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General information about materials, their structure and properties
General information about materials.
All materials on a chemical basis are divided into two main groups - metallic and non-metallic.
Metals include metals and their alloys. Metals make up more than 2/3 of all known chemical elements. Metallic materials are classified as ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron and alloys based on it - steel and cast iron - are ferrous. All other metals are non-ferrous. Pure metals have low mechanical properties compared to alloys, and therefore their use is limited to those cases where it is necessary to use their special properties.
Non-metallic materials include various plastics (laminated, fibrous, powder, gas-filled), rubber materials, wood materials (lumber, wood veneer), textile materials, inorganic (ceramics, glass) and composite materials.
Practical value various materials not the same. Ferrous metals are most widely used in technology. More than 90% of all metal products are made on the basis of iron. However, non-ferrous metals have a number of valuable physical and chemical properties that make them irreplaceable. Non-metallic materials also take a place in the industry, but their use is small (about 10%) and the prediction of thirty years ago that non-metallic materials would significantly press the metallic ones by the end of the century did not come true. In other areas, the use of various metal materials is currently developing at a faster pace than metal materials.
The structure of materials.
All solids are divided into amorphous and crystalline.
In amorphous bodies, atoms are arranged chaotically, i.e. in disorder, without any system, therefore, when heated, the bodies soften in a large temperature range, become viscous, and then turn into a liquid state. During cooling, the process goes in the opposite direction. Examples of amorphous bodies are glass, glue, wax, rosin, i.e. amorphous structure is inherent mainly in non-metals.
In crystalline bodies, atoms are arranged in a strictly defined sequence. The bodies remain firm, i.e. keep the shape given to them up to a certain temperature at which they turn into a liquid state. During cooling, the process goes in the opposite direction. The transition from one state to another occurs at a certain melting point. Bodies with a crystalline structure include table salt, quartz, granulated sugar, metals and alloys.
Atomic-crystal structure - the mutual arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal consists of atoms (ions) arranged in a certain order, which is periodically repeated in three dimensions. The smallest complex of atoms, which, with repeated repetition in space, makes it possible to reproduce a spatial crystal lattice, is called a unit cell. For simplicity, it is customary to replace the spatial image with schemes where the centers of gravity of the particles are represented by dots. At the points of intersection of straight lines are atoms; they are called lattice nodes. The distances between the centers of atoms located in neighboring lattice sites are called parameters, or lattice periods.
An ideal crystal lattice is a multiple repetition of unit crystal cells. A real metal is characterized by the presence of a large number of structural defects that violate the periodicity of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice.
There are three types of crystal defects: point, linear, and surface. Point defects are characterized by small sizes, their size does not exceed several atomic diameters. Point defects include: a) free places in the nodes of the crystal lattice - vacancies (Schottky defects); b) atoms displaced from crystal lattice sites into interstitial spaces - dislocated atoms (Frenkel defects); c) atoms of other elements located both in the sites and in the interstices of the crystal lattice - impurity atoms. Linear defects are characterized by small dimensions in two dimensions, but have significant extension in the third dimension. The most important type of linear defects are dislocations (Latin dislocation - displacement). Surface defects are thin and large in the other two dimensions. Usually these are the places where two oriented sections of the crystal lattice meet. They can be grain boundaries, fragment boundaries within a grain, block boundaries within fragments.
The properties of materials directly depend on the structure and defects.
Material properties.
Physical properties determine the behavior of materials in thermal, gravitational, electromagnetic and radiation fields. Among the important physical properties are thermal conductivity, density, coefficient of linear expansion.
Density is the ratio of the mass of a homogeneous material to a unit of its volume. This property is important when using materials in aviation and rocket technology, where created structures should be lightweight and durable.
Melting point is the temperature at which a metal changes from a solid to a liquid state. The lower the melting point of the metal, the easier the processes of its melting, welding, and the cheaper they are.
Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electric current well and without loss of heat generation. Metals and their alloys, especially copper and aluminum, have good electrical conductivity. Most non-metallic materials are not capable of conducting electrical current, which is also important propertyused in electrical insulating materials.
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer heat from warmer parts of bodies to less heated ones. Metallic materials are characterized by good thermal conductivity.
Magnetic properties i.e. only iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys have the ability to be well magnetized.
Coefficients of linear and volumetric expansion characterize the ability of a material to expand when heated.
