INFLORESCENCE
The meaning of the inflorescences. An inflorescence is a shoot or a system of shoots bearing flowers. The biological meaning of the emergence of inflorescences is obvious, since the probability of pollination of flowers in both anemogamous and entomogamous plants increases. It is clear that an insect will visit many more flowers collected in an inflorescence than single ones per unit of time. Sequential blooming in the inflorescence also represents a significant biological advantage. Some scientists note that damage to a single flower leads to the sterility of the entire shoot. It is very important that this or that type of inflorescence is associated with a certain type of fruit and with devices for the spread of fruits and seeds. Taking all of the above into account, it is not surprising that inflorescences are characteristic of the vast majority of flowering plants.
Classification of inflorescences. Inflorescences are divided into simple and complex. Among simple inflorescences, two groups are distinguished: 1) racemose (botric), or monopodial, and 2) cymose, or sympodial. For racemose inflorescences, the blooming of the uppermost flower is characteristic in the last turn. Flowers bloom acropetally (from bottom to top), centripetally (from the periphery to the center of the inflorescence). There are three main variants of racemose inflorescences: 1) raceme and related eucholus, head and cob, 2) umbellate inflorescences, 3) baskets.
Figure - Schemes of simple racemose inflorescences with terminal flowers: 1 - brush, 2 - ear, 3 - ear, 4 - umbrella, 5 - head, 6 - basket, 7 - shield
Cymose inflorescences are characterized by the blooming of the upper flower on the main axis in the first place. Flowers bloom basipetally (from top to bottom), centrifugally (from center to periphery). Cymose inflorescences are divided into: 1) monohasia, 2) dichasia, and 3) pleiochasia.
Figure - Schemes of some cymose inflorescences: 1, 2 - monochasium, 3 - dichasia, 4 - pleiochasium
V simple forms cymose and racemose inflorescences are easily distinguishable, however, it is often very difficult to establish the type of inflorescence in specialized forms.
All the inflorescences mentioned are simple inflorescences. Complex inflorescences are formed from several or many simple inflorescences, both racemose and cymose.
The number of flowers in inflorescences is very different, sometimes reaching tens of thousands. The largest inflorescences, apparently, in the Corypha palm, up to 12 m in diameter.
Racemose inflorescences. The brush is characterized by the arrangement of flowers on an elongated axis, on pedicels. A similar type, but with sedentary flowers, is called an ear. An ear with a thick fleshy axis is called a cob. Finally, if the main axis is shortened, the inflorescence is called the head. The inflorescences of the first two variants are especially common.
The spike is very close to the brush. The only difference is that the pedicels do not develop at the ear. In this regard, there is also the absence of bracts. Often, the shape of the inflorescence also serves as a systematic sign.
The ear is an ear with a thick, fleshy inflorescence axis. The cobs are extremely characteristic of the species of the tropical aroid family, in which the bright coloration of the cob often contrasts with the equally bright coloration of the subflowering leaf. All this attracts small pollinating insects. Very few aroids are found in the temperate zone of Eurasia. The most famous is calla calla with a whitish sub-flowering leaf, which is not uncommon in our overgrown reservoirs.
Umbellate inflorescences are quite widespread in nature. A typical umbrella can be considered using the example of celandine, which is common in our garbage places. Umbrellas end with both the main and side shoots... The latter bear fewer flowers. The main umbrella usually consists of 7-9 flowers and corresponds to the scheme. It was already mentioned that the umbrella can be removed from the brush, in which the growth of the axis is completely inhibited and, accordingly, the covering leaves and pedicels are crowded into rosettes. Apple inflorescences, which form on shortened shoots and are typical umbrellas, mostly 6 flowers. Onions, some primroses, breaks and other plants also have typical umbrellas.
The scutellum occupies, to a certain extent, an intermediate position between the hand and the umbrella. It is found, for example, in the closely related apple tree of the garden pear, and, like the umbrella of the apple tree, it has, in addition to the lateral apical flower, in addition to the lateral apical flower.
Typical baskets are characteristic of the huge, largest among the angiosperms, the Compositae family. The baskets are schematically shown in , however, the covering leaves in many species are very small and sometimes even absent.
In the baskets, the flowers adhere tightly to each other and are located on a platform or conical surface corresponding to the extended axis of the inflorescences. Along the edge of the basket, there is a wrapper consisting of leaflets, specialized in varying degrees. It should be emphasized that the wrapper is formed by sterile riding leaves. Biologically, but not morphologically (analogy, but not homology!) The basket corresponds to the flower, and the external similarity is often aggravated by the differentiation of flowers. The extended saucer or conical axis of the inflorescence is sometimes called a common receptacle or simply a receptacle.
Like the brush, the basket is essentially an acropetal order of blooming. The last to bloom are the central, upper flowers.
Since the wrapper is a characteristic feature of the basket, it should be specially touched. Biologically, it corresponds to the calyx (again an analogy, but not homology!) And has, in fact, a similar origin to the calyx.
In some Asteraceae, the leaves of the wrapper are brightly colored and play the role of petals. This is very pronounced in the so-called immortelles (Xeranthemum, Helichrysum, etc.). The number of leaves of the wrapper is especially high in the garden immortelle Helichrysumbracteatum, native to South Africa.
