Foreign Europe mineral resources. Industry: main industries

The video tutorial is dedicated to the topic "Natural Resources of Europe Abroad". From the lesson, you will learn about the natural resource potential of Foreign Europe, get acquainted with the main resources that are rich in various territories of Europe. The teacher will tell you about the European countries leading in the provision of various types of resources.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Overseas Europe

Lesson:Natural resources of foreign Europe

Europe's endowment with resources is primarily determined by three circumstances. First, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the natural resources of the region are used very actively. Secondly, European countries followed the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. Finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources were largely preserved almost intact until the end of the twentieth century. Indeed, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these features of the Scandinavian sub-region are opposite to those characteristic of Europe as a whole.

For the world economy, the following resources are important, located within:

7. Bauxites

In Europe, the reserves of ore raw materials are quite large. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chrome ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large uranium deposits in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, the Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

Rice. 2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe ()

Soil Europe is fertile enough. However, the small area of the countries and the large population size explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed up. Water resources... Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the amount of water consumption continues to increase. The qualitative deterioration of water caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of clean water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and for water supply to settlements. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the XX century. industrial water consumption in Europe increased 18 times, significantly outstripping the growth rate of the gross national product. The water situation in Europe is generally good, with the exception of southern Italy, Greece and Spain.

Hydropower resources rich are the Alps, the Scandinavian mountains, the Carpathians. Agroclimatic resources... The countries of Europe have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, as they are located in temperate and subtropical geographic zones, have favorable thermal resources and moisture supply. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical epochs contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and raise their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificial improvement was born chemical composition soil cover with organic and mineral fertilizers, variants of crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

Rice. 3. Agroclimatic map of Foreign Europe

Forest resources... Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. Each European has an average of 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. Forests not affected economic activities, in Europe is almost not preserved, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world with an increase in forest area in recent decades. And this is happening despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood runoff was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water protection role of the forest, its recreational value, has grown immeasurably in importance, in addition, environmental policy in Europe contributed to the lesser deforestation. The largest reserves of forest resources in Europe Abroad are in Finland, Sweden, Norway.

Do not forget that the territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources... The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.

Homework

Topic 6, P.1

1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in Europe Abroad?

2. Give examples of European countries and their characteristic resources.

Bibliography

The main

1. Geography. A basic level of... 10-11 grades: textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2012 .-- 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography World: Textbook. for 10 cl. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with set outline maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., Rev. and finished. - M .: AST-PRESS SHKOLA, 2008 .-- 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 .-- 80 p.

2. The most complete edition standard options real assignments Unified State Exam: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Astrel, 2010 .-- 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial./ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012 .-- 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2010.- 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MCNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook of V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Textbook on geography. Geography Tests and Practical Tasks / I.A. Rodionova. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 1996 .-- 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2009: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2009 .-- 250 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Versatile materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherin, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 144 p.

13. USE 2012. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2011 .-- 288 p.

14. USE 2011. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2010 .-- 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

5. Site of natural and social sciences and humanities ().

Natural conditions... In Western Europe, lowlands, hilly plains and young high mountains of alpine folding are widely represented, which form the main watershed of the mainland.

There are small mountains in area and height: the Central French Massif, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Rhine Slate Mountains, the Scottish Highlands, etc. The Alps are the highest mountains in Europe, their length is 1200 km, width is up to 260 km. The folded structure of the Alps is created mainly by movements of the Alpine age. The most high peak- Mont Blanc (4807 m). The high - axial - zone of the mountains is formed by ancient crystalline (gneisses, shales) rocks. The Alps are dominated by girskolodoviky relief and modern glaciation (up to 1200 glaciers with total area more than 4000 km2). Glaciers and eternal snows drop to 2500-3200 m. The mountains are cut by valleys, inhabited and developed by man, railways and highways are laid through the passes.

Plains are mainly located in coastal areas. The largest lowlands are North German, Pivnichnopolska, etc. Almost 40% of the area of the Netherlands is below sea level, these are the so-called "polders" - low-lying lands, which are characterized by high fertility.

The climate is temperate, partly subtropical Mediterranean (France, Monaco). The presence of an active western transport of humid Atlantic air masses makes the climate mild and favorable for life and economic activity (including agriculture). Average temperatures of the coldest month are -1o .. +3 oC, warm +18 o .. +20 oC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation generally decreases from west to east. In the Atlantic regions and on the windward slopes of the mountains, it is 1000-2000 mm, on the other - 500-600 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs during the summer months.

The distribution of river runoff on the territory of the region is uneven: it decreases from west to east and from north to south. The largest rivers are the Danube, Rhine, Loire, Seine, Elbe, Meuse, Rhone, Thames, etc. In the west, the rivers are fed mainly by rain, they do not freeze, or have a short unstable freeze-up. In the eastern territories, rain supply also predominates, and on the rivers of the high-mountainous regions of the Alps, before rain and snow supply, glacial supply is added. Here, in summer, large floods are characteristic, in winter there is very little or no runoff. Some countries are constantly engaged in hydraulic engineering and "fight against the sea". For example, 2,400 km of dams and 5,440 km of canals have been built in the Netherlands.

A significant part of the lakes is located in tectonic depressions (hollows, grabens), characterized by a very indented coastline, considerable depth, and an elongated shape. There are many such lakes in Switzerland: Geneva, Zurich, Constance, Neuchâtel, Tunske, Lake Maggiore, etc. In the Alps and mountains British isles there are small lakes in tarn depressions. Ireland is particularly rich in peatlands.

Natural resources. Nadra of Western Europe in the past had a high potential of mineral raw materials, but due to long-term industrial use they are significantly depleted.

The region accounts for more than ¼ of Europe's hard coal reserves. The largest coal basins and regions are: in the Federal Republic of Germany - the Ruhr and Saar, in France - the Lille Basin and the Massif Central, in the UK - the north of England and Scotland, in Belgium - the Liege region. Brown coal has the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany) - the Cologne Basin and Saxony.

The situation with gas reserves has improved since the discovery in the early 60s. huge natural gas fields in the Netherlands (1,929 billion m3 - 1st place in Europe in terms of production), and subsequently - oil and gas in the British sector of the North Sea shelf (proven oil reserves are 0.6 billion tons, gas - 610 m3 ).

Ireland has substantial peat reserves. Great Britain is the only one of the four leading industrial countries in Europe, fully provided with its own energy resources.