Chemical properties characterize the tendency of materials to interact with various substances and are associated with the ability of materials to withstand the harmful effects of these substances. The ability of metals and alloys to resist the action of various non-invasive environments is called corrosion resistance, and the similar ability of non-metallic materials is called chemical resistance.
Mechanical properties characterize the ability of materials to resist external forces. The main mechanical properties include strength, hardness, impact strength, elasticity, plasticity, fragility, etc.
Strength is the ability of a material to resist the destructive effects of external forces
Hardness is the ability of a material to resist the penetration of another, harder body into it under the action of a load.
Viscosity is the property of a material to resist fracture under dynamic loads.
Elasticity is the property of materials to recover their size and shape after the termination of the load.
Plasticity is the ability of materials to change their size and shape under the influence of external forces, without collapsing.
Brittleness is the property of materials to collapse under the influence of external forces without permanent deformation.
Technological properties determine the ability of materials to undergo various types of processing. Foundry properties are characterized by the ability of metals and alloys in the molten state to fill well the cavity of the casting mold and accurately reproduce its shape (fluidity), the amount of volume reduction during solidification (shrinkage), the tendency to form cracks and pores, and the tendency to absorb gases in the molten state.
The operational (service) properties include heat resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance, radiation resistance, corrosion and chemical resistance, etc.
Heat resistance characterizes the ability of a metallic material to resist oxidation in a gas atmosphere at high temperatures.
Heat resistance characterizes the ability of a material to maintain mechanical properties at high temperatures.
Wear resistance is the ability of a material to resist the destruction of its surface layers by friction.
Radiation resistance characterizes the ability of a material to resist the effects of nuclear radiation.
Question 2: Classification of textile fibers.
Textile fiber is an elongated body, flexible and strong, with small transverse dimensions, limited length, suitable for the manufacture of yarns and textile materials.
The classification of fibers is based on their chemical composition and origin.
Depending on the origin, textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical.
Natural fibers include fibers of plant, animal and natural origin, which are formed in nature without direct human participation. Natural plant fibers are composed of cellulose; they are obtained from the surface of seeds (cotton), fruits (coir), from stems (flax, ramie, hemp, jute, etc.) and plant leaves (abaca, sisal). Natural fibers of animal origin are composed of proteins - keratin (wool of various animals), or fibroin (silk of a mulberry or oak silkworm).
Chemical fibers include fibers created in the factory by molding from organic natural or synthetic polymers or inorganic substances. According to their composition, chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic.
Artificial fibers are obtained from high molecular weight compounds that are found in finished form (cellulose, proteins). They are obtained by chemical processing of natural polymers of plant and animal origin, from waste from the cellulose production and food industry.
A polymer is a substance whose molecules consist of a large number of repeating units. The raw materials for polymers are wood, seeds, milk, etc. Textile materials based on artificial cellulose fibers, such as viscose, polynose, copper-ammonia, triacetate, and acetate, are most widely used in the garment industry.
Synthetic fibers are produced by chemical synthesis of polymers, i.e. creation of substances with a complex molecular structure from simpler ones, most often from oil and coal refined products. These are polyamide, polyether, polyurethane fibers, as well as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefin. Also, according to their composition, synthetic fibers are divided into carbon-chain and hetero-chain. Heterochain fibers are formed from polymers, the main molecular chain of which contains atoms of other elements in addition to carbon atoms. Carbochain fibers are those that are obtained from polymers having only carbon atoms in the main chain of macromolecules.
material property structure defect
Used Books
1. Yu.P. Solntsev Materials Science. Application and selection of materials: Tutorial / Solntsev Yu.P., Borzenko E.I., Vologzhanina S.A. - SPb .: KHIMIZDAT, 2007 .-- 200 p.
2. Buzov B.A. Materials science in the production of light industry products (clothing industry): Textbook for students. higher. study. institutions / B.A. Buzov, N. D. Adymenkova: Ed. B.A. Buzova. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004 - 448 p.
3. Savostitsky N.A. Materials science of sewing production: a textbook for students. institutions of environments. prof. education / N.A. Savostitsky, E.K. Amirova. - 7th ed., Erased. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 272 p.