Complex inflorescences are quite widespread in nature, especially complex, or double, racemes and complex, or double, umbrellas.
Inflorescences of many Veronica, a number of moth and other plants are attributed to double racemes. Consider a double brush using the example of a clover inflorescence (Trifolium campestre). It is formed in the latter by several capitate racemes emerging from the axils of the covering leaves. The internodes are very elongated, and the brushes are far apart from each other. Along with the racemes, which in this case are partial inflorescences, accessory buds also appear in the axils of the covering leaves of the clover. At a certain distance from the apex, not brushes, but leafy shoots arise from the axils of the leaves of the main axis, that is, axes of the second order, repeating the branching of the main axis. They are called enrichment shoots, and the section of the main axis on which they arise is the enrichment zone. The so-called main internode (between the uppermost enrichment shoot and the lowest private inflorescence) separates the inflorescence from the vegetative zone with the enrichment zone.
Complex, or double, umbrellas are typical for the vast majority of representatives of the large umbrella family. You can imagine a double umbrella if you imagine that in a simple umbrella, each flower is replaced with an umbrella. Typically, elaborate umbrellas are open-ended. Therefore, private umbrella-shaped inflorescences arise as axillary formations. Usually umbrellas sit on legs, and the length of the latter in many umbellates (carrots) decreases in the direction from the outer umbrellas to the inner ones.
Figure - Scheme of a complex umbrella
The so-called complex ears, characteristic of some cereals, represent very peculiar inflorescences largely due to the fact that their leaf organs are highly specialized and turned into scales. The inflorescences of cereals are always complex, consisting of private inflorescences-spikelets; in a complex ear, spikelets seem to replace the flowers of simple ears. Spikelets are located on the axis of the inflorescence in two rows or spirally. Spikelets covering leaves are absent, which often happens in other types of inflorescences. Each spikelet contains one or several (rarely more than 10) flowers. The latter, in addition to stamens and pistils, also have tiny films-lodicules . The flower is enclosed between two scales. Lodicules contribute to the blooming of the flower. Flowers are arranged in a spikelet mostly in two rows. In addition to the mentioned organs, the spikelet usually has lower and upper spikelet scales at the base. .
Figure - Wheat inflorescence: 1 - flower after removal of scales, 2 - diagram of the structure of the spikelet; NKCh - lower spikelet scales, VChCh - upper spikelet scales, NCvCh - lower floral scales, VCvCh - upper floral scales
In most cereals, spikelets sit on legs, and the inflorescence axis branches, resulting in paniculate inflorescences (oats, bluegrass, bonfire, etc.).
The panicle differs from the double brush in the multiaxial branching system. Of course, axes of the third order are usually found only in the lower and middle parts of the panicle, and in the upper part only the main axis with lateral and (often) terminal flowers often remains. ...
Figure - Scheme of a panicle with opposite leaf arrangement
Cymose inflorescences. Simple cymose inflorescences are divided into mono-, di- and pleiochasial, to which some more less common types adjoin.
Dichasium is, obviously, the simplest variant of cymosis inflorescences. Blooming of the inflorescence begins with an apical flower, called a flower of the first order; both lateral flowers turn out to be second-order flowers. From the axils of the latter, flowers of the third order appear, etc. , and the axis of the inflorescence becomes sympodium.
Dichazial inflorescences are especially typical for plants with opposite foliage, for example, for representatives of the carnation family. The inflorescences of the stellate species, chippers (Cerastium) correspond to the above disassembled diagram. Attention should be paid to the movements produced by the pedicels. During flowering, they are directed upwards, when flowering, they sharply bend down and straighten again by the time of fruiting. Sometimes the "correctness" of dichasia is violated due to the fact that one of the branches develops more strongly than the other (wood lice -Stellariamedia). Like many other traits, the number of flower orders in a dichasia depends on the environment.
So, many species of chippings and sals (Silepe) in extreme conditions of existence form single flowers corresponding to flowers of the first order of dichasial inflorescences. There are cases, among the same cloves, when one of the two branches of each pair is regularly suppressed. The inflorescence that appears then, as in some resins (Sileneanglica, S. pendula), looks extremely similar to a brush (Fig. 358), i.e. the axis of the inflorescence is tortuous. It already represents the transition to monohazial inflorescences.
Typical monochasias are characterized by the development, as a rule, of only one bracts (pre-leaf), especially in flowers of the third and higher orders.
Monochasic inflorescences are divided into two groups: convolutions and curls. The convolution occurs when the successive axes of monochasia relative to the covering leaf of the apical flower go left or right. , in the case of a curl, the axes in relation to the covering leaf are directed in one direction, due to which the still unblown part of the inflorescence is twisted, as it were, spirally.
Monochasia are very common in the borage family, and, since the axis of the inflorescence at the stage of fruit formation turns out to be completely straight, they often outward appearance extremely reminiscent of brushes or ears.
Figure - diagrams of Cymose inflorescences: 1 - dichasium, 2 - gyrus, 3 - curl, 4 - double curl
Complex cymoid inflorescences, made up of monohazia and dichazia, are called thyrzoid inflorescences.