Comparatively large deposits of iron ore are found in France (Lorraine), Luxembourg, polymetals - in Germany and Ireland, tin - in Great Britain (Cornwall Peninsula), bauxite - in France (Mediterranean coast), uranium - in France (Massif Central, where the largest Europe stocks).

Among the nonmetallic raw materials are noticeable reserves of rock salt (Germany and France), very large reserves of magnesite and graphite (Austria).

Hydropower resources are very significant. Especially rich in them are the alpine regions (Switzerland, Austria, France) and the mountainous regions of Scotland, the Pripirenski regions in the south of France. France, Austria and Switzerland account for more than 2/5 of the countries' water resources.

The region is poor in forests, which cover only 22% of its territory. Significant areas of forests in Austria (forest cover is 47%), Germany (31%), Switzerland (31%), France (28%). In most countries, artificial forests prevail, there are many cultivated tree plantations that perform nature conservation, sanitary and hygienic and recreational functions.

Agro climatic and land resources are favorable for farming. Almost all suitable land has been plowed up: from 10% in Switzerland to 30% in France, Germany and Great Britain. The most common are soils of medium and low fertility in their natural state. But everywhere they are significantly improved due to the high level of agricultural technology. The climate is favorable for the cultivation of many crops.

Natural recreational resources are very rich and varied: from the Alps, high mountains Europe, in the lowest-lying Netherlands in Europe, from the subtropical Mediterranean of France to cool and humid Ireland. The region has a large recreational and tourist area. Attractive areas are the French Riviera, the Alps, the Thuringian Forest, etc.

In the countries of the region, the number of nature reserves, reservations, national parks (91), protected by law. They cover large areas. For example, in France, the entire coastal Atlantic strip with a length of 2500 km is declared a protected area, in Great Britain - almost 5% of its territory, etc.

The variety of natural conditions and resources in different regions of the region has led to the formation of various types of economic activities, and, accordingly, their certain specialization.

The European territory, which is located outside the former CIS countries, is usually referred to as “overseas Europe”. It consists of four dozen countries connected with each other by a whole bunch of historical and political relations. The territory of foreign Europe is about 5.4 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 500 million people. This region is undoubtedly one of the centers of world civilization and occupies an important place in world politics. Today we will talk with you on such a topic as a general description of foreign Europe. Grade 11 of the school curriculum involves the consideration of this topic. Let's remember what we were taught in school and learn something new for ourselves!

States

The territory we are considering today stretches 5,000 km from north to south and 3,000 km from west to east. There are large and medium ones among them, but for the most part they are still small. For example, there is a joke that having entered Belgium, you need to have time to press the brake, otherwise you can enter another state. The fast train travels through this country in just 140 minutes. Such states are in the majority in Europe. That is why in many of them there is no such concept as a sleeping car.

As the general characteristics of the countries of foreign Europe show, they, from the point of view, have two main features. The first of them is the neighboring position of the countries. Given the small (relatively, of course) size of the territory and its shallow "depth", the states have a well-established system of transport links. The second feature is the coastal position of the majority of European countries. Many of them are located near the busiest waterways. The life of countries such as England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italy and Greece has been closely linked with the sea since ancient times.

Throughout the twentieth century political map Europe has undergone significant changes three times: after the First and Second World Wars, as well as in the late 90s. Today, in foreign Europe, you can find republics, monarchies, as well as unitary and federal states.

Nature and resources

It was created under the influence of natural prerequisites, namely the composition of minerals. It differs in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region. The northern part is rich in ore and fuel resources. The main coal basins are the Ruhr (Germany) and Upper Silesian (Poland). Among the oil and gas basins, it is worth highlighting the Severomorsky. And among the iron ore - the Kiruna basin (Sweden) and Lorraine (France).

The southern part of the region is rich in ore deposits of magmatic and sedimentary origin. As for the reserves of fuel resources, here they are not as large as in the north of Europe.

The general characteristics of foreign Europe in terms of energy shows that its resources here are quite voluminous, but they mainly come from mountainous regions, namely: Alpine, Scandinavian and Dinaric. V a large number countries' resources have already practically dried up. The nature of the region allows for active agriculture. The only problem is the lack of land. Small coastal states struggle with it, expanding towards the seas. For example, a third of the territory of the Netherlands was "recaptured" from the sea with the help of dams and levees. Local residents in this regard say: "God created the Earth, and the Netherlands created the Netherlands." This is unlikely to be written in the section of the book "Geography" (grade 11). The general characteristics of foreign Europe, however, cannot ignore this fact.

The region is located in the temperate and subtropical (in the south) zones. In the Mediterranean region, sustainable agriculture is impossible without artificial irrigation. Mostly Italy and Spain suffer from this. The best conditions for forestry can be found in Finland and Sweden. No wonder there is a saying: "Finland without a forest is like a bear without wool." it is also represented quite widely.

Now the time has come to consider the next point of the conversation on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe."

Population of overseas Europe

The ethnic composition is rather homogeneous. Most of the peoples belong to the Indo-European family. The dominant religion in the region is Christianity. However, the southern part is also inclined towards Catholicism, and the northern part towards Protestantism. Foreign Europe is considered one of the most densely populated regions of the Earth. The population density here is more than 100 people per 1 square kilometer. The location is determined mainly by the geography of the peoples. In terms of urbanization, Europe also ranks high. On average, about 78% of the population lives in cities. There are countries in which this figure reaches 90%.

Throughout recent years the population of Europe began to grow too slowly. Population decline is observed in 15 states. In addition, its composition is changing - the number of elderly people is growing. This influenced the region's share in the global mechanism of external migration. Overseas Europe is gradually turning into a hotbed of labor emigration. There are about 20 million workers from abroad. 7 million of them live in Germany.

The 11th grade of the school curriculum examines such questions superficially, but we will touch on them in more detail. As an integral region, foreign Europe is the world leader in terms of the scale of exports of goods, the size of industrial production and the development of tourism. First of all, the economic power of the region rests on such countries as: France, Great Britain, Italy and Germany. Over the past decade, the leader of this four has become Germany, whose economy is developing very dynamically. "Workshop of the world" - Great Britain, began to give up its positions. Among the rest of the states, the most important are: the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Sweden. They, in contrast to the "main four", focus on individual industries.

Industry

Leading foreign Europe - mechanical engineering. It accounts for a third of the region's products and two-thirds of exports. It's no secret that Europe is famous for its cars. First of all, mechanical engineering gravitates towards big cities, including capitals. Moreover, as a rule, each sub-industry is oriented in a certain area of the state.

