Means of mechanical protection against bites of mosquitoes, horseflies and large midges are special nets made of tulle or gauze - mosquito nets (muskiteers). The most comfortable are tulle muskiteers with 1.5 mm cells. It is recommended to insert a strip of black tulle in front of the eyes, which makes it less difficult to see. Muskiter is worn over a headdress; the part of the mesh that falls on the shoulders is tucked under the collar of the shirt so that mosquitoes cannot penetrate from below. You should also pay attention to the fact that the edges of the mesh are not pulled tight behind the collar, but form an overlap, which prevents the possibility of biting the neck at the collar of the shirt.
To protect the hands, especially in the taiga regions, it is recommended to wear gloves made of coarse linen, fixed on the forearms over the sleeves.
Although the gnat worries mainly in the open air, but often blood-sucking Diptera, especially mosquitoes and mosquitoes, fly into dwellings in masses. Horseflies that have flown into the room sit on the glass of the windows and do not touch the person.
Very useful tool individual mechanical protection against midges indoors and outdoors during sleep is a gauze or tulle canopy. Canopies are widely used in a number of areas Soviet Union. The use of curtains in Russia is one of the measures to combat malaria. The canopy of tulle No. OOO (cells 1.5 mm) or gauze must be completely intact. To protect against small bloodsuckers, gauze canopy or tulle with cells no more than 3/i mm should be used. To protect against small bloodsuckers, it is advisable to impregnate tulle curtains with larger cells with deterrents (dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate).
There are several models of canopies. The usual type of canopy is in the form of a parallelepiped without a bottom plane measuring 2.25 m in length, 1.5 m in height and 0.8 m in width. The top of the canopy is made of chintz, calico, tulle or gauze; sides - from tulle or gauze, a strip of coarse calico or calico about 30 cm high is sewn along the lower edge from the sides. Six loops are sewn along the upper corners of the canopy and along the middle of the long upper ribs for hanging it from the ceiling on raised ropes stretched between walls (indoors) or poles or trees (outdoors).
It is very important to ensure the correct use of the curtains, because only under this condition the curtain protects well from mosquitoes during sleep.
In stationary placement, wooden spacers in the form of the letter T are attached to the backs of the beds, on which the canopy is put on; ropes must be pulled between the ends of the struts so that the canopy does not sag. The edges of the canopy should not hang freely from the bed; they should be picked up under the mattress.
Before going to bed, it is necessary to inspect the canopy inside and destroy the mosquitoes bursting into it.
The form of curtains in the form of a cone is widespread; the length of the doubled lower edge of the cone is 380 cm; from below, the edge of the canopy is hemmed with a strip of dense matter. The convenience of such a canopy lies in the fact that it is easily suspended by one upper loop; this can be quickly done in housing without the use of special spacers.
The canopy is used to protect against midges and when spending the night outdoors, hanging it from a tree branch, from a crossbar on poles, etc.
The lady he was interested in disappeared, probably already gone. Starygin himself was surprised at how upset he was by this thought. However, it was still necessary to consider all the pictures. When else will you see the work of a friend in such a full volume.
Starygin moved to another room, and his eyes were immediately riveted by a large painting hanging right in front of the door. Like everyone else, it depicted children, but this time the feeling of anxiety and discomfort was almost unbearable. However, here for him there were more compelling reasons than on the other canvases: the children did not have fun and did not play here. They were running away from some invisible, but formidable danger, apparently approaching from behind the left edge of the canvas.
The source of the danger itself was not visible, but its invisible presence seemed certain and tangible. The children, looking around, ran away in horror.
"Waiting for a thunderstorm," was written under the picture.
"Well, well," Starygin chuckled, "what a storm is here, Leshka just signed it like that ..."
Immediately he shuddered: the picture reminded him of the canvas that remained in his study. The same feeling of growing anxiety, the same fleeing figures, the same expression of horror on the looking back faces ... Only in Leshka's picture there were no open gates where the fugitives could hide from the inevitable approaching danger ...
Of course, this was a completely coincidental coincidence - a similar arrangement of figures, a similar facial expression and, as a result, a close mood created by the picture ...
