Environmental risk management at the enterprise "Astrakhangazprom". Environmental risk management: existing approaches and standards

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level.

Real environmental risk it is customary to call the possibility (threats) of exceeding a given (including mandatory environmental standards or certain goals of an enterprise) emission level. He turns into economic risk when there is an excess of emissions by the enterprise of a level that is socially accepted and fixed in the standards. From the side of the controlling structures, economically sensitive sanctions appear for the enterprise, including the closure of the enterprise, an increase in costs due to an increase in taxation or the imposition of fines, a decrease in income, etc., which is a prerequisite for economic risk as the likelihood of sanctions due to exceeding the accepted level of environmental safety. Real environmental risk and arising from it economic risk, which together reflect a high degree of uncertainty, are called the environmental risk of the firm in the literature (see Figure 6.1.).

Exists two main situations under which the enterprise has environmental risks.

First- when both the occurrence of environmental damage and its consequences are not defined.

Second- when environmental damage has already occurred, but its economic consequences for the enterprise are not defined.

If the first situation is characterized by the presence of both environmental and economic risks, then the second by the presence of only economic risk. The first situation corresponds to potential environmental damage, the second - actual.

Rice. 6.1. Relationship between ecological and economic

enterprise risk

This distinction is significant, as these two situations require different strategies and tools for managing environmental risks.

At the root of environmental risk management at the enterprise level is the relationship between the basic types of risks and the corresponding damages (see Figure 6.2.).

Rice. 6.2. The relationship between the main types of risks and the corresponding damages as the basis of enterprise risk management(Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K., 2006)

A prerequisite for effective risk management in an enterprise is also the availability of a well-functioning information system in the form of environmental balances, scenario analysis, methods for studying the consequences of technologies, environmental audit data, EIA, etc. At the same time, appropriate training of the entire organization and personnel of the enterprise is also important.

Features of risk management in relation to the presented (see Fig. 6.2.) Classification of environmental risks are presented in Fig. 6.3.

Rice. 6.3. Main varieties and features

risk management

(according to Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K., 2006)

Risk management in different situations can be done as follows (according to Fig. 6.2.) (according to Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K. Economics of environmental management and environmental management, 2006 ᴦ.)

Risk management for case A2. In this case, we are dealing with scientifically measured potential environmental damage. The enterprise has the following options for risk management. It is important to note that for the case of the current production avoidance or reduction of possible risk(when transporting radioactive waste, this is achievable by avoiding the transport itself, ᴛ.ᴇ. either by processing the waste at the place of its generation, or by increasing the level of safety and reliability of the means of transport, or by using clean technologies that exclude the formation of the waste itself, etc.).

Also possible redistribution of environmental risks between the enterprise itself and stakeholders (for example, by forming protective zones around a potentially hazardous facility) or concluding agreements with firms specializing in the performance of production and technological operations associated with significant risks. Wherein stakeholders may be considered physical or legal entities which, on the one hand, have the ability to influence the economic entity in the process of implementing their goals, and on the other hand, they themselves experience the impact of the decisions made by the entity.

Risk management for case A1. Subjectively presented potential environmental risks, in principle, arise as a result of an asymmetric distribution of information between an economic entity and stakeholders. For this reason, the main task is to overcome (reduce) this asymmetry. According to O.I. Williamson (see: ), the means of solving this problem are signaling and related improving the company's reputation.

Under signaling it is customary to understand the behavior of an economic entity͵ opposite to opportunistic (ᴛ.ᴇ. pursuing selfish interests), ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ allows to convince stakeholders of the company's real readiness to solve its environmental problems. Examples signaling there are:

Verifiable self-limitations or environmental obligations;

Long-term environmental investments that bind the economic entity (for example, in the construction of water protection facilities);

Environmental sponsoring (financial support for environmental organizations and initiatives);

Conditional contracts (for example, a commitment by a car company to re-engineer cars if a country introduces more stringent exhaust gas standards).

All of these signals should confirm the seriousness of the environmental intentions and actions of the company and thereby influence the public's perception of the environmental risks associated with its activities.

The reputation improvement strategy includes as one of the possibilities signaling, as well as various forms ʼʼPublicRelationʼʼ.Another means of improving the environmental reputation of an economic entity is the purchase by it of the so-called sustainable portfolio, for example, the purchase by an energy company of shares in a company engaged in recycling or waste processing.

Risk management for cases B1 and B2. Here, damage that either has occurred or is highly likely to occur is considered as actual. This type of risk management is mainly based on use and formation of adequate institutions to regulate the relationship between the enterprise and stakeholders and, in particular, to regulate the exchange process occurring within these relations. So, by concluding employment contracts between the administration and the staff of the company, compensation can be provided in the form of bonuses to wages the impact on health of unfavorable working conditions, and thereby reduce or eliminate the uncertainty for the economic entity ͵ associated with the possibility of claims from workers for compensation for damage caused) to their health. In a similar way, the institutions that regulate the relationship of the firm with its political and administrative external environment also function. An example is the licenses (permits) issued to an enterprise for pollution (within certain limits) of the environment. natural environment. A similar role is played by EIA and environmental impact assessment of projects. The latter, including both state and public evaluation of the project and confirming the feasibility (from the economic, social and environmental aspects) of its implementation, also acts as a means of regulating relations between the investor and the relevant stakeholders and managing the corresponding risks. The risk management tool in this sense is the certification of EM systems for their compliance with ISO 14 000 (or EMAS).