Thyrsoid inflorescences include, in particular, catkins of alder, birch and other so-called catkins. The inflorescences here are often dioecious, characterized by the development of cover leaves and bracts. In the alder, for example, the axis of the male earring bears cover leaves, from the axils of which flowers of the first order arise; the latter have bracts, which serve as covering leaves for flowers of the second order; in the latter, however, only one bracts are developed. Thus, the inflorescence consists of three-flowered dichazia. Sometimes (like a hazel), the picture is very confused due to the accretion of leaf and axial organs.
Figure - Diagram of a part of an alder inflorescence
Pleiochasium is characterized by the fact that more than two branches emerge from each axis carrying the apical flower, outgrowing the main axis and having the same type of branching.
Delimitation of the inflorescence from the vegetative part and its origin.
A sign of inflorescence is by no means always the specialization of leaves. It should be borne in mind that the inflorescence is delimited from below by the so-called main internodes, often exceeding the length of those following it. This internode is preceded by a leaf (or a pair of leaves), in the axil of which an enrichment shoot can appear, repeating the main shoot. Thus, differentiation into inflorescence and “foundation” (vegetative zone) with enrichment shoots takes place.
Veronica inflorescence scheme. OM - main internode
Some scientists believe that the phylogenetically original arrangement of flowers is their solitary arrangement at the tops of the shoots, as can be seen in magnolia, some peonies and other plants. The axillary arrangement of single flowers is secondary. Other scientists believe that the very first angiosperms possessed inflorescences, possibly cymosis.
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1 1 ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN BIOLOGY CITY MUNICIPAL STAGE. 7 8 CLASSES Part one. There are four possible answers to each question. It is necessary to select only one correct one and enter it into the table on the work form. 1. Mycobacteria are the causative agents of: a) syphilis; b) jaundice; c) tuberculosis; d) mycoses. 2. Kukushkin flax reproduces: a) zoospores; b) seeds under unfavorable conditions; c) disputes; d) aplanospores. 3. Red algae differ from green and brown algae in that: a) red algae do not form chlorophyll a; b) red algae do not have a sexual process; c) unicellular red algae were not found; d) in life cycle red algae lack cells with flagella. 4. Of the listed algae, they are capable of absorbing organic matter from the environment: a) spirogyra and fucus; b) spirogyra and ulotrix; c) chlamydomonas and chlorella; d) kelp and fucus. 5. In the basket of the plant shown in the figure, flowers: a) reed; b) false lingual; c) tubular and pseudo-lingual; d) reed and tubular.
2 6. Strawberry leaves: a) odd-pinnate; b) ternary; c) finger-complex; d) complex one-leaf. 7. On the cross section of the stem of a 3-year-old linden, you can see: a) a cambium, inward from it the pith, and outward from the bark; b) cambium, wood inside from it, and bark outside; c) procambium, bark outward from it, and wood inward; d) procambium, a central cylinder outward from it, and wood inward. 8. In one cell of the pulp of a mature rowan fruit under a microscope, you can see plastids: a) leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts; b) leukoplasts and chloroplasts; c) leukoplasts and chromoplasts; d) chromoplasts. 9. Underground seed germination is typical for: a) castor bean; b) linden; c) pumpkins; d) pedunculate oak. 10. Resin passages are typical for: a) conifers; b) Compositae; c) umbrella; d) all the listed plants. 11. What blood is in the heart of the edentulous: venous (low oxygen) or arterial (oxygenated)? a) venous; b) arterial; c) venous in the atria, and arterial in the ventricle; d) arterial in the left atrium, venous in the right atrium, mixed in the ventricle. 2
4 18. Which of the mammals is characterized by the absence of canines in the dental system? a) red nocturnal; b) white hare; c) wolf; d) mole. 19. What class are the worms? a) cyclostomes; b) mammals; c) reptiles; d) amphibians. 20. In passerine birds, a short, powerful beak is associated with feeding: a) seeds; b) fruits; c) large animal food; d) insects. 4
5 Part two. You are offered test tasks with multiple answer choices (from 0 to 5). Indicate the indices of correct answers / yes (e) and incorrect answers / no (n) in the table on the work form with an "X". Sample of filling out the table: 1 yes / no yes no a X b X c X d X d X 1. Flowering plants growing in water are characterized by: a) poor development or absence of mechanical tissue; b) good development mechanical tissue; c) good development of wood, which ensures the movement of water through the plant; d) the presence of large intercellular spaces in the tissues of roots, leaves and stem; e) predominance of xylem in bundles and poor development of phloem. 2. As part of the leaf vein, one can find: a) sieve tubes with companion cells; b) vessels; c) sclerenchyme; d) corner collenchyme; e) parenchyma. 3. Roots are formed in ploons, horsetails and ferns: a) the main one with lateral roots; b) the main one; c) subordinate clauses; d) lateral; e) the main one with clauses. 4. Asexual reproduction by budding or detachment of body parts occurs in: a) roundworms; b) annelids; c) coelenterates; d) molluscs; e) echinoderms. 5. The organs of the lateral line in fish are used to: a) determine the direction and speed of the current; b) definitions chemical composition water; c) detecting the approach of a predator or prey; d) detection of underwater obstacles; e) orientation in space along lines magnetic field. 5
6 6 Part three. The task to determine the correctness of judgments. Enter the numbers of correct judgments in the table on the work form. 1. The body of lower plants is always represented by a thallus with large leaves. 2. Hawthorn spines are modified shoots. 3. The embryo of the seed on the most early stages germination is heterotrophic. 4. Doubling fish is an extinct group of fish from which the first amphibians evolved. 5. Mixins do not have a larval stage in the development cycle. 6. All representatives of the type Chordate dioecious animals. 7. Regeneration in polyps occurs due to the division of skin-muscle cells. 8. All invertebrates use external fertilization. 9. The bulk of the muscles in birds is located on the ventral side. 10. The group of mammalian skin glands includes sweat, sebaceous and milk glands.
