Entering connections
Calling the Connections dialog: Menu -> References -> Connections.
All structural elements (profiles of frames, imposts, shtulp, sash, filling) form connections with each other. Two articles are involved in one connection, that is, it is impossible to create a connection with three structural elements in the program (for example, the impost is included in the frame connection).
There are three types of connections:
angular (corner connection of frames and corner connection of sashes),
end (the impost enters the frame or sash, the shtulp enters the frame), adjacent (the sash is adjacent to the frame, the glass unit is adjacent to the frame, impost or sash, etc.).
The end connection and the adjacent connection form two elements, one of which is basic or main, the second is dependent. For example, in the end connection "Impost-frame" the frame is the main element, the impost is dependent, in the adjacent joint "Glass-package - sash" the sash is the main element, the double-glazed window is dependent.
In this way, main connection elementthis is the element to which the dependent adjoins or enters.
Dependent element will be called article 1,
the main one - article 2.
In the corner joint, both elements forming the joint are equivalent, therefore it does not matter which of the elements is article 1 and which article is 2.
Help Dialog Box " Connections "consists of two pages"Description of connections" and " Connected elements”.
Bottom part - connection specification.
In the Name column a meaningful name for the compound is entered. Several connections can have the same name, but this is undesirable, since it will be impossible to distinguish one connection from another during product design.
In the second column, the priority to be assigned to compounds that are the same type and constraint, but different specifications. For each joint, you can set technological restrictions for its use using the Angle, Angle to horizontal and Radius, Seam length fields located on the right side of the dialog box.
The pictograms in the upper right corner show a schematic view of the connections. Possible connection types:
corner joints 90 gr;
corner connection 45 gr;
end connection;
adjacent connection.
In addition, for each of the two articles forming the connection, it can be either from the inside or from the outside. The exception is infills, for which the connection can only be from the outside, for example, if a glass bag or sash is inserted into the frame, then this connection for the frame is from the inside, and for the sash or glass bag is outside.
For adjacent connections with a mullion or shtulp, the outer side is to the left of the profile.
Thus, in the groups Article1-Side and Article2-Side, it is indicated which side the connection is on: from either side, from the outside or from the inside.
The size connections are the distance to which Article 1 goes inside Article 2.
This indicator influences the calculation of profile sizes and infills.
The program calculates the sizes of components according to the following formulas:
[Sash size] = [Overall size (Frame size)] - 2 * [Frame width] + 2 * [Sash-frame connection size]
[Window size] = [Sash size] -2 * [Sash width] + 2 * [Sash-glass connection size]
If you insert an impost into the frame, then its size will be equal to:
[Mullion size] = [Frame size] -2 * [Frame width] + 2 * [Mullion-frame connection size]
Therefore, the accuracy of the calculations of the program itself will depend on how much the size will be correctly assigned in a particular connection.
For each compound, you can set technological restrictions for its use, using the fields:
Injection,
Angle to the horizontal,
Radius
Seam length located
on the right side of the dialog box.
Minimum and Maximum angles- limits of variation of the angle between profiles for corner and end connections.
Minimum and Maximum angle to horizontal- these are restrictions on the location of the joint (for adjacent joints). For a rectangular structure, the horizontal upper profile is taken as O degrees, then counterclockwise: left - 90 degrees, lower - 180, right - 270. For example, if the sash enters the frame from below at a distance different from the other sides, then you need to create three connections with angles to the horizontal 0-179 with one size, 180 - 180 with another size and 181-360 with a size, as in the first case. These three connections will ensure that the frame is connected to the sash along the entire contour with the required dimensions.
Radius are limitations for adjacent connections.
Seam length are the constraints for type 1 corner joints.
The leaves are in different planes- the flag is set for the adjacent connection of two sliding doors, if they are in different planes (sliding doors).
Flag "Article1 vertical only"(available only for corner joints) - installed if it is necessary to describe such a corner joint, in which one of the connected profiles can be only vertical, the other - only horizontal.
In this case, Article1 - there must always be a vertical profile on the "Connected elements" page.
After the name of the connection is entered on the "Description of connections" page, the type of connection (angled, end or adjacent) is selected, the Size and technological restrictions are set, on the page "Connected elements»It is necessary to enter the article numbers of the profiles, which will be connected to each other as described above.