Along with fairly well-established institutions that make it possible to manage this type of environmental risk, there is a large group of stakeholders with whom relations do not have such a degree of certainty (for example, various kinds of informal environmental organizations, local communities, etc.). To regulate relations with them, it is necessary to develop innovative institutions. In this case, we are talking about the formation of bilateral and multilateral transactional relations. Bilateral transactions cover the contractual relationship between an economic entity and its various stakeholders. At the same time, the design of contracts is determined by the economic entity and stakeholders independently, without direct connection with the formalized institutions existing in society (environmental licenses, certificates, standards, etc.).

An example of multilateral transactions is the institution of informal discussions, where representatives of various public bodies and firms exchange their positions (views) to develop agreed perspectives for solving a particular environmental problem.

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Environmental risk management at the enterprise level." 2017, 2018.

It's been a long time since I've been asked to write about environmental risk management. I still refuse, because "the position of the author may not coincide with the opinion of the editors." But in my livejournal, I think it is still possible to write about it.

I will make a reservation right away that we will not talk about such things as “risk assessment for public health”, which is required of nature users, in particular, SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 “Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects.” This is a slightly different topic. Here there is a place to be scientific research and such research is a kind of "high matter" subject only to scientists from the State Research Institute of ECH and GOS named after. A.N. Sysin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (State Institution Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) and those who joined them. I will talk about more mundane things, such as corporate risk management as applied to activities in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

In general, with the concept of "risk management" (including the Wikipedia description at the link above), the situation is approximately the same as with many other economic and management practices. A rather elementary thing, which was covered with various clever terms, to such an extent that to the uninitiated it seems to be something from the realm of science fiction about how spaceships plow the expanses of the Bolshoi Theater. But, in fact, everything is quite elementary.

Did you know that almost your entire life is all about risk management?

Let's start with a little theory and definitions, and then I'll try to tell on my fingers what it is and what it is eaten with. So:

Risk - uncertainty of occurrence of the event, s help positively (opportunities) or negatively (threats) affect the achievement of established goals.

Sounds smart. Let's decompose this definition into more understandable expressions and move on to examples.

“Uncertainty about the occurrence of an event” - “What is the probability of meeting a dinosaur on the street? 50 to 50 - either I meet or I don’t meet ”(a joke about a blonde)

“Able to positively (opportunities) or negatively (threats) influence the achievement of established goals” - “Who does not take risks does not drink champagne” (folk wisdom, voiced, I don’t remember who).

Here we still need to make a lyrical digression. This is usually not written in books on risk management, but it must be understood. Every event has its causes and consequences. Risk events are no exception. Moreover, one risk event can have a lot of reasons, and a lot of consequences.

You manage risks on a daily basis in various situations. You just don't always know what you're doing. As an example, let's take the risk of being hit by a car while crossing the road. In this case, a risky event is the very contact of the mortal bodies of a pedestrian with an aggressively designed radiator grill of a product of the domestic or foreign automobile industry.

The consequences of this event can be many:

Death of a pedestrian and a driver (do you think this does not happen?);

Death is only a pedestrian;

Pedestrian disability;

Severe bodily injury to a pedestrian that does not lead to disability;

Light and moderate bodily injuries;

The absence of any bodily injury (got off with a slight fright);

Etc. (in fact, there are a lot of options, including the death of the driver from a cardiac arrest with a slight fright of a pedestrian).

There can also be many reasons for this event:

You run across the Moscow Ring Road;

The driver ignored the traffic light;

The driver mixed up the gas and brake pedal;

Etc. (up to the point that you fell asleep on the go, crossing the road).

Actually, in order not to be hit by a car, you perform the simplest set the rules that your parents taught you in early childhood and which were deposited under your cerebral cortex, including:

Do not cross the road in the wrong place;

Wait for a green traffic signal for pedestrians before crossing the road;

Make sure that drivers let you through, even when the traffic light is green;

When crossing the road, look around and do not lose vigilance;

Etc.

In general, this simplest set of rules is risk management.

Let's look at this example from this angle.

In the first step, you define your goal: to live to be 100 years old and care for your great-grandchildren while remaining of sound mind and sound memory, not being confined to a wheelchair.

Then you determine what might prevent you from achieving your goal: death, disability, etc.

Then you define an event that can lead to a consequence that prevents you from reaching your goal: in this case, while crossing the road, being hit by a car.

Actually, the whole chain of “cause-event-consequence” is a risk.

Well, in the final stage, you determine the activities that minimize the possibility offensive events: wait for the green, look around.

It is risk management through prevention of occurrence. Those. your goal in this case is to minimize the possibility of the event occurring.