The chemical industry is in second place. Germany has been particularly successful in this direction. Before World War II, the chemical industry of the region was focused mainly on coal (bituminous and brown), salts (table and potash) and pyrites. Then there was a reorientation of the industry to hydrocarbon raw materials. The largest centers of petrochemicals are located in the estuaries of the Seine, Thames, Elbe, Rhine and Rhone. Here the industry is intertwined with oil production.

Natural gas and oil from the North Sea fields are sent to different countries along a huge system of trunk pipelines. Gas from Algeria is transported in methane tankers. Russian gas, which is bought by 20 European countries, also plays an important role.

The next largest industry is metallurgical. It was formed here even before the start of scientific and technological revolution. Ferrous metallurgy is most widely developed in Germany, England, Spain, France, Czech Republic and Poland. Aluminum and non-ferrous metallurgy also takes a large share. Aluminum is smelted not only in countries with vast reserves of bauxite, but also in countries with developed electricity production.

The timber industry is concentrated mainly in Finland and Sweden, while the light industry is concentrated in southern Europe. Italy is the second largest shoe-making country in the world, after China. And Portugal is considered the main "seamstress" of the region. In most countries, national traditions of production are preserved to this day. musical instruments, furniture, glass products.

Agriculture

The general characteristics of the economy of foreign Europe were touched upon above, now let's talk in more detail. Most of the countries in the region are fully self-sufficient in agricultural products and actively sell them abroad. After World War II, the region moved from small-scale peasant farming to specialized high-value farming. The main industries - crop and livestock production, spread throughout Europe and are closely intertwined with each other. Natural and historical conditions have caused the formation of such types of agriculture: North European, Central European and South European.

Northern European farming is common in Finland, Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is characterized by intensive dairy farming, which is served by the cultivation of gray crops and forage crops. In the Central European type, the main role is played by meat and dairy cattle breeding, as well as poultry farming.

The predominance of plant growing is inherent in the South European type. Sowing is mainly aimed at cereals, but the international specialization of the southern part of Europe is the production of grapes, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco, nuts and ethers. The main "garden" of Europe is the Mediterranean coast. Usually each state has its own specialization in agriculture. For example, Holland is famous for growing flowers, France and Switzerland for cheese production, and so on.

Tourism

General characteristics of foreign Europe cannot do without tourism. Europe was, is and will be the main region of international tourism. Here he is manifested in all directions. The most popular are France, Italy, Spain, Great Britain and other large countries. And in small states such as Andorra, Monaco and others, tourism is a currency-forming industry. The main types of tourism in foreign Europe are mountain and sea.

Transport connection

Today we give a general description of foreign Europe, and it is impossible without a transport system. Europe is inferior in terms of transportation distance to America and Russia, but in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is the leader in the whole world. The density of the movement is very high. The main role in the transportation of passengers and goods is played by road transport. The railway network in most countries is being actively reduced.

The overland transport network has a complex configuration. It is formed by highways of the meridian and latitudinal directions, the majority of which are of international importance. The river paths are also oriented towards these directions. The Rhine River plays a special role. More than two hundred million tons of cargo are transported through it annually. In places where land and waterways intersect, transport hubs have arisen, which eventually turned into real port-industrial complexes. For example, it ships about 350 million tons annually.

Western Europe is an example of how huge natural barriers are no longer an obstacle to the transport system. Railways, roads and pipelines cross the Alps in all necessary directions. The shores of the Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas are connected by ferry crossings.

General characteristics of foreign Europe: science and money

In Europe today there are many technopolises that make it one of the world's centers of science. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Munich and Cambridge. And in the southern part of France, the High Technology Road was formed.

Europe is home to the lion's share of the world's largest banks. Switzerland has become the benchmark for banking. About 50% of securities from all over the world are kept in the safes of its banks.

Environmental Protection

General characteristics of foreign Europe shows that the issue of nature protection is a resonant issue in its territories. Due to the high population density and the active development of industry, Europe has long faced a number of environmental problems. Some of them are related to coal mining and processing. Others - with an abundance of petrochemical and metallurgical plants in large cities. Still others - with an increasing number of cars on the streets. Fourth - with the development of tourism, which leads to the degradation of nature. And so on.

All countries in the region are pursuing an active environmental policy. As a result, more and more decisive measures are being taken: the promotion of bicycles and electric vehicles, active restoration of vegetation, etc.

Conclusion

Today the topic of our conversation is the general characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 is a time when a huge load falls on the shoulders of schoolchildren, so they overlook many fundamental things. We reminded ourselves of everything that could be forgotten, and learned something new on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe." A presentation (grade 11) with this article will be an easy task for any student.

1. General characteristics of the physical and economic-geographical location of Europe

Europe is a part of the world with an area of about 10 million km² (of which 5.1 million km² are in Foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries) and a population of 740 million people (about 10-11% of the world's population). The average height is about 300 m, the maximum is 4808 m, Mont Blanc mountain.
Features of the geographical location:

The length from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
Relief "mosaic" of its territory: lowlands and elevated territories. Most of the mountains of Europe are of medium height. Borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create obstacles for transport links.
A high degree of ruggedness of the coastline.
Seaside location of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the east - 600 km.
The "depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
Neighboring position favorable for integration processes.
Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, tk. is located at the junction with Asia and Africa, extended far into the ocean - "the great peninsula of Eurasia."
A variety of natural resources, but non-complex location across countries, many deposits are largely depleted.

Europe is usually divided into Northern and Southern, Western and Eastern, this is rather arbitrary, especially since not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into play here.

2. European organizations and associations

A single economic, political and financial space is emerging in Europe Abroad.
The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002, NATO members - 14 countries, EU members - 15 countries. Most of the countries belong to the industrialized group. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the "Big Seven of Western Countries." Special place on the economic map of the region are occupied by post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition.
The Council of Europe is an international organization promoting cooperation between all European countries in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, rule of law and cultural interaction. Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is the oldest international organization in Europe. The most famous bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, which operates in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia.

3. Political changes in Europe. NATO

After the collapse of the socialist regimes, the situation has changed markedly. Most of the countries of the former "socialist camp" have reoriented themselves to Western structures. Currently, more than half of European states are members of the European Union and NATO, almost all the rest declare their desire to join these organizations.

4. Changes on the political map of Europe

The following events had the greatest impact on the formation of the political map of Europe: World War I, World War II, the collapse of the USSR and the entire world socialist system. Until the mid-1980s, there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s, there have been about 40 states.