In the table " Any combinations of Article1 with Article2»All Articles 1 are entered, which can be combined with all Articles 2. Ie. any element from the table Article 1 can be connected to any element from the table Article 2. (double-glazed windows, blind fillings, etc., can be connected to any profile indicated in the right part of "Article 2")
For adjacent joints, if Article 1 is a double-glazed unit, which is assembled in production from glasses and spacers of various thicknesses (i.e., insulating glass units of the same thickness may contain different amount glasses and frames), then you need to set the flag "Article 1 can be a composite glass unit" and set the minimum and maximum thickness of the glass unit... Thus, for this connection, all composite glass units, the thickness of which will lie within the minimum and maximum thickness, will be suitable.
In the table "Combinations "A direct correspondence is established between Article 1 and Article 2" one to one ". Those. only those articles that are in the same line are connected to each other.
For example: It is necessary to describe a corner joint of the first type for plastic profiles (connection of elements at an angle of 45 degrees). As a rule, with such a connection plastic profiles welded. Only the same article numbers of frames or sashes can be welded to each other, therefore in the table "combinations" in one line Article 1 and Article 2 will be the same. There can be as many of these lines as there are profiles that can be connected in this way and satisfy the technological limitations on the page "Connection description».
Completing the connection specification table
The connections described at the top of the Connection Description page and the Connections page only allow you to create a sketch of the product.
Product specification formed from connection specifications(the table at the bottom of the reference book " Connections "on the page" Description of connections»).
The main profiles are prescribed:
frames and sashes - in corner joints;
threshold - in the corner sill-frame connection.
impost - in the end connections impost-frame, impost-sash, impost-impost;
shtulp - in the end connections shtulp-frame, shtulp-threshold, shtulp-impost;
In addition to the profile for the connection, the specification must contain those components that will be used in this connection and for which it is necessary to obtain a calculation of their quantity or cutting. These can be glazing beads, seals, screws, glass supports, etc.
Some components can be registered not in Connections , and in the reference book Inserts.
For example: - decorative caps for shtulp. They can be included in the connection specification, but then if several different connections, in which this shtulp is used (connections of the shtulp to the frame and the connection of the shtulp to the threshold), then these caps will have to be prescribed in each connection. In such situations, when the size or quantity of the component, regardless of the connection, remains constant, it can be specified in the inserts (see the section Entering inserts).
In the column "Color »Indicates the color of the component. The selection list offers options for the color that the accessory may have. Here you can choose a specific color: black, white, gray, etc., or you can specify that the color of the component must be matched to the color of some of the elements that form the connection. In this case, you should indicate "As article 1" or "As article 2". If the color of the accessory is selected according to the external or internal color "Article 1" or "Article 2", then it is selected accordingly "As Article 1/2 from the inside / outside.
For example, the glazing bead is selected according to the inner color of the profile, i.e. how "Article 2 inside". In this case, the program will analyze the color group of the glazing bead. If it contains a color that matches the color " Article 1 "or" Article 2 »From the inside, then the glazing bead will get a color that matches the color of Article 1/2 from the inside. If this color is not found, then the program will analyze the data on the page "Matching color groups"Tables" Colors and color groups". If there the correspondence of colors in the color groups of the BOM line and Article 1/2 is specified, then the specified color is taken for the BOM line. If not, then during design the program will display a warning message about the impossibility of color matching.
Qty - the number of accessories for this connection.
The size - the calculation of the length or quantity of the component depends on the value of this field.
With an angled connection, this size indicates a shortening of the component relative to the overall dimensions of the product.
When facing, it indicates the distance that this component fits into Article 2.
In the adjacent connection, this dimension shows how far from the light opening the component enters into Article 2.
Coefficient - this is the number of components per 1mm profile.
If the unit of measurement of a component from the specification is meters (for example, a profile, a sealant, a glazing bead, etc.), then the coefficient is 0.001 (1mm = 0.001m, i.e. 1 mm of a component falls on 1 mm of a profile).
If the unit of measure is a component piece (sets), then the coefficient shows how many pieces are per 1 mm of the item. For example, if the screws are screwed in after 300 mm, then for 1 mm of the profile there are 1/300 = 0.0033 screws.
If the unit of measure of the component is liters or kilograms, then the coefficient shows how many liters (kilogram) are per 1mm. Let 400 g of butyl go per meter of glass unit, then for 1 mm it will be 0.001 / 0.4 = 0.0025.
Thus, the BOM item count is calculated as ( Overall Dimension- Size) x Coeff.
Contour No. - installed in the case when two elements of the specification with one article number form several contours, for example, the seal of one article has different size(at different distances it enters the profile relative to the color opening).
