverishment of wildlife, but often contributed to the emergence of new forms of animals and plants. The development of transport and other means of communication contributed to the spread of both useful and many harmful species of plants and animals (see Anthropochoria).
Direct impact is directed directly to living organisms. For example, unsustainable fishing and hunting have dramatically reduced the number of species. The growing force and the accelerating rate of change in nature by man make it necessary to protect it (see Nature Conservation). Purposeful, conscious transformation of nature by man with penetration into the microcosm and space marks, according to V. I. Vernadsky (1944), the formation of the "noosphere" - the shell of the Earth, changed by man. Lit .: Vernadsky V.I., Biosphere, t. 1-2, L., 1926; his, Biogeochemical Essays (1922-1932), M.-L., 1940; N.P. Naumov, Animal Ecology, 2nd ed., M., 1963; Dubinin NP, Evolution of populations and radiation, M., 1966; Blagosklonov K.N., Inozemtsov A.A., Tikhomirov V.N., Nature Protection, M., 1967.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Anthropogenic factors" are in other dictionaries:
Factors owing their origin to human activities. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet encyclopedia... I.I. Grandpa. 1989. Anthropogenic factors due to their origin ... ... Ecological Dictionary
A set of environmental factors caused by accidental or deliberate human activity during the period of its existence. Types of anthropogenic factors Physical use atomic energy, moving in trains and planes, ... ... Wikipedia
Anthropogenic factors- * anthropogenic factors * anthropogenic factors driving forces of processes occurring in nature, which by their origin are associated with human activity and influence on the environment. The summed action of A. f. is embodied in ... ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary
The forms of activity of human society, which lead to a change in nature as the habitat of man himself and other types of living beings, or directly affect their lives. (Source: "Microbiology: glossary of terms", Firsov N.N. ... Microbiology Dictionary
The result of human impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities. Anthropogenic factors can be divided into 3 groups: direct impact on the environment as a result of a sudden, ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- factors due to human activity ... Dictionary of botanical terms
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- environment, factors due to households. human activities and affecting the incoming environment. Their impact can be direct, for example. deterioration of the structure and depletion of soils due to repeated processing, or indirect, for example. relief changes, ... ... Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary
Anthropogenic factors- (gr. - factors arising through the fault of a person) are the causes and conditions created (or arising) as a result of human activities that Negative influence on the environment and human health. So, the products of some industrial ... ... Fundamentals of Spiritual Culture (Teacher's Encyclopedic Dictionary)
anthropogenic factors- environment, factors caused by human economic activity and affecting natural environment... Their impact can be direct, for example, deterioration of the structure and depletion of soils due to repeated processing, or indirect, for example, ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary
Anthropogenic factors- a group of factors due to the influence of a person and his economic activity on plants, animals and other natural components ... Theoretical aspects and the basics environmental problem: interpreter of words and ideomatic expressions
Books
- Forest soils of European Russia. Biotic and anthropogenic factors of formation, MV Bobrovsky. The monograph presents the results of the analysis of extensive factual material on the structure of soils in the forest areas of European Russia from the forest-steppe to the northern taiga. Features considered ...
Environmental factors are all environmental factors that act on the body. They are divided into 3 groups:
The best factor value for the organism is called optimal(optimum point), for example, optimum temperature air for a person - 22º.
Anthropogenic factors
Human influences change the environment too quickly. This leads to the fact that many species become rare and die out. Biological diversity decreases because of this.
For example, consequences of deforestation:
- The habitat for forest dwellers (animals, mushrooms, lichens, grasses) is being destroyed. They can disappear completely (decrease in biodiversity).
- The forest with its roots holds the top fertile layer of the soil. Without support, the soil can be carried away by the wind (you get a desert) or water (you get ravines).
- A forest evaporates a lot of water from the surface of its leaves. If you remove the forest, the air humidity in the area will decrease, and the soil moisture will increase (a swamp may form).
1. Choose three options. What anthropogenic factors affect the number of wild boars in the forest community?
1) an increase in the number of predators
2) shooting animals
3) feeding animals
4) the spread of infectious diseases
5) cutting down trees
6) harsh weather conditions in winter
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What anthropogenic factors affect the population size of May lily of the valley in the forest community?
1) cutting down trees
2) increased shading
4) collecting wild plants
5) low temperature air in winter
6) trampling the soil
Answer
3. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What processes in nature are attributed to anthropogenic factors?
1) destruction of the ozone layer
2) daily change in illumination
3) competition in the population
4) accumulation of herbicides in the soil
5) the relationship between predators and their prey
6) increased greenhouse effect
Answer
4. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What anthropogenic factors affect the number of plants listed in the Red Book?