There are also other risk management methods:

Risk aversion - just never cross the road at all;

Mitigation prevention - well, let's say, walk in hockey gear so that if the car does hit, the injuries are the least severe;

The method of acceptance is to do nothing, it will bring down and to hell with it, one more, one less, what's the difference compared to the World Revolution?

The method of hedging or insurance is to insure your life and health for a tidy sum, so that if you fail to get (or the family will receive, depending on the result) a solid amount of money.

Risk transfer method - in this case, it is difficult to come up with an example of managing risk by transferring it. but, in general, the meaning is this: you are standing on one side of the street, and you need to buy cigarettes on the other side. You give 10 rubles to a bum who crosses the road back and forth and brings you cigarettes. Those. the risk of being hit by a car is not you, but he, and you pay him for it, respectively.

Actually, here are the main methods of risk management.

Accordingly, the purpose of the risk management system is quite simple:

Identify risk events, their consequences and causes (also called risk factors).
Assess the risk - i.e. decide for yourself how significant the consequences of the occurrence of the event are and how likely the occurrence of a risky event is due to the listed reasons (well, for example, from the mentioned one, how likely it is to fall asleep on the move, crossing the road).
Choose the best method to manage each risk.
Develop risk management activities within the framework of the selected method.
Control the implementation of activities and monitor the occurrence of a risk event.

The most commonly used methods are insurance and prevention. With insurance, everything is more or less clear, so let's take a closer look at prevention, because it is often this method that is called "risk management".

There is such a diagram, conventionally called the "bow tie" model:

Pretty good drawing. There is a risk factor (graphically depicted as a rectangle labeled "CAUSES"), there is a risk event (red circle in the center), there are consequences (rectangle with the appropriate label).

It should be explained a little. The very reasons for the occurrence of a risk event are the arrows connecting the “REASONS” rectangle and the red circle. And the CAUSES box is a risk factor. Those. this is the activity in which risk events can occur. In our example - a trip to the store, for example.

So, we have carried out the first stage - risk assessment. We know the probability of our risk event occurring. And we know the degree of influence of the consequences of a risky event on the achievement of our goals. At the third stage, we determined that the most appropriate management method for us is risk prevention. In general, the risk management system considers this stage in great detail. There are risk matrices with different parameters. There are various indicators, for example, the integral value of risk. And much more. But today I'm not writing a book about risk management, but a small (ha ha ha!) post on LiveJournal. Thus, I will skip the details of this stage and focus on the fact that we decided to deal with risk prevention. Those. our goal in the context of the risk management system is to minimize the likelihood of a risk event and minimize the consequences of its occurrence. I emphasize. Minimization. Not an exception, but a minimization, since we are talking about risk prevention and not other management methods. Those. when we cross the road, even if we have completed all the activities, and we are walking in hockey equipment, the car can still knock us down. What's next?

That is, roughly speaking, our activities should be a kind of "blocks" on the way of the development of the situation in two directions. "Blocks" between causes and risk events and "blocks" between risk event and consequences.

On the fingers (for example, a pedestrian and a car):

Risk event: car hits a pedestrian.

Cause:the driver ignores the traffic signal.

"Block": make sure the driver is giving way to a pedestrian, and not just following the green traffic light.

Consequence: pedestrian death.

“Block”: put on hockey protective ammunition and a titanium helmet (as a result, instead of the death of a pedestrian, we will get, for example, serious bodily injuries - i.e., severity reduction of consequences)

Thus, we act for all possible causes and consequences. It is important that such "blocks" should be developed in both directions. Several times I came across the approach that it is necessary to influence only the causes. Well, if a risky event did come, then mournfully crawl towards the cemetery. Wicked approach. Hockey equipment and a helmet on your head will not affect whether you get hit by a car or not, but if you do have them, it can help minimize the consequences. But if you don’t have it, and the “block” between the cause and the risky event is “broken”, then ... (this is not a call to wear a helmet, this is just an example to illustrate a general idea).

And it is also important that the “blocks” for the consequences must be developed before the onset of a risk event, otherwise, it is no longer risk management, but crisis management.

Accordingly, after the development of such "blocks" - measures, it is necessary to monitor their implementation, etc. This is already an operational activity in the field of risk management, which should also be considered by the risk management system. But I will not dwell on this in detail either, but will finally move on to the main thing - to risk management in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

In fact, the entire environmental management system, as built in accordance with ISO -14001, and built in accordance with the personal understanding of this system by a specific contractor, contains elements of a risk management system.

It is necessary to understand that the goal of an ecologist working in a completely real sector of the economy is not an abstract “let's protect nature, our mother”. Its goal is to increase the competitiveness of its employer in the field of environmental protection (including by improving the reputation of the employer in the eyes of a variety of "green" parasites of the public), reduce the losses and costs of his employer in the field of environmental protection and nature management (I will continue to write "ecology", although this is methodologically incorrect, but simply shorter), and, possibly, extracting additional "environmental" profits (well, for example, trading in air quotas of greenhouse gases in accordance with the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol). Let's not be hypocritical, because our goal is exactly this, although we understand that when it is achieved, we, in fact, reduce the anthropogenic load and, ultimately, "save nature, our mother." But we are paid not for the green birch under the window, but for very specific production and financial indicators.

