Masonry technology consists of several masonry work processes, including such elements as setting orders, supplying bricks and mortar, laying bricks in a structure, checking the correctness of the completed part of the masonry and other elements.
♣ Setting orders.
♣ Installation and relocation of the berth.
♣ Feeding bricks and placing them on the wall.
♣ Shoveling, feeding and spreading as well as leveling mortar on the wall.
♣ Laying bricks into the structure (backed up and versts)
♣ Checking the correctness of the completed part of the masonry.
♣ Sewing masonry joints (if necessary).
♣ Cutting and cutting of bricks (if necessary).
♣ Quality control of brickwork.
1. Setting orders
Ordering is a metal or wooden plank on which rows of brickwork are marked with risks or holes. An auxiliary worker or bricklayer is installed in the corners in an upright position. The orders can also be installed, if desired, at the intersection of walls and also after 10-12 m along the front of the work.
Figure # 1. Fastening the metal order. Method of supplying bricks to the wall
1-masonry, 2-ordering, 3-bracket, 4-clamping screw, 5-mooring.
Method of supplying bricks to the wall:
a-removal of the top pair of bricks,
b-layout one by one.
Risks or holes made in the order must coincide with the design heights of the masonry joints, which are checked with a level. After the orders have been established on them with chalk or a soft granite pencil, mark the marks of the door and window openings, niches and beams. Figure 1 shows an example of the installation of a metal ordering on the corner of a house. Wooden ordering is usually fastened with nails that are hammered into the seams of the masonry.
2. Pulling on the dock
The dock is a twisted cord used to check the straightness and horizontalness of masonry masonry rows. The mooring is pulled on each row when laying the outer verst, and when laying the inner verst, it is placed every 3-4 rows in height. Attach the mooring to the wall and necessarily to the orders at the level of the rows of rows. In order to attach a metal pier to the wall (to the already laid out section of masonry), use metal bracket... To do this, hammer the sharp end of the bracket into the seam of the masonry and tie a mooring to the blunt end resting on the brickwork.
thus, the mooring should be at the level of the upper edge of the brick of the stacked row at a distance of 2-3 mm outward from the plane of the wall. To eliminate the sagging of the dock, it should be well pulled and a lighthouse is placed under it wooden brick and press it on top with another ordinary brick.
As a lighthouse brick, a wooden block is used with a thickness at one end slightly less than 77 mm (brick + seam), and somewhat larger at the other. By pushing the bar relative to the plane of the wall, the bricklayer compensates for the height deviations of the masonry of the laid row, setting the stretched mooring to the required level.
3. Feeding bricks and placing them on the wall.
The supply of bricks and their layout on the wall is carried out by an auxiliary worker. To supply bricks, he takes a stack of bricks in the amount of 4-6 bricks and sets the bricks on the wall for laying the butt row of the outer verst to the inner verst perpendicular to the axis of the wall. Then he removes the top pair of bricks (see Figure 1, a and b) and sets it for laying the butt row, also perpendicular to the wall axis at a distance of 12 cm from the bottom pair.
For laying a spoon row, the upper pair of bricks is placed next to the lower one along the axis of the wall and at the same time, with both hands, remove the two upper bricks and place them next to the lower ones also along the axis of the wall (Figure No. 3, b). For laying the inner verst, the layout is performed in the same way, but on the outer verst.
4. Supply and spreading of mortar
It is known that the prepared solution after a certain time loses its homogeneity due to the evaporation of moisture from the upper surface and the settling of a coarse fraction of sand. Therefore, the mortar is mixed with a shovel before being fed to the wall (see Figure No. 3). In this case, the solution should be laid in an even layer in the form of a bed of approximately oval shape and the required width.
Figure # 2. Supply of mortar to the wall with a shovel.
a-unfolding the garden,
b-leveling the beds,
in-leveling mortar for backing up.
If the laying is carried out in a washer, the mortar should be spread, retreating from the edge of the wall by 2-3 cm, and when laying under the jointing from the edge of the wall, they are retreating by 1 cm. cm, while the height of the mortar bed is made 2.5-3 cm, and the length is 70-80 cm. The solution is spread under the spoon with the side edge of the shovel, and under the butt rows of the masonry with the front edge.
When laying a backbone, the solution should be thrown into a trough formed by verst rows of masonry. Such a solution should be leveled with the back of a shovel. When laying the pillars, the solution is fed to the middle of the pillar and leveled with a trowel. you should also level the mortar with a trowel when laying interior walls with big amount channels.
Brick laying technology
5. Laying bricks for mortar in verst rows
Brick laying in verst rows is done mainly in three ways:
2. Laying of bricks with adhesion.
3. Laying bricks in a semi-buried way.
Figure # 3. Laying bricks with a press-on technique.
a - the beginning of the reception, b - planting the brick in place, c - cutting the mortar.
Next, we will describe these three main methods and reveal all the secrets of laying bricks in mile rows. brick walls with the obligatory filling of vertical seams, as well as columns and brick pillars, can be done by pressing (see figure No. 3). right hand or left (if he is left-handed).
With the help of a trowel, the bricklayer evens out the mortar and rakes up a part of the masonry mortar with an edge to the previously laid brick (see Figure No. 3, a). Then he takes a second brick from the wall and puts it on the mortar, pressing it against the trowel canvas, which he then removes from the seam with a movement up (see figure # 3, b).
After that, the bricklayer settles the brick on the bed and aligns it along the dock to the previously laid bricks. After laying about 4-5 bricks, the bricklayer cuts off the excess mortar squeezed out of the horizontal and vertical joints onto the face of the wall with the edge of the trowel (see Figure No. 3, c). This solution is then used in the masonry.
Figure No. 4. Laying bricks by means of adhesion
a - the beginning of the reception.
b-planting the brick in place.
In the presence of a plastic mortar, the bricklayer can insert the masonry under the joining using the second method - the filler (see picture no. 4). Holding a trowel in his right hand, the stone mason uses it to level the mortar. At this time, he takes a brick from the wall with his left hand and holding it at an angle (obliquely) relative to the masonry surface, approximately at a distance of 5-6 cm from the previously laid brick, rakes the spread mortar with a brick face to form a vertical seam in the masonry.
Then, moving the brick to the previously laid, the bricklayer straightens it gradually and presses it to the bed. Then he aligns the brick laid in the masonry with his left hand along the previously laid bricks and the mooring, and also upsets it. Excess cement mortar trimmed with a trowel, as when laying bricks in the press-on method.