5. Modern political map of Foreign Europe

Currently, there are more than 40 states in Europe. Most states by the form of government are republics, 12 monarchies. According to the administrative and territorial structure, all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) are unitary. Largest countries by area: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. Largest countries by population: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Four states of Foreign Europe are members of the Big Seven: France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain. Germany is considered the main economy in Europe.

Natural resources of foreign Europe

1. Share of Foreign Europe by certain resources

For the world economy, the following resources located within Europe Abroad are of great importance:

Coal
Lead
Oil
Bauxites
Soil

2. Mineral resources

Deposits of magmatic fossils are concentrated in places where ancient crystalline rocks emerge on the surface - in Fennoscandia and in the belt of ancient destroyed mountains of Central Europe. These are deposits of iron ores in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, ores of non-ferrous metals in the area of the Baltic shield and in ancient massifs and mountains.
Europe has significant reserves of natural fuels. Large coal basins are located in Germany (Ruhr basin), Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvin basin). In the late 1960s, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered at the bottom of the North Sea. Great Britain and Norway quickly became among the world leaders in oil production, while the Netherlands and Norway - in gas production.
In Europe, the reserves of ore raw materials are quite large. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chrome ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large uranium deposits in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, the Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

3. Soils

The soils of Europe are quite fertile. However, the small area of the countries and the large population size explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed up.

4. Water resources.

Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the amount of water consumption continues to increase. The qualitative deterioration of water caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

5. Hydropower, forest, agro-climatic, recreational resources

The Alps, the Scandinavian mountains, and the Carpathians are rich in hydropower resources. Agroclimatic resources. The countries of Europe have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, as they are located in temperate and subtropical geographic zones, have favorable thermal resources and moisture supply. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical epochs contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and raise their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of the soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

6. Forest resources

Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. Each European has an average of 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. Forests not affected by economic activity in Europe are almost not preserved, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and the Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world with an increase in forest area in recent decades. And this is happening despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and regulate flood runoff, long recognized by Europeans, was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water protection role of the forest, its recreational importance, has grown immeasurably in importance, in addition, environmental policy in Europe contributed to the lesser deforestation. The largest reserves of forest resources in Europe Abroad are in Finland, Sweden, Norway.

7. Recreational resources

The territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.

Population of Europe

The population of Europe is over 500 million. The region has a rather difficult demographic situation.
1. Fertility and mortality

Recently, the population of overseas Europe has begun to grow very slowly. This is due to the fact that the reproduction of the population of the region is characterized by a complex demographic situation. In some countries, there is even a natural decline in population. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, the proportion of older people is growing.

2. Reproduction of the population

Almost all European countries are characterized by a modern type of population reproduction. Countries with the lowest rates of natural increase (population decline): Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary.

3. National composition

All this led to a sharp change in the share of the region in the world system of external migration of the population. Having been the main hotbed of emigration since the Great Geographical Discoveries, Europe abroad has become the main global hotbed of labor immigration. Now there are 18 - 20 million foreign workers here, a significant part of whom are in the position not of citizens, but of temporary guest workers (in German "guest workers").
By nationality the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. At the same time, related languages of the Slavic, Romance, Germanic groups have significant similarities. The same is true for the languages of the Uralic family. Nevertheless, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over millennia, is not so simple. Along with mono-nationalities, there are many states with a complex national composition.

Types of state by nationality:

mono-ethnic (i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). Most of them are in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
bi-national (Belgium);
multinational countries with a complex and ethnically heterogeneous composition (Switzerland, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries, there are complex problems of interethnic relations: Great Britain, Spain (Basques), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.
The most common languages in Europe Abroad: French, German, Italian, English.

4. Religious composition

In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism is sharply prevalent, in Northern Europe, Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different proportions. The world center of Catholicism, the Vatican, is located in Rome. Orthodoxy is practiced in the southeastern and eastern countries of Europe Abroad. Islam is practiced in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

5. Accommodation and migration of the population

Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Moreover, the location of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world: on average 74% live in cities, and in some countries more than 80% and even 90% of the total population. Total number cities are measured in many thousands, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over the millennia, a Western European type of city has developed, the roots of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.

A characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe is a very high concentration of the population in cities and urban agglomerations. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s. after a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of population from their centers (nuclei) began, first to the near and distant suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and rural areas (“green wave”). As a result, the number of residents in central London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process has received the name of suburbanization in science.

The largest number of migrants go to the following countries: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria. In addition, Europe Abroad is characterized by migration within the region - and from east to west.

Exercise:

Using the data from the endpaper of the textbook and table No. 2 in the Appendix, apply to states with monarchical and republican systems of government.

Lesson presentation

FOREIGN EUROPE

GEOGRAPHICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Europe from the Greek "zurope" - the country of the west, from the Assyrian "yereb" - darkness, "sunset", "west" (Asia from "asu" - "sunrise").

Features of the geographical location

The territory of foreign Europe (excluding the CIS countries) is 5.1 million km 2, and the total is about 10 million km 2. The length from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
Relief "mosaic" of its territory: 1: 1 - lowlands and elevated areas. Most of the mountains of Europe are of medium height. Borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create obstacles for transport links.
A high degree of ruggedness of the coastline.
Seaside location of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the east - 600 km.
The "depth" of the territory of most countries is not great. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
Neighboring position favorable for integration processes.
Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, tk. is located at the junction with Asia and Africa, and is pushed far into the ocean - "the great peninsula of Eurasia."
A variety of natural resources, but non-complex location across countries, many deposits are largely depleted.

CONCLUSION: profitable EGP, good preconditions for the development of the economy.

POLITICAL MAP OF EUROPE

Until the mid-1980s, there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s, there have been about 40 states.

6 largest by territory: France, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Finland.

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Most are sovereign states, 34 are republics, 14 are monarchies.

Principalities: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra.
Duchy: Luxembourg.
Kingdoms: Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Spain, Sweden.

They are all constitutional monarchies.

Theocratic Monarchy: Papacy - Vatican.
Federations: Germany, Belgium, Austria, FRY, Spain.
Confederation: Switzerland.

The oldest republic is San Marino (from the 13th century), the Swiss Confederation has existed since the end of the 13th century.

Major political and economic alliances

The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002.

NATO members (14 countries): Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Belgium, Great Britain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic. At the Prague Summit in November 2002 7 new members were invited to the Alliance: Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. But they can become full members only in 2004.
EU members (15 countries): Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria. From January 2002 the number of countries in the EU will increase. Since January 2004, the number of countries in the EU may increase due to Poland, Lithuania and other countries.