From here, in fact, you need to dance.

Knowing the goals, we may well determine the negative consequences of certain events that can lead to, for example:

Deterioration of the reputation of the company / enterprise in the eyes of the public, the state, partners, customers, etc., due to the image of “dirty” production (subsequently - financial losses due, for example, to a reduction in the sales market for products);

Financial losses due to fines, lawsuits, etc., due to the failure to receive the expected "environmental" profit.

Accordingly, our further task is to identify risk events that can lead to these consequences. There is one subtlety here related to the “non-ideal” of our world. If we draw an analogy with our tired example, about a car and a pedestrian, we often do not have pedestrian crossings and traffic lights - there is only one continuous MKAD, which, nevertheless, still needs to be crossed.

What do I want to say? In an “ideal world” where all exposure and other environmental requirements are met, the risk event would be non-compliance. Everything is clear here. But in Russia, non-compliance with established standards is now the rule rather than the exception. This is due to many reasons, the main of which are outdated equipment and technologies and the imperfection of domestic environmental legislation, which establishes such standards that cannot be achieved even theoretically.

In this case, risk events will not exceed the established standards (this will be one of the causes of a risk event, the objective reality in which we exist), but events of a different kind, leading to negative consequences. Everything here is quite individual for each enterprise, therefore, I will not paint examples.

Accordingly, one of the "blocks" on the reasons If a risk event occurs in such a case (I will specify the case: the enterprise has excess emissions into the atmosphere), there will be measures aimed at reducing emissions.

In general, in this way we work out all possible risk events. For each company there may be huge number both “ideal” (the requirement of the law is currently being met, the risk event is non-compliance with the requirement of the law) and “non-ideal” (the requirement is not met - this is the objective reality, the risk event is the application of additional measures, except for those that are already applied to enterprise) risks.

And for each we develop measures of influence - both on the causes and on the consequences. Naturally, if we chose risk prevention as a management method.

In general, if you know ISO -14001, you will notice a lot of similarities. The only thing is that the movement is carried out from the other side. If in ISO when developing and implementing a system, the vector of actions goes from activity to its results, then in risk management, on the contrary, from results (from the discrepancy between the result and the planned one) to activity.

Therefore, if you already have an EMS (Environmental Management System) in place, it will not be difficult for you to implement a risk management system. Although, of course, it is most correct to implement both systems simultaneously, integrating them one into the other. And, of course, it is very good if the enterprise already has a corporate risk management system with clearly approved methods and indicators (I didn’t dwell on the indicators in principle, since this is a purely subjective thing for each enterprise).

And finally, a few practical "hints".

A document is drawn up for each risk. I used to call it "risk profile" (eng. risk profile ). This document should contain all information about the identified risk, including the methods and results of its assessment, the proposed management method, and specific impact measures (with indication of deadlines and responsible persons).

for instance, the “non-ideal” risk profile may contain the following information:

Risk: failure to implement measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.

Possible consequences :

Withdrawal/non-issuance of ECB. Increase in the payment for emissions by ___ rubles (payment for excess emissions using kit 25);

Revocation/non-issuance of an emission permit. Increase in the payment for emissions by ___ rubles (payment for the entire volume of emissions using kit 25) with subsequent escalation;

Order to reduce emissions to the level of MPE. Decrease in production by ___ tons / unit. products.

A court decision to suspend the activities of an enterprise for up to 90 days. Loss of __ tons / unit. products.

Criminal prosecution of company officials.

An increase in the number of speeches by Greenpeace activists, a decrease in the company's reputation, and a reduction in the sales market for products.

Possible reasons:

Making a managerial decision not to implement measures in connection with the global world name of the Leninist proletariat;

Disruption of supplies of equipment by suppliers;

Unrestrained drunkenness locksmith Pupkin ...

Suggested control method:

Risk Prevention

Suggested risk management activities:

….

Etc. All the necessary indicators are there. As a result, having received such a document, the head of the enterprise will at least scratch his head before sequestering the budget for the construction of new treatment plants.

In general, I probably told. If there are any questions, I will try to answer.

And most importantly. It must be understood that the environmental risk management system should be part of the corporate risk management system, which, in turn, should be part of the overall management system. As a last resort, the environmental risk management system should be part of the corporate management system (if there is no corporate risk management system). All governance structures should be involved in it. Otherwise, the very fact of identifying and assessing risks will not be enough for their effective management. It will be just a useless toy.

Well, the last. The environmental risk management system is unlikely to exist independently of the environmental management system. And about the basics of creating (including in terms of risk management) an environmental service, I once said.

Environmental risk management

The task of environmental risk management is probably the most difficult task in risk theory. This is due to the complex mechanism of formation of environmental risks of all kinds, including the interaction of human economic activity, biotopes and biocenoses in a certain territory. So far, formal methods of risk analysis, assessment, and forecasting have often turned out to be inapplicable due to the small volume of background information about potential damages and their links with ecological and environmental factors. In such conditions, universal heuristic methods of risk management should be used, and are being used.