Figure №5. Laying bricks in a backbone with a half-buried technique
a-the beginning of the reception, b-laying the bricks in place.
In a half-way method, the bricks are laid in the backing rows, while the bricklayer takes two bricks at once. The masonry process is as follows:
The bricklayer takes brick to the right and left hand and lays both bricks at once on a layer of mortar prepared between verst rows. At the same time, he settles the bricks into a level with verst rows, and fills the horizontal and vertical joints in the masonry with mortar.
Figure-4-a. Brick dressing schemes
a) - 1½ brick wall;
b) - a wall of 2 bricks;
1-poke; 2 spoons; 3-zabutka.
6.Decorating masonry seams
Figure №5. Joining seams
If the project provides for the joining of masonry seams, then an auxiliary worker should be engaged in this work. Joining is done using jointing, for this you must first join the vertical seams and then the horizontal ones. The seams of the masonry are first sewn with the wider part of the tool and then with the narrower part of the jointing. For convenience forefinger during operation must be on the back of the working part of the tool.
7. Cutting bricks
For the purpose of preparing halves, three-quarters, quarters necessary for use when bandaging seams in brickwork, use a hammer-pick. For this, the bricklayer measures right size bricks (uses pre-cut notches on the handle) and mark the stump line with a pencil or the blade of a hammer-pick.
Figure No. 6. Blank three-quarter
After that, with a light blow of a pick hammer, he makes a notch on one spoon edge of the brick, and then the same operation on the other. Then, with a strong blow from the blade of a hammer-pick, he cuts the brick along the marked line. When it is required to split a brick along, you should first apply light blows with a hammer-pick blade along all planes of the brick strictly along the stump line. Then the brick is split with a strong and sharp blow of the hammer-pick. Sometimes the easiest way is to use a grinder with a diamond blade for this purpose.
Quality control of brickwork
Before you start checking the quality of masonry, you should know the requirements for masonry. Masonry walls and others building structures made of brick must be carried out in compliance with the rules for the production and acceptance of work SNiP, part III-17-78. Strict observance of these rules ensures the required quality and durability.
Regardless of the dressing system, it is imperative to lay the stitch rows:
1. In the first (lower) and last (upper) rows of the structures being erected.
2. At the level of cutoffs (transitions to smaller sections) of pillars and walls.
3. In the protruding rows of masonry when arranging belts, cornices and other parts.
4. Under the supporting parts of floor slabs, beams, purlins and balconies as well as Mauerlats.
Bump rows as well as piers and brick pillars with a width of 2 ½ bricks or less must be built of whole bricks. The use of half-timber bricks is allowed only for the construction of lightly loaded brick structures and also for backbone. Horizontal as well as vertical transverse seams of brick masonry as well as all seams in walls, lintels and pillars (longitudinal, transverse, vertical and horizontal seams) are filled with mortar.
When doing brickwork, the depth of the joints not filled with mortar with front side allowed no more than 15 mm in walls and no more than 10 mm in posts (only in vertical joints). Deviations from the specified dimensions and sizes of masonry should not exceed the specified values specified in SNiP III-17-78 (Table 2).
Figure 7. Checking the quality of brickwork
The correctness of laying the corner of the wall can be checked using a square or a plumb line (see Figure 7 a and b). Rows of masonry are checked for horizontalness using a level or rule. As a rule, use wooden lath 2 meters long. In such cases, to determine the deviations of the masonry from the horizontal (see Figure 7, c), put the level on the rule and the rule on the masonry in a horizontal position.
The verticality of the corners of the masonry and surfaces can be checked with a plumb line (see Figure 7, d) or a level (Figure 7, e). The horizontal and vertical masonry should be checked at least twice for each meter of its height.
Brick has been used in construction since time immemorial, as evidenced by many historical sources. In fact, it was the first building module, that is, a unified product, moreover, made of "foot" material, which made it possible to solve many structural and architectural problems. But even today, brick has not lost its relevance. It is constantly evolving, improving the previous properties and acquiring new ones.
Years have no power over brick - houses built from it never become obsolete, they only acquire the noble stamp of time. And at the same time, the material has many advantages. It is strong, durable, stable, versatile. It is inherent good ability to air exchange, that is, the brick breathes and allows the inhabitants of the house to breathe. Brick walls slowly heat up and cool down slowly, keeping them warm in winter and cool in summer. Finally, they absorb excess moisture, after which they give their water "reserves" to the air, having a beneficial effect on the microclimate of the dwelling.
Brick - terms and definitions
By definition, a brick is a piece product designed for masonry. Depending on the composition and production technology brick can be ceramic or silicate. Ceramic brick made by firing (average temperature - about 1000 ° C) prepared and molded clay-sand mass. The content of impurities in raw materials is strictly limited. Foreign inclusions burn out during firing, which leads to the appearance of defects that negatively affect the strength and water absorption of the brick. At the same time, useful additives are introduced into the raw materials, which improve the quality of the final product. Unburned brick suitable only for the construction of non-bearing partitions. Burnt brick characterized by increased thermal conductivity and often has irregular shape... The technological mode of firing is set taking into account the chemical composition of the molding mass.
Meanwhile, the technical indicators of brick products must comply with the current standards set forth in GOST 530-07 “Ceramic bricks and stones. Specifications "and GOST 7484-78" Brick and ceramic facing stones. Technical conditions ". According to these regulatory documents the brick is assigned a grade for strength and frost resistance, as well as a density class, closely related to the thermal conductivity class.
In fairness, it is necessary to mention about silicate brick... It is made from quartz sand(90%) and lime (10%) with the addition of active ingredients. It has an important plus - a relatively low cost. However, this material is limited in use. He is afraid of water, it retains heat much worse than ceramic, and not everything is in order with air exchange.
Brick strength- the ability of the material to resist internal stresses without collapsing. For example, a brick of the M 100 brand is guaranteed to withstand a load of 100 kg / cm². For the masonry of the walls of two-, three-story houses, material of the M 100 and M 125 brands is usually used.
Frost resistance of bricks- the ability of the material to withstand alternating freezing and thawing in a water-saturated state. In low-rise construction, material of the F 25 - F 50 brand is mainly used (that is, withstanding 25-50 cycles), less often F 75.
Varieties of bricks
From the point of view of the field of application, ceramic bricks are divided into ordinary (building), front (finishing, facing, facade, decorative) and refractory (stove, chamotte). High-quality clinker bricks form a special category.
Used for laying exterior and interior walls for subsequent finishing. And its texture is appropriate - rough, and sometimes also with protrusions, so that the plaster holds better.
