Management is successful only when its constant and continuous development is provided, when changes are introduced, providing not only the life of the organization, but also the accumulation of innovation potential. The development of such a process helps the study of management systems. As a result of this study, they are developed and offered effective options Construction of control systems.

If we rely only on experience, common sense and intuition, it is impossible to take right solutions. For proper management and decision-making, there is a need to explore situations, conditions, problems and factors of the effectiveness of the activities of the managed organization, we need a reasonable choice of solutions from the entire possible amount of options.

Therefore, a comprehensive study of management systems helps determine the correct direction of the development of the organization. In constant development there is every organization, this process consists of a solution to a variety of problems that follow one after another may occur together. It sometimes occurs unexpectedly, sharp moments often do not leave time to think about situations. If solutions will be accepted untimely, it may turn into a crisis for the organization.

Therefore, it is necessary to study the control systems that helps to manage high quality The essence of such a study is to recognize the problems and problem situations, and then determine their place in the overall system of accumulated knowledge. Then you need to identify the content, properties and patterns of behavior and their development.

After such an analysis, the study of management systems finds ways, opportunities and means in order to use new knowledge about in practice the permission of emerging problems. Each study has a goal, organization and methodology for its conduct, the results obtained that should be able to have the possibility of their practical implementation.

The study of control systems cannot be carried out separately from therefore, along with the control system itself, the object is also the object (Corporation, Association, Firm, Enterprise and Other). The fundamental element in the process of research is a person, since it is his activity that determines the existence and further development of this system.

The most complete is the subject and parametric study of control systems, as it considers all possible objects and their interaction. Objects and control systems are becoming a researcher aspect of manifestation of this control system. These are usually trends and problems arising in the process of activity of the enterprise.

Problems are usually some real contradictions that require their permission. These may be problems in the organization itself, motivation mechanisms, staff professionalism, use computer technology etc. As a rule, practical results arise as a result of studies. These can be recommendations on the necessary change in some parties to the functioning of the management system, to improve the quality and improvement of the practical activity of the entire personnel and the manager.

Recommendations may be an economic, socio-psychological, organizational content. May relate to different areas: management motivation, information support, change conditions of activity, quality of activity, competitiveness, main development trends and additional factors development.

Quantitative methods

Parametric method

The parametric method is based on a quantitative and qualitative description of the test properties of the Su (object object) and establishing the relationship between parameters both within the control and controlled subsystems and between them. This allows you to make a predetermined nomenclature of parameters based on the actual data to quantify the object under study. The relationship between parameters can be both functional and correlation.

Each Su has a number of specific properties that allow it to distinguish it from any other. Property Su is an objective feature of the system, manifested in its creation and operation.

The properties of future Su are formed and taken into account when drawing up a design task and directly in the design. While creating new system These properties are implemented and specified. During operation, there is a manifestation and maintenance of SuC properties. The harder Su, the more complex complex properties it possesses, the more difficult form of their manifestation.

Properties can be simple and complex. A simple property is, for example, the number of management personnel, service life technical means Management and others. An example of a complex property can be the productivity of managers, which includes the volume of functions performed and the number of personnel.

Any property of the system can be characterized verbally, numerically, graphically, in the form of a table, functions, i.e. With his signs.

Sign - distinctive traitcharacteristic of any combination of objects. An example of high-quality signs can serve as the type of OSE, the control method, the method of evaluating Su, the method of calculating the number of personnel, etc. Alternative features, which have only two mutually exclusive options, for example, the presence or absence of personnel errors have been possessing a significant meaning among high-quality signs. In addition to high-quality alternative features of suicuations, there may be signs of multivariates.

For an objective estimate of any system, it is necessary to quantify its properties. The quantitative characteristic of the properties of the object of the study gives parameters . A special case of the SU parameter is the indicator - the quantitative characteristic of the essential properties of the system, meaningful for its existence and operation. Consequently, the system parameter should be perceived as a broader concept, as it can characterize any properties of the system or its components.

Qualitative features can also affect the form of the functional dependence of SU indicators from its parameters. For example, the method of distribution of control functions in a division, which is a qualitative sign, has a significant impact on the dependence of the quality of the functions of the personnel from the existing professional composition (economists, marketers, engineers, etc.) - the structural parameter of Su. In addition to structural, there are geometric and other parameters.

In the parametric method, the parameters are one of the most important basic characteristics both the elements of SU and in the whole system. They reflect the relationships of elements, states and trends of their development.