DIFFERENTIATION OF COUNTRIES BY LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Most of the countries belong to the industrialized group. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the "Big Seven of Western Countries". Post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition occupy a special place on the economic map of the region.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural resources of global importance

Coal:

Total reserves: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
Bituminous coal: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
Explored reserves: 3rd place after Asia and America
Bituminous coal - 2nd place after Asia
Brown coal - 3rd place after America and Asia
For bituminous coal: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Great Britain
Brown coal: Germany, Eastern Europe

Mining chemical raw materials (potash salts): Germany, France

Recreational resources: Southern Europe, France, etc.

Natural resources of regional importance

Forest

3rd place in the world after South America and the CIS

Woodedness - 32% - shares 3rd place with Zarub. Asia, yielding to Latin America and the CIS.

Most wooded: Finland (59%), Sweden (54%)

Fish

Northern Europe (Norway, Iceland)

Mineral

Uranium ores: France, Sweden, Spain
Iron ores: France, Sweden
Copper ores: Poland, Finland, ex. Yugoslavia
Oil: UK, Norway, Romania
Gas: Netherlands, UK, Norway
Mercury ores: Spain, Italy
Bauxites: France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sera: Poland
Graphite: Czech Republic

Hydropower resources

Resources of total river runoff per capita - 6 thousand m3 a year, less only in Asia

Hydropotential - in the penultimate place (lower only in Australia and Oceania). But the degree of development is high - 70% - 1st place in the world.

Agroclimatic resources

Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe

Land resources

World land fund: 134 million sq. km. Of these, 5.1 million sq. M. Fall to Foreign Europe. km (last place in the world). Per capita - 1 ha

The structure of the land fund of Europe in%: 29/18/32/5/16 (For reference: the structure of the land fund of the world in%: 11/23/30/2/34).

By the share of cultivated land - 1st place (29%)

The share of land occupied by pastures (18%) is lower than the world average (23%), and the share of land occupied by forests (32%) is higher (30%).

The largest share of land in the world under settlements: 5%

Less than in other parts of the world, the share of unproductive land - 16%

Provision of arable land per capita - 0.28 hectares, while the world average is 0.24-0.25 hectares

POPULATION

Table 1. Demographic, socio-economic indicators of the world, Foreign Europe and sub-regions of Europe

Indicators	The whole world	Overseas Europe	Northern Europe	Western Europe	Southern Europe	Eastern Europe
Area, thousand km 2	132850	5014	1809	1108	1315	782
Population in 1998, million people	5930	516,2	93,6	183,1	144,3	95,2
Fertility, ‰	24	11	13	11	11	11
Mortality, ‰	9	11	11	10	9	12
Natural growth	15	0	2	1	2	-1
Life expectancy, m / f	63/68	70/77	74/70	74/81	74/80	62/73
Age structure, under 16 / over 65	62/6	19/14	20/15	18/15	18/14	62/73
Share of urban population in 1995,%	45	74	84	81	65	64
GDP per capita in 1995, $	6050	1500	18500	19470	13550	5260

In Europe, there are 96 men for every 100 women.

Urbanization

Most of the countries of Foreign Europe are highly urbanized - Belgium (97%), the Netherlands and Great Britain (89% each), Denmark (85%). Only Portugal (36%), Albania (37%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (49%) belong to medium-urbanized countries (the share of the urban population does not exceed 50%).

The largest metropolitan areas in Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr.

Megalopolises: English, Rhine.

A typical process is suburbanization.

Migration

International immigration centers: France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, where over 10% of the total employed are foreign workers. Areas of emigration - the countries of Southern Europe: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Serbia; Turkey, North African countries.

National composition

Most European countries belong to the Indo-European family.

single-national(i.e. the main ethnic group is over 90%). Most of them are in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
with a sharp predominance of one nation, but in the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
bi-national(Belgium);
multinational countries, with a complex and ethnically heterogeneous composition (Russia, Switzerland, FRY, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries, there are complex problems of interethnic relations: Great Britain, Spain (Basques), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.

Religious composition of the population

The dominant religion is Christianity.

Southern Europe - Catholicism
North - Protestantism
Medium - Protestant and Catholic
Eastern - Orthodoxy and Catholicism
Albania, Croatia - Islam

ECONOMY: PLACE IN THE WORLD, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in reserves of gold and currency, in the development of international tourism.

The economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are part of the "big seven" Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest range of various industries and industries. But the balance of power between them has changed over the past decades. The role of the leader has passed to the Federal Republic of Germany, whose economy is developing more dynamically along the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former "workshop of the world", has lost many of its former positions.

Of the rest of the countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the largest economic weight. Unlike the four main countries, their economy specializes primarily in individual industries that have won, as a rule, European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are particularly deeply involved in global economic relations. The highest level of economic openness was reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.

A special place on the economic map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where since the end of the 80s. there is a transition from the previous system of public ownership and central planning to a system based on market principles. These post-socialist countries long time in their socio-economic development, those who were primarily oriented towards the Soviet Union (and the Baltic countries were part of it), now more "look" not to the East, but to the West of Europe. Such a change in orientation has a great impact on the sectoral and territorial structure of their economy, on the direction of foreign economic relations.

Industry: main industries.

The region produces more machine tools, industrial robots, precision and optical instruments, cars, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, and chemical fibers than the United States.

Mechanical engineering- the leading industry in foreign Europe, which is his homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products in the region and 2/3 of its exports.

Especially great development has received Automotive industry... Such brands of cars as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), FIAT (Italian Automobile Torino Factory), Volvo (Sweden), Tatra (Czech Republic), buses "Ikarus" (Hungary). In Great Britain, Belgium, Spain and other countries the factories of the "Ford-Motor" company operate.

Mechanical engineering, focused primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, gravitates most towards large cities and agglomerations, including the capital.

Chemical industry in foreign Europe it ranks second after mechanical engineering. In particular, this applies to the most "chemicalized" country not only of this region, but of the whole world - Germany.

Before the Second World War, the chemical industry was focused mainly on coal and brown coal, potash and sodium chloride, pyrites and was located in the regions where they were mined. The industry's reorientation towards hydrocarbons has led to a shift towards oil. In the western part of the region, this shift found expression primarily in the emergence of large centers of petrochemicals in the estuaries of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Rhone, where this industry is combined with oil refining.

The region's largest petrochemical and refinery junction was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Scheldt in the Netherlands, in the Rotterdam region. In fact, it serves the whole of Western Europe.

In the eastern part of the region, the shift towards oil has led to the creation of refineries and petrochemical plants on the routes of oil and gas pipelines.