7 7 Part four. Fill in the tables on the work form in accordance with the requirements of the assignments. 1. The figure shows a cross-section of a conductive bundle of maize (Zea mays). Correlate the main structures of the conducting bundle (A D) with their designations: A woody parenchyma; B sclerenchyma; Into the air cavity; D vessels; D phloem.
8 8 2. The figure shows a cross-section of a spruce needle. Correlate the designations in the figure (1 5) with the names of the structural elements: A epidermis; B resin course; In the stomata; G conductive beam; D mesophyll.
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1. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them. 1. Amoeba is an ordinary representative of the Protozoa sub-kingdom, lives in sea water... 2. Moves
Biology work program ( a basic level of) 7 "A", 7 "B", 7 "C" grades Compiled by: Nosacheva Lilia Grigorievna, teacher of biology of the highest category 2017 1 Work program in biology for grade 7
Task 1. "Reproduction of flowering plants"
Task 3. “Flowering. General characteristics"Give your answer in one sentence: 1. How many species does the Angiosperms department include? 2. Life forms of flowering plants? 3. How is the flowering sporophyte represented? 4. How is the male gametophyte of flowering plants represented? 5. How is the female gametophyte of flowering plants represented? 6. The main aromorphoses that led to the appearance of flowering? 7. How are flowering microsporangia represented? 8. What are the flowering megasporangia represented by? 9. What are flowering gametangia? 10. When does meiosis occur in the life cycle of flowering plants - during the formation of gametes or spores? 11. What develops from flowering microspores and megaspores? 12. To which group do flowering plants belong - equal to - or heterogeneous plants? Task 4. "Evolution of plants"Review the drawing and answer the questions: |
1. First flowering plants appeared (_).
2. Flowering descended from (_).
3. Evantian, strobilar hypothesis of the origin of the flower assumes that the flower (_).
4. According to the pseudantium hypothesis, the flower is (_).
** Task 6. "Origin of the flower"
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
1. Write down the numbers under which the signs characteristic of monocotyledonous plants are drawn.
2. Write down the numbers under which the traits characteristic of dicotyledonous plants are drawn.
3. Which plants, dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous, are more ancient?
Task 8. "Dicotyledonous plants"
The number of cotyledons in a seed embryo is (_). Spare nutrients in the seed can be found in (_), in (_), or (_).
The petiole of the leaf is more common (_). Cambium in a stem (_). Conductive bundles in the (_) type are located in the stem (_). Root system usually (_). Secondary thickening of the stem and root (_). Life forms are (_) and (_) plants. The number of flower parts is usually a multiple of (_) or (_). The perianth is more often (_).
Task 9. "Monocotyledonous plants"
Write down question numbers and missing words (or groups of words):
1. The number of cotyledons in the embryo of the seed - (_).
2. The spare nutrients in the seed are in (_).
3. Leaf vein usually (_).
4. Petiole at the leaf more often (_).
5. Cambium in the stem (_).
6. Conducting bundles in the (_) type, located in the stem (_).
7. The root system is usually (_).
8. Secondary thickening of the stem and root (_).
9. Life forms - (_) plants.
10. The number of parts of flowers is usually a multiple (_).
11. Perianth more often (_).
Task 10. "Cruciferous family"
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
How many species does the Rosaceae family unite? What life forms are the plants of the family represented? What is the formula of the Rosaceae flower? Try to guess: who are the five brothers, two are beards, two are beardless, and the last fifth seems to be a freak - only the beard on the right, there is not a trace on the left. What are the fruits of the plants shown in the picture? What are the leaves of Rosaceae? What groups of plants are distinguished in the family?
Task 12. "Legumes family"
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
|
How many species does the legume family share? What life forms are the plants of the family represented? What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 8? What is the formula of a legume flower? What inflorescences are typical for legumes? What are the fruits of legumes? What are the leaves of the legumes shown in the picture? What is the significance of the plant family? Why are legumes called "Veal Veal"? Why are legumes called "live fertilizers"?
Task 13. "Family of Solanaceae"
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
|
How many species does the Solanaceae family unite? What life forms are the plants of the family represented? What is the formula of the nightshade flower? What are the fruits of nightshades? What are the leaves of nightshades? What is the significance of the plant family? What poisonous plants of the family do you know?