4. Metals and alloys. Reference book / V. K Afonin et al. - NPO "Professional" SPb, 2003 - 200 p.
5. Yu.P. Solntsev "Materials Science" / Yu.P. Solntsev, E.I. Pryakhin - SPb .: Khimizdat, 2007, 783p.
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Development of a sketch of a wedding dress model. Determination of the structure, structure, geometric mechanical and physical properties of the fabric. Selection and characteristics of the main, lining, interlining, fastening, finishing materials and accessories for the product.
In technology lessons, children learn to process not only fabric, paper and cardboard, but also various parts of plants, minerals, artificial materials and waste materials - waste of consumer goods, etc. Their children collect on excursions, bring them in the form of semi-finished products and blanks or ready-made industrial products.
Natural materials include plant branches, leaves, flowers, seeds, roots, bark, moss, fruits, river and sea stones, sand, clay, as well as parts of animals - fish bones, shells and shells of mollusks, dried insects, shells of poultry eggs, feathers. In the form of semi-finished products, boards of various sizes are used in lessons.
Of artificial materials for work, students often use plasticine, plastic, plywood, fiberboard, soft sheet metals, pieces of plastic, ceramics.
The finished products of the industry include such waste materials as packaging, boxes, ribbons for decorating gifts and bouquets, jars, bottles, accessories for decorating clothes and premises.
The processing of the listed materials is impossible without special knowledge of materials science and technology of their processing. Children acquire such knowledge in the process of observations and experiments.
In the first grade, it is necessary to conduct the following observations: determining the shape and color of leaves, acorns, nutshells, comparing the properties of sand and clay, wood and metal, identifying artistic expressive features in a folk toy, etc.
In the second class, observations of the properties of cones, bark, branches are carried out. The features of the processing of soft and hard materials are revealed.
In the third grade, students observe the properties of dried plants, straw, and reveal the properties of ceramics, plastics, and glass. Students learn to choose best ways processing of these materials.
In the fourth grade, work is underway to generalize and deepen the existing knowledge. Students independently choose the best methods of processing materials, develop the simplest flow charts for creative projects.
The teacher gives careful instruction on the collection, storage and preprocessing of various materials. Particular attention is paid to hygiene requirements, as well as safety rules for the collection, transportation and storage of materials. In addition, the teacher is obliged to point out that in our country there is a law on environmental protection, which obliges to take care of natural resources. It is not recommended to use finished productsspecially processed and suitable for human consumption (cereals, pasta, flour, legumes). For work, only products with an expired shelf life are used.
Special tools are selected to work with different materials.
Marking and measuring tools.
The pencils - hard pencils of grades 2 are required for marking parts on wood T and 3 T.The angle of the pencil must be sharp. When marking, the pencil must be held at a slight inclination in the direction of its movement and firmly pressed against the edge of the template or ruler;
Rulers - usually use a metal ruler or tape measure for measurement. For marking on wood, it is more convenient to use a thick wooden ruler or a carpenter's square. Round parts are marked with a joiner's compass. The marking of straight lines on metal is carried out using a scribe, on wood - with a thickness gauge.
Cutting tools.
Scissors - in the process of processing, they often use clerical and rarely locksmith scissors.
Knives- use well-sharpened knives with a short blade (90-100mm) for work. For splitting wood, it is more convenient to use a hay cutter - a knife with a shorter and thicker blade. During the cutting process, the knife is held obliquely, guiding its movement with the index finger. Natural materials are cut on supports and backing boards.
Hacksaws and jigsaws - designed for sawing wood and metals. For convenience, the processed materials are clamped in a vice or a clamp.
Nippers - used for cutting off wire, thin twigs.
Shtikhel - a narrow cutter with a cross-sectional shape acute angle or arcs (angular and semicircular). Shtikhel is used for finishing wood products (flat-relief carving), linoleum (clichés for linocut).
Assembly tools.
A hammer - used for assembling products with nails. When working with a hammer, care must be taken that the student does not hit the fingers holding the nail.
Pliers and round nose pliers - used when working with wire. These tools are used to bend and twist the wire.
Awl - used for making holes in soft or easy-to-work materials. The piercing is carried out on stands or backing boards.
Gimlet - designed for drilling holes in harder materials. The work of a gimbal is performed on stands or underlays.
Glue brush - must be tough. The width of the brush is chosen according to the dimensions of the surface of the connecting part.
Connecting parts and materials.
Nails - in labor lessons do not use large nails. More often use No. 1, 2, 3, 4, which corresponds to the length of the nail in centimeters.