"Do not count" - the angle is not calculated."Weld seam"- the profile size depends on the angle.
The "Along the contour" flag and the " Contour shortening»- in the case of adjoining connections for accessories located along the contour of the opening with a shortening, for example, a seal in which is not located along the entire contour, but with a gap for micro-ventilation.
Flag " For straight profiles only"When this flag is set, the component from the connection specification will be included in the product specification only if the profiles from the page"Connected elements"Will be straight. (For the correct calculation of the amount of reinforcement in products of the type - arch, this flag is set for items of reinforcement)
Install ("Always"; "With Article 1"; "With Article 2")- what the given element of the specification is prescribed for. By default, it is in the "Always" position. The connection is formed by two elements. Sometimes it is necessary that a specification element is used not for the entire connection, but for one of its elements: Article 1 or Article 2. For example, in the corner connection of the frame and the threshold.
On the doorway - in the case of adjacent sash-frame joints, install for components with a unit of measurement of meter, which are installed over the entire opening. For example, an ebb, installed in the manufacture of wooden structures on the lower frame.
For each component from the specification of the connection, you can also set technological restrictions for its use, using the fieldsAngle, Size and Radiuslocated at the bottom of the dialog box. From the specification for the connection, the program will select those elements that satisfy given size, radius and angle.
If it is necessary to select an element of the connection specification at the request of the customer or designer, then for this element a restriction on parameters is introduced.
For example, if you need to choose which glazing bead to put: straight, curly or elegance, then the parameter “ Shtapik "With a set of values" straight "" curly "and" elegance ". Three glazing beads are entered into the specification and the parameter "Glazing beads" with the corresponding value is put in front of each of them. A new parameter is added by clicking the Parameters button and a set of its values is added below. This will allow you to select a given element during the design process.
To copy a connection, on the Connection Description page on the required connection, right-click and select Copy, then select one of the Paste and Paste with Connected Items items.To remove a connection from the list, use the delete button specified in the Rules for Working with Tables. Unable to remove from the list a connection used in existing accounts. You can prohibit its further use by setting the Deleted flag. In this case, the entry disappears from the list.
To show it in the list of remote connections, use the Show deleted flag.
Design window frames provides for such a need. For this purpose, the profile has side cutouts specially adjusted for the use of a connector, expansion joint or expander. Consider this possibility.
Joining two balcony frames
Connecting piece for split frames
If the balcony is glazed with two or more frames, for the reliability of the connection, a special profile is used, which tightly presses them at the docking points. The detail brings together well any height window configurations.
Kopplung - the connector is a piece consisting of 3 parts (3 mm):
Double profile: PVC and metal, reinforcing it, - ensure the strength of the connection.
The side protrusions that enter the grooves of the frames to be joined are necessary for their coupling.
Aesthetic exterior, visible from the outside and from the inside.
For the purpose of thermal insulation of the joints, adhesive tape is additionally used.
How is the assembly carried out?
For example, consider a vertical connection. You need a connector, which is first attached to the lower frame, introducing protruding elements into its grooves. To avoid skewing, you can knock on the surface, but only on metal profile but not plastic.
A hole is drilled in the metal part of the profile, crossing the frame, and a fastening screw is screwed in (it has a temporary function and is only necessary for vertical arrangement frames).
The prepared lower frame is installed on the balcony railing, the second frame is built on top by inserting the projections of the connector into its grooves. Trim, lightly tapping wooden hammer, make sure that there are no distortions, and proceed with the fasteners.
With a long drill, through holes are made for screws 100 mm long and 5 mm thick, passing them through the profiles: the first frame, the connector, the second frame. Screwing in the screws, they are sunk into the profile so that there are no problems with the installation of the glass unit later.
Important! In accordance with safety regulations, balcony frames must be joined by at least 2 people - no less. They should be experienced professionals who know how to connect a 2-piece balcony frame vertically or horizontally and not harm others.
In any joinery or furniture, corner joints are the most important unit. They provide quality and durability. wooden products... Compared to dowel mounting, classic way- spike connection with glue has greater durability and rigidity. Such connections are used in cases where the assembled frame must have a groove or rebate for inserting a panel or glass.
In practice, they are presented in several options: two grooves and a tenon inserted into them, one-sided or double-sided connection with a "mustache" and with a double tenon. But most simple option for home master the use of an inserted (“foreign”) thorn remains. Such a connection is nothing more than a tongue-and-groove connection.