Sections of parametric research:

1. General characteristics Systems characterizing focusing, reliability, adaptability, self-validity, systemicity.
2. Structure parameters: number of levels, number of components in levels, structure of numbers, capacity, funds, financial portfolio, equipment park, etc., product portfolio, etc., organizational structure, the number of basic bonds, the intensity of links, the degree of continuity.
3. Process parameters: Duration (duration of the cycle and its phases), intensity, speed, efficiency, efficiency.
4. The parameters of the environment and the position of the organization in the environment: market volumes and the share of the enterprise in the market, the size of payables and receivables, the degree of commitment of consumers of the enterprise.
5. Parameters material base: Value production capacity, incl. According to individual types of equipment and technological transitions, specific equipment parameters (repair complexity, maintainability), stock repair, energy supply, the size of production reserves.
6. Personnel parameters: total number, including divisions, number of transitions, number of streams, the number of professional and qualifying groups, the number of educational level, by demographic signs.
7. Product Parameters: The volume of the product produced in physical terms according to certain types, nomenclature or assortment groups, product quality parameters: product cost, price, production volume in value terms.
8. Economic efficiency parameters: Performance (multi-valued: on gross, clean, implemented, etc.), profitability (sales, capital, costs, etc.), Fondo studio.

Qualitative and quantitative signs of SU are closely interrelated. When studying, SU is mainly used:

• quantitative absolute and relative parameters (as special cases - indicators). Indicators in absolute calculus are used to describe the objects under study (PPP number, number of units, personnel costs, etc.), and relative indicators for characteristics, for example, sales growth rates, profits, numbers, personnel productivity, etc. ;
• qualitative features, in descriptive form characterizing this or that property of the system (the method of impact on the managed object, the assessment method, etc.);
• classification features (parameters) characterizing the properties of the system that cannot participate in the assessment, but allow the studied object to a specific class (list of employees' specialties, a list of TSS, TSU types);
• order (rank) Parameters that allow you to qualitatively distinguished from each other studied objects, which is expressed in the assignment of them, for example, points (grading of academic performance, assessment of the performance of an athlete), discharges (in workers, athletes, officials), official ranks (engineer 3, 2 and 1st category, senior, lead and chief engineer).

Such indicators may be isolated, complex, integral and generalized.

A single indicator is the indicator belonging to only one of the properties of Su. For example, single indicators are the number of PPPs, the number of control functions. Its specified is a relative unit indicator, which is a relation of a single indicator to the regulatory (basic), expressed in relative units or percentages.

Regulatory (basic) indicator - an indicator adopted for the original (reference) under comparative estimates of Su. As basic are accepted, for example, indicators of progressive Su or competitors.

Basic indicators may also be single, complex, integral and generalized.

Comprehensive indicator - an indicator related to several product properties. Using this indicator, it is possible in general to characterize the subsystem, the Element Su.

A variation of a comprehensive indicator, which allows from an economic point of view to estimate the set of properties of the system, can be an indicator reflecting the ratio of the total useful effect on the operation of the SU and the total costs of its creation and operation determined by the formula:

Comprehensive indicators also own group and generalized (defining) indicators.

A comprehensive indicator of Su, relating to a certain group of its properties, is called group.

Generalized indicator of An indicator relating to such a combination of its properties, according to which the decision was made to estimate the system.

The entire considered system of indicators (Fig. 21) is usually used to evaluate su.



Fig. 21.

Due to the fact that each SU can have countless properties, indicators, respectively, may be the same set. Depending on the purpose of use, choose a certain number of indicators that operate. For relief practical use Indicators spend their classification.

The unity of the methods of classification, determination and application of indicators has great importance.

The classification of indicators can be produced:

• by the number of properties characterized, i.e. they may be isolated and complex (group, integral, generalized);
• according to the method of expression (dimensional and dimensionless units of measurement, including with the help of points, percent);
• according to the definition method (sociological, expert, calculated, experimental);

• by influence on quality when changing the absolute value of the indicator (positive, negative);
• by types of limitations (no less, no more, no less and no more);

Indicators with limitations, characterizing a certain property of Su, when exceeding the permissible numerical meaning Turn the effect into zero. Therefore, such indicators when conducting an assessment should be paid special attention. They can be called veto indicators on the effect. For the most part, this refers to the indicators of destination, reliability, safety and environmental friendliness.