Pin- rod for fixed connection of parts. A pin can be easily made from a match, twig, or strip of paper. A pin is used to connect parts made of acorns, cones, stucco materials.
Glue - to connect natural materials, use PVA glue, casein or wood glue. It is better to glue floating models with casein glue, PVA glue, BF, "Moment". Gluing parts requires great care. Glue is spread on a thin material or the glued part of the surface of a smaller part. Dry leaves are spread with glue from the center of the leaf to the edges. Glue the spread leaves carefully, after they have absorbed some of the moisture. In narrow and deep surfaces, glue is applied using the tip of an awl dipped in glue.
The task of a technology teacher is not only to provide students with tools and all the necessary materials, but also to keep them in good condition. The knives and scissors must be properly sharpened, the tip of the awls and gimbals must not be broken, the jigsaw file must be well tensioned and, when touched with a finger, tinkle like a string, the hinged joints of the scissors and graver must be in good working order, the striking part of the hammer must be well fixed to the handle. In each lesson, the teacher is obliged to instruct students on the rules of safe handling of tools and some materials.
Processed materials.
Wood- is most often used in the works of high school students. In the elementary grades, wood of pine, spruce, birch, linden is used, as well as three-layer plywood made from them. The wood is cut in the transverse direction with a hacksaw and a jigsaw. The ends of the sawn wood are cleaned with files, sandpaper. Paint wooden crafts oil paint.
In primary grades, students make pointers, ekers, labels for the class plot. For the manufacture of such products, design specifications are required. For example, label boards must be of the specified size, their edges must be sanded; pegs must correspond to the specified dimensions in length, thickness, their surface must be processed with a file and sandpaper.
Straw- dried stalks of cereal plants, more often straws of wheat, rye, oats are used. Before work, straw must be processed - remove the nodes, sort the internodes by length and thickness. For the manufacture of straw tape, the blanks are poured hot water for a day, then each straw is cut lengthwise and ironed with a hot iron on a wooden lining board. Depending on the temperature of the iron, the straw takes on different colors. Appliques are made of straw, it is used for inlaying wood products. Store the straw in a dry, ventilated place.
Eggshell - an excellent material for making bulky and flat products. It is well painted with food dyes, shell parts are fixed to glue, plasticine. For the manufacture of bulky products the contents of the egg must be removed with a medical syringe. The egg is also filled with a syringe with heated paraffin. By decorating an egg with various decoration details, you can make figurines of animals, birds, fish, etc. From painted eggshell you can make a mosaic panel by first covering the surface to be filled with a layer of plasticine.
Plant leaves - used in dried form. Leaves are harvested in autumn, sorted by size, color, shape. Leaves are dried under pressure, or thermally (ironed). Store the finished material in a dry place.
Birch bark - a favorite material of folk craftsmen. Birch bark is harvested in spring or early summer, cleaned of adhering particles. For the convenience of processing, birch bark is steamed in hot water, divided into layers, cut into the desired shapes. Dry the material in a cool dry place.
Metals and alloys - in the classroom, they often use thin soft wire, soft tin, aluminum, copper, brass, zinc, tin, lead foil. Manual processing of metals in a cold state is called plumbing. These materials are easy to handle with scissors, wire cutters, hammers, pliers and round nose pliers. The cut edges of the parts are processed with a file or sandpaper. The color of the parts or product can be changed by holding it over the flame of an alcohol lamp or painting with paints and varnishes for metal.
Holes in thin tin are made with an awl, punches. It is easy to make indentations on thin tin and foil with the help of embossings, ballpoint pen and master the simplest minting techniques. Thin sheet metal can be bent and twisted with a hammer, pliers, round nose pliers.
The wire can be shaped into rings, polygons, spirals, etc. The wire can be used to make flat contour shapes and volumetric products, as well as frames for soft toys. Thin wire can also be used as a connecting material.
Stucco materials - clay, plasticine, plastic, gypsum, salt dough. They are currently available in stores. Clay can be mined and prepared for use with students.
Oily clay is suitable for modeling. Skinny clay contains a large amount of impurities and is suitable for work after special processing - elimination. Clay is harvested in summer, dried, crushed and sieved. The crushed clay is placed in a large vessel (tub, tank), filled with water and mixed thoroughly. Floated impurities are removed. Heavy impurities (pebbles, sand) settle to the bottom, and fine clay particles remain in suspension. This liquid composition is poured into another container, leaving large impurities at the bottom. After a while, the clay settles to the bottom. Water is drained from the surface. This process is called elimination.