The main oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary were built on the route of the international Druzhba oil pipeline and gas pipelines through which oil and natural gas from the Soviet Union were supplied. In Bulgaria, for the same reason, petrochemistry is "shifted" to the Black Sea coast.

V fuel and energy sector In most of the countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was taken by oil and natural gas, produced both in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. The production and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium fell sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the orientation towards coal is still preserved, and not so much towards hard coal (Poland, Czech Republic), but towards brown. Perhaps, in the whole world there is no other region where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.

The majority of thermal power plants are also oriented towards coal basins. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in large cities. Everything greater impact the structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - is influenced by the construction of nuclear power plants, of which there are already more than 80 in the region. or their whole cascades.

Nevertheless, in most countries, with the exception of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, hydroelectric power plants now play a supporting role. Since the region's hydro resources have already been used by 4/5, more economical pumped storage power plants are being built recently. Iceland uses geothermal energy.

Metallurgical industry foreign Europe was mainly formed before the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution era. Ferrous metallurgy has developed primarily in countries with metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

After World War II, large mills were built or expanded in seaports with a focus on importing higher quality and cheaper iron ore and scrap metal. The largest and most modern of the factories built in seaports is located in Taranto (Italy).

In recent years, it is mainly not large plants that have been built, but mini-factories.

The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy - aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production originated both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece), and in countries where there is no aluminum raw material, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum smelters are increasingly focusing on raw materials coming from developing countries by sea.

Copper industry received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.

Timber industry focusing primarily on the sources of raw materials, has become a branch of international specialization in Sweden and Finland, which have long been the main "forestry of the region".

Light industry, with which the industrialization of foreign Europe began, has largely lost its former significance. Old textile regions, formed at the dawn of the industrial revolution (Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Flanders in Belgium, Lyons in France, Milan in Italy), and also emerged in the 19th century. The Lodz region of Poland still exists today. But lately light industry is shifting to southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap work force... Thus, Portugal has become almost the main "garment factory" in the region. And Italy is second only to China in the production of footwear.

Many countries also retain rich national traditions in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glass, metal, jewelry, toys, etc.

AGRICULTURE: THREE MAIN TYPES.

For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large, highly mechanized farm. But in southern Europe, landlord landownership and small-scale land use by tenant peasants still predominate.

The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are plant growing and animal husbandry, which are ubiquitous, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:

1) North European, 2) Central European and 3) South European.

For Northern European type, widespread in Scandinavia, Finland, as well as in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the crop growing serving it - fodder crops and gray breads.

Central European type is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock, as well as pig and poultry farming. Animal husbandry in Denmark has reached a very high level, where it has long become an international specialization industry. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork, eggs. It is often called the "dairy farm" of Europe.

Crop production not only satisfies the basic needs of the population for food, but also "works" for animal husbandry. A significant, and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops.

For South European type a significant predominance of crop production is characteristic, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although cereals occupy the main place in crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the region of Valencia is usually called "huerta", that is, "garden". Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all - oranges, which are harvested from December to March. For the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. Greece has over 90 million olive trees. This tree has become a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. From the time of Ancient Hellas the olive branch is a sign of peace.

In many cases, the specialization of agriculture takes on a narrower profile. Thus, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for the production of cheese, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for the cultivation of barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of production and consumption grape wines France, Spain, Italy, Portugal stand out not only in Europe but all over the world.

Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

NON-PRODUCTION SPHERE

Transport: main highways and junctions.

The regional transport system of the region belongs to Western European type... In terms of transportation distance, it is much inferior to the systems of the United States and Russia. But in terms of the provision of a transport network, it is far ahead, taking first place in the world. Relatively short distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays a major role in the transportation of not only passengers, but also cargo. The railway network in most countries is shrinking, and large new buildings in the 50-70s. were characteristic only for some countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).

Land configuration transport network the region is very difficult. But its main frame is formed by the highways of the latitudinal and meridional directions, which are of international importance. The main latitudinal trans-European highways run as follows: 1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow, 2) London - Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul.

The river routes also have a meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) direction. The transport significance of the Rhine - Main - Danube waterway is especially great.

Danube - "transnational arrow": Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, FRY, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine

Rhine: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands.

Drava: Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, FRY

Tisza: Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, FRY

At the intersection of land and inland waterways, large transport hubs arose. In fact, such nodes are also seaports serving primarily international transport. Many of the world's yurts (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre) are located in the estuaries of rivers that connect them with inland areas. They all actually turned into one port and industrial complexes... They are characterized by the development of branches of the maritime economy and especially the so-called "port industry", which operates on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them is Rotterdam. The port of Rotterdam handles about 300 million tons of cargo per year. Located on one of the branches of the Rhine, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main sea gate for many European countries. It is connected with inland areas by waterways along the Rhine and Moselle, railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines.

Western Europe is a good example of how even large natural barriers cease to be an insurmountable obstacle to transport links. Numerous railways, roads and pipelines cross the Alps. Ferry crossings connect the shores of the Baltic, North and Mediterranean seas. Road bridges are thrown across the Bosphorus, across the Great Belt. Completed "project of the century" - the construction of a railway tunnel across the English Channel.

Science and finance: technoparks, technopolises and banking centers.

Following the example of Silicon Valley in the United States, many research parks and technopolises have also emerged in foreign Europe, which already largely determine the geography of science in a number of countries. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Cambridge (Great Britain), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, in the Nice region, the so-called "Valley of High Technology" is being formed.

60 of the world's 200 largest banks are located in foreign Europe. Switzerland has long become the benchmark of the banker country: half of all the world's securities are in the safes of its banks. The "economic capital" of the country, Zurich, stands out. Recently, both Luxembourg and Frankfurt am Main have become a banker country. Nevertheless, London was and remains the largest financial center.

Leisure and tourism

Foreign Europe has been and remains the main area of international tourism. All types of tourism have developed here, the "tourism industry" has reached a very high level. Spain, France and Italy also invariably act as the leading countries of international tourism. The most popular countries for attracting tourists are also Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary. And in such micro-states as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist services have long been the main source of income. There are one hundred tourists for every inhabitant.

Security environment and environmental issues

As a result of the high population density, long-term industrial and agricultural development of the territory, the natural environment of foreign Europe has become to the greatest extent the geographical environment of human society. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time, this led to the aggravation of many environmental and ecological problems.