On the contrary, it is very sleek and neat. At the same time, the so-called textured brick with a relief in artistic performance is being produced. Exclusive products are “dressed” in glaze (colored glassy shell), engobe (special kind of clay) or two-layer “shirt”. In addition, you can buy "semi-antique" bricks - self made, with cute cracks and irregularities. For exterior decoration and masonry of a complex shape, a shaped brick is intended, which is also called figured or profile.
Furnace chambers of fireplaces and stoves are built of fireclay (stove) bricks... This material can withstand temperatures over 1000 ° C. It is made from special refractory clays. Fireclay bricks can be recognized by their sandy color and smooth surface. In addition, when tapped, it emits a characteristic metallic sound.
Refers to elite products. By the way, do you know where this name comes from? The name itself - clinker brick came to us from the German language. The word clinker itself, translated into Russian, just means brick. It is able to withstand the most severe tests: extreme weather conditions, exposure to acids, alkalis and salts, high blood pressure and intense wear. The clinker is extremely frost-resistant and durable. Produced in the richest colors... In addition, there are square and wedge-shaped bricks, as well as other clinker products (drainage and lawn grates, etc.). It is not surprising that this material is widely demanded not only in housing construction, but also in landscape design.
Hand-molded bricks
If a couple of years ago, for cladding houses and cottages, they preferred a smooth facing brick standard colors - yellow, red, white, brown. Now, with the arrival on Russian market hand-molded bricks, the trend has changed dramatically. Huge selection natural colors of clay allows you to build a house unlike any other. For example, hand-molded Belgian bricks are more than 850 options, and some types are even difficult to describe in one color.
This brick is also suitable for creating interior interiors and interior walls... Hand-molded bricks - environmentally friendly clean material, there are no dyes and additives in its composition. Guarantee period its operation for more than 100 years. It is resistant to sunlight, seasonal temperature changes and rainfall. An additional color of hand-molded brick cladding is given by masonry tinted mixtures, which can be matched to the color of the brick, and vice versa, played in contrast. The entire collection of hand-molded bricks also exists in the form of facing tiles with a thickness of 20 mm, which is convenient for designers or builders who are not allowed by the facade to use the dimensions of a full-fledged brick.
One of the novelties on the brick market - brick brand Zero(seamless brick, hand molded, manufactured by Vandersanden, Belgium) is now available in Russia. The innovation is that it has a special slurry recess on the upper side. Thus, there is no need for joint grouting, which results in a lower consumption of masonry mortar and minimizes the risk of contamination of the facade with masonry mortar.
Brick Zero does not require any special tools for masonry. To work with it, the basic qualifications of builders who work with traditional bricks are sufficient. The absence of such a stage as joining the facade (filling the joints between bricks) reduces the work time by 3 or more weeks, compared to other types of bricks. Provided a horizontal and vertical seam of 4 mm, the consumption of such bricks is approximately 90 pcs / m². The brick is available in 18 colors.
Standard sizes of bricks
Bricks vary in size. In our country, a basic standard has been established (according to GOST 530-2007 - normal format, NF): 250 x 120 x 65 mm. A brick of this size is called single... Further, there are products with increased geometric indicators: thickened one and a half(250 x 120 x 88 mm - 1.4 NF) and modular single(288 x 138 x 65 - 1.3 NF). Anything larger is ceramic stones... In other words, the popular double brick(250 x 120 x 140 mm - 2.1 NF) is actually a stone.
Products over 4.5 NF belong to large stones... The palm in this category belongs to a giant brick-stone measuring 510 x 250 x 219 mm (14.3 NF). Building from such bricks is a pleasure. The walls are growing by leaps and bounds. When erecting sections of complex shape, non-standard products are often required. Then the stones are sawn. It is best to use stationary saws with diamond blades for this. There is and hand tool... In practice, they usually use angle grinders (in common parlance "grinders") with discs on a stone.
European-made bricks do not fit into our standards. In GOST 530-2007, the Euro format is introduced: 250 x 85 x 65 mm (0.7 NF), but it is far from suitable for all foreign products.
There is also a measure of fireclay bricks: 230 x 113 x 65 mm or 230 x 123 x 65 mm. The enlarged size allows you to reduce the total area of the seams and make the inner surface of the furnace smoother.
Heat conservation and thermal conductivity of brick walls
For a long time, a house with walls of 2-2.5 bricks (that is, 510 and 640 mm thick) was the ultimate dream. The situation changed in the mid-90s, when Western ideas about heat saving prevailed in our country. According to the new requirements, walls made of solid bricks should have a thickness of 2 m (for climatic conditions middle lane). Of course, no one will build such citadels. It is necessary to clarify here. According to the current standards, the thermal resistance of a homogeneous enclosing structure, defined as the ratio of the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the wall material to the thickness of the wall in meters, must be at least the required resistance to heat transfer. The latter indicator depends on the climatic conditions of the area (the temperature of the coldest five-day period and other parameters).
There are three groups of brick products: ordinary brick(density 1700-1800 kg / m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.6-0.7 W / m ° С), conditionally effective brick(density 1400-1600 kg / m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.35-0.5 W / m ° C) and effective brick(density less than 1100 kg / m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.18-0.25 W / m ° С). The first group includes solid bricks. The second includes hollow bricks(the proportion of voids is 5-40%). By the way, facing products also have voids. The third group is formed by porous bricks, to which the heroic large-sized bricks-stones belong. A low coefficient of thermal conductivity is achieved due to closed air pores, as well as a special structure of the material with honeycomb-shaped voids. Labyrinths of winding partitions create serious obstacles to the "escaping" heat.
It is easy to calculate that only effective ceramics meet the norm (if we take into account walls 510 or 640 mm thick, covered with a solid layer of "warm" plaster mortar). The next stage in the development of porous ceramics is the use of special polyurethane foam, which allows masonry work to be carried out at negative temperatures (down to -10 ° C), that is, to continue high-quality construction in the winter.
Walls made of solid and conditionally effective bricks need additional insulation... There are three options for solving this problem: installation of a plastering thermal insulation system (the so-called wet method), installation of a hinged insulation system (known as a ventilated facade) and the construction of three-layer walls with a thermal insulation layer.
Brickwork
There are two main methods of masonry: single-row (chain) and multi-row dressing of seams. With chain dressing, the butt and spoon rows alternate so that the transverse horizontal seams are shifted relative to each other by a quarter of a brick, and the longitudinal seams by half a brick. The vertical seams in adjacent rows should also not coincide (a gap of at least a quarter of a brick). The chain system is considered to be simpler, more stable and more durable.