- What?! What tower? - Starygin looked around and saw the same stranger with whom he had already encountered today. The one that I was looking for in all the halls, afraid to admit it to myself.
- What tower? repeated Dmitri Alekseevich, intently examining the woman.
Now that she had spoken to him, it no longer seemed indecent to him.
However, he was not sure that the stranger was talking to him - rather, she was talking to herself, answering her own innermost thoughts. In any case, she looked at Starygin in surprise and asked again:
- What did you say?
The woman shook her head, as if awakening from a dream, and said a little guiltily:
Saying this as if against her will, the woman bit her lip and brought her thin hand to her temple, as if she suddenly felt an unbearable pain. An expression of embarrassment and displeasure appeared on her face, as if she had said something superfluous and was now ashamed. own words or betrayed to a stranger her innermost secret ...
She turned away and wanted to hide in the crowd, but finally cast a glance at Starygin.
And from this look, he painfully pinched in his chest, as if he remembered something long forgotten, irretrievable, remembered his lost youth ...
And one more thing - this glance was subtly similar to those glances that the fleeing children threw over their shoulders in Lesha's picture. Or adults on an old Italian canvas that Starygin left in his office. In this look, there was a fear of the approaching danger ... but now Starygin understood something else: it was fear not only of something terrible that was approaching from outside, but also of what was hidden inside his own soul ...
- Wait! - exclaimed Starygin and stepped after the stranger. - You must tell me...
- Tell? What? she snapped, slowing her steps and still looking at Dimitri over her shoulder.
- Tell me about the picture ... how do you know about it?
“I don’t know anything,” the woman objected, but she suddenly stopped and looked intently at Dmitry Alekseevich. What painting are you talking about?
- About the one where there is a tower, and a windmill, and people running away from something terrible ...
She looked up at him with violet, almost black eyes and pressed her lips tightly together.
- Listen! Dmitry Alekseevich was confused. “I didn’t mean to scare you at all, you started this conversation yourself.
“I have to go,” she said dryly, barely parting her lips, “it’s getting late…”
Further pursuit of an unfamiliar woman was already completely unacceptable. Starygin sighed and turned away. And then Alex jumped up.
- Dima, are you with us? he shouted. - Lenka ordered a restaurant near here!
- Yes, I ... - Starygin was confused.
- You, girl, come with us too! Leshka yelled. - Let's get to know each other!
The stranger smiled. Light wrinkles around the eyes became visible, and the eyes themselves seemed a little smaller, and Dmitry Alekseevich noted that she was much older than he seemed to him at first. But what did it matter?
Are you really such a close friend of the hero of the day? the stranger asked.
Starygin confirmed that this is the case. Although in fact, her question sounded different: can she trust him. And Starygin made it clear that he could.
So what's up with the painting? she asked. - Why are you so excited?
- The fact is that I am a restorer ... - Starygin said and gave his name.
At the same time, nothing was reflected in the woman's eyes - apparently, his name did not tell her anything. Dmitry Alekseevich told her about the painting, the restoration of which had just begun today, about its amazing similarity with Lesha's painting and about their significant differences. About the same tower open gate which frightened people flee in an Italian painting, about a wooded hill with windmill, about gloomy thunderclouds...
He spoke brightly and captivatingly. He wanted to understand, to explain to himself the amazing coincidence - but it was not only that. He wanted to look at this woman for as long as possible, he wanted to be close to her, to listen to her exciting chest voice, to see her amazing eyes ...
“Strange,” she said after listening to his story, “it seems to me that this simply cannot be…
But nevertheless, it is so!
“Maybe you just made it all up?” There was disbelief in her voice.
- Invented? But for what? Starygin looked at the stranger in surprise.
“I don’t know…” she shrugged her narrow shoulders and looked down in embarrassment. “I don’t know what I’m saying today… but it’s all so strange… this picture… I think I’ve already seen it…”
It suddenly seemed to Starygin that all this had already happened before—the halls, full of people, an even hum of voices, and a woman with amazing eyes that change color every now and then. It was like a dream, like an obsession. He tried to throw off the obsession, to pull himself together - and suddenly he succeeded.