Some of them are associated with open pit mining, combustion and chemical processing of high-ash (primarily brown) coal. Others - with the location of a number of cities and agglomerations, metallurgical, oil and gas processing and petrochemical plants, nuclear power plants on the banks of the Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Vistula, on the sea coasts, and still others - with the spread of acid rain. Fourth - with an ever-increasing "car density", which in a number of urban agglomerations already reaches 250-300 cars per 1 km 2. Fifth - with the spontaneous development of tourism, which has already led to significant degradation natural environment, both in the Alps and on the Mediterranean coast. Sixth - with a huge danger to the natural environment, which is created by the disasters of supertankers, which often happen, especially on the approaches to the English Channel.

All countries in the region are pursuing state environmental policies and are taking increasingly decisive measures to protect the environment. Strict environmental protection laws were issued, massive public organizations and the Green Party, bicycle use is being promoted, and the network of national parks and other protected areas expanded.

All this led to the first positive results. Nevertheless, in many countries, the environmental situation is still difficult. First of all, this applies to Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Czech Republic.

In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in the western one.

GEOGRAPHICAL DRAWING OF SETTLEMENT AND FARM.

"Central axis" development is the main element of the territorial structure of the region.

The territorial structure of the population and economy of foreign Europe was mainly formed back in the 19th century, when the natural resource was almost the main factor of location, and when coal and metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries arose. After World War II, this structure was most influenced by labor force and EGP benefits, and more recently by science intensity and environmental factors.

In total, there are about 400 urban agglomerations and about a hundred industrial areas in the region. The most significant of them are located within the "central axis" of development, stretching across the territory of eight countries. Its core is the "main street of Europe" - the Rhine - Rhone line. 120 million people live within this "axis", and about half of the entire economic potential of the region is concentrated.

In foreign Europe, several more similar "axes" of smaller scales can be distinguished. This is an industrial-urban belt stretching along the common borders of Poland, the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, the Danube "axis", strips along the main oil pipelines, and some coastal zones.

Highly Developed Areas: Examples of London and Paris.

The most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, and services are the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris.

Both London and Paris have grown primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have been serving for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are large industrial centers in which high-tech science-intensive industries are widely represented, and in Paris there is also the production of so-called "Parisian products" (sewing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which it has been acting as a trendsetter for everything for several centuries. the world. But even more important is the fact that it is here that the largest banks and stock exchanges, headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as the residences of many international organizations are concentrated. In accordance with regional programs, unloading of the central parts of both metropolitan regions is being carried out.

Eight cities have been built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities in the vicinity of Paris.

Examples of other highly developed regions of foreign Europe are: the southern region of the Federal Republic of Germany with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, the Milan - Turin - Genoa "industrial triangle" in Italy, and the industrial and urban agglomeration Randstad ("ring city") in the Netherlands. All of them are located within the "central axis" of development.

Old industrial areas.

In no other region of the world there are so many old industrial regions with a predominance of basic industries as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of coal basins. But even among such areas, the Ruhr area stands out, which for many decades has been rightfully considered the industrial heart of Germany.

The Lower Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration has developed within the Ruhr basin and adjacent areas. Here, on an area of 9 thousand km2, 11 million people live and about a hundred cities are concentrated, including 20 large ones. There is no other such concentration of large cities in one territory, perhaps, anywhere else in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km2. The Ruhr part forms a complex urban massif with almost no breaks, which is usually called "Ruhrstadt", that is, "the city of the Ruhr". In fact, it is really a single city, with Duisburg as its western gate, Dortmund as its eastern gate, Essen as its "capital", and Dusseldorf as its main "safe".

In recent years, the Ruhr industry, with several thousand factories, has undergone significant reconstruction. In the 50s-60s. The Ruhr was considered almost a classic depressed area. But today it would be wrong to place him in this category. A large environmental program has been implemented in the Ruhr area. The Rhine, which not so long ago was called the gutter of Europe, has become cleaner, fish have reappeared in it.

Examples of other old industrial areas include Lancashire, Yorkshire, West Midlands, South Wales in the UK, Northern region, Alsace and Lorraine in France, Saarland, which is often called the "small Ruhr", in the Federal Republic of Germany, Upper Silesian region in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic. But most of them are depressive.

Backward agricultural areas.

In foreign Europe there are still quite a few rather backward, predominantly agrarian regions. A striking example of this kind is the South of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country's territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% of those employed in industry. The per capita income here is almost two times lower than in the North. After the Second World War, due to the relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the South.

The state is pursuing a regional policy aimed at the rise of the South. It led to the construction of large metallurgical, petrochemical plants and other enterprises here. As a result, the South is no longer a purely agricultural region. However, the factories are almost not connected with the surrounding territory, since they work on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other regions of the country and to other countries.

Examples of other backward agrarian regions of foreign Europe are: the western part of France, the central and southwestern parts of Spain, Portugal and Greece. They are all located outside the "central axis". The problem of the rise of backward regions is also topical for many countries of Eastern Europe.

Areas of new development.

For the long-developed territory of foreign Europe, areas of new development are generally not typical. Usually they included only the northern part of Scandinavia. But the discovery in the early 60s. a large oil and gas basin in the North Sea has changed the situation.

By the beginning of the 90s. more than 250 oil and natural gas fields have been identified on this "golden day". In addition, one of the world's largest gas fields is located off the coast in the Netherlands. The North Sea region satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe for oil and 2/3 of the needs for natural gas. Now the sea is literally "stuffed" with drilling platforms, several thousand kilometers of pipelines have been laid along the bottom of it. But in this regard, a considerable environmental threat arises, not to mention fishing, which has suffered irreparable damage.

The impact of international economic integration on the territorial structure of the economy.

Favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region include territorial proximity, high development of the territory, a high level of social economic development, good transport availability, long-standing traditions of economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to a further merging of the territorial structures of the economy of individual countries, especially within the "central axis" of development. Border integration regions are being formed: between Germany and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.

Figure 1. Sub-regions of Foreign Europe.

Table 2. What is produced and exported by some countries of Foreign Europe.