Task 14. "Compositae family"
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
How many species does the Asteraceae family unite? What life forms are the plants of the family represented? What flowers are marked with numbers 1 - 4? What inflorescence do all the plants in the family have? What fruits (5) do Compositae have? What is the significance of the plant family?
Task 15. “Class Monocotyledonous. Liliaceae family "
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
How many species does the Liliaceae family unite? What life forms are the plants of the family represented? What is the formula of the lily flower? What are the fruits of liliaceae? What underground shoots are typical for liliaceae? What is the significance of the plant family?
Task 16. “Class Monocotyledonous. Cereals family "
Review the drawing and answer the questions:
1. What is the number on the cruciferous chart? Flower formula? Fruit?
2. What is the number for the Rosaceae chart? Flower formula? Fruit?
3. What is the number on the legume diagram? Flower formula? Fruit?
4. What is the number on the nightshade diagram? Flower formula? Fruit?
5. What is the number in the Compositae diagram? Types of flowers? Inflorescences? Fruit?
6. What are the numbers for the diagrams of monocots? Flower formulas? Fruit?
Answers:
Exercise 1. 1.1 - ovules; 2 - embryonic sac; 3 - stamen; 4 - pollination; 5 - germination of the pollen tube; 6 - double fertilization; 7 - seed; 8 - seedling, developing sporophyte. 2. Seeds are formed inside the pericarp.
Task 2.
Flowering |
||
1. Number of species 3. Male gametophyte 4. Female gametophyte 5. Fertilization 7. Ovules 8. Location of ovules 10. Tracheids in the xylem 11. Tracheas in the xylem 12. Sieve cells in the bast 13. Sieve tubes in the bast 14. Life forms | About 700 species Absent Pollen grain Endosperm with two archegonia Sperm + egg Absent Formed Two on the scale of a female cone Formed Absent Only arboreal, trees and shrubs |
Formed Pollen grain Embryo sac Formed Formed Inside the ovary of the pistil Formed Trees, shrubs, herbs |
Task 3. 1. About 250 thousand species. 2. Trees, shrubs, shrubs, semi-shrubs, vines, herbaceous plants. 3. A leafy plant. 4. Pollen grain. 5. The embryonic sac. 6. The appearance of a flower and a fruit. 7. Pollen nests of the anther. 8. Nucellus in the ovule. 9. None. 10. When a dispute is formed. 11. Gametophytes. 12. Diverse plants.
Task 4. 1. Sporophytes in algae are often absent, diploid zygote; in mosses - a box on a leg; in lymphatics, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants, it is a leafy plant. 2. Gametophytes in algae are more often represented by the thallus, which forms gametes; in mosses - a leafy plant; in lymphatics, horsetails and ferns - an outgrowth, in gymnosperms with a pollen grain and an endosperm with two archegonia; in angiosperms - pollen grain and embryo sac. 3. Sporophyte develops and gametophyte is reduced.
Task 5. 1. In the Mesozoic era in the Cretaceous. 2. From non-specialized ancient gymnosperms. 3. This is a modified shortened spore-bearing shoot, originally resembling a gymnosperm cone. Megasporophylls turned into carpels, microsporophylls - into stamens. 4. A collection of reduced heterosexual strobilus fused together.
Task 6. 1.1 - apocarpous; 2 - syncarpous; 3 - lysicarpous (carpels grow together laterally, but their walls then collapse, preserving the central column, to which the ovules are attached); 4 - paracarpous (occurs as a result of fusion of carpels along the edges). 2. Monocarp. 3. Syncarpous, lysicarp, paracarpous. 4. Cenocarpous gynoecium, in which the boundaries of fusion are invisible, and the only nest of the ovary bears only one ovule.
Task 7. 1. Signs of monocots: 2, 3, 4, 5, Signs of dicots: 1, 6, 7, 8, Dicots are more ancient.
Task 8. 1. Two. 2. Endosperm, perisperm or cotyledons. 3. Mesh. 4. Present. 5. Available. 6. Open; round. 7. Core. 8. Happens. 9. Herbaceous and woody plants... 10. Four or five. 11. Double.
Task 9. 1. One. 2. Endosperm. 3. Arc or parallel. 4. None. 5. None. 6. Closed; at two and large quantity rings. 7. Fibrous. 8. None. 9. Usually herbaceous plants. 10. Three. 11. Simple.
Task 10. 1. About 3200 species. 2. Herbaceous plants prevail. 3. * Ch4L4T2 + 4P1. 4. Pods or pods. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Vegetable and ornamental plants.
Task 11. 1. About 3000 species. 2. Herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. 3. * Ч5Л5Т∞П1, * Ч5Л5Т∞П∞., Or * Ч5 + 5Л5Т∞П∞ 4. Sepals near the dog rose (see figure). 5. Rosehip - false fruits from a concave overgrown receptacle (cinarodia) and inside the real fruits - nuts; cherry - drupe; strawberries - false fruits from a convex overgrown receptacle (fraga, or strawberry) and real nuts (polynuts); blackberry - prefabricated drupe (drupe); apple and pear - apple. 6. Simple and complex. 7. Fruit and berry, decorative.