He stood next to an unfamiliar woman in the middle of an empty gallery.
The visitors have already left, even Lyosha and his wife left, apparently, he went to the restaurant to celebrate the successful opening of the exhibition. Only a tired and preoccupied gallery employee went around the halls, putting things in order, picking up scattered candy wrappers and disposable plastic cups, looking impatiently at the late visitors.
“Excuse me,” Dmitry Alekseevich said to her embarrassedly. - We're leaving now!
He turned to the strange stranger and asked her:
- Where to take you?
“Don’t consider me impolite…” she began, and Starygin became convinced that the lady would now send him off quite firmly.
Well, he is not a womanizer and not a ladies' man, it is not in his rules to rush at every more or less attractive woman met at fashion parties and opening days. The stranger interested him professionally - she definitely knows something about the painting, the restoration of which he this moment busy. And he just needs to find out what.
Here Dmitry Alekseevich tried to deceive himself, because, in addition to professional, he had a personal interest in the stranger. Simply put, it was not that he liked her at first sight, but, undoubtedly, attracted him with something to which he could not explain.
If Starygin had found time for introspection, he would have been very surprised at his current state. It seems to be not a boy already - forty-three years old, and even before he did not suffer from excessive amorousness even in his youth.
Dmitry Alekseevich determined his attitude towards women once and for all. He did not shy away from them, but he did not let one get too close to him, he did not allow one to take in his soul. more space than he wanted. I must say, the ladies felt it and did not make any attempts to turn the situation in their favor.
If the stranger does not even want to give her name, therefore, there is nothing to count on continuing the acquaintance.
“I could give you a ride,” Dmitry Alekseevich said in a detached, polite manner.
In fact, let her not think that he is a frivolous pester, he is a decent person and, by the way, very busy. Today, however, as always, he had a busy day, Starygin was in a hurry to the opening day and did not have time to eat even at lunch, because he was unexpectedly summoned to the museum authorities. In the department of manuscripts, an old acquaintance, Tanya, treated him to coffee and biscuits. Dmitry ate the whole pack while talking, although he repeatedly promised himself to limit the flour. It was beyond his power to give up sweets altogether. Tatyana's coffee turned out to be liquid, but at least hot.
And on the opening day, the hungry artists snapped up all the sandwiches with red fish and half-smoked sausage in an instant, he didn’t even have time to blink.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
In order of preference, methods and means personal protection a person from blood-sucking insects can be positioned as follows: 1) mechanical means and methods of protection; 2) clothes, fabrics, protective nets and other means impregnated with repellents; 3) direct application of repellents to the skin.
The best way to mechanically protect against midges is to wear a special protective suit. The set of protective clothing includes: undershirt made of thickened fabric (bridge thickness 3.6-3.7 mm, mesh size 7x7 mm), top shirt made of fine mesh fabric (mesh size 0.5x0.5 mm, thickness 0.5 mm) . The purpose of the undershirt is to create a space between the human body and outerwear, equal to the length of the proboscis of mosquitoes (the most massive bloodsuckers). The top shirt prevents the penetration of small insects (midges). Both shirts reliably protect against midge bites and at the same time, thanks to the mesh, provide sufficient ventilation of the body, it is not hot to work in them.
The head, neck and face are protected by a cape impregnated with repellent, descending over the shoulders and leaving the face open. It is made from cotton tulle or thin knitted fabric. The length of the cape is up to 30 cm, the width is 80-100 cm. It is fixed on the headdress with the help of a linen elastic band, threaded along the upper edge of the cape. On the front and along the edges, the cape consists of a double layer of fabric (strip width 10 cm). To impregnate the cape, 10-15 g of repellent is required. Protective properties when used, for example, DEET, last 3-4 weeks. When stored in plastic bag the validity period of the processed cape is increased. The use of tulle capes is more effective than cotton nets.