• at the definition stage, the indicators of research and design and operational (indicators defined in the study and design are called research and projects, and those emerging during the operation of systems - operational);
• for applying for evaluation (basic, relative);
• towards various properties (adaptability, efficiency, flexibility, continuity, etc.).

The indicators that are classified by types of restrictions on the regulatory and technical documentation (NTD) of their numerical values \u200b\u200b(Fig. 7.8) have a special meaning for objective assessment. In some cases, the values \u200b\u200bof permissible restrictions are determined by specialists based on the terms of use and relevant consumer requirements.

When assessing behavior, it is necessary to specify (both in manual and machine calculations), which for indicators with limitations should be respected by the condition of the following species. 1. For positive indicators:

Fig. 7.8. Indicators of the control system, classified by type of restriction by scientific and technical documentation of their numerical values

Restrictions

Unlimited (non-critical, i.e. not having in NTD restrictions on changing numerical values \u200b\u200bof indicators)

Unlimited positive (non-critical positive, i.e. not having restrictions in NTD to change the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the indicators; with increasing their numerical values effect rises)

Unlimited negative (non-critical negative, i.e. having no restrictions on the change in numerical values \u200b\u200bof indicators; with an increase in their numerical values \u200b\u200bof EF the effect is reduced)

Limited (critical, i.e. having restrictions on a change in numerical values \u200b\u200bof indicators)

Limited positive (critical positive, i.e. having a limit on a change in the change in the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the indicators "bottom" and "not less" for which, with an increase in their numerical value Increased effect)

Limited negative (critical negative, i.e. having restrictions on a change in the change in the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the "bottom" and "no more" indicators for which with increasing their numerical value is characterized by reducing the effect)

Restricted positive-negative (critical positive-negative, i.e. having restrictions on the NTD restrictions on the change in the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the indicators from the existing nominal value "from below" and "no less - no more", for which, with increasing and decrease in the numerical value from Nominal nonstly to reduce effect)

This means that if restrictions are non-compliance, this indicator is zero and the SU level also becomes zero. For the most part, this refers to the indicators of destination, reliability, safety and environmental friendliness, since their values \u200b\u200bmust comply with the requirements of standards or other NTD countries of consumers of this product.

Objective assessment of Su may be given only on the basis of a system of interrelated parameters and indicators. In addition, each indicator must comply with the requirements:

• specification and modifications depending on the purpose of evaluation;
• development and improvement of the assessment object;
• ensuring the unity of quantitative and qualitative characteristics;
• targeted;
• comparability;
• interconnected;
• you just;
• informativeness;
• reliability and objectivity.

Considering that SU is intended for long-term operation, as the main indicators of the reliability of the system producing the products of the first category, it is advisable to accept the limit probabilities of good work and failure. These probabilities can be expressed as a relative share of time during which the system will respectively provide uninterrupted control.

The overall procedure for using the parametric method in the study of SU objects involves the following actions.

1. build a tree properties of the object of study and its components;
2. identify the properties of the properties of the object under classes;
3. determine the range of parameters characterizing the properties of the object under study;
4. carry out the grouping of selected parameters;
5. to conduct scaling (by type of scale: ordinal; intervals; relationships; differences; absolute) parameters;
6. carry out normalization of parameter values;
7. measure the values \u200b\u200bof the parameters;
8. develop models of mutual conformity of compared components and object parameters (Fig. 22);
9. calculate generalized estimates of the state of the object and its components.

Fig. 22. Model of parametric mutual conformity of parameters control systems

Statistical methods Studies of management systems

In statistical analysis, there is a processing of some random sample, under which the results of n consecutive and independent experiments with a random variable or event are understood. The sample should provide representativeness of the study. The amount of information being processed must be sufficient to obtain results with the required accuracy and reliability.

Used to study processes and objects based on mass data obtained from statistical or accounting documentation, by results of different kind Surveys and experiments.

Statistical analysis can be used to explore both internal and external environment. When studying the internal environment the greatest value has a study: the influences of various factors on profit formation (formation economic indicators due to the influence of the totality of significant factors): the formation and development of the organization's personnel; formation and development of the potential of the organization; Product quality, etc.

As part of the study of the external environment great importance It has a statistical analysis of the state of the market, analysis of the differentiation of demand, assessment of consumers (their solvency), competitors, suppliers, business partners.