With a multi-row dressing, the stitch rows are laid through a certain number of spoon rows (the number depends on the thickness of the wall, but does not exceed six rows). Vertical and horizontal seams also overlap, but not in the same order as with a chain system. Reinforcement with steel meshes is used to strengthen the walls (after 3-5 rows). The dressing principle is also observed when laying structural elements (pillars, lintels).
To save bricks, reduce the weight of the building and increase the thermal performance of the outer walls, lightweight types of masonry are used - brick-concrete and hollow (well, with horizontal-brick diaphragms, etc.). In the first case, the main part of the block wall is tied with brick cladding... In the second case, two walls are erected in half a brick and lightweight concrete is poured between them. The function of anchors is performed by bricks laid with a poke (brick-concrete anchor masonry). With hollow masonry, the outer and inner walls are tied up with brick bridges (diaphragms). The voids are filled with expanded clay concrete or other lightweight concrete, slag, perlite sand and other bulk insulation. The well masonry is carried out according to the same principle, in which mortar-reinforcing diaphragms serve as connecting elements.
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It remains to add that the cladding is mounted according to its own, artistic laws. Over a centuries-old history, many methods of decorative masonry have been invented. To create facade compositions, they not only use various dressing systems (Gothic, Dutch, cross, etc.), but also vary the color of grouting, place bricks at an angle or on an edge (patterned and embossed masonry), arrange cornices, pilasters, etc.
Lightweight masonry must be used with extreme caution. In terms of strength and stability, such walls are noticeably inferior to homogeneous ones. In addition, during operation it is impossible to check what happens to the internal filling.
Link for bricks
The strength, reliability and durability of a brick structure largely depend on the quality of the masonry mortar. The most popular is cement-sand mixture... During the preparation of the solution, you need to follow the recipe exactly, mix sand, cement and water in certain proportions. All components must meet regulatory requirements. You can not use "dirty" sand (with clay and organic inclusions, small stones, etc.) or water simply taken from the nearest pond. However, unfortunately, on many private construction sites, such omissions are in the order of things.
At the same time, it is not always possible to order mortar at the nearest concrete plant or concrete-mortar unit. The best option- the use of ready-made dry mixes. In this case, you just need to add clean water in the amount indicated on the package. The composition of masonry mixtures includes high-quality cement, selected (fractional) sand and various active additives that increase the frost resistance, plasticity of the solution, as well as improve its technological properties (efficiency, workability, etc.).
1. First, the outer versts are laid. 2. The position of the bricks is carefully verified with the help of a tape measure and a mooring cord. 3. A forget is laid between the versts and the row is continued.
Seams are heat-conducting inclusions that reduce the thermal insulation capacity of a brick wall. To minimize this negative factor, special warm masonry mixes are used. The solution prepared from them in terms of its thermal performance is close to brick products.
And one more nuance. When laying conditionally efficient and effective bricks and stones, the solution flows into the voids and thereby creates cold bridges. Increasing the thickness of the joints to 10 mm leads to a decrease in the average thermal resistance of the structure by about 20%. To prevent this from happening, it is recommended to close the rows with a polymer mesh before applying the solution.
Today, the laying of brick walls is very popular. And all due to the fact that it is brick that is considered the most proven and reliable building material. Indeed, with its help, unique and reliable building structures are erected for many centuries.
Brickwork must be done with high quality so that the structure will serve for a long time.
Of course, in order to work with such a building material as brick, you must have a sufficiently high level of qualifications. After all, the technology of laying walls based on brick is very complex and has a lot of nuances that are known only to a professional in their field. So, naturally, you shouldn't think that a simple bricklaying manual will make you a highly professional worker. Experience is needed here. But! It is quite possible to help understand such a very complex concept as the brickwork of walls.
Varieties of bricks as a building material
There are two types of bricks in construction. This is a ceramic (clay) brick that has a slightly reddish or even orange tint, and a silicate analog white... As for the standards, they share:
Clamping brick laying scheme.
- single brick, size 250x120x65 mm;
- thickened brick, size 250x120x88 mm.
Although the first option is considered generally accepted standard and is the most popular material in the process of building walls. Regarding the weight characteristics, a brick is:
- Hollow or, in other words, lightweight, which has a unique ability to significantly ease the impact of the weight of the building material on the foundation. But, on the other hand, the wall thickness and thermal conductivity are somewhat reduced.
- Corpulent, which is completely opposite to the previous analogue.
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Positive and negative sides of brickwork
To begin with, it is worthwhile to understand that walls made of ceramic and silicate bricks have their own characteristics and characteristics.
Clay brick, especially if it is hollow, is much better than its silicate counterpart. Indeed, in this case, it is possible to significantly simplify the process of laying a brick wall, and even get a significantly higher level of thermal insulation of the room. Given the fact that bricks come in different sizes, we can safely say that the larger the sizes building material, the less you have to use the solution, so you can save.
Silicate brick has the ability to actively absorb moisture. Therefore, the rooms, the walls of which were made according to, will be much more humid. The high density of this building material also affects heat conservation, so the heat will not be stored for a long time.
As for the implementation of brick partitions, it is best to make them half a brick thick. But the disadvantage of using sand-lime brick is that its weight makes it necessary to build a massive foundation. At the same time, you should not rush to carry out finishing work in such a house. It is best to wait and only then proceed with the beauty of the premises.
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Required tools
Brickwork necessarily requires the use of a special set of tools. The most important element The organization of the technology of masonry construction of the wall is considered a trowel, often called a trowel among builders. To beat off a brick, you should buy a pickaxe hammer. And in order to make the most even and neat seam, it is necessary to use a jointing, which somewhat resembles a chisel. No brickwork process can be imagined without mortar, which is considered the link between each individual unit of such a building material as brick. Therefore, it is imperative to use a concrete mixer or a special construction perforator with a mixer. If it is necessary to provide an even horizontal brickwork at a great distance, then a hydro level can be used.
Wall masonry technology involves constant quality control of the work performed. To do this, use the following list of tools and materials:
- A level that helps keep control of the horizontal structure of the wall.
- A plumb line that monitors the verticality of the wall.
- Cord, thanks to which you can navigate while laying bricks.
- The rule is applied to permanently control the brickwork from the outside of the building.
- Ordering, which is mostly considered an additional tool for controlling the thickness of the seam and the number of rows in the masonry. It is securely attached to the surface of the wall being erected at the beginning of the masonry process and is removed only after the completion of construction work.