Following the model of tulle, capes can be made from cheap fabrics (not mesh) - calico, chintz, muslin. The cape consumes 0.4-0.5 square meters. m of fabric. The weight of a cape made of calico or muslin is 35-40 g, of chintz -45-50 g. It is recommended to impregnate them with DEET solutions in acetone, at the rate of 15 g of repellent per cape. Capes from the named fabrics are well erased. They are easy to use and accessible to the public.
Mosquito nets have not lost their importance, they reliably protect against the attack of bloodsuckers.
Indoors, tented out mechanical means protection can be applied canopy. It's easy to make your own. Above a bed, a folding bed, a sofa, a sleeping bag at a height of 1 m, a twine (cord, bandage, etc.) is stretched and fixed on both sides, on which a piece of gauze is hung in such a way that this simple structure turns out to be in the form of a roof with steep slopes . The edges of the gauze are tucked under the mattress. Pieces of gauze are sewn into the end parts. With a sufficient amount of gauze, you can do without sewing in the end sides of the canopy (14 m of gauze is required for one canopy). With a limited amount of this fabric, it is possible to use two hand-sewn sheets, from which the canopy is made according to the method described above. At the same time, pieces of gauze of the appropriate size must be sewn into the end sides.
One of the main uses of repellents is to impregnate clothing, fabrics, protective nets and other means. Gauze and muslin scarves, stockings, socks, cotton overalls, gauze hoods are impregnated with solutions, emulsions and pure repellents. The average consumption of a pure drug is 40 ml per 1 sq. m of clothes or 30-35 ml per 100 g of fabric. Outerwear (shirt, trousers, jacket, skirt, etc.) is treated by rubbing the drug with cotton swabs. 300-400 ml of the drug is applied to the men's suit. Clothing can also be processed using a household spray gun. It must be borne in mind that some preparations dissolve plastic.
Aerosol cans are used to apply repellents to clothing. When spraying the liquid, the cylinders should be kept at a distance of 15-25 cm from the treated surface, irrigating it for 15-20 seconds.
There is also an easier way to apply repellent to clothing. The palms are moistened with a small amount of the drug, and then applied to the surface of the clothing and carefully rubbed into the fabric. This consumes from 20 to 40 ml of the substance. This way of processing clothes is more economical. It does not require the use of cotton swabs and spray devices, reduces the need for the drug.
Repellent-impregnated suit provides reliable protection from a midge attack for two months. The processed clothes in the intervals between wearing are stored folded in tight packaging (polyethylene or oilcloth bags, parchment paper, etc.). This lengthens the duration of the deterrent effect.
Protective nets for impregnation are immersed in 300-400 ml of repellent for 2-3 hours. Then they are removed, squeezed and dried in the open air for 1-2 hours. Such nets protect the face for 10-15 days. In order to fix the repellent on the mesh, cellulose acetate gels are used (1 part by weight of cellulose acetate, 10 parts of acetone, 4 parts by weight of repellent). Nets treated in this way retain their repellent properties for more than a month, and when stored in a closed container ( glass jars, oilcloth and plastic bags) - about three months.
The net can be made by yourself from a piece of a fishing net (a delusional net with a mesh of any size) 50x75 or 60x80 cm in size. Sheathe the edges of the net with a narrow cotton braid - piping. On one of the long sides of the mesh, ribbons 30-35 cm long are sewn at the ends.
Nets are also sewn in the form of hoods or cut in the form of stripes with bevelled corners. They are convenient to use in logging. A net impregnated with some kind of liquid repellent is thrown over the headgear so that the front edge hangs down to the superciliary arches, the side edges lie on the shoulders, and the back edge covers the neck. The ends of the braid are tied under the chin. The face remains open. At the back, the mesh can be attached to clothing with safety pins. It is not recommended to fill the mesh under a headdress or collar in order to avoid skin irritation.
Repellent nets are prepared in advance, and impregnated with repellents just before use. Each grid can be used for several summer seasons.
Only a few of the previously named repellents are suitable for skin use. These include: DMF, DEET, Repellin-ALPHA.