The most common methods of statistical analysis of management systems are: Regression analysis; correlation analysis; dispersion analysis; analysis of temporary series; factor analysis.

Regression analysis

Regression analysisit puts its task to study the dependence of one random variable from a number of other random and non-random values \u200b\u200b(regression - the dependence of the mathematical expectation of a random variable from the values \u200b\u200bof other random variables). For example, after N.experiments on a statistical model received a set of random variables { X. i. Y. i. ,}, i. \u003d 1, 2, 3, ..., n, whereX. is an independent variable, and Y. - function. The processing of this array of random variables allows them to be submitted in the form of a deterministic linear regressive model of the type:

Y \u003d A. 0 + A. 1 X(3.1)

where a. 1 – regression coefficient, the average number of units to which will increase or decrease the resulting feature when changing the value of the factor per unit;
a. 0 – the minimum value of the effective feature at zero value of the factor.


(3.2)

where X. j. (0) are "basic" values \u200b\u200bof all k. variables, in the vicinity of which the nature of the process under study is analyzed.

Expression (3.3) is a linear function, however, if values ΔХ. j. , - large enough or function Y. Significantly nonlinear, you can use a decomposition of a higher order.

When analyzing the regression model (3.3) the values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients a. j. show the degree of influence j.variable on function Y., which allows you to divide all variables to "essential" and "insignificant." The regression model is the greatest interest to predict the behavior of functions. Y.. In practical activity, regression analysis is often used to create a so-called empirical model when, processing the results of observations (or characteristics existing systems), receive a regression model and use it to evaluate promising systems or behavior of the system under hypothetical conditions.

The accuracy and reliability of the estimates obtained depend on the number of observations and location of prognostic values h. j. relatively basic (i.e. known at some point in time) h. j. (0) The more difference ΔХ. j. , the less the accuracy of the forecast.

Correlation analysis

The correlation method is one of the economic and mathematical research methods to determine the quantitative relationship between several phenomena of the system under study. It is used to determine the degree of relationship between random values \u200b\u200b(correlation - dependence between random values, expressing the tendency of one value to increase or decrease with an increase in or decreasing another).

The correlation dependence in contrast to the functional can manifest itself only in general, by an average case, i.e. In the mass of cases - observations. therefore correlationrepresents a probabilistic dependence between phenomena at which average value The parameters of one of them varies depending on the other. The correlation between the two phenomena is called the pair, and between several - multiple.

When using the correlation method, highlight function,those. The resulting resulting indicator and factor notes on which the result depends on, - arguments.Such a classification is carried out on the basis of high-quality analysis, i.e. All possible variables are divided into dependent and independent from the phenomenon under study.

Correlation bonds in dependent variables cannot be rigid and carry the nature of incomplete links. If in the case of an increase in the argument (or decrease) the resulting indicator (function) also increases (or respectively decreases), then the correlation is called a straight (positive), and if on the contrary - reverse (negative). In the absence of any dependence of the function of the argument, the correlation is missing.

The pro-correlation relationship is tested by linear dependence is estimated by correlation coefficients, with a non-linear dependence - a correlation ratio.

The correlation characteristic is the correlation coefficient equal to the mathematical expectation of the works of deviations of random variables x. i. and h. j. from its mathematical expectations and normalized by relatively mean-square deviations of random variables.

If the number of random variables is more than two (r. > 2 ), then a square correlation matrix is \u200b\u200bcompiled (r. x. r.), elements of which is the correlation coefficients k. iJ. , A diagonal elements are equal to one (i.e. k. iJ. =1 ). The correlation coefficients varies from zero to one, and the more its value, the more close the connection between random values.

Evaluation of correlation coefficients are calculated by the values \u200b\u200bof the assessments of mathematical expectations and the standard deviations obtained by statistical processing of the results of random variables.

It should be noted that the correlation coefficient may vary in the range from 1 to 0 and from 0 to + 1. The closer the calculated correlation coefficient K +1 (with direct dependence) and to -1 (when reverse Addiction), the higher the tone of the connection. Accordingly, with the correlation coefficients +1 or -1, functional bonds occur.

The most important task of the correlation method is to determine the form of the correlation equation (regression equation).

The simplest type of such an equation characterizing the relationship between the two parameters may be the equation straight (Fig. 7.1):

Y \u003d A + BX, (7.1)

where X, Y-, respectively, independent and dependent variables;

a, B - constant coefficients (and determines the beginning of the reference, B is the angle of inclination direct).