Before starting work, the clay is poured with water, mixed. A well-cooked mass should not stick to your hands. A sausage 10 cm long and 1 cm thick is rolled from the prepared clay and lifted by one end. If the sausage doesn't fall apart, then the clay is ready to go. To improve the quality of the clay, you can add paper fiber and vegetable oil... Clay is worked on a backing board. Cut the clay with wire or fishing line. The products are sculpted by hand, the finishing details are made with a stack or special stamps.
Parts made of stucco materials are connected by the method of gluing, pressing or pins. Products made of stucco materials are painted with gouache mixed with PVA glue (1x1, 2x1), watercolors (honey), varnished, or glazed (a glossy glassy alloy fixed by firing, coated with the surface of the product). Dry products in muffle furnaces, on radiators or on a well-ventilated surface.
Plastics - products of the chemical industry. In the elementary grades, easy-to-process plastics are used - organic glass, foam rubber, polystyrene, linoleum, nylon, etc. Plastic blanks are processed by cutting, drilling, they can be painted, glued, sewn together. Toys and souvenirs are made of foam rubber and polystyrene. Foam rubber can be used for stuffing soft toys.
Linoleum used for making appliques or cliches. Clichés for linocut are made using gravers. Paint (gouache, printing ink) is applied to the finished surface with a cliche with a roller, put blank sheet paper and iron it with a smooth object. An impression is obtained, called a print.
Junk materials - packing boxes, corks, spools, tubes of cream, toothpaste, synthetic nets used for packing vegetables, bouquets, empty rods, tubes, etc. Making useful things from waste materials teaches students to thrift, develops them creative skills, imagination, ingenuity.
Papier mache - the most accessible technique for the manufacture of bulk products in the primary grades. For work you will need: newsprint, paste, gouache. As a form for the manufacture of volumetric products, crockery items, toys, homemade forms made from plasticine are suitable. For work, the paste is made from starch or flour. Products are dried in well-ventilated and warm places... Uneven places on the forms are leveled with sandpaper. The products are painted with gouache paints mixed with PVA glue in the ratio: 2 parts of paint and 1 part of glue.
The peculiarities of processing various materials, the methodology for studying their properties are described in numerous teaching aids, books on arts and crafts, magazines on design and needlework, in the books of V.A. Baradulina, A.M. Gukasova, N.M. Konysheva, V.P. Kuznetsova, etc.
Test questions.
1. What materials are called natural?
2. What is the peculiarity of storing various materials?
3. By what principle is the selection of various materials for work with students carried out primary grades?
4. What connecting materials are used to assemble products from natural materials?
Tasks for independent work.
1. Find (in printed or electronic sources) and study the material containing information about the properties of natural materials, methods of preparation and storage, processing techniques.
2. Choose literature that covers the technology of manufacturing products from various materials.
Tasks for laboratory work.
1. Analyze the content of the module: "Technology of processing of structural materials and engineering" in the program "Technology". Highlight the skills and abilities that the authors of the program recommend to form in primary school students in the process of processing various materials.
2. Develop a plan for conducting an experiment for grade 3 students to observe the properties of one of the specific natural materials.
3. Develop a lesson outline aimed at studying the ways of processing one of the artificial materials.
4. Make 1 sample of products from natural materials, artificial materials and waste materials to demonstrate them at technology lessons in primary school.
5. Develop instructional cards to teach students how to assemble one of the products from different materials.
Works: All Selected To help the teacher Competition "Educational project" Academic year: All 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006 Sort: Alphabetically Newest
Study of the mechanical properties of spider silk
In this work, the author examines the properties of spider silk and answers the question: is the thread of the spider web really so strong that you can hang a tank on it? The paper presents the arguments "for" and "against", the author investigates the mechanical properties and draws appropriate conclusions.
Study of free mechanical vibrations using the example of mathematical and spring pendulums
The work defines the factors influencing the period and frequency of free mechanical vibrations of the mathematical and spring pendulums. The dependence of the damping coefficient and the logarithmic damping decrement on the type of substance is studied during oscillations of the mathematical and spring pendulums. The use of these experiments allows us to consider the issue of free mechanical vibrations more clearly.