For a single treatment of the face, neck, arms up to the elbow, 2-3 g of the drug is needed. When applying a repellent to the body to the waist, the consumption increases to 6-8 g. In total, during the season, one person needs 300-350 g. In hot summers and with severe physical activity When a person sweats heavily, the seasonal rate of the repellent increases by 1.5-2.0 times.
When applying repellents on the skin in the form of pastes, creams, lotions, do not use acetone, glycerin as solvents, vegetable oils as they are well absorbed by the skin.
Aerosol cans containing repellent can be used to spray exposed areas of the body (except the face). The disadvantage of aerosols is that they contain little active substance, only 15-25%.
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In many areas in the warm season, a lot of trouble is caused by different kinds midges - mosquitoes, midges, mosquitoes and other blood-sucking flying insects. Gnus interferes and normal operation(geologists, fishermen, lumberjacks, etc.), and recreation.
It has been established, in particular, that the productivity of lumberjacks working in wetlands, when attacked by midges, can decrease by more than ten percent.
Many species of mosquitoes, midges and other blood-sucking flying insects can carry pathogens that are dangerous to humans, such as malaria. Therefore, protection from midges is a very important task.
To protect people from the bites of mosquitoes, midges and other insects, nets (mosquito nets) and gauze capes are often used.
More convenient and much more effective are chemical means of protection - repellents, i.e. substances that repel insects.
The effectiveness of repellent preparations is usually determined by the duration of the protective effect after a single application to the skin.
The duration of the protective action of drugs produced by the domestic industry is from 2 to 8 hours. It depends not only on the properties of the drug itself, but also on weather conditions (air temperature, wind strength, etc.) and on whether a person works or resting. So, if you calmly walk through a forest clearing in cool weather, the DEET cream protects against mosquitoes for about 6 hours; at the same time, for a lumberjack working intensively in hot weather, the duration of the action of the cream applied in the same amount can be reduced to 2 hours,
All repellent chemicals. suitable for use not only by adults, but also by children (under adult supervision).
It is necessary to avoid getting drugs into the eyes and on such areas of the skin where there are abrasions, scratches, etc., since the substances that make up the drug can cause lacrimation and irritation. If the drug does get into the eyes, you should immediately wash your hands and face with soap and water and, if necessary, rinse your eyes with warm water.
The most effective repellent agents, which include diethyltoluamide. They are quite safe and protect a person from midges for several hours. To the touch, the preparations are slightly oily; when applied to the skin, they form a film that repels flying insects.
Repellent preparations based on carboxide, benzoylpiperidine and benzimine also have a long-term protective effect; the duration of the protective action (about 2 hours) of preparations based on dimethyl phthalate is somewhat shorter.
All repellent preparations are easily removed from the skin with normal washing with soap and water.
It should also be borne in mind that diethyltoluamide (and, to an even greater extent, dimethyl phthalate) have plasticizing properties and can spoil products from some synthetic materials. So
It is necessary to ensure that repellent preparations do not fall on products made of acetate, viscose and polyamide fibers.
Repellents are available in aerosols, lotions, pastes, sticks and wipes.
Lotions "DETA" and "DETA-1" are repellent preparations based on diethyltoluamide. They are applied with a cotton swab or by hand. thin layer on the open areas body (face, neck, hands). The duration of the protective action is 5-8 hours.
Lotions "DETA" and "DETA-1" can also be applied directly to overalls from a sprayer: in this case, the duration of the protective action is 5-7 days.
In terms of properties and method of application, lotion "REPECUL" is similar to "DETA" and "DETA-1" lotions. This lotion is not recommended for frequent use by children and pregnant women.
A very long protective effect has a liquid preparation "BENZPHTALAT" based on benzoyl-piperidine and dimethyl flatal. The duration of its protective action is about 5 hours. In terms of properties and method of application, it is similar to DETA lotion. Under the name "DETA" there is also a cream in aluminum tubes and a liquid cream in polyethylene bottles with a ball mounted in the body. When the ball comes into contact with the skin, the cream is easily applied to it.
Creams, like DEET lotion, contain a repellent - diethyltoluamide. The duration of the protective action of the cream "DETA" is 4-6 hours.