First of all, the method of avoiding risk should be used. This means that environmentally risky experiments to introduce alien organisms for their economic exploitation cannot be carried out. This can and often does lead to unpredictable environmental risks of the first kind. Prominent examples are the introduction of rabbits to Australia and the resettlement of African bees in South America. Both experiments were dictated by economic considerations, and it is worth describing them in more detail.

Rabbits were introduced to Australia and released into the wild shortly after colonization. The main driving motive was the desire to breed them in new territories in conditions wildlife with the aim of developing the fur industry in the new English colony, which was then seen as a possible locomotive of the colony's economy. At first, the business went great. Rabbits multiplied very quickly in Australia because they did not have dominant predators. The rabbit population grew exponentially. The extraction of rabbit furs brought enormous incomes. However, this did not last long. The demand for rabbit fur in England plummeted and rabbits lost their economic importance. The locomotive of the colony's economy was Agriculture, to which the rabbit population began to cause enormous damage. Attempts to destroy the now harmful animal were unsuccessful. To date, Australian agriculture has suffered enormous damage from the rabbit population, which has become a first-class environmental risk factor. The initial economic benefit turned out to be much less than subsequent damages.

The story of the introduction of a colony of African bees to Brazil also began with good economic wishes: the desire to save the Brazilian honey industry from an economic disaster. In this industry, the costs were too high, and the return of honey from the bees seemed too small. It was necessary to increase the percentage of return of honey from bees in any way, for example, by using more honey bees. There are two main subspecies of honey bees: the European honey bee and the African honey bee. The African bee brings a lot of honey, but is extremely aggressive and has not been used in beekeeping. The European bee produces much less honey, but is less aggressive and does not attack humans and animals. In beekeeping, it is the European bee that is used. Attempts by breeders to get a hybrid of African and European bees with useful qualities in the form of increased return of honey and acceptable aggressiveness did not lead to success.

Under these conditions, in 1956, a single Brazilian biologist and beekeeper brought a family of African bees to Brazil, confident that in natural conditions such a hybrid is formed by itself. What biologists didn't do in the lab, he thought, would happen automatically in the wild in Brazil. He releases this family into the wild and begins to observe her. His hopes were not justified. The hybrid didn't work. Moreover, African bees began to actively crowd out European bees throughout Brazil. The reasons lay in the biological differences in the reproduction of African and European bees, which were not known at the time of the migration of African bees to Brazil. These differences were clarified through subtle research much later, when the threat of the African bee was realized in the USA.

A decade later, there were no European bees in Brazil, and Brazilian beekeepers were forced to learn how to manage wild African bees. Over the next forty years, they learned this at the cost of hundreds of human lives and a huge number of dead. livestock. Brazil's honey industry has moved from 27th place in the global rankings to sixth. It seems that the experiment was a success, albeit at a high price. However, everything turned out to be not so simple. African bees began their expansion to the north, spreading to the territories of neighboring states, where there was no need at all to replace European bees with African ones. Moreover, in some of them there was no honey industry at all, and African bees represented a first-class pure environmental risk factor for human life and health.

A fierce struggle began with the African bees in order to limit their advance to the north. Cunning methods and traps were used, tens of millions of dollars were spent and thousands of people were involved. These works were financed by many states, but mainly by the United States, which understood the danger of African bees entering their territory. Nothing helped. By the early 1990s, African bees had reached the United States and were a significant type 1 net environmental hazard in the southern states. The first human casualties appeared. To date, their number is in the hundreds. African bees inspire panic in the US population and seriously interfere with business. In particular, some airports turned out to be inhabited by African bees and serious costs were required to displace them. Entire cities and towns were exposed to this environmental threat of the first kind. An African bee control industry emerged in the southern states of the United States. In an interview 50 years later, the biologist who brought African bees to Brazil acknowledged the results of his experiment as extremely unsuccessful and asked for forgiveness from the families of the dead people. He repeatedly repeated that he wanted only good for his country and would never repeat his mistake if he had guessed about its consequences.

Of course, there are examples of successful experiments on the importation of alien organisms for their subsequent economic exploitation. Almost all agriculture is actively using the selection and breeding of previously alien plants and animals in new territories. However, in the vast majority of cases, such work is supervised by the competent authorities, and environmental risks of the first kind are under the control of specialists. A serious risk appears in the case of voluntaristic decisions in pursuit of momentary economic benefits. Unfortunately, the economic transition in Russia is conducive to just such experiments. There is also a significant number of independent entrepreneurs who are ready to risk the introduction of new, alien organisms, without realizing the consequences of such actions.

Environmental risks are divided according to their origin into risks of the first, second, third and fourth kind. They are managed different ways. However, they have one thing in common. Environmental risk management should fit into the general system of managing the economic activity of a certain territory, i.e. this issue is the prerogative of the government sector, which sets the rules of the game for the commercial sector and the population. In such conditions, the main method of managing environmental risks is the repressive direction. However, in Russia at present, it is the environmental legislation that is practically absent and has been replaced by environmental protection legislation. Moreover, the concept of environmental risks is not included in the concept of general territory management, which has negative consequences for all sectors of risk actors. The procedure for making managerial decisions for territories within the Russian Federation does not provide for the assessment of environmental risks at all; there is no control in this respect.