Country	Manufactured and exported products
Sweden	Cars, airplanes, ships, weapons, equipment for the forestry and pulp and paper industries, paper, cellulose, iron ore, medicines, livestock products.
Finland	Lumber, paper, pulp, equipment for the forestry and woodworking industries, sea vessels, dairy products.
United Kingdom	Machinery and equipment, aircraft, automobiles, tractors, weapons, oil, chemicals, textiles, light industry products.
France	Cars, airplanes, sea vessels, weapons, equipment for nuclear power plants, ferrous metals, aluminum, fabrics, clothing, perfumery, wheat, dairy and meat products, sugar, wine.
FRG	Cars, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronic products, weapons, chemicals, light industry products.
Spain	Cars, ships, electrical equipment, chemicals, metal ores, light industrial products, citrus fruits, olive oil, wines.
Italy	Cars, ships, electrical equipment, weapons, chemicals, refrigerators, washing and office machines, textiles and clothing, footwear, vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, wines.
Poland	Machinery and equipment, sea vessels, coal, copper, sulfur, medicines, textiles, agricultural products.
Bulgaria	Electrical and electronic products, lifting and transport equipment, agricultural machinery, non-ferrous metals, sewing and tobacco products, canned food, wine, rose oil.

CHARACTERISTICS FRG

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, GENERAL OVERVIEW

Territory - 356.9 thousand km 2. Population - 81.6 million people. (1995). The capital is Berlin.

Germany is a state in Central Europe. It borders on the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic. Poland, Denmark.

The peculiarities of the EGP played an important role in the development of the country: its location in the center of Europe, surrounded by economically highly developed states, at the intersection of major transport routes, and its coastal position.

Within its modern borders, Germany was formed by the unification in October 1990 of two states - the FRG and the GDR, the FRG included 5 states of the GDR and East Berlin. As a result, the country's territory has grown by 43%, and the population - by 27%.

Germany is a parliamentary republic. According to the territorial and political structure, it is a federation, consisting of 16 states.

The executive power in the country belongs to the federal government, the president mainly performs representative functions.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES.

The natural conditions of the country are varied. The surface rises mainly from north to south. By the nature of the relief, 4 main elements are distinguished in it: the North German Lowland, the Middle German Mountains (Black Forest, Swabian Alb, Franconian Alb, Rhine Slate Mountains). Bavarian plateau and the Alps. The country's relief was influenced by glaciers and sea transgressions.

Among the countries of foreign Europe, Germany stands out for its coal reserves (1st place) - mainly in the Ruhr, Saar, Aachen basins.

Quite large natural gas fields are located in the north of Germany.

Iron ore reserves are available, but its quality is low. In the north of the German Plain, there are significant deposits of rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, favorable for population and economy.

The rivers Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, Danube are of great economic importance.

About 30% of the territory is covered with forests, but these are secondary forests, primary forests in the country are practically not preserved.

POPULATION.

In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Western Europe. The country is characterized by a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth (especially in the eastern lands). The birth and death rates are equal (about 1%), but the population is growing due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, Asia (Turkey).

The average density is 227 people / km 2.

Figure 2. Age-sex pyramid of Germany.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)

The overwhelming majority of residents are Germans; by the time of the country's reunification, there were more than 5 million immigrants, and their number is increasing.

The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam is widespread from other religions.

The urbanization rate is 87%.

FARM

Germany is one of the most developed countries the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is second only to the United States and Japan.

The role of the Federal Republic of Germany in the MGRT is determined by its industry, which specializes in the production of high-quality products.

The sectoral and territorial structure of the FRG economy was strongly influenced by the forty-year separate development of the FRG and the GDR. Territorial disparities in the country are very large: in 1994, the eastern lands provided about 4% of industrial production, although about 20% of the FRG population live in them.

In general, the share of manufacturing industries is very high in the structure of industry (over 90%), the share of extractive industries is decreasing, and the share of knowledge-intensive industries is growing.

Energy. Germany provides more than half of its needs through imports (oil, gas, coal). The main role in the fuel base is played by oil and gas, and the share of coal is about 30%. The structure of electricity generation: 64% - at thermal power plants, 4% - at hydroelectric power plants, 32% - at nuclear power plants. Coal-fired TPPs operate in the Ruhr and Saar basins, in port cities, on natural gas - in northern Germany, on fuel oil - in oil refining centers, and other TPPs - on mixed fuel. Nuclear power plants are built outside the coal basins. Hydroelectric power plants operate mainly in the south of the country (on mountain rivers).

Ferrous metallurgy- one of the most important branches of specialization in Germany, but is currently in crisis. The main factories are concentrated in the Ruhr and the Lower Rhine; there is also in the Saar and in the eastern states of Germany. Converting and rolling mills are located throughout the country.

Non-ferrous metallurgy- works mainly on imported and secondary raw materials. In terms of aluminum smelting, Germany is second only to Norway in foreign Europe. The main factories are in North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg and Bavaria.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- the branch of specialization of the Federal Republic of Germany in the MGRT, it accounts for up to 1/2 of industrial products and exports. Largest centers: Munich, Nuremberg. Mannheim, Berlin, Leipzig, Hamburg. Bavaria is the leader in the electrical industry. The automotive industry, marine shipbuilding, optical-mechanical, aerospace industries are highly developed.

Chemical industry represented, first of all, by the products of fine organic synthesis, the production of medicines, etc. The chemical industry is especially developed in the western lands (concerns BASF, "Hirst"), in the east it was in a state of crisis.

Agriculture- uses about 50% of the territory; the contribution of the industry to the country's GDP is 1%, more than 60% of all production is provided by animal husbandry, where cattle and pig breeding are distinguished. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, and barley. The FRG provides itself with grain completely. Potatoes and beets are also grown; along the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, horticulture, tobacco growing.

Transport. In terms of the density of transport routes, the Federal Republic of Germany occupies one of the first places in the world; the transport network is based on railways. In the total cargo turnover, the main role belongs to road transport(60%), then railway (20%), inland waterways (15%) and pipeline. External sea transportation and air transport are of great importance, playing a major role in the country's external relations.

Non-production sphere is represented in Germany, as in a post-industrial country, with a wide range of different types of activities: education, health care, management, finance. Eight German banks are among the 50 largest banks in the world. Frankfurt am Main is a fast growing financial center of Germany.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS.

In terms of the total volume of foreign trade, Germany ranks second in the world after the United States. The main trade partners of Germany are the EU countries, recently the markets of the countries of Eastern Europe and Russia are being developed.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", capital region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of sectoral structure, monoculture, apartheid, sub-region.

Skills: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of a region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, draw up and analyze schematic maps and cartograms.

Also on the topic

Types of journalism Main journalistic genres

The cycle of substances and the flow of energy in nature presentation for the lesson in biology (grade 10)

Analysis of the reliability of the equipment of the rolling mill "2500" Calculation of the main technical and economic indicators

Cucumbers and tomatoes in the same polycarbonate greenhouse: how to place and care for them - video instruction

Condition monitoring of armature bearings