Of the creams, I should also mention "REPECUL" - a repellant drug also based on diethyltoluamide. The cream is squeezed into the palm and; rubbing, a thin layer is applied to open areas of the body. The duration of the protective action is 4-5 hours.
Very convenient for tourists repellent drug in the form of a pencil, enclosed in a polyethylene case, which is used to wipe open areas of the body. Such a pencil is produced under the name "DETA".
Easy-to-use "REPELLENTS AND NAPKIN" - a small paper tissue impregnated with a composition based on diethyltoluamide, placed in an airtight film bag.
"Repellant napkin" - a single-use drug. The duration of the protective action is 4-5 hours. Before use, the package is opened and the exposed areas of the body are wiped with a paper towel.
The duration of the protective action of drugs based on dimethyl phthalate is significantly shorter than the above lotions containing diethyltoluamide. So, the duration of the protective action of the REPEFTAL lotion is about 2 hours. Use this lotion in the same way as those described above.
In addition, a liquid in a glass bottle called "DIMETHYLPHTHALATE" is on sale. It, like lotion, is applied with a cotton swab to exposed areas of the body. The duration of the protective action is 2 hours.
The repellent drug "TAIGA" is produced in aerosol packaging, containing both diethyltoluamide and dimethyl phthalate. The duration of the protective action is about 5 hours. The preparation from an aerosol can is applied in a thin layer to open areas of the body, with the exception of the face. The face is wiped either with a cotton swab moistened with the preparation, or with the palm of your hand.
Creams "TAIGA" and "TAYEGHNY" are pasty products containing dimethyl phthalate. In terms of effectiveness, they are similar to REPEFTAL cream.
The liquid repellent drug "BENZIMIN" goes on sale, intended only for impregnation of clothes. The contents of the vial are diluted with an equal amount of water and the resulting emulsion is used to spray clothes - overalls, trousers, jackets, scarves, stockings - until lightly moistened.
Protective capes are also impregnated with the preparation "BENZIMIN". The processed clothes are straightened and hung in the shade until completely dry. After processing, clothing protects a person from midge attack for a month (or until the first wash). After each wash, the treatment is repeated. Outside of working hours, clothing treated with the drug should be stored rolled up in a plastic bag.
It should be remembered that the preparation "BENZIMIN" dissolves plastic and paints.
For forest workers and fishermen, capes impregnated with "PETROL" are very convenient. To make them, a piece of mesh about 80 cm long and 60 cm wide is moistened with a preparation diluted with water, dried in the air in the shade, and then attached to the headdress so that it falls over the shoulders; the face is left open. Instead of a mesh, you can take gauze folded in several layers or other similar material. A cape treated in this way retains protective properties within 1-1.5 months or before washing. Outside of working hours, such capes are stored in a plastic bag or in thick paper.
Not everyone knows that the aerosol preparation "SOLAROL", intended to protect the skin from Sunburn and weathering, and has certain repellent properties. The repellent additive is diethyltoluamide. Apply "SOLAROL" in the same way as "TAIGU".
For the destruction of mosquitoes, midges and other insects flying into the premises, the preparations "Dichlorvos" and "Neofos-1" in an aerosol package are recommended. After spraying the aerosol, leave the room with the windows closed for a while.
To scare away the midges, you can prepare a homemade repellant: pour 10 drops of clove or anise oil or valerian drops into a tablespoon of any cologne b-10. Such a liquid is wiped with open parts of the body; the duration of the protective action is about half an hour.
If there is no clove oil, you can use a decoction of cloves to prepare a repellant at home: 5 g of cloves are boiled for 16 minutes in water (one glass), 10 drops of the decoction are poured into a tablespoon of any cologne and wipe open areas of the body with the resulting liquid.
To prevent mosquitoes and midges from flying into a room or into a tent, you can throw a little camphor on a hot iron sheet or frying pan - its vapors repel flying insects.
A protective cape made of mesh or gauze can be impregnated with birch or pine tar or liquid composition based on tar, for example, as follows: 10 parts of tar, 5 parts of caustic soda and 100 parts of water. A protective cape is moistened with this composition, then it is dried in the shade. After treatment, the cape repels mosquitoes, midges and mosquitoes for 10-12 days. Special care must be taken when working with caustic soda.