An example of single-factor not linear dependence There may also be a formula for another species, for example, in the presence of power dependence:

The conclusion about the rectilinear nature of the dependence can be checked by simple comparison of the available data or graphically (registration in rectangular system The coordinates of the values \u200b\u200bof y and x, the location of which on the chart allows us to conclude about the correctness or error in the representation of the linear character of the relationship between the two parameters studied).

Another task of the correlation analysis method is the determination of constant communication ratios between variables, which will best be responsible for the existing actual values \u200b\u200bof Y and X.

In this case, as a criterion for estimating the adequacy of a linear dependence of actual data, it is possible to use a minimum of the squares of the deviations of the real statistical values \u200b\u200bof Y from the straight line calculated by the equation.

Dispersion analysis

Dispersion analysis is used to verify statistical hypotheses about the impact on the indicators of high-quality factors, i.e. non-quantitative measurement factors (for example, a qualitative factor - the organization of production affecting quantitative - Profit from production). This is its difference from regression analysis, in which factors act as parameters having a quantitative measure (for example, a quantitative factor - production costs).

In dispersion analysis, the qualitative factor seems to j.-ful capabilities of states (for example, possible schemes of production organization), to evaluate which each of them is carried out n. j. experiments.

Next, statistical estimates are calculated in each n. j. group of experiments and generally sample N., and then the ratio between them is analyzed. According to this ratio, a hypothesis about the effect of a qualitative factor on the indicator is accepted or rejected.

Analysis of temporary series is used in the study of the discrete random process flowing at the time interval T..

The results of experiments or observations obtained at this interval are presented as a time series, each value. Y. i. which includes deterministic f.(t.) and random z.(t.) Components:

The deterministic component describes the influence of deterministic factors at the time of time. t., the effect of many random factors describes the random component. The deterministic part of the time series is called trend. This time series describes the trend model:

k. - Number of time functions, linear combination

which determines the deterministic component ( i. from 1 to k);

φ i. (t.) - Time function.

In the process of analysis, the type of time function φ i. (t.) <0 постулируется исследователем в виде рабочей гипотезы. Это может быть степенная функция t. n. , or trigonometric. The trend coefficients and evaluation of the dispersion of the random component are determined by the statistical processing of the results of experiment or observations.

Using the submission of a random process in the form of time series, it is possible, firstly, to investigate the dynamics of this process, secondly, to allocate factors that significantly affect the indicators, and determine the frequency of their maximum impact, thirdly, to conduct an interval or point forecast of the indicator Y. for some time Δ t. (The point forecast indicates only a point, near which the predicted indicator may be located, the interval of the location of this indicator with some given probability).

Factor analysis

In order to ensure the effective functioning of the organization, it is necessary when making management decisions to take into account all the essential factors affecting the functioning and development of the enterprise, both external (affecting macros and contact environments) and internal.

Factor analysis is part of a multidimensional statistical analysis included in mathematical and statistical methods. The essence of the method of factor analysis is to be selected from a variety of factors under study affecting the object being studied, most significant.

The factor is usually an independent variable, which is often called the cause, and in logical dependence with a consequence of the phenomenon being studied and determines its magnitude.

For example, the used computer technician and its software acts as a significant factor in the productivity of the management of management workers (accountants, managers, economists, etc.); The changing factors of labor costs and labor productivity affect the change in the volume of production.

The factor may be isolated, i.e. affecting a consequence of one variable, or complex, i.e. Influencing several variables simultaneously. The complex factor associated with all variables is called general.

In contrast to the correlation analysis, the method under consideration does not require to divide all variables on dependent and independent, since all variables (factors - causes) defining the phenomenon are considered as equal. It should be borne in mind that some of the variables may be stable in a certain period of time, i.e. Not changing.

For example, the increase in production volumes with the immutability of the number of time working in the analyzed periods and with increasing labor productivity is a consequence of changes in only one factor - labor productivity.

The description of the influence of factors on the organization's activities is highly difficult, since the effect of many factors has a latent (hidden) character.

Selection of factors affecting the object under study is carried out, as a rule, based on their classification, theoretical justification and by their qualitative analysis. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of the factors among themselves. The number of factors should be limited to the required minimum. From unimportant factors you need to abstract.

For each selected factor, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of its quantitative assessment, as it will be required in the future in determining the correlation dependences between them and the assessment of their influence on the research object.