1) destruction of the environment of their life
2) increased shading
3) lack of moisture in the summer
4) expansion of the areas of agrocenoses
5) sharp drops temperatures
6) trampling the soil
Answer
5. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Anthropogenic environmental factors include
1) making organic fertilizers into the soil
2) decrease in illumination in water bodies with depth
3) precipitation
4) thinning pine seedlings
5) cessation of volcanic activity
6) shallowing of rivers as a result of deforestation
Answer
6. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What ecological disturbances in the biosphere are caused by anthropogenic interference?
1) destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere
2) seasonal changes in the illumination of the land surface
3) decline in the number of cetaceans
4) the accumulation of heavy metals in the bodies of organisms near highways
5) accumulation of humus in the soil as a result of leaf fall
6) accumulation sedimentary rocks in the bowels of the oceans
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the example and the group of environmental factors that it illustrates: 1) biotic, 2) abiotic
A) overgrowth of the pond with duckweed
B) an increase in the number of fish fry
C) eating fish fry by a swimming beetle
D) ice formation
D) flushing mineral fertilizers into the river
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the process taking place in the forest biocenosis and the ecological factor that it characterizes: 1) biotic, 2) abiotic
A) the relationship between aphids and ladybirds
B) waterlogging of the soil
C) daily change in illumination
D) competition between species of thrush
D) increase in air humidity
E) the effect of the tinder fungus on birch
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between examples and environmental factors that are illustrated by these examples: 1) abiotic, 2) biotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) increasing the pressure of atmospheric air
B) change in the relief of the ecosystem caused by an earthquake
C) change in the population of hares as a result of the epidemic
D) interaction between wolves in a pack
E) competition for territory between pine trees in the forest
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of the environmental factor and its type: 1) biotic, 2) abiotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) ultraviolet radiation
B) drying up of reservoirs during a drought
C) animal migration
D) pollination of plants by bees
E) photoperiodism
E) decrease in the number of squirrels in lean years
Answer
Answer
6ph. Establish a correspondence between examples and environmental factors that are illustrated by these examples: 1) abiotic, 2) biotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) an increase in soil acidity caused by a volcanic eruption
B) change in the relief of the meadow biogeocenosis after the flood
C) change in the population of wild boars as a result of the epidemic
D) interaction between aspens in the forest ecosystem
E) competition for territory between male tigers
Answer
7ph. Establish a correspondence between environmental factors and groups of factors: 1) biotic, 2) abiotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) daily fluctuations in air temperature
B) changing the length of the day
C) predator-prey relationship
D) symbiosis of algae and fungus in lichen
E) change in the humidity of the environment
Answer
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between examples and environmental factors, which are illustrated by these examples: 1) Biotic, 2) Abiotic, 3) Anthropogenic. Write down the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) Autumn leaf fall
B) Planting trees in the park
C) The formation of nitric acid in the soil during a thunderstorm
D) Illumination
E) Struggle for resources in the population
E) Emissions of freons into the atmosphere
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between examples and environmental factors: 1) abiotic, 2) biotic, 3) anthropogenic. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) change gas composition atmosphere
B) the spread of plant seeds by animals
C) human drainage of swamps
D) an increase in the number of consumers in the biocenosis
D) changing seasons
E) deforestation
Answer
Answer
Answer
1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down in the numbers under which they are indicated. The following factors lead to a decrease in the number of squirrels in the coniferous forest:
1) downsizing birds of prey and mammals
2) cutting conifers trees
3) harvest spruce cones after a warm dry summer
4) increased activity of predators
5) outbreak of epidemics
6) deep snow cover in winter
Answer
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The destruction of forests in large areas leads to
1) an increase in the amount of harmful nitrogen impurities in the atmosphere
2) violation of the ozone layer
3) violation of the water regime
4) change of biogeocenoses
5) violation of the direction of air flows
6) reduction in species diversity
Answer
1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Indicate biotic factors among the environmental factors.
1) flood
2) competition between individuals of the species
3) lowering the temperature
4) predation
5) lack of light
6) the formation of mycorrhiza
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Biotic factors include
1) predation
2) forest fire
3) competition between individuals of different species
4) temperature rise
5) the formation of mycorrhiza
6) lack of moisture
Answer
1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Which of the listed environmental factors are abiotic?
1) air temperature
2) greenhouse gas pollution
3) the presence of non-recyclable waste
4) the presence of a road
5) illumination
6) oxygen concentration
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Abiotic factors include:
1) Seasonal bird migration
2) Volcanic eruption
3) The appearance of a tornado
4) Building by beavers of platinum
5) Ozone formation during a thunderstorm
6) Deforestation
Answer
3. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the answer. The abiotic components of the steppe ecosystem include:
1) herbaceous vegetation
2) wind erosion
3) mineral composition soil
4) precipitation mode
5) the species composition of microorganisms
6) seasonal livestock grazing
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What environmental factors can be limiting for brown trout?