To eliminate itching from midge bites, it is recommended to wipe the skin with a solution ammonia(a mixture of equal amounts of ammonia and water) or a solution of baking soda (half a teaspoon per glass of water).
To scare away wasps and bees, any cologne is applied to open areas of the body, to which a little mint oil or mint drops are added (6 drops per tablespoon of cologne). The duration of the protective action of this remedy is about an hour.
When a bee or wasp stings, first of all, you need to remove the sting from the skin, and then, in order to avoid pain and the appearance of a tumor, rinse the bitten place for an hour (3-4 times) with a weak solution of ultramarine washing blue.
Protection against midges is carried out using mechanical and chemical means. Their application can be individual and collective.
A mosquito net made of tulle with 1.5 mm cells or gauze serves as a protection against the bites of mosquitoes, midges, horseflies.
The mosquito net is put on over the headgear, part of the mesh falls on the shoulders and is tucked under the collar of the shirt, jacket. The hands are protected by gloves or mittens made of coarse linen. In addition, a shirt made of a thickened mesh fabric with a cell wall height of 4 mm has been proposed (L. I. Zhukova, V. A. Ivanov, 1966). The proboscis of insects, having a length of up to 3.5 mm, does not reach the skin of a person wearing a shirt, and the insect cannot make an injection.
Tulle or gauze canopy serves to protect against midges while sleeping outdoors or indoors. The canopy is suspended from the upper loop, which is easy to do indoors, and outdoors the loop is attached to a tree branch, to the crossbar on poles, etc. In this case, the edges of the canopy are tucked under the mattress.
K chemicals include repellents, or repellents (repello, lat. - reflect, repel), which repel insects or neutralize attracting odors, thereby rendering indirect influence on blood-sucking Diptera.
According to the mechanism of action, volatile repellents that act on the olfactory receptors of insects (remote repellents) and non-volatile ones that affect insects in direct contact with the treated surface or act on the organs of taste (contact or taste repellents) are distinguished. Modern repellents should not have a harmful effect on a person when they are applied to the skin, underwear, clothes and when treating rooms, tents, nets, etc. Repellents should also not have a sharp unpleasant odor. However, these substances should provide a long-lasting and universal deterrent effect on various blood-sucking insects when minimum flow drug.
At present, the CCCP has mastered or is developing industrial production several repellents (diethyltoluamide-DETA, benzimine, carboxide, phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide - R-203 and the well-known repellent - dimethyl phthalate - DMF), rational forms of their use have been developed (lotions, creams, pastes, ointments, bars, aerosols) .
Repellents are applied to the skin of exposed parts of the body or they are treated with protective nets, human clothing, tents and curtains. Repellents are useful when hiking or when working in areas with a lot of midges, where other methods of insect control are difficult.
Used for application on the skin liquid substances, creams, ointments and bars. Liquid preparations applied to exposed parts of the body with a cotton swab moistened with repellent, or pour it into a clean palm and then evenly lubricate the corresponding areas of the body. Exposed body surfaces can be irrigated with an ordinary spray bottle. In this case, do not allow the repellent to get into the eyes. For a single treatment with a clean liquid repellent of the face, neck and hands, 2-3 g of the drug is required. Creams and ointments have the advantage that the drug is better retained on the skin, absorbed more slowly and to a lesser extent. They are more convenient to store and use.
Creams and ointments contain a repellent, a base (fat, emulsion, soap or jelly), film-forming substances and perfume (various fragrances). Substances that are neutral to human skin (Vaseline) are introduced into the composition of the base. Repellent in creams and ointments ranges from 20-30% to 70-90% (depending on the basis). Recommended for use are hexathylate ointment containing carboxide repellent, and creams containing DETA, benzimine, carboxide, phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide under various names ("DETA", "Geologist", "Taiga", "Tabu-B") , "Optim"), as well as the liquid "Forest", containing phenoxyacetic acid diethylamide. Ointment and cream are applied to the hands, face and neck in the amount of 2.5-3.0 g (a column about 2.5 cm long is squeezed out of the tube).