Task 12. 1. More than 12,000 species. 2. Trees, shrubs, grasses. 3. 1 - sepals; 2 - sail; 3 - oars; 4 - boat; 5 - pestle; 6 - ten stamens; 7 - bean fruit; 8 - nodules on the roots of peas. H (5) L1 + 2 + (2) T (9) + 1P1 or H (5) L1 + 2 + (2) T (10) P1. 5. Brush, head. 6. Beans. 7. In peas - pinnate; beans have trifoliate; in peanuts and yellow acacia, pinnate; in lupine they are finger-complex. 8. There are food plants (peas, beans, soybeans), there are decorative (caragana, or yellow acacia, robinia, or white acacia, sweet peas), fodder (clover, alfalfa), medicinal plants (sweet clover). 9. They contain a lot of protein. 10. Together with the roots, nitrogen compounds formed by nodule bacteria remain in the soil.
Task 13. 1. About 3000 species. 2. Grasses, shrubs, in tropical latitudes - even trees. 3. * H (5) L (5) T5P1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Food plants (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, annual peppers), decorative (petunia, fragrant tobacco). 7. Helen, dope, belladonna, tobacco.
Task 14. 1. About 25,000 species. 2. Herbaceous plants, shrubs are found in tropical countries. 3. 1 - tubular, 2 - reed, 3 - pseudo-reed, 4 - funnel-shaped. 4. Basket. 5. Achenes. 6. Food (sunflower, salad); decorative (asters, dahlias, chrysanthemums); many medicinal plants(medicinal dandelion, medicinal chamomile).
Task 15. 1. About 4000 species. 2. Perennial herbaceous plants. 3. * O3 + 3T3 + 3P1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Rhizomes and bulbs. 6. Vegetable (asparagus, onion, garlic); decorative (lilies, tulips, hyacinths, aloe), medicinal (raven's eye, May lily of the valley).
Task 16. 1.1 - spikelet scales; 2 - flower scales; 3 - pistil with two bifurcated fluffy stigmas; 4 - stamens; 5 - two flowering films; 6 - a stem of a straw; 7 - sheath of the leaf; 8 - the fruit of the weevil. 2. Most are herbaceous plants, but there are shrubs and woody forms. 3. Flowers have two flower scales, two flower films, three stamens and one pistil, flower formula - O (2) + 2Т3П1. 4. Composite ear, panicle, ear, sultan. 5. Caryopsis. 6. Vaginal, narrow, long, with parallel venation. 7. Most cereals have a straw stem. 8. Cereals (wheat, rye, corn, rice and others) are the main food product containing protein.
Task 17. 12; * Ch4L4T2 + 4P1. Fruit pods or pods. 2. 6; * Ch5L5T∞P1, * Ch5L5T∞P∞., Or * Ch5 + 5L5T∞P∞. False fruits of the rose hips are from a concave overgrown receptacle (cinarodia) and inside the real fruits are nuts; false fruits from a convex overgrown receptacle (fraga, or strawberry) and real fruits of nuts (polynuts); drupe; prefabricated drupe (drupe); Apple. 3. 7; H (5) L1 + 2 + (2) T (9) + 1P1 or H (5) L1 + 2 + (2) T (10) P1. The fruits are beans. 4.1; * H (5) L (5) T5P1. The fruits are a berry or a box. 5.4; Flowers - tubular, ligulate, pseudo-ligate, funnel-shaped. The inflorescence is a basket. The fruits are achenes. 6. 3 - liliaceae; * O3 + 3T3 + 3P1. The fruits are a berry or a box. 5 - cereals; O (2) + 2Т3П1. The fruits are caryopses.
Municipalstage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in biology
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2015-2016 academic year
Grade 9
Dear Guys!
Congratulations on your participation in the municipal stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in biology! When answering questions and completing tasks, do not rush, since the answers are not always obvious and require the use of not only biological knowledge, but also general erudition, logic and creativity.Time for completing tasks is 180 minutes (3 hours). The maximum score is 68. Success in your work!
Part I.
You are offered test tasks that require you to choose only one answer out of four possible. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 30 (1 point for each test task). Indicate the index of the answer that you consider the most complete and correct in the matrix of answers.
1. Mycobacteria are pathogens:
a) syphilis;
b) jaundice;
c) tuberculosis;
d) mycoses.
2. Kukushkin flax reproduces:
a) zoospores;
b) seeds under unfavorable conditions;
c) disputes;
d) aplanospores.
3. Red algae differ from green and brown algae in that:
a) red algae do not form chlorophyll a;
b) red algae do not have a sexual process;
c) unicellular red algae were not found;
d) cells with flagella are absent in the life cycle of red algae.
4. Of the listed algae are capable of absorbing organic matter from the environment:
a) spirogyra and fucus;
b) spirogyra and ulotrix;
c) chlamydomonas and chlorella;
d) kelp and fucus.
5. In the basket of the plant depicted
in the picture, flowers:
a) reed;
b) false lingual;
c) tubular and pseudo-lingual;
d) reed and tubular
6. Strawberry leaves:
a) odd-pinnate;
b) ternary;
c) finger-complex;
d) complex one-leaf.