The paper studies the properties of images obtained with a collecting lens. It has been experimentally determined that, depending on the distance of an object to the lens, its image can be imaginary or real, direct or inverted, enlarged or reduced, be located both on one side of the lens as the object, and on the other side of the lens relative to the object.
Study of the properties of materials used in local construction
The paper compares the thermal conductivity of materials used in local construction. The conclusion is made about the most demanded building material and its advantages. An overview of typical dwellings of different times and peoples and materials used for their construction is made.
Study of the physical properties of dishwashing detergents
The paper presents the results of studying the density, viscosity, surface tension coefficient of dishwashing liquids from some manufacturers.
Illustrated Dictionary of Physics. 8th grade
Designed in the form of a presentation, the dictionary consists of four sections: thermal, electrical, electromagnetic phenomena and changes in the aggregate states of matter and includes 58 concepts. Words are located in two catalogs: alphabetical and thematic and are combined into a single hypertext. Dictionary slides contain a definition, a brief description, an illustration, a calculation formula for a term, buttons for navigating to catalogs. Some of the concepts that are hyperlinked can be explained in more detail by going to the corresponding slide.
Physicists Interactive Presentation Using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
The interactive presentation was developed using the BASIC visual programming language for Microsoft Office applications. Can be used both in physics lessons and in extracurricular activities.
Interactive electronic game "Test yourself"
Learning is a very important process. But in the course of learning, fatigue accumulates, since you have to memorize many formulas, definitions, designations of various quantities, etc. The element of the game will help to solve the problem of fatigue when memorizing program material. In this paper, we propose a game model for testing students' knowledge. The principle of the game is described, the fundamental electrical circuit, a list of details is given, didactic materials are attached.
Information-illustrated problem book
The book is devoted to the integration of two subjects - physics and biology. It included 10 problems that can be used in physics lessons on the topic "Mechanical movement" in the 7th grade. Cognitive material about living nature is presented. Biophysical problems will contribute to the development of interest in physics. The information is presented in the form of text and illustrations.
The use of land-based agricultural machinery in the production of agricultural products
Pollination or spraying with pesticides is considered one of the most common methods of treating agricultural plants to protect against diseases and pests. It is difficult to achieve a good result using land-based methods. For Russian agriculture, the situation in many regions is further complicated by the fact that farms simply do not have the appropriate equipment or are faulty. The cultivation of fields in such farms becomes a big problem. But very often small aircraft come to the rescue. Aviation processing is an expensive undertaking in relation to ground processing methods, but it has many advantages.
Home use of solar powered installations
It is very difficult to live without electricity, but it costs a lot of money. Based on this, I wondered if it was possible to produce electricity without significant costs. I learned that you can use the energy of the sun, and conducted research in this direction. Collected information about which installations work due to solar energy, studied them. After that, I calculated the amount of electricity consumed in my apartment and found out whether it is possible to use solar panels in it.
Study of the amortization properties of various substances
The work carried out a comparative analysis of the amortization properties of various materials. Considering that the degree of pain on impact depends on the time of impact, to assess the latter, measurements of the voltage between the capacitor plates were carried out. Research objects: various types of road and floor coverings.
Study of the influence of different types of water on the growth and development of plants
The work examines the influence of "living", "dead" and holy water on the growth and development of agricultural plants.
Study of the diffusion properties of matter in structured water
IN last years there is growing interest in the unusual property of water - its memory; it has become the object of research by many prominent scientists. The effect of structured water on the diffusion of substances is also poorly understood. This paper describes its own method of obtaining structured water in a school laboratory and experiments were carried out to study its effect on the diffusion properties of a substance.
Study of the dependence of the relative humidity of air in the room on various parameters
Study of the dependence of the efficiency of the burner of a household gas stove on the combustion mode
The aim of this school research project is to find out how the efficiency of a stove burner depends on the gas consumption and the size ratio of the burner and cookware. Experiments are carried out with three burners of different sizes using cookware of two diameters. In a series of experiments, water is heated on each burner with different gas flow rates (control by gas meter). Fuel efficiency is calculated for each experiment using spreadsheets and the results are presented in graphs.
Research and diagnostics of nanoscale objects
Familiarization with physical methods research of micro- and nanoscale objects. Qualitative elemental analysis of the surface of an unknown crystal structure by Auger electron spectroscopy with subsequent identification.