The commercial sector is actually responsible for the very existence of environmental risks of the second, third kind and should have to bear them in full. However, in practice there is no such readiness. Moreover, often in the commercial sector there is no understanding of exactly environmental damage and only environmental risks are recognized. Enterprises are willing to pay for pollution and nothing more. They are not ready to pay for the consequences of these pollution impacts on ecosystems, human life and health. Obviously, in this case, they would have to compensate for much greater damages, the validity of which could be much higher. Accepting the concept of compensation for environmental rather than environmental damage would mean failure for many enterprises.

An important method for managing Type 2 and Type 3 environmental risks for the commercial sector is environmental insurance. It may be mandatory or voluntary. In Russia, for hazardous industries, there is a list of activities and facilities that are subject to mandatory environmental insurance. However, the practice of such insurance runs into difficulties in adequately assessing environmental risks, as well as in the reliability of the insurance companies themselves.

The population, for which environmental risks of the second and third kind can be quite high, have different ways of managing these risks. In countries with a developed civil society, where the government is forced to reckon with public opinion, targeted campaigns and actions play a huge role. The power of these controlling influences can reach the international arena. Under authoritarian or corrupt governments, the palette of legitimate actions by the population to assert their rights is much narrower, if not non-existent. For the population, the main method of managing environmental risks is to reduce the negative consequences of the economic activity of enterprises by choosing a place of residence, influencing the commercial sector and the government sector through actions, including with the help of non-profit environmental organizations. It can be said that in Russia over the past 10 years, the ecological self-awareness of the population has grown significantly and continues to grow.

Management of environmental risks of the fourth kind is carried out on the basis of compensatory methods, among which the main place is occupied by lawsuits against the perpetrators of negative events that led to economic damage through the deterioration of environmental characteristics in the vicinity of economic objects. Such lawsuits are the main weapon in the tourism industry, hunting grounds, and the fishing industry. It is also possible to insure environmental risks of the fourth kind in the presence of a developed insurance system within the country.

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subject: Environmental Economics

Environmental risk management

Introduction

1. Environmental safety

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

1.2 Legal support environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Man by nature strives for a state of security and wants to make his existence as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, we are constantly in a world of risks. The threat comes from both criminogenic elements and a beloved government capable of pursuing unpredictable policies, there is a risk of contracting an infectious disease, the risk of a military conflict, the risk of an accident. Today, all this is perceived naturally and does not seem like something far-fetched, because all these events that threaten our security are quite probable and, moreover, have already happened in our memory. Therefore, preventive measures are being taken to reduce these risks, and everyone is able to name them.

V Lately the threat to the safety and comfortable existence of a person begins to come from the unfavorable state of the environment. First of all, it is a health risk. Now there is no doubt that environmental pollution can cause a number of environmentally caused diseases and, in general, leads to a reduction in the average life expectancy of people exposed to environmental influences. adverse factors. It is the expected average life expectancy of people that is the main criterion for environmental safety.

As the main method of safety analysis, the modern methodology of risk analysis widely accepted in the world, officially recognized by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, was used. This methodology makes it possible to objectively and quantitatively assess the risks to human health associated with the presence in the atmospheric air, surface waters and food harmful substances different nature - chemical carcinogens and toxins, radioactive substances. Detailed pilot projects implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in the most disadvantaged cities have led to sad conclusions (section "Environmental Risks"): The levels of risk associated with pollution by chemically harmful substances are tens, hundreds and thousands of times higher than the levels that are considered socially acceptable in developed countries.

1. Environmental safety

We also note that the concept of "environmental safety" is applicable to many realities. For example, the environmental safety of the population of a city or even an entire state, there is an environmental safety of technologies and industries. Environmental safety concerns industry, agriculture and communal services, services, international relations. In other words, environmental safety is firmly embedded in our lives, and its importance and relevance is increasing year by year.

Speaking of hazard factors, sometimes a distinction is made between man-made and environmental hazards. Environmental hazard refers to environmental impacts, as a result of which changes in the environment may occur and, as a result, the conditions for the existence of man and society may change. But on a global scale, natural sources of danger are now relatively small compared to anthropogenic ones. Moreover, a person quickly learns to predict and prevent them.

Environmental safety is a set of measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of modern industrial production and emissions into the atmosphere. Environmental security is the state of protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural impacts on environment. The concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management that makes it possible to predict, prevent, and, in case of occurrence, eliminate the development of emergency situations. Environmental security is implemented at the global, regional and local levels. The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and tracking processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and its constituent areas. In the second half of the 20th century, these processes are expressed in global climate change, the occurrence of the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the ozone screen, the desertification of the planet and the pollution of the oceans.

The essence of global control and management is in the preservation and restoration of the natural mechanism of reproduction of the environment by the biosphere, which is directed by the totality of the living organisms that make up the biosphere.