7. On a cross-section of the stem of a 3-year-old linden, you can see:
a) cambium, the core is inward from it, and the bark is outward;
b) cambium, wood is inside of it, and bark is outside;
c) procambium, bark outside of it, and wood inside;
d) procambium, outward from it a central cylinder, and inward - wood.
8. In one cell of the pulp of a mature rowan fruit under a microscope, you can see plastids:
a) leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts;
b) leukoplasts and chloroplasts;
c) leukoplasts and chromoplasts;
d) chromoplasts.
9. Underground seed germination is typical for:
a) castor bean;
c) pumpkins;
d) pedunculate oak.
10. Resin passages are typical for:
a) conifers;
b) Compositae;
c) umbrella;
d) all the listed plants.
11. What blood is in the heart of the edentulous: venous (low oxygen) or arterial (oxygenated)?
a) venous;
b) arterial;
c) venous in the atria, and arterial in the ventricle;
d) arterial in the left atrium, venous in the right atrium, mixed in the ventricle.
12. What is the filling of the pericardial sinus in crayfish?
a) water;
b) coelomic fluid;
c) arterial blood;
d) venous blood.
13. How are representatives of this species of animals (see figure) dangerous to humans?
a) carriers of protozoa - pathogens dangerous disease;
b) carriers of bacteria - causative agents of a dangerous disease;
c) have poisonous glands, the bite is dangerous for people with diseases of the cardiovascular system;
d) are not dangerous in any way.
14. The figure shows an organ of movement characteristic of:
a) jellyfish; 
b) crustaceans;
c) echinoderms;
d) annelids.
15. How does crayfish breathe?
b) oxygen dissolved in water;
c) in different ways, depending on the degree of pollution of the reservoir;
d) differently, depending on the season.
16. To which group of insects are termites closest?
a) bees;
b) ants;
c) cockroaches;
d) Orthoptera.
17. Which of these groups of animals has a class rank in the classification?
a) bats;
b) brachiopods;
c) gastropods;
d) pterygopods.
18. The mask is part oral apparatus:
a) soldier termites;
b) gravedigger beetles;
c) spider-cross;
d) dragonfly larvae.
a) echinococcus;
b) roundworm;
c) cat fluke;
d) bovine tapeworm.
a) echinococcus;
b) malaria plasmodium;
c) dysentery amoeba;
d) whipworm.
21. Which bird specializes in collecting food in flight?
a) blackbird;
b) robin;
c) finch;
d) black swift.
22. Which of the mammals is characterized by the absence of canines in the dental system?
a) manul;
b) shrew;
c) zebra;
d) gopher.
23. Which bird makes nests in the hollows?
a) field thrush;
b) common nuthatch;
c) black-headed warbler;
d) green warbler.
24. What class are the worms?
a) cyclostomes;
b) mammals;
c) reptiles;
d) amphibians.
25. How polar bear hunts penguins in nature?
a) knocks down with a paw in the air;
b) waiting in ambush;
c) catching up by swimming;
d) nothing.
26. In passerines, a short, powerful beak is associated with feeding:
a) seeds;
b) fruits;
c) large animal food;
d) insects.
27. When a dog marks someone else's urinary tag, this is an example:
a) motivation;
b) signaling;
c) orientation;
d) communication.
28. In birds, the leading sense organ is:
a) vision;
b) sense of smell;
d) touch.
29. Which of the listed types better satisfies the concept
"R-strategist"?
A) grass frog;
b) African elephant;
c) bank vole;
d) viviparous lizard.
30. Which of the mammals is characterized by the absence of canines in the dental system?
a) red nocturnal;
b) white hare;
31. The bones of the roof of the skull belong to the bones:
a) airborne;
b) spongy;
c) flat;
d) tubular.
32. Unlike an adult, a child under 6-7 years old does not have:
a) incisors;
b) canines;
c) small molars;
d) large molars.
33. Resting membrane potential with increasing concentration of extracellular potassium:
a) increases;
b) does not change;
c) decreases;
d) changes sign.
34. In skeletal muscles, the appearance of calcium in the cytoplasm is due to:
a) activation of calcium pumps;
b) activation of the sodium-calcium exchanger;
c) closing potential-sensitive channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum;
d) the opening of calcium-dependent calcium channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
35. Striated fibers are characteristic of muscle tissues, which provide:
a) turns of the eyeball;
b) compression of the walls of the lymphatic vessels;
c) constriction of the pupil;
d) pupil dilation.
36. The salivation centers are located in:
a) midbrain;
b) the cerebellum;
c) diencephalon;
d) the medulla oblongata.
37. The lining cells of the gastric mucosa secrete:
a) pepsinogen;
b) trypsinogen;
c) hydrochloric acid;
d) alpha-amylase.
38. Erythrocytes placed in a hypertonic solution:
a) burst, releasing the contents in environment;
b) decrease in volume and shrink;
c) retain their disc-like shape due to the activation of electrolyte transfer systems;
d) stick together (agglutinate) with the formation of a precipitate.
39. Organoids found in cells of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
a) endoplasmic reticulum;
b) mitochondria;
c) lysosomes;
d) ribosomes.