The method of factor analysis is widely used in the analysis of the influence of various factors (labor, the use of equipment, the use of production facilities in general, the use of raw materials and materials, organization of production, technology, etc.) on production volumes, product quality, payroll fund, results of economic activity and the development of the enterprise as a whole.

Ministry of Education and Science

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

__________________________

Federal Agency for Education

__________________________

Moscow Energy Institute

(TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)

________________________________________________________________

R.M. Acurin

Tutorial

Moscow Publishing MEI 2006

Ministry of Education and Science

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

__________________________

Federal Agency for Education

__________________________

Moscow Energy Institute

(TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)

_____________________________________________

R.M. Acurin

Study of organizations management systems

Study Guide at the rate

"Study of management systems" for students,

students in the directions "Management" and "Economics"

Moscow Publishing MEI 2006

Approved by the Educational Office of MEI as a textbook for students

Prepared at the Department of Management and Information Technologies

ITP MEI (TU)

Reviewers: Doctor Tehn. Sciences, prof. S.V.Gorov,

Cand. ECON. Sciences, Doc. L.F. Cherneva

Acchurin R.M.

A-448. Study of management systems organizations: Tutorial. -M.: MEI Publishing House, 2005 - 100C.

ISBN 5-7046-1318-7

The study guide contains the main objectives and objectives of the study of organizations management systems. The following aspects of the functioning and development of organization management systems are considered: the mission and objectives of the organization, management functions, management system structure, optimal planning of the activities of organizations.

It is intended for students studying in the directions "Management" and "Economics".

ISBN 5-7046-1318-7 © Moskovsky Energy Institute (TU), 2005

Study of organizations management systems

1. Basic objectives of research management systems

The main task of the discipline "Study of Management Systems" (ISU) is the study of the following aspects of the functioning and development of the management system (SU) organization:

mission and objectives of the organization;

management functions;

structure Su;

planning organization activities;

operational management of the organization's activities;

modeling management structures;

optimal reconstruction (or synthesis) control structure;

methods of making management decisions;

management personnel motivation systems;

culture of organization and means of transmission of culture;

wednesday SU;

study of the effectiveness of Su.

Organization it is a consciously coordinated social education with certain boundaries, which operates on a relatively permanent basis to achieve a common goal or goals.

Under the words "consciously coordinated" means management, under "social education" - what the organization consists of people or their groups interacting with each other. The organization has relatively specific boundaries that may vary with time. The advantage of the organization as the system is that a person, entering the collective, can more successfully achieve its goals than individually. Sometimes some goals cannot be achieved by a separate individual and are achieved only in the organization.

Study - Scientific cognition of some process, study of an object or phenomenon. The study of control systems (ISU) includes analysis, diagnosis, prediction and synthesis.

Analysis - The method of scientific research by considering individual parties, component parts of the object or process. As the main tasks, it includes:

analysis of the objectives of Su;

analysis of management functions;

analysis of the structure of Su;

analysis of factors affecting the functioning of the object of the study;

analysis of the dynamics of the functioning and development of the object of research and its elements.

Diagnostics It is the identification of the object of the study, its state, structure, behavior. Diagnostic tasks can be divided into the following.

The definition to which of the groups of the common population belongs to the object under consideration. This is the task of high-quality identification of the object.

Detection of differences in this object from other objects of the already identified group. This is a task of quantitative identification.

Identification of the capabilities of the system (as problems can be considered not only as discrepancies of the desired and actual state of the object, but also as potential opportunities).

Synthesis - The method of scientific research of some kind of subject, phenomena consisting in knowledge of it as a whole, in unity and mutual communication of its parts.

Synthesis can be focused on generalizing information and design more advanced management systems.

The ISU key is an analysis that is focused on identifying management problems, as well as their identification (high-quality and quantitative). At the same time, various formalized and expert methods are used. There are various approaches to analyzing:

according to the degree of detail - general and detailed analysis;

on the coverage of the object of the study - full and partial;

in the frequency of conduct - systematic and express analysis.

Note that when diagnosing management systems, as reference (regulatory) values \u200b\u200bof the elements and other elements of the system are actuated as the comparison base. For example, a comparison of the functions of the system with its goals and structure, with resource provision, to identify their conformity (adequacy).

An important technique in the analysis is decomposition In the course of which more detailed problem situations are revealed and factors that determine the overall problem.