Management of global environmental security is the prerogative of interstate relations at the level of the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and others international organization management methods at this level include the adoption of international acts on the protection of the environment on a biosphere scale, the implementation of interstate environmental programs, the creation of intergovernmental forces to eliminate environmental disasters of a natural or anthropogenic nature.

At the global level, a number of environmental problems of an international scale have been solved. A great success of the international community has been the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in all environments, except for underground testing so far. The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states. Control and management are carried out at the level of the government of the state and at the level of interstate relations (united Europe, the union of African states). At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:

ecologization of economies and new environmentally friendly technologies

maintaining the pace of economic development that does not hinder the restoration of environmental quality and promotes the rational use of natural resources.

The local level includes cities, districts, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, mining and defense industries, as well as control of emissions, effluents, etc.

Environmental safety management is carried out at the level of the administration of individual cities, regions, enterprises with the involvement of relevant services responsible for the sanitary condition and environmental protection. The solution of specific local problems determines the possibility of achieving the goal of managing environmental safety at the regional and global levels.

The goal of management is achieved while observing the principle of transferring information about the state of the environment from the local to the regional and global levels. Regardless of the level of environmental safety management, the objects of management are necessarily the environment, i.e., complexes natural ecosystems, and socio-natural ecosystems. That is why an analysis of the economy, finances, resources, legal issues, administrative measures, education and culture.

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

The scientific literature and various advisory and regulatory documents contain many private safety criteria, including environmental safety. At the same time, it is often impossible to judge which of these criteria can be used to make a final judgment about the safety of a particular object. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use a small number of integral safety criteria and obtain a generalized assessment of the state of the object on their basis. For the ecosphere and its parts - biomes, regions, landscapes, i.e. more or less large territorial natural complexes, including administrative entities, can serve as the level of ecological-economic, or natural-production parity, i.e. the degree of compliance of the total technogenic load on the territory with its ecological technical capacity - the ultimate endurance in relation to damaging technogenic impacts. For individual ecological systems, the main safety criteria are the integrity, preservation of their species composition, biodiversity and the structure of internal relationships. Similar criteria apply to technical and economic systems. Finally, for individuals, the main criterion for safety is the preservation of health and normal life.

1.2 Legal support of environmental safety

A wide range of issues of ensuring environmental safety since the early nineties has been reflected Russian legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and environmental protection. Intensively developing legislation in the period from 1993 to 1996, led to the emergence of new laws governing safety relations at enterprises. This applies to issues of labor protection, fire safety, emergencies and others. This group of laws includes "Fundamentals of labor protection legislation", federal laws "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies", "On fire safety", "On environmental expertise" and others. As a result, safety relations for enterprises, where accidents can occur with negligible probability and the consequences of these accidents practically do not pose a danger to the population and the environment, are sufficiently regulated by the current legislation. Among the laws belonging to this group, the regulation of relations on environmental insurance is represented by the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Organization of Insurance Business in Russian Federation".

The first of them considers environmental insurance as one of the methods economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (Chapter IV, Article 18):

Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal and individuals for environmental risks.

In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out. Moreover, it should be noted that state insurance is carried out by insurance organizations of any form of ownership, but at the expense of funds provided from the relevant budget (Article 927 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The Law of the Russian Federation "On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation" was largely absorbed by the Civil Code and actually regulates only the organizational aspects of insurance. Legal support for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is carried out on the basis of federal law and. by-laws, mainly the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

man-made danger environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. Environmental risk - the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies

Environmental risk is characterized by the following regulatory levels: acceptable environmental risk is a risk whose level is justified in terms of both environmental and economic, social and other problems in a particular society and at a particular time.

Maximum acceptable environmental risk - the maximum level of acceptable environmental risk. It is determined by the totality of adverse environmental effects and should not be exceeded regardless of the interests of economic or social systems.

Negligible environmental risk - the minimum level of acceptable environmental risk. The environmental risk is at the level of fluctuations in the background risk level or is defined as 1% of the maximum permissible environmental risk. In turn, the background risk is the risk due to the presence of the effects of nature and social environment human habitat. The concept of individual environmental risk is widely used. This is a risk that is usually identified with the likelihood that a person will experience adverse environmental impacts in the course of their life. Individual environmental risk characterizes the environmental hazard at a certain point where the individual is located, i.e. characterizes the distribution of risk in space. This concept can be widely used to quantify areas affected by negative factors.

Thus, the concept of environmental risk allows for a wide class of phenomena and processes to give a quantitative description of environmental hazards. It is this quality of risk assessment that is of interest to environmental insurance.

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

In the last 2-3 decades, the concept of environmental risk has been widely used to describe the interaction between hazardous environmental impacts and environmental objects. Opportunity quantitative analysis programs and measures to ensure environmental safety is a serious argument that contributes to the increasing use of the concept of environmental risk in the activities of various organizations, including insurance companies.