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Types of building masonry
Given the suture dressing system, there are:
- single row;
- multi-row;
- three-row.
Paying attention to filling the masonry, it is divided into:
- solid;
- lightweight.
Depending on the thickness of the wall structure, brickwork is divided into:
- half a brick;
- brick;
- one and a half bricks;
- two bricks;
- two and a half bricks.
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Basic bricklaying methods
Today, the technology of masonry walls involves several methods: press-on, end-to-end and end-to-end with trimming. In order to choose the most acceptable masonry option, it is worth considering a lot of factors. For example, pay attention to the characteristics of the masonry mortar and the condition of the brick; what time of year it is outside the window and what the weather conditions are; how will it be produced facing works from the front side of the wall structure and much more.
In any case, before you start laying brick walls, it is worth soaking the brick. This is done in order to eliminate the intake of water and moisture from the solution. And it is directly obliged to be carried out in a uniform manner along the perimeter of the structure so that the load on the base of the foundation is as equal as possible.
Most often builders use end-to-end masonry. At the same time, the masonry mortar should not be made very thick and should be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the wall. To produce a vertical seam along the edge of the wall, it is necessary to install a special small bed, in the middle of which the mortar thickness should not exceed 3 cm.Each individual brick should be laid flat and at a slight slope so that the distance between the brick and the previously laid unit is 8-10 cm.
In the process of this method of laying a brick in front of its edge, a significant accumulation of mortar is obtained. It is precisely this that can be easily distributed along the vertical and horizontal seam. Then the remnants of the masonry mortar are carefully picked up with a trowel and attached to its edge along the vertical side. In the event that you have to use a bonded or spoon version of the building material for laying brick walls, it is best to resort to using the press-on masonry method. In this case, it is necessary to organize the joining of the wall and to nail down a tight mortar for masonry.
In order to eliminate the possibility of thickening, it is necessary to lay the mortar with an indent from the wall by 10-15 cm.And to obtain the best effect, it is necessary to put each individual brick unit on the bed and gently press it with a cloth trowel. And then abruptly remove it, leaving a strictly fixed solution between the sides vertically near the bricks. The remaining excess masonry brick should be removed with a trowel. After that, you will get a brickwork with full seams.
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Basic requirements for mortar for luggage bricks
Important! In order for it to be observed in all respects, it is necessary not only to prepare a brick and a set of special tools, but also to make a binding mixture - a masonry mortar. Without which brick laying will be impossible.
The mortar consists of a certain amount of cement mortar and construction sand... The latter must be carefully sifted. Moreover, the plastic properties of the finished mortar and its mobility will depend on the ratio of these fundamental components, therefore the masonry mortar will not be so mobile when a lot of cement is added to it.
Sometimes you can also find a cement-lime and cement-clay version of the mortar for laying a brick wall. These recipes create a highly mobile mortar that is suitable for a particular masonry method. After all, it is much more convenient to work with this type of solution. But it is not appropriate in all cases. In order to determine the property of mobility of the masonry mortar, it is recommended to use the empirical method. In this case, it is worth taking a special reference cone, presented in the form metal model with dashes, and view the plasticity of the resulting solution along the immersion depth.
PROJECT OF WORK PRODUCTION
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALL BRICK
1. General part
1. General part
1.1 The main tasks of the development of PPR are:
- Organization of preparatory work;
- Determination of storage locations;
- Determination of the technological sequence, methods and methods of work;
- Ensuring labor safety.
1.2 According to SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production" clause 3.3, before the start of work, the general contractor must perform preparatory work on the organization of the construction site, necessary to ensure the safety of construction, including:
- Arrangement of fencing on the territory of the construction site on the territory of the organization;
- clearing the territory, planning the territory, drainage, surface preparation for the installation of scaffolding;
- temporary device highways, equip the entrances with wheel washing points, stands with fire-fighting equipment, information boards with marked entrances, entrances, the location of water sources, fire extinguishing means;
- delivery and placement on the construction site or outside of inventory sanitary, industrial and administrative buildings and structures;
- arrangement of storage areas for materials and structures.
The completion of the preparatory work must be accepted according to the act on the implementation of labor safety measures, drawn up in accordance with -2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements".
1.3 Basic standards and guidelines used in the development
- SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction", part 1;
- SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction", part 2;
- PPB-01-03 "Rules fire safety In Russian federation";
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Currently, one should be guided by the Fire Regulations in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.04.2012 N 390. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 N 87 "On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content";
- Decree of the Government of Moscow N 857-PP of December 7, 2004 "Rules for the preparation and production of earthworks, arrangement and maintenance of construction sites in Moscow";
- GOST 27321-87 "Rack attached scaffolding for construction and installation works. Technical conditions";
- GOST 24258-88 "Paving means. General specifications";
- SNiP 5.02.02-86 "Norms of the need for construction tools";
- POT RM 012-2000 "Interindustry rules for labor protection when working at height".
1.4 Work execution solutions:
- Brickwork of external walls (for window openings and balconies) is carried out from the ceiling and from the scaffolding;
- The brickwork of the inner walls is carried out from the inventory scaffold according to the grips, see sheets 2, 3.
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Sheets 2, 3 are in DWG format. See AUTOCAD tab. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.
2. Performance of work on the installation of scaffolding
Basic requirements for scaffolding
Forests must be registered in the log book in accordance with Appendix 3 GOST 24258-88; the log must be kept on site. The registration number must be marked in a conspicuous place on the scaffold structural member or on a plate attached to it.
Erection and dismantling of scaffolds must be carried out under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe performance of work, in accordance with the Project for the production of works for the installation scaffolding and the manufacturer's passport.
3. Safety solutions
3.1. General position
All work at the facility should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001. Part 1, SNiP 12-04-2002. Part 2. "Labor safety in construction". The organization of the construction site, work sites and workplaces must ensure the safety of workers at all stages of work.
Persons at least 18 years of age who are medically fit to perform these works, trained and instructed in accordance with the established procedure are allowed to work at heights when arranging and operating paving equipment. Persons admitted to work for the first time must work for a year under the direct supervision of a more experienced worker.
Before starting work on the installation of scaffolds, workers must receive a work permit for the production of these works for the period necessary to complete the entire volume of work.
The mass of scaffolding assembly elements per worker (when manually assembling the scaffold) per construction site, should not exceed 25 kg - when mounting and dismantling (paving means) at a height and 50 kg - when arranging them on the ground.