Research and identification of an unknown substance
In this work, a qualitative crystallographic analysis of an unknown structure by the method of Raman spectroscopy with subsequent identification was carried out.
Study of the model properties of various models of paper airplanes
My passion for aircraft construction began with paper models... We did them with the whole class in labor class. At the end of the lesson, the guys launched their planes, and I noticed that they fly differently. Some stick to a straight path, others veer to the side. My question arose: "What makes the same model fly differently?" And I decided to investigate the flying properties different models paper planes. The paper describes a study of aircraft with different mass, with a different start method, in different conditions (closed room, street).
Study of the formation of a cumulative jet
When physicists talk about cumulation, they usually mean short-term processes, such as explosions, and by cumulation they mean amplification in a certain place or direction of action of these processes. But cumulative liquid jets can appear not only during explosions. Therefore, I decided to investigate the features of the interaction of "bodies of arbitrary shape with liquid" by the nature of the "bursts". The paper considers the conditions for the formation of a cumulative jet and the factors on which its formation depends. The object of the study was the types of bursts formed when a drop of liquid falls into a liquid; when a solid ball falls into a liquid; depending on the density of the liquid and balls, their radius and drop height, on the drop height of the liquid drop into the liquid, on the time between the separation of drops; kind of splash when the test tube falls.
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In the project, a study of the density of a walrus tooth (canine) was carried out, as well as tasks about walruses.
Study of the preparation of food products for control for the content of radionuclides (strontium and cesium)
The paper presents a study of the preparation of food products for control for the content of strontium and cesium radionuclides using fish samples as an example. The purpose of this work is to get acquainted with the laboratory, study methods for analyzing raw materials, intermediates and finished products, study instruments and scales in the laboratory, and the radiochemical method for analyzing food samples.
Subject: Technology
Class: 2A
Program: "Primary school of the XXI century" author Lutseva E.A.
Subject. Different materials - different properties
Didactic goal: to create conditions for studying the properties of different materials that surround a person,
Tasks:
personal
foster love and respect for nature
contribute to the development of experience of joint creative activity of students
metasubject
develop research skills and abilities, the ability to work in pairs; creative thinking of students
subject
find out empirically what properties the materials known to students have: paper, fabric, wood, metal;
Means of education:
multimedia projector, presentation for the lesson
Lutseva, E.A. Class 2 technology. Textbook. - M., Ventana-Graf, 2008
Lutseva, E.A. Workbook "Learning the skill" -M., Ventana-Graf, 2008
samples of materials: pieces of paper, fabric; metal plates. wood
plastic cups with water
Teaching Methods: Research
Forms of organizing cognitive activity:
frontal;
group;
individual.
Stage
Teacher activity
Student activities
UUD
Self-determination to activity
Guys, in the last lesson we made a doll from different materials. Tell me, could you play with a toy doll made of snow? chocolate? Why?
What did not suit us in these materials?
Tell me, what determines the choice of material for the product?
Today in the lesson we will conduct a study and find out what you need to know about the materials in order not to make a mistake in the choice. We will work in groups (5 + 5 + 4)
Children answer that a doll made of snow will melt in the warmth, that it will stain hands with chocolate, and may also deform.
Can you make a nail out of ice? Not
A boat made of sugar? Not
Children express guesses, assumptions.
Personal:
Self-determination (motivation for learning);
regulatory:
goal setting; communicative:planning educational collaboration with teacher and peers
Knowledge update
slide number 2
slide number 3
slide number 4
Frontal work is invited to answer the questions:
What is called material?
What is called a product?
The correctness of the answer can be checked by clicking on the link to slide No. 3
work with the textbook Read the text on page 21 and answer the questions
Are natural resources endless?
Material is what something is made of
The product is the creation of human hands
Children read the text on page 21
Telling children about respect for natural resources
communicative:planning educational collaboration with teacher and peers;
cognitive:logical - analysis of objects in order to identify features,
semantic reading.
Setting up educational activities
slide number 5
slides number 6, 7.8
slide number 9
You have the same images on your desk various subjects... Consider images of objects. What groups can they be divided into? Why? Discuss in pairs. The answers of the children are heard.
Check the correctness of your actions. What products are made of the same material?
Explain why the materials were used for these products. What are the features? What determines the choice of material for the product?