Consider a number of basic concepts and definitions related to the assessment and management of environmental risks:

An environmental risk assessment is a scientific study in which facts and scientific forecast are used to evaluate the potentially harmful effects on the environment of various pollutants and other agents:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects, as well as their interactions; the external environment in which the nature user operates;

natural environment, nature - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - land, bowels, soils, surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and its non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

favorable environment - the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

adverse impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic and other activities as energy sources, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or amount of which have negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also - environmental standards) - established standards for the quality of the environment and standards for permissible impact on it, subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems is ensured and biological diversity is preserved;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and under which a favorable environment is ensured;

standards for permissible environmental impact - standards that are established in accordance with indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and under which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the value of the permissible total impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas, and subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and biodiversity conservation;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also - the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - the standards that are established for business and other activities in accordance with the indicators of the mass of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to which environmental quality standards are ensured. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in environment and non-observance of which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems. Ecological impact on the environment - any negative or positive change in the environment, wholly or partially resulting from the activities of the organization - nature user, its products or services.

Environmental aspects - elements of the activities of the organization, its products or services, as a result of which an environmental impact may occur;

Environmental factors - quantitative or qualitative assessments of environmental impacts, characterized by spatial and temporal scale, harmfulness, toxicity of substances, severity of physical impacts,

Environmental hazard - the potential threat of any adverse environmental impact effect;

Excessive environmental hazard - an environmental hazard with such a level of environmental factors that violates the conformity of the habitat of wildlife objects with their innate and acquired properties;

Environmental damage - damage to the environment from an adverse impact, expressed in physical terms;

The price of environmental risk is the cumulative effect of environmental and economic damage to the environment, which may result from environmental risk;

Environmental risk management is a risk analysis procedure, as a result of which, based on the assessment of environmental risk, a decision is made on the acceptability of the value and minimization of the cost of environmental risk.

Environmental risk management is a decision-making procedure that takes into account the assessment of environmental risk, as well as the technological and economic possibilities for its prevention. Risk communication is also included in this process. Risk management scheme. To analyze the risk and establish its allowable limits in connection with the safety requirements for making management decisions, it is necessary to:

availability of an information system that allows you to quickly monitor existing sources of danger and the state of objects of possible damage, in particular, statistical material on environmental epidemiology

information about the proposed directions economic activity, projects and technical solutions that may affect the level of environmental safety, as well as programs for the likely assessment of the risk associated with them

safety review and comparison of alternative projects and technologies that are sources of risk

development of a technical and economic strategy for increasing safety and determining the optimal cost structure to manage the magnitude of the risk and reduce it to an acceptable level from a social, economic and environmental point of view making risk forecasts and analytically determining the level of risk at which the growth in the number of environmental damage stops formation organizational structures, expert systems and normative documents designed to perform the specified functions and decision-making procedures.

Influencing public opinion and advocating scientific data on environmental risk levels in order to target objective rather than emotional or populist risk assessments. In accordance with the principle of diminishing risks, an important control tool is the risk substitution procedure. According to it, the risk introduced new technology, is socially acceptable if its use contributes less to the overall risk to which people are exposed, compared with the use of another, alternative technique that solves the same economic problem.

This concept is closely related to the problem of environmental adequacy of production quality. The concept of risk combines at least two probabilities: the probability of an adverse impact and the probability of damage, losses caused by this impact to environmental objects and the population. Risk means the likelihood of a particular effect occurring over a certain time or under certain circumstances. However, risk is distinct from both the likelihood of impact and the likelihood of harm being caused. The risk may be close to zero, despite the fact that the probability of an unfavorable event (permanent negative factors) or the probability of defeat is close to one. In general, the risk value varies from zero to one. Risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of a hazard; accordingly, environmental risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of the environmental hazard of adverse environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The security of the Russian Federation is understood as the qualitative state of society and the state, which ensures the protection of every person living on the territory of the Russian Federation, his rights and civil liberties, as well as the reliability of the existence and sustainable development of Russia, the protection of its basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, constitutional system and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external enemies. This is a typical definition of security for our country, more precisely - state security. It can be reduced to a short formula: "a state of protection from danger."

Safety complex system is determined not only by the subjects of protection or factors of external security, how much intrinsic properties- stability, reliability, ability to autoregulate. To the greatest extent, this applies specifically to environmental safety. A person, society, state cannot be guarantors of their own ecological safety as long as they continue to violate the stability and biotic regulation of the natural environment.

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production waste, causing degradation of the environment and damaging the health of the population, remains the most acute environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For an objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of various and diverse nature, a risk methodology has been actively developed in recent decades abroad and in Russia. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of this exposure. The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. In the field of practical risk analysis associated with exposure to chemical hazardous substances, work is just beginning.

Bibliography

1. Akimova T.S., V.V. Haskin., Ecology textbook, Moscow, Unity, 1999

2. Life safety, Textbook, ed. E.A. Arustamova, ed. house "Damkov and K", Moscow, 2000

3. Life safety, Textbook, ed. S.V. Belova, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakov. Moscow, "High School" 1999,

4. Grishin A.S., V.N. Novikov, Environmental safety study guide, "Grand", Moscow, 2000

5. Ecology and life safety, textbook, ed. L.A. Ant, "Unity", Moscow, 2000

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Environmental risk management at the enterprise "Astrakhangazprom". Environmental risk management: existing approaches and standards

Environmental risk management

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