Scaffolding should be equipped with ladders or ladders for lifting and lowering people, located at a distance of no more than 40 m from each other, and for scaffolding less than 40 m in length, at least two ladders or ladders should be installed. The upper ends of ladders or ladders must be attached to the scaffold crossbars and the openings in the scaffolding flooring for exiting the stairs - fenced on three sides. The angle of inclination of the stairs to the horizon should not exceed 60 °, and the angle of ladders should not be more than 1: 3.
The technical condition of the forests is monitored before each shift and periodic inspections every 10 days. The results of the periodic inspections are noted in the journal. The strength and reliability of fasteners, floorings, fences, fixing devices that protect detachable connections from spontaneous disconnection, the condition of welds, deflections of racks and crossbars are checked.
Forests are subject to additional inspection after rain or thaw, which can reduce the bearing capacity of the foundation under them, as well as after mechanical stress. In case of deformation, the scaffolding must be repaired and re-accepted by the commission.
Fences and railings of the scaffolding must withstand a concentrated load equal to 40 kg, applied horizontally or vertically anywhere along the length of the rail.
Entrances to buildings (structures) under construction must be protected from above by a continuous canopy at least 2 m wide from the building wall. The angle between the canopy and the wall above the entrance should be between 70-75 °.
Scaffolding should be equipped with lightning protection devices and lightning conductors, consisting of a lightning rod, down conductor and grounding. The distance between the lightning rods should not exceed 20 m, and the grounding resistance should not exceed 15 ohms.
The scaffolds must be securely fixed to the walls of buildings along the entire height in accordance with the fastening schemes agreed with the scaffolding developer (when the fastening scheme deviates from the one indicated in the passport).
When installing (dismantling) scaffolding, it is prohibited:
- admission of people to the area where the scaffolding is being installed or dismantled.
- congestion of people on the scaffolding, more than 3 people in one place.
- dumping of scaffolding elements during their dismantling.
Scaffolding decks located above 1.0 m from the ground level must be fenced. The fence consists of a handrail located at a height of at least 1.1 m from the working floor, one intermediate horizontal element and a side board with a height of at least 15 cm. The gap between the floor boards should be no more than 5 mm.
On the scaffolding, posters with load placement schemes and their permissible values should be posted.
Work on outdoor scaffolding in a thunderstorm, wind speed of 15 m / s or more, heavy snowfall, fog, ice and other cases that threaten the safety of workers must be stopped.
3.2. Safety precautions in the production of stone work from scaffolding, remote platforms and floors
Working assemblers must be provided with overalls, safety footwear, tested safety belts, helmets and other personal protective equipment.
When working at height, workers should be equipped with safety belts for fastening to reliable parts of the building, safety cables, remote platforms or scaffolding racks in accordance with the instructions of the engineer and technical worker in charge of the work.
3.2.1. When performing work from scaffolding, it is prohibited:
The passage of people under the scaffolding, both during work and during breaks;
- Finding people in the woods who are not engaged in assembly work;
- Simultaneous work in two tiers under each other;
- Storage of materials on scaffolding in quantities exceeding the permissible load on the flooring (according to the scaffolding passport). Only those materials that are directly used (processed) are supplied to the forests;
- Work on scaffolding without attaching a safety belt to the scaffolding structural elements or to the building (the attachment points are indicated by the engineer);
- A crowd of people on the flooring in one place;
In winter, before the start of the shift, the flooring must be cleared of snow and ice. After the end of the shift, the flooring is cleaned of debris and residues of building materials.
3.2.2. When working on a floor, it is prohibited:
- Finding unauthorized persons not employed in the production of work;
- Work on the floor without attaching the safety belt to the safety cable or building structures (the attachment points are indicated by the engineering and technical staff);
- Laying of external walls up to 0.75 m thick when standing on the wall;
- With a wall thickness of more than 0.75 m, lay the masonry from the wall, without using a safety belt attached to a special safety device;
- It is not allowed to lay the walls of the next floor without installing supporting structures interfloor overlap, as well as platforms and marches in stairwells;
- Work with random coasters, boxes, barrels, etc.
Sewing of external masonry seams should be done from the floor or scaffold after each row has been laid. It is not allowed to find workers on the wall during this operation.
4. Technological map for the device of brickwork
4.1. Technology and process organization
Work should be performed in compliance with the safety requirements in accordance with SNiP 12-03-2001 and the rules for the production and acceptance of work in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87. Single cladding ceramic bricks is executed in the following sequence:
- installation of ordering and pulling of the mooring line;
- supply and layout of bricks;
- mixing, feeding and leveling the solution;
- facing brick laying;
- laying of inner rows;
- laying of masonry mesh;
- jointing of masonry seams;
- checking the quality of the masonry.
Fig. 1. Organization of a bricklayer's workplace
Legend:
1. Pallet with facing bricks and cellular blocks.
2. Box with solution.
3. The laid out section of the wall.
Rice. Direction of movement of bricklayers K-1 and K-2
Brickwork is made of bricks of the M125 brand (GOST 530-2007) on a M150 mortar with reinforcement with 4Br1 meshes, with cells of 50x50 mm every 8 rows in height. V winter conditions lay the masonry on M150 mortar with anti-frost additives. It is prohibited to lay the masonry by freezing.
4.2. Labor methods
Supply and layout of bricks, mixing, supply and leveling of mortar for masonry of the outer verst:
- the bricklayer (K-2) lays out the bricks after it has been fed on the inner half of the wall (Fig. 2). For laying the butt rows - in stacks of two bricks perpendicular to the axis of the wall with a distance between the stacks of half a brick or at an angle of 45 ° to the axis of the wall.
Bricklayer K-2 evens out the mortar, stepping back from the face of the wall by 10-15 mm under the spoon rows by a width of 70-80 mm through side edge shovels, and under the stitch rows - through its front edge 200 ~ 220 mm wide; leveling the mortar bed with the back of the shovel.
Outdoor masonry masonry.
Brick is a strong and durable material. A brick wall 25 cm thick (one brick) is capable of carrying any evenly distributed load. At the same time, bricks, especially solid ones, possessing high strength, are inferior in their heat-shielding qualities to many others. wall materials... So, for example, for the design temperature of the outside air - 30 ° C (most regions of the central part of Russia), the outer walls, lined with solid brickwork, should have a thickness of 64 cm (2.5 bricks), while the thickness of wooden block walls in the same conditions can be equal to only 16-18 cm.To reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of the walls and the load on the foundations, the outer walls are laid out either from hollow (perforated, slotted) bricks, or solid, but with the formation of voids, wells , widened seams, applying effective insulation, warm masonry and plaster mortars.