1) fresh water
2) oxygen content less than 1.6 mg / l
3) water temperature +29 degrees
4) water salinity
5) the illumination of the reservoir
6) the speed of the river
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the environmental factor and the group to which it belongs: 1) anthropogenic, 2) abiotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) artificial irrigation of land
B) the fall of the meteorite
C) plowing virgin lands
D) spring flood
E) construction of a dam
E) the movement of clouds
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the environment and the ecological factor: 1) anthropogenic, 2) abiotic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) deforestation
B) tropical showers
C) melting glaciers
D) forest plantations
D) drainage of swamps
E) an increase in the length of the day in spring
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The following anthropogenic factors can change the number of producers in an ecosystem:
1) collecting flowering plants
2) an increase in the number of first-order consumers
3) trampling of plants by tourists
4) reduction of soil moisture
5) cutting down hollow trees
6) an increase in the number of consumers of the second and third orders
Answer
Read the text. Choose three sentences that describe abiotic factors. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. (1) The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. (2) Light-loving plants, as a rule, have strongly dissected leaf blades, a large number of stomata in the epidermis. (3) The humidity of the environment is an important condition for the existence of living organisms. (4) In the course of evolution, plants have developed adaptations to maintain the body's water balance. (5) The content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is essential for living organisms.
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. With a sharp decline in the number of pollinating insects in the meadow over time
1) the number of insect pollinated plants is decreasing
2) the number of birds of prey is increasing
3) the number of herbivores is increasing
4) the number of wind-pollinated plants is increasing
5) the water horizon of the soil changes
6) the number of insectivorous birds is decreasing
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Anthropogenic factors are human-generated factors that affect the environment.
The whole story scientific and technological progress, in essence, is a combination of human transformation for his own purposes of natural environmental factors and the creation of new ones that did not exist in nature before.
Smelting metals from ores and manufacturing equipment is impossible without creating high temperatures, pressures, powerful electromagnetic fields. Receiving and saving high yields crops requires the production of fertilizers and funds chemical protection plants from pests and pathogens. Modern healthcare is unthinkable without chemo and physiotherapy. These examples can be multiplied.
Achievements of scientific and technological progress began to be used for political and economic purposes, which manifested itself in the extreme way in the creation of special environmental factors affecting a person and his property: from firearms to means of mass physical, chemical and biological impact.
On the other hand, in addition to such targeted factors, during operation and processing natural resources side chemical compounds and zones high levels physical factors. In a number of cases, these processes can be abrupt in nature (in the conditions of accidents and disasters) with severe environmental and material consequences. Hence, it was required to create ways and means of protecting a person from dangerous and harmful factors.
In a simplified form, an indicative classification of anthropogenic environmental factors is shown in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3.
Classification of anthropogenic environmental factors
BOV - chemical warfare agents; Mass media - mass media.
Anthropogenic activity significantly affects climatic factors, changing their regimes. So, mass emissions into the atmosphere of solid and liquid particles from industrial enterprises can drastically change the dispersion mode solar radiation in the atmosphere and reduce the arrival of heat to the Earth's surface. Destruction of forests and other vegetation, creation of large artificial reservoirs on former territories land increases the reflection of energy, while dust pollution, such as snow and ice, on the contrary, increases absorption, which leads to their intense melting. Thus, the mesoclimate can change dramatically under the influence of man: it is clear that the climate North Africa in the distant past, when it was a huge oasis, it was significantly different from the current climate of the Sahara Desert.
The global consequences of anthropogenic activities, fraught with environmental disasters, are usually reduced to two hypothetical phenomena: greenhouse effect and nuclear winter.
The essence greenhouse effect is as follows. The sun's rays penetrate through the earth's atmosphere to the surface of the earth. However, the accumulation of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, water vapor, fluorine-chlorine-hydrocarbons (freons) in the atmosphere leads to the fact that the thermal long-wave radiation of the Earth is absorbed by the atmosphere. This leads to the accumulation of excess heat in the surface air layer, i.e., the thermal balance of the planet is disturbed. This effect is similar to what we see in greenhouses covered with glass or foil. As a result, the air temperature at the earth's surface may increase.
Currently, the annual increase in CO 2 content is estimated at 1-2 parts per million. Such a situation, as they believe, can lead already in the first half of the XXI century. to catastrophic climate changes, in particular to the massive melting of glaciers and the rise in the level of the World Ocean. The increasing rates of combustion of fossil fuels lead, on the one hand, to a steady, albeit slow, increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere, and on the other, to the accumulation (albeit still local and scattered) of atmospheric aerosol.