40. Animals that live in soil and caves have some common features... Find one wrong one among them.
a) reduction of pigmentation;
b) reduction of visual perception;
c) reduction of all sense organs;
d) adaptation to constant abiotic conditions.
Part II.
You are offered test items with one answer out of four possible, but requiring multiple prior choice. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 20 (2 points for each test task). Indicate the index of the answer that you consider the most complete and correct in the matrix of answers. 
Ciliates balantidia - 1) lives in fresh water bodies, 2) moves with the help of flagella, 3) does not have a contractile vacuole, 4) carries out the sexual process - conjugation, 5) has one nucleus.
| a) 3, 4 |
| b) 1, 2 |
| c) 1, 2, 5 |
| d) 2, 4 |
| e) 3, 4, 5 |
The animal depicted in the figure - 1) is covered with horny scales, 2) reproduces at the larval stage (neotenic), 3) has one lumbar vertebra, 4) performs double breathing, 5) does not have a hard palate.
The optical system of the eye includes - 1) the pupil, 2) the cornea, 3) the sclera, 4) the lens, 5) the retina.
Of these substances, water-soluble - 1) beta-carotene, 2) erythrosis, 3) ATP-ase, 4) maltose, 5) inulin.
Part III.
You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which you must either agree or reject. In the matrix of answers, indicate the answer option "yes" or "no" by placing an X in the appropriate column. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 10 (1 point for each task).
1. All autotrophic organisms are also phototrophic.
2. Of the total light energy reaching photosynthetic organisms, about 1% of the visible light is used by them.
3. The intensity and quality of light changes vertically in the forest canopy.
4. The body of lower plants is always represented by a thallus with large leaves.
5. Hawthorn thorns are modified shoots.
6. The embryo of the seed at the earliest stages of germination is heterotrophic.
7. Doubling fish is an extinct group of fish from which the first amphibians originated.
8. Mixins do not have a larval stage in the development cycle.
9. All representatives of the type Chordate dioecious animals. 10. Regeneration in polyps occurs due to the division of skin-muscle cells.
11. All invertebrates use external fertilization.
12. The bulk of the muscles in birds is located on the ventral side.
13. The group of mammalian skin glands includes sweat, sebaceous and milk glands.
14. The main organ that, under the influence of the hormone insulin, provides a decrease in blood glucose levels, is the liver.
15. Strict bed rest for a month does not affect the water and electrolyte balance of the blood.
Part IV.
You are offered test tasks that require matching. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 8. Fill in the answer matrices in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.
1. Compare the named biochemical processes and organelles in which these processes take place.
2. In mammals, hormones are involved in the regulation of numerous processes. Relate using letter designations, the names of these hormones are indicated by numbers, with their functions indicated by letters.
| Hormones | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Functions: |
3. Establish a correspondence between the forms of cells of pathogens of bacterial infections (1 - 4) and the diseases that they cause (A - H).
It's no secret that many plants are covered with flowers, which are modified shoots. Moreover, some plants have single flowers, and some have whole inflorescences. What is an inflorescence? So, an inflorescence is not just a modified shoot, but a whole system of shoots, from which fruits with seeds subsequently appear.
Inflorescence classification
In botany, there are many different ways classification of types of inflorescences: depending on the presence of leaves on them, depending on their branching, in the direction of leaf opening, and so on. But the most popular method is the classification of inflorescences according to the degree of their branching, according to it, all inflorescences, first of all, can be divided into simple and complex.
Simple inflorescences
- umbrella,
- brush,
- ear,
- shield,
- head,
- basket.
You can dwell on some of them in more detail.
In the picture, the inflorescence is an umbrella, on it all the pedicels go from the top of the inflorescence axis. An example of an umbrella inflorescence would be a cherry.
Here we have a cluster inflorescence, it has separate flowers, located one after another on well-visible pedicels. Examples of brush inflorescences can be lily of the valley (shown in the picture), bird cherry, cabbage.
Inflorescence of spikes - forms flowers that do not have pedicels, they are located on the common axis of the inflorescence, such as in plantain.
The inflorescence of the basket is distinguished by the fact that it usually contains numerous small sessile flowers located on a thick and wide bed of the inflorescence. Examples of inflorescences of a basket can be inflorescences of sunflower, dandelion, aster, sow thist and many other plants.
Complex inflorescences
Complex inflorescences, in turn, are formed from simple ones, as a result of the branching of the main axis. Examples of complex inflorescences can be panicle, compound spike, compound umbrella, etc.
The inflorescence of a complex spike in the picture is distinguished by the fact that several spikelets sit on it in a common axis, each of which is formed by several flowers. An example of a complex spike inflorescence is rye.
What does the inflorescence do
What is practical use and the significance of inflorescences in biology? It is very important, because inflorescences play a big role in pollination of flowers, it is thanks to them that the efficiency of this very pollination increases. It is much easier and easier for insects to notice very large inflorescence rather than small flowers. Also, thanks to the inflorescences, it is more convenient for them to fly from one flower to another.
Inflorescences, video
And in conclusion, a thematic video with a detailed story about inflorescences.