When analyzing the object of the study, it is necessary description which can be divided into the following types:

parametric (representation of the main parameters of the object of the study);

functional (presentation of the basic functions of the object of the study);

structural (description of the elements of the object of the study and their relationships).

Each of these types of research object descriptions may be divided into static and dynamic, deterministic and probabilistic.

After analysis, the system is diagnosed. Analysis and diagnostics are closely interrelated. It is possible a repeated return to the analysis and clarification of the conclusions after analysis procedures for more accurate diagnostics of the research object. As part of the analysis, descriptive and explanatory hypotheses of the study are nominated and verified.

Forecasting - techniques for obtaining information that allow for the analysis of past and existing internal and external relations inherent in the object, as well as their possible changes to make a scientifically based judgment about the future development of an object with a certain probability.

Forecasting includes both the tasks of the analysis and the tasks of diagnostics, but in relation to the future, and not to the base period.

The results of analysis, diagnosis and forecasting are:

identified problems of the control system;

determination of their impact on the management object;

sources, conditions and factors of problems;

preliminary determination of possible directions to overcome the problems and improve the efficiency of the control system.

Before proceeding with the study of goals, strategies, control system functions, it is necessary to determine the concepts: "Management", "System", "Management System", describe the characteristic features of organizations management systems.

Management Only then can be really successful when it is based on constant and continuous development, when it is focused on changes that ensure the life of the organization and the accumulation of the potential of the Innovations. This turns out to be practically possible, subject to the study of control systems, which involves its result, the development and proposal of the most effective options for building a control system.

In the process of management of management, new reality and new needs, which are certainly reflected in the co-holding management. In modern management, research is at least 30% of the working time and the efforts of the manual drivers. In the future, the share of researcher will increase. This co-worth one of the main trends in the development of management. Today there are no simple solutions in management: the conditions of management are complicated, the man is false in its socio-psychological characteristics. It is impossible to make decisions, relying only on experience, intuition and common sense or formally learned knowledge. It is necessary to study situations, problems, conditions, factors of the effectiveness of the organization's de-visibility, it is necessary to have a reasonable choice of solutions from the ever-growing number of their options.

Each organization is in constant development. Its development is a solution to a variety of problems that follow one brace or together, occur unexpectedly, manifests themselves sharp and do not give time to thinking. The incommodity of their decision may result in a crisis. Therefore, the study provides such an approach to management that provides high quality management solutions.

Essence of the study of control systems

The study is a type of human activity consisting of the following components:

recognition of problem situations and the problems themselves, the establishment of their place in the system of accumulated knowledge;

identification of properties, content, patterns of behavior and development;

finding ways, means and opportunities to use new ideas or knowledge about this problem in the practice of its permission.

Any study is characterized by the goal of the object and subject of research, methodology and organization of its pro-maintenance, the results and possibilities of their practical implementation .

The purpose of the study is to search for the most effective Var-Antoves of building a management system and organizing its functioning and development. The main objective of the study is to find a solution to a problem that either eliminates the existing progress of development, or identifies a factor that provides a normal, desired functioning or development. The solution obtained as a result of the study may have a form of a certain act of activity, and may be the concept of activities for the near future. The best option for the result of the study is to develop a program of improvement, modernization or reconstruction, reforming the management system in a complete complex of its characteristics and parameters.

The object of the study is the control system. The methodology and accounting of the class of this system is very important. It refers to the class of socio-economic systems. And this means that a person's fundamental element is, since it is the activities of the human activity that determines the features of all the processes of the functioning and the development of such a system. No matter how perfect was the modern technical means, the management system is based on human activity. It is possible to explore the technique, but it is impossible to explore it in the separation from a person and from all the factors of its use in its activities.

The control system cannot be considered in the separation from the control object. Therefore, in the study of management systems, a managed socio-economic system (enterprise, firm, corporation, association, etc.) appears as an object of research, along with the control system. Its main feature is also the fact that the fundamental-lagging element and here is a person, the activities of which determine the existence, and the development of this system and largely depends on how the management of this activity is organized to what extent control It corresponds to his interests and behavioral motives, for which purposes and with accounting of which factors it is carried out.

The subject of research of control systems is the most powerful aspect aspect of the nature of the management system under consideration, some problem, i.e. it is a real contradiction requiring its permission. The study of the study may be problems in the organization of management, professionalism of personnel, mechanisms of motivation, use of computer technologies, etc.