The quality of the connection depends entirely on the exact matching of the groove and the tenon, which is achieved only by choosing measuring tool and a well-sharpened saw and chisel.
In the case of an angular connection with one tenon, the thickness of the bar is divided into three equal parts (on a bar less than 25 mm, the tenon should be somewhat thicker than the groove cheek).
When marking, the width of the frame is first transferred to the inner edge of the opposite part. Risks are applied using a square with an awl. Since the wood around the spike is selected, it is marked on either side. For a groove, marking is done only on its narrow side. Then the details are marked. It is customary to make grooves in the vertical elements of the frames, and spikes in the horizontal ones. The grooves are marked with a thickness gauge. A spike bow saw is sawn down along the falling off part (for the groove to the base, for the spike - to the ledge). Then a groove is hollowed out with a chisel. To do this, the sawn-off part is fixed on a workbench. The chisel is placed with a sharpening cut to the part to be separated and with light blows is driven into the mark with a mallet. First, a wedge-shaped hole is gouged. The separated part of the wood is left in place so that when working on the back side there is a stop. The tenon is cut at right angles with a miter saw.
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The width of the frame is transferred to the opposite part, maintaining perpendicularity. Add 2-3 mm to the kerf. |
Mark the groove and tenon with a planer. This is the most simple and exact way markup. |
Always sawing from the side of the part to be separated in the middle of the marking. Thorn bow saw designed for just such work. |
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An auxiliary guide-stop, made by yourself, will help to make accurate cuts and on circular saw... Observe safety when doing this. |
The grooves are hollowed out with a chisel. For this, the connection parts are tightened with a clamp or fixed on a workbench. The chisel is lightly hit with a mallet. |
A miter saw with a lockable angle adjustment will allow precise placement of the tenon. This work can also be done with a circular saw. |
Special options for corner connections
Special shapes of grooves and tenons - double tenon and mustache grooves. Double cleats are used in heavy duty products and thick frames. If the frame structure is profiled at the end, then a mustache connection is made. There are one-sided and two-sided grooves on the "mustache" (due to the insufficient area of the contact surfaces, they are less strong).
The groove should be in the middle third of the part thickness. The groove around the tenon is made less than the groove depth, otherwise there will be a gap in the joint. After assembly, the remaining cheeks of the groove are sawn off along the entire length. The opposite is also possible.
The fold on the frame must be consistent with the division into three parts. This will save rework time on the cleat. The rebate width must be taken into account when marking, otherwise, during milling, gaps will appear here too.
After grinding the inner and outer surfaces of the groove and tenon, the frame is glued. In this case, it is necessary to compress the gusset in two planes through the gaskets. The groove and tenon ends should be open for control and fit during assembly. The protruding glue is removed. When gluing, control the right angle of the frame.
After the glue dries, the clamps are removed and ground the protruding parts of the spike or groove cheeks from the flanks to the level with the outer side of the product.
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Spike connection "mustache": one-sided and two-sided. The choice is determined by the design requirements for the product or its appearance. |
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A double spike is made for especially stressed corners and thick frames. In this case, the thickness of the bar is divided into five equal parts. |
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When sampling longitudinal groove in the details of the frame, the spike is not affected. Otherwise, when gluing the knot, a hole will appear in its end. |
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The fold should have a corresponding increase during marking, otherwise gaps will result. The depth is determined by dividing it into three parts. |
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The spikes and cheeks of the grooves protrude for an increase. Shims will be required when compressing them. After that, the increase is sawed off. |
The easiest way to make a frame is to connect the planks at right angles. In this case, the joining section will be equal to the cross-section of the bar. If you cut the planks at an angle of 45 degrees, then the cut will be noticeably larger and, therefore, the connection is more durable.
However, it's not just about strength. With such a combination of parts, the frame looks more elegant. However, as a rule, one adhesive joint is not enough. Even on the framework average size, not to mention large ones, the connections should be additionally secured - with studs, plug-in or through thorns, corners.
The most common frame shape is rectangular. But it can be six or octagonal. It is clear that with such a frame, the joint seams run at a different angle. However, in any case, this seam should divide the corner of the frame itself in half.
The slightest deviation from given angle- even by one or two degrees - will lead to the fact that the slats along the cuts will not be able to closely fit each other. This means that an accurate and, accordingly, strong connection will no longer work.