There is a debate among scientists about what consequences will prevail as a result of these processes (warming or cooling). But regardless of points of view, it is necessary to remember that the vital activity of human society is becoming, as V.I. Vernadsky, A.E. Fersman said, a powerful geological and geochemical force capable of significantly changing the ecological situation on a global scale.
Nuclear winter considered a possible consequence of nuclear (including local) wars. As a result nuclear explosions and the inevitable fires after them, the troposphere will be saturated with solid particles of dust and ash. The Earth will be closed (screened) from the sun's rays for many weeks and even months, that is, the so-called "nuclear night" will come. At the same time, as a result of the formation of nitrogen oxides, the ozone layer of the planet will be destroyed.
Shielding the Earth from solar radiation will lead to a strong decrease in temperature with an inevitable decrease in yields, mass death of living organisms, including humans, from cold and hunger. And those organisms that will be able to survive this situation until the transparency of the atmosphere is restored, they will be exposed to harsh ultraviolet radiation (due to the destruction of ozone) with an inevitable increase in the frequency of cancer and genetic diseases.
The processes associated with the consequences of a nuclear winter are currently the subject of mathematical and machine modeling by scientists in many countries. But mankind also has a natural model of such phenomena, which makes us take them very seriously.
Man practically does not affect the lithosphere, although the upper horizons crust are undergoing a strong transformation as a result of the exploitation of mineral deposits. There are projects (partly implemented) for burial in the depths of liquid and solid industrial waste. Such burials, as well as underground nuclear tests can initiate the so-called "induced" earthquakes.
It is quite understandable that the temperature stratification of water has a decisive effect on the placement of living organisms in water and on the transfer and dispersion of impurities coming from industrial enterprises, Agriculture, everyday life.
Human impact on the environment ultimately manifests itself in a change in the regime of many biotic and abiotic factors... Among anthropogenic factors, there are factors that provide direct influence on organisms (for example, fishing) and factors that indirectly affect organisms through the impact on habitats (for example, environmental pollution, destruction of vegetation cover, construction of dams). The specificity of anthropogenic factors is the difficulty of adapting living organisms to them. Organisms often do not have adaptive reactions to the action of anthropogenic factors due to the fact that these factors did not act during the evolutionary development of the species, or because the action of these factors exceeds the adaptive capabilities of the organism.
The scale of human activity has grown immeasurably over the past several hundred years, which means that new anthropogenic factors have appeared. Examples of the impact, the place and role of humanity in changing the habitat - all this will be discussed later in the article.
life?
Part of the nature of the Earth in which organisms live is their habitat. The resulting relationships, lifestyle, productivity, the number of creatures are studied by ecology. The main components of nature are distinguished: soil, water and air. There are organisms that are adapted to living in one environment or three, for example, coastal plants.
Individual elements interacting with living things and among themselves are environmental factors. Each of them is irreplaceable. But in recent decades, anthropogenic factors have acquired planetary significance. Although half a century ago, the influence of society on nature was not paid enough attention, but 150 years ago the science of ecology itself was in its infancy.
What are environmental factors?
All the diversity of the impact of society on the environment - these are anthropogenic factors. Examples of negative influences:
- reduction in mineral reserves;
- clearing of forests;
- soil pollution;
- hunting and fishing;
- extermination of wild species.
The positive influence of man on the biosphere is associated with environmental protection measures. Reforestation and afforestation, landscaping and landscaping are underway settlements, acclimatization of animals (mammals, birds, fish).
What is being done to improve the relationship between man and the biosphere?
The above examples of anthropogenic environmental factors, human intervention in nature indicate that the impact can be positive and negative. These characteristics are conditional, because a positive influence under changed conditions often becomes its opposite, that is, it acquires a negative connotation. The activities of the population are more likely to harm nature than benefit. This fact is explained by the violation of natural laws that have been in effect for millions of years.
Back in 1971, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) approved the International Biological Program called "Man and the Biosphere". Its main task was to study and prevent adverse changes in the environment. V last years adult and children's environmental organizations, scientific institutions are very concerned about the preservation of biological diversity.
How to improve the health of the environment?
We found out what the anthropogenic factor is in ecology, biology, geography and other sciences. Note that the well-being of human society, the life of the present and future generations of people depend on the quality and degree of influence of economic activity on the environment. It is necessary to reduce environmental risk associated with the ever-increasing negative role of anthropogenic factors.
Not even enough to keep the environment healthy, the researchers say. It can be unfavorable for human life with its previous biodiversity, but strong radiation, chemical and other types of pollution.
The link between health and the degree of influence of anthropogenic factors is obvious. To reduce them negative impact it is required to form a new attitude towards environment, responsibility for the prosperous existence of wildlife and the preservation of biodiversity.