The use of solid brickwork from solid bricks with a thickness of more than 38 cm (1.5 bricks) is not economically feasible. Examples given constructive solutions external walls (Table 15) show that the most uneconomical is the wall laid with solid brickwork. For example, for a three-room house with external walls 64 cm thick, only about 25 thousand bricks with a total mass of 80-100 tons will be required for the external walls. Taking into account the brick required for the middle wall and partitions, such a house turns into a brick warehouse with massive and bulky foundations.
Table 15. Exterior brick wall constructions
| Brick type | Wall structure | Wall layout | Wall thickness, cm | Permissible design temperature of the outside air, ° С |
| Solid clay and silicate with a density of 1600-1900 kg / m 3 | 25 | -5 (-10) | ||
| 38 | -10 (-15) | |||
| 51 | -20 (-25) | |||
| 64 | -30 (-35) | |||
| Solid masonry on a cold mortar with internal plaster and external insulation with mineral wool plates 5 cm thick and cladding with boards (the same, with a thickness of 10 cm plates) | 25 | -20 (-30) | ||
| 38 | -30 (-40) | |||
| Masonry with an air gap of 5 cm on a cold mortar with external and internal plaster (the same, with filling the air gap with mineral felt) | 29 | -10 (-20) | ||
| 42 | -20 (-30) | |||
| 55 | -30 (-40) | |||
| Well masonry on a cold mortar with internal plaster and backfill with a bulk density of 1400 kg / m 3 (the same, with a bulk density of 1000 kg / m 3) | 38 | -15 (-25) | ||
| 51 | -30 (-40) | |||
| Solid masonry on a cold mortar with internal insulation made of sawdust concrete with a bulk density of 800 kg / m 3 and a thickness of 10 cm (the same, 15 cm thick) | 25 | -20 (-25) | ||
| 38 | -30 (-35) | |||
| Hollow clay with a density of 1100-1400 kg / m 3 | Continuous masonry on a cold mortar with internal plaster (the same, on a warm mortar) |  |
25 | -10 (-15) |
| 38 | -20 (-25) | |||
| 51 | -30 (-35) |
Masonry made of solid bricks is more economical with the formation of closed air layers 5-7 cm wide "Masonry with an air gap", 1 - an air gap; 2 - ligation with pokes). In this case, brick consumption is reduced by 15-20%, although it is required exterior plaster walls, preventing air infiltration through air cavities.
When filling air spaces with mineral felt (bituminized mineral wool) the thermal efficiency of a brick wall increases by 20-30%, and when using foam, it doubles. Warm masonry mortars based on small aggregates of slag, expanded clay, tuff, tripoli, perlite, sawdust also increase the heat-shielding qualities of external walls by 10-15% "Bricklaying with slab insulation", 1 - tying with pokes; 2 - outer verst; 3 - slab insulation) .
The most common and economical design of external brick walls in the so-called well masonry, in which the wall is actually laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick, connected by vertical and horizontal brick bridges to form closed wells "Well masonry", a - a fragment of masonry; b - ordinal layout of bricks when laying a right corner of the wall; в - the corner of the wall of the well masonry; 1 - insulation; 2 - a diaphragm made of bonded bricks; 3 - jumpers) .
Wells along the masonry are filled with slag, expanded clay or lightweight concrete. This solution protects the insulation well from external influences, although it somewhat weakens the structural strength of the wall. With continuous masonry, it is economical to construct brick walls with external or internal insulation. In this case, the thickness of the brick wall can be minimal, based only on the strength requirements, that is, be equal to 25 cm in all climatic regions, and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulating layer is located from the inside, it is protected from water vapor by a vapor barrier, when located outside, it is protected by a screen or plaster from atmospheric influences. Brick walls have a high thermal inertia: they warm up slowly and also cool down slowly. Moreover, this inertia is the greater, the thicker the wall and the greater its mass. V brick houses the indoor temperature has insignificant daily fluctuations and this is the advantage of the brick walls. However, in the houses periodical residence(summer cottages, garden houses) such a feature of brick walls in the cold season is not always desirable. A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time to warm up, and sharp drops indoor temperatures lead to moisture condensation on the interior surfaces of brick walls. In such houses, it is better to sheathe the walls from the inside with boards. Internal load-bearing walls are usually laid out of solid (clay or silicate) bricks. Minimum thickness internal load-bearing walls - 25 cm, cross-section of pillars - at least 38x38 cm, piers - at least 25x51 cm.With heavy loads, load-bearing pillars and piers are reinforced metal mesh from a wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm in three to five rows in height.
The partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (in half a brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on the edge"). With the length of the partitions, laid out "on the edge", more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire through two or three rows in height. Facades are best faced with facing ceramic bricks. By appearance, texture and permissible deviations in size, it is of the highest quality. Brick walls are usually laid out on cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortars... Cement-sand mortar with any brand of cement turns out to be too strong and tough, so it is better if you add lime or clay dough to it. The solution from such an additive will become plastic and workable, and the cement consumption will decrease by 1.5-2 times. Lime dough, used as an additive to cement-sand mortar, is prepared from slaked lime. If there is quicklime in the form of separate pieces (boiling water) or powder (fluff), it must be extinguished with water in a tool pit, lined with boards, and kept in this state for at least two weeks. The longer the exposure time, the better. The homogeneity of the composition and the strength of the lime dough increase with prolonged exposure. Clay dough for masonry mortars it is also advisable to prepare in advance. Pieces of clay are soaked in water and kept in this form until completely soaked for three to five days. Then add water, mix, filter, after settling, drain excess water and use it. The shelf life of clay dough is unlimited.
A mortar for brickwork is prepared immediately before the start of work and is used for 1.5-2 hours. The thickness of the vertical joints is taken on average 10 mm. Horizontal joints when using a mortar with plasticizing additives (lime or clay) are also laid out with a thickness of 10 mm, without additives - 12 mm. The maximum thickness of the seams is 15 mm, the minimum is 8 mm. Various solid masonry systems are used in construction. One of the oldest is chain masonry with binding of vertical seams in each row ("Chain masonry").
Such masonry at the corners of walls and piers requires three-quarter bricks in each row. Much simpler brickwork, where the full dressing of the longitudinal and transverse vertical seams is performed in three to six rows.