Children do practical work on dividing objects into groups:
Made of wood: chair, books, board, notebook, wooden gate, chest of drawers
Fabric: curtains, T-shirt, shorts.
Metal: cutlery, drills, iron gates.
Clothing should fit, warm, absorb.
Metal products are durable.
Children make assumptions that they need to know some features, characteristics of materials.
cognitive:logical - analysis of objects in order to identify features and classification; communicative:
proactive cooperation in finding a solution to the problem;
cognitive:general educationalself-selection - the formulation of a cognitive goal; brain teaser -formulation of the problem, for which we will investigate
Building a way out of a difficulty
slide number 10.
slide number 11
slide number 14
slide number 15
Let's be curious and explore these materials in more detail.
We are doing research. Working in groups.
1. Place samples of different materials in front of you: paper, fabric, wood, metal. Consider them carefully. Tell us what you see.
Take each material in your hands, remember, bend. knock. What do you feel?
What you see and feel is the properties of the materials.
In order to understand the features (properties) of materials, we will conduct their practical research, that is, we will study them in detail.
2. Practical study of the properties of various materials. Conduct material properties research. Everything you need to research is on your desks. Enter the research results in the table.
Check the correctness of your work on the sample. Do your answers match the sample. If not, then let's discuss.
Assignment: Do your research page 22
1. Acquisition and integration of knowledge - 4
2. Cooperation - 4
3. Communication - 2
4. Problem solving - 3
5. Use of ICT - 1
6. Self-organization and self-regulation - 2
Pronunciation in oral speech:
Material properties are what you see and feel.
Children conduct research with materials. Study assignment on page 22 of the textbook and fill in the table
Self-test by sample.
regulatory:planning, forecasting; cognitive:
analysis of objects in order to identify features, symbolic actions (work with a table)
communicative-proactive cooperation in the search and selection of information,
plan activities and assign responsibilities;
regulatory:control, assessment, correction;
to carry out an educational task with self "and mutual check;
cognitive:general educational -the ability to structure knowledge, communicative:partner behavior management - control, correction, evaluation of partner's actions, skill
interact adequately within the educational dialogue;
- represent the result of the group's activities.
Primary anchoring
Read the question on page 22
Analyze the table:
Do different materials have similar properties?
Name the same properties for different materials. What material is elastic? And what material with this property do you know?
How does knowing the properties of different materials help each master in his work?
Children work according to the table.
Yes, there are.
Change when deformed: paper, cloth
Does not tear: wood, metal.
Does not deform: wood, metal.
Fabric, rubber.
regulatory:control, assessment, correction; cognitive: the ability to consciously and voluntarily build a speech utterance, reflection on the methods and conditions of action; communicative:ability to express your thoughts
Assimilation of new knowledge
Creative task in the group
You are given materials. The task is to imagine what can come of them? Think, check with the table, how you can use material properties.
Prove the correct choice of material.
Working in groups. Children fill out on cards.
Paper -
Wood -
Metal -
The cloth -
regulatory:control, correction, highlighting and awareness of what has already been learned and what else is subject to assimilation, awareness of the quality and level of assimilation;
personal:self-determination
Communicative:the ability to express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy
Reflection of activity
Guys, now you can answer the question: do different, outwardly dissimilar materials have similar properties?
What new have you learned? What have you learned? Where in life can this knowledge be useful to you?
Which of you found it difficult? Who coped with the difficulties themselves? Whom did the comrades help?
Rate your personal work in the group and the work of the whole group.
Give your opinion about the lesson
Continue the sentences: I didn’t know…., I learned…., I couldn’t…., I learned….
Children's answers.
Communicative:the ability to express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy; cognitive:reflection; personal:meaning formation
Application. Tables.
Material properties
What I'm researching
paper
wood
the cloth
metal
smooth
rough
rough
smooth
loose
dense
loose
dense
yes
not
yes
not
Does it stretch (elasticity)
not
not
yes
not
yes
not
yes
not
yes
Yes, but does not sink
yes
No, drowning
yes
not
yes
not
Material properties
What I'm researching
paper
wood
the cloth
metal
What surface (smooth, rough)
What is the density (dense, loose)
Does it change when creased (deformation)
Does it stretch (elasticity)
What transparency (translucent or not)
What is the relationship to moisture (gets wet or not)
What is the strength (breaks or not)