The duration of the deterrent effect of drugs can vary from 3-4 to 10-15 hours and depends on the specifics of work and rest, as well as climatic conditions. During physical work and in areas with a hot climate, sweat will wash off the repellents, the lubricated parts of the body may become contaminated and the protective effect of the repellent will be weakened.
Therefore, for different landscape zones are recommended various creams(V. V. Markina, 1973). On the other hand, Pavlovsky's protective nets impregnated with repellents are used, made of cotton linen 50x70 cm in size with cells of 1-1.5 cm and capes made of tulle and gauze. For impregnation, repellent bars can be a convenient form (V. H. Nizovkin et al., 1959). Grids, capes, garments are rubbed with bars. In addition, a 10% aqueous emulsion of a water-soluble paste containing 80% carboxylic acid is used to impregnate the nets.
The composition of the bar includes:
repellent (DEET) ............................................... ....................... 40%
stearic acid ................................................................ ................ 50%
ethyl cellulose .................................................. ........................... 7%
wax................................................. ............................................... 3%
The mesh is worn on the headdress. The edges of the mesh descend to the neck from the sides and back. The front of the face remains open. The deterrent effect of impregnated nets lasts up to 1-1.5 months. With a decrease in the protective effect of the mesh, it is rubbed again. It is recommended to store the mesh after use in a plastic bag.
Repellents are applied to clothing items using spray guns, the “desinfal” apparatus, aerosol cans in a specially allocated room or outdoors under a canopy. Clothes are hung on poles, laid out on platforms or processed on a person. Dosage (pure preparation) for cotton fabric is recommended 20-40 g per 1 m2 of fabric. About 150-200 ml is consumed for a working cotton overall, and 40-60 ml for a Pavlovsky net. You can soak clothing and nets in repellents. It should be borne in mind that repellents can damage plastic buttons on clothing.
The WHO Expert Committee recommends the following repellents when used each against one or more groups of insects: benzyl benzoate, butyl ethyl propanediol, DETA, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl carbate, dimethyl phthalate, O-chlorodiethyl benzamide*, ethyl hexanediol, indalon and mixtures M-2020 (40% dimethyl phthalate , 30% dimethylcarbate, 30% ethylhexanediol) and M-250 (60% dimethyl phthalate, 20% ethylhexanediol, 20% indalone). Forms of application are in the form of liquids, hard waxes, creams and preparations sprayed from pressurized containers.
Protection of premises from insects is achieved by screening windows, doors, and ventilation openings. For these purposes, it is used metal grid with cells of 1.5-2 mm, and for protection against mosquitoes - 0.75 mm or gauze. To increase breathability, gauze is recommended to be lightly starched and then ironed with a hot iron. The premises must be screened before the mosquito or mosquito departure season.
The windows and doors of the premises can be closed with nets made of branded mesh treated with repellents, or the entrance to the premises can be closed with a protective deterrent curtain, consisting of strips of thick matter 5-6 cm wide. A bag of sand is sewn into the lower end of each strip to pull the strip down. These strips are treated with repellent. Entering through such a curtain is simple and convenient.
To protect camp tents from mosquitoes, the entrance to the tent and its sides are treated with repellent or a strip of repellent-impregnated mesh 50 cm wide is hung from the outside of the tent to the edges, the entrance is hung with a mesh in its entire length and width. Hanging the treated mesh has the advantage that it can be removed for the day, protected from rain. Before hanging the net at night in a tent, mosquitoes that have flown in during the day should be destroyed by burning a pyrethrum candle. For the treatment of tents, equipment is used that was used when clothing was impregnated with repellents. In order to prevent repellent from getting inside, in the case of using ointments and creams, the latter should be removed from hands by washing with soap and water before eating.
Avoid contact with repellents of objects made of plastic (watch glasses and bracelets, fountain pens, combs, etc. n.). Personnel impregnating nets and garments must wear rubber gloves and aprons. Smoking and eating during work is prohibited.