On "Two-, three- and six-row masonry systems", and - two-row masonry system; 1 - butt row; 2 - spoon row; 3 - displacement of vertical joints by a quarter of a brick; b - three-row masonry system; 1 - butt row; 2 - spoon rows; 3 - coincidence of three vertical seams; c - six-row masonry system; 1 - butt row; 2 - spoon rows; 3 - displacement of vertical joints by a quarter of a brick; 4 - the same, half a brick) shows a continuous masonry of the outer walls with a system of full ligation of vertical seams both in each row and after two, three or six rows.
When alternating only the first and second rows, a single-row dressing of the seams is obtained, but if after the second row you lay the third, again the second, then the first, etc. (shown in axonometry), you will get a three-row dressing. The strength of brickwork, made with ligation of vertical seams in each row or after three to six rows, is practically the same. It increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, in horizontal seams through three to five rows reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide made of wire 3-6 mm in diameter. They are widely used in the individual construction of masonry with three-row diaphragms. "Masonry with three-row diaphragms", a - a fragment of the masonry; b - ordinal layout of bricks when laying a right corner of a wall with three-row diaphragms; в - corner of masonry with three-row diaphragms; 1 - insulation (lightweight concrete); 2 - a diaphragm of three rows of masonry; 3 - mortar screed; 4 - area of solid masonry) and, of course, mixed masonry "Mixed masonry", and - from ceramic stone and brick; b - made of brick and stone; c - from concrete stones and bricks) .
Facade cladding, as already mentioned, is done with ceramic bricks (stone), but this can be successfully done with thicker bricks with voids and, finally, with concrete stone. "Masonry from ceramic stones (a), from thickened bricks with voids (b), from concrete stones (c)") .
Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms is of undoubted interest. "Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms", a - of brick; b - "warm" concrete and reinforced steel) .
Such masonry consists of two parallel walls 1/2 brick thick, connected every five rows of masonry by horizontal butting rows. The latter are sometimes replaced with 6 mm thick reinforcement bars, which are laid every 50 cm of the wall length. The ends of the bars are bent at right angles. The total length of the rods should be such that they are in the masonry at a depth of 8-10 cm.
When erecting such walls, two walls are first laid out to a height of five rows. Then the space between them is covered with dry aggregates or poured with "warm" concrete (adobe), layers 15 cm thick, and everything is carefully compacted. The last layer is leveled at the level of the masonry. If the diaphragms are brick, then whole bricks are placed on the mortar from the bottom and top sides, ensuring their strong bond. In order to protect the used rods from rusting, in the backfill against the places where they are laid, furrows 3-4 cm deep and wide are chosen with a trowel. The same furrow width and 5-6 cm long are chosen near the walls. Both of them are filled with mortar (preferably cement, composition 1: 4 or 1: 5) to such a height that the reinforcement being laid is recessed in it either half of its thickness, or completely. After removing the first row, the rods are covered from above with a layer of solution of the same thickness. Then they put five more rows, fill in the filler or pour in the solution, lay the rods, etc. In the course of the masonry, every two rows, the voids are filled with "warm" concrete on light aggregates "Lightweight masonry")
.
Released bricks are also firmly bonded with concrete. Such masonry reduces the cost of walls by 25-30% and reduces the need for brick. Lightweight masonry is permissible when building houses no higher than two floors. If a mansion is designed in three, or even four floors, then it is necessary to lay a brick-concrete anchor masonry "Brick-concrete anchor masonry", a - a fragment of masonry; b - ordinal layout of bricks when laying a right angle; в - wall corner; 1 - outer verst; 2 - insulation (lightweight concrete); 3 - anchor pokes; 4 - inner verst) .
It consists of two parallel brick walls, in the space between which lightweight concrete is laid. Junction bricks protrude into the concrete masonry and are a kind of anchors that connect concrete and brick into a single structure. Deaf parts of the walls can be connected after 2-3 m with solid vertical diaphragms 1/2 brick thick. If the project involves laying a solid brick wall, then the consumption of materials can be calculated using table. 16 .
Table 16. Brick consumption per 1 m 3 of a solid brick wall
| Brick | Material | units measurements | Wall thickness in bricks and cm | ||||
| 1/2 | 1 | 1,5 | 2 | 2,5 | |||
| 12 | 25 | 38 | 51 | 64 | |||
| Normal 250x120x65 | Brick | PCS. | 420 | 400 | 395 | 394 | 392 |
| Solution | m 3 | 0,189 | 0,221 | 0,234 | 0,24 | 0,245 | |
| Modulated 250x120x88 | Brick | PCS. | 322 | 308 | 296 | 294 | 292 |
| Solution | m 3 | 0,160 | 0,20 | 0,216 | 0,222 | 0,227 | |
Note: 1. If the thickness of the wall with slag aggregate exceeds 380 mm, then each additional 100 mm of thickening of the wall corresponds to the addition of 0.09 m 3 of slag.
The consumption of materials for 1 m 2 of a brick wall with lightweight (well) masonry is calculated according to table. 17.
Table 17. Consumption rates of materials for 1 m 3 of a brick wall of lightweight (well) masonry
| Brick type | Material | unit of measurement | Placeholder type | |||||
| slag concrete | slag | |||||||
| no openings | opening area up to | no openings | opening area up to | |||||
| 20% | 40% | 20% | 40% | |||||
| Ordinary brick 250x120x65 | PCS. | 126 | 129 | 134 | 113 | 116 | 119 | |
| Solution | m 3 | 0,065 | 0,067 | 0,069 | 0,04 | 0,041 | 0,042 | |
| Slag concrete | m 3 | 0,207 | 0,201 | 0,19 | - | - | - | |
| Slag | m 3 | - | - | - | 0,129 | 0,125 | 0,12 | |
| Modulated brick 250x120x88 | Clay or sand-lime brick | PCS. | 97 | 100 | 104 | 87 | 90 | 92 |
| Solution | m 3 | 0,055 | 0,057 | 0,059 | 0,034 | 0,035 | 0,036 | |
| Slag concrete | m 3 | 0,207 | 0,201 | 0,19 | - | - | - | |
| Slag | m 3 | - | - | - | 0,129 | 0,125 | 0,12 | |
On "Brickwork of walls of varying thickness", and - 1/2 brick; b - 1 brick; c - in 1 1/2 bricks; d - in 2 1/2 bricks), options for laying brick walls of various thicknesses are given.
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A subtle combination of shapes and materials brings an intriguing touch to the tranquil ambience of this bedroom. -
Wood-glued structures are also made of wood for load-bearing elements at home. -
For log baths, it is necessary to select straight, preferably dried logs.