Methodological approaches to the study of management systems

The methodological approach to the study of management systems is a study view, it is like a starting position, the starting point that determines its focus on the target. The approach may be aspect, systemic and conceptual. A aspect approach is the choice of one verge of a problem on the principle of relevance or by the principle of accounting for resources allocated to the study. So, for example, the problem of personnel development may have an economic aspect, socio-psychological, educational, etc.

The systematic approach requires the highest possible accounting for all aspects of the problem in their relationship and integrity, allocating the main and substantial, determination of the nature of the relationship between aspects, properties and characteristics.

The systematic approach is used in solving the socio-economic, socio-political, engineering and other tasks that offer learning or designing and creating systemic objects of high complexity, as well as management.

The system always exists and functions within its environment - medium. Properties and functions of the elements of the OP-determined system are their place within the whole. At the same time, one should not be able to relative independence and the specific properties of the elements that enter certain mutual relations among themselves. The integrity of the system specifies-Xia and is carried out through links. For example, the economic organization as an open system interacts with the medium, exchanges materials, energy, people, information. Wednesday, its factors affect the system and can produce an impact on internal life, elements and communications in the system of the organization, are capable of changing the functioning of elements, subsystems.

In the process of research, the control system is detected from which components, the elements consists of a control system, as they interact with each other and with a surroundings. To form a system, the compatibility of the elements among themselves is necessary, the ability to establish products between them.

The totality of bonds leads to the concept of structure and organization of the management system. The structure of the organization of mothers and their links give the system of exploratory management, stability .

The requirement of management efficiency in the system need-MO leads to the process of analysis to the formulation and development of the SIS-topic of the goals, the direction of relationships, behavior. In particular, in many cases the problem arises the ratio of functioning and development, stability and innovation. In each control system, there are two types of objectives: internal (corporate) and external - production of goods, service provision, etc. In this regard, it is necessary to coordinate between the goals, i.e., establish priority and install subordinate in each form separately. Management and its or-sanitation must be "appropriate".

Goaling has its continuation setting in Dacha - the formulation of previous goals and appeal in specific conditions in which the organization exists and involves developing.

A conceptual approach involves the preliminary development of the study concept, i.e., a complex of key pollinities that determine the general orientation, architectonics and continuity of the study.

The approach may be empirical, pragmatic and scientific.

The empirical approach is mainly based on experience, Pragma-ticha - on the tasks of obtaining the nearest result. The most effective is, of course, a scientific approach, which is characterized by the scientific formulation of the objectives of the study and use of the scientific apparatus in its conduct.

The problem is formulated in different ways. It may simply be a statement of a study object in terms of its name or specifics. For example, management personnel, the development of productive activities, etc. But such a post-Novka problem does not always contribute to the concentration of attention to contradiction reflecting its feature and the essence.

Setting the problem through the issue contributes to the more accurate presentation of its content, because the question is the form of thinking focused on obtaining a specific response in the form of judgments. Judgment, the withdrawal of any research can be viewed as received from-vet to some question. Examples of research issues and their designs may be the following:

How does the organization management system reflect the development of the organization?

Why does the organization loses its position in the competitive struggle?

Where to find additional resources to complete the project?

How to develop a strategy?

The practical results of the management system of the management system are, as a rule, recommendations for changing certain hundred-Ron of its functioning, improving the quality of the management of the manager and the entire management personnel. These recommendations may be a socio-psychological, economical, organizational content, they may relate to the field of management management, motivation management, changes in the conditions of activity, accounting for additional factors of the development of the company, quality of activity, assessing development trends, competitiveness and Ave. Reviews are the possibilities that allow you to improve management efficiency and ensure sustainable and promising development of the organization.

Of course, the study has the theoretical results - you are to understand the problem, identifying the patterns of functioning and development, the system management concept under certain conditions specified not yet from the position of the specific situation, but categorically. Depending on the depth of the pro-nice, the problem and the level of generalization of theoretical results arises with the possibility of significantly expanding and practical results, to solve an important national economic problem, to provide an opportunity for the replication of but-so-how management experience.

Any study requires a certain resource trap. Without the necessary resources (human, information, financial and economic, technical), it is impossible to carry out a modern study (and the more impossible to re-alleged its conclusions in practice). Therefore, an important problem of studying management systems is to allocate the resources necessary for its implementation and implementation.