To make a frame for a picture according to the scheme described on pages 206-209, you need to have a solid set of materials and tools and the qualifications of a cabinet-maker. For our home craftsmen, this material is unlikely to have an “applied” value. Wrong requests, wrong opportunities.
Such connections can be seen in any picture frame. The glue line between the two planks runs exactly at an angle of 45 degrees, that is, it halves the right corner of the frame.
This is done like this
- Cut the strips according to the markings.
- Cut the cut with a plane, in some cases only clean up sandpaper.
- For extra strength, drill holes for the dowels in the cut areas.
- Cover the sections with glue and fasten the connections with the clamping devices until the glue sets.
- Secure the frames from the outside with studs or from the back with crimped wire or corners.
- If necessary, glue thin combs from the outside.
What do you need
Materials (edit):
- Planks for the frame.
- Countersunk head studs.
- Wavy wire.
- Picture or window corners.
- Glue.
- Screws.
- Thin wooden plates or pieces of plywood for the spikes.
- Wooden rods for thorns.
Tools:
- Saw with a "back".
- Drill or boring machine.
- Bow saw.
- Hammer.
- Miter box.
- Plane.
- Marking pins.
- Sandpaper.
- Clamping devices for frames.
Corrugated wire and corners
How to reinforce an old frame
When fixing an old, loose frame, it is often limited to scraping old glue from the seams and glue the frame again. However, additional strengthening of the frame with thin ridges will not hurt, however, provided that it is covered with a transparent colorless varnish. After inserting the ridges and cleaning the outer corners, it is advisable to cover the frame with a new coat of varnish.
Sawing
First, markings are applied to the strips according to the format of the picture, leaving a margin for corner joints. The next step is to apply 45 degree angles. This markup will denote external sides framework.
An ordinary miter box, fixed on the workbench with a clamp, will help to cut the planks at an angle, so that the position of the miter box itself and the planks in it are stable. However, a conventional wood miter box allows you to cut the workpiece only at an angle of 90 and 45 degrees. To make a frame with a complex contour, you will need a more perfect and expensive device, using which you can cut the workpiece at an angle of 67.5 degrees for a pentagonal frame or 60 degrees for a hexagonal one. Sawing blanks for frames should be done with a fine sawing saw (with a "back").
With the help of such a device, you can saw wooden blanks at different angles.
A regular miter box must also be firmly secured. A stable position of the miter box and the bar located in it is necessary to obtain an even cut.
Stripping the cut
As thin as the saw is, sawing alone will not produce a flawlessly smooth cut.
Therefore, each slice is carefully processed. First of all, you need to remove the "fringe" from the back of the workpiece (such a defect is inevitable, since the saw works in jerks). It is also necessary to clean the entire cut surface. Only then will the connection be tight.
Using a planer
It is customary to clean the surfaces with sandpaper. But in this case it is better to use a plane, and put the workpiece into a device that will “allow” the plane to remove “excess” without changing the cut angle.
Such an auxiliary device can be made from a piece of board or a piece of blockboard, as well as a small block and a piece of plank. The bar is cut on one side, and the bar is sawn off at an angle of 45 degrees, after which it is sequentially screwed to the board (see photo above) with screws.
The plane must be carefully guided along the cut (with the right side of the plane facing the workbench). Only the workpiece should be tucked in, but by no means an auxiliary device, otherwise the cut itself can be damaged.
With the help of a simple device, you can process the cut with a plane better than with sandpaper.
Gluing
Until the glue sets, the "mustache" joint, as the joiners call it, must be under pressure. For this, using the spacer pliers, the clamping brackets are installed. You can also use the special frame vices sold in various designs... Find the ones that work best for your frame. When using conventional staples, check first that the framed parts form perfect right angles. It is important here that all diagonal cuts in length match exactly. Note that using an expensive frame vise saves time on control measurements.
The frame is assembled. It remains to fix the glued joints with clamping clips, which are installed using spacer pliers.
Special frame vise fixes the joints with great precision.
Fastening with studs or corners
Even for small picture frames, it is recommended to additionally secure the corner joints (after the glue has set) with countersunk studs.
Countersunk heads are called because they allow the gyoz-dik to enter the tree as a whole. Only a small depression remains, which must be filled with putty or carefully steamed with water. It is done, uh, oh, like this: a drop of water is introduced into the recess, and then heated with a soldering iron or iron. The wood fibers, clamped by the rod and the head of the stud, swell and fill the cavity. As a result, the surface is leveled.
Another very common way of additional fastening of corner joints of frames is "stitching" with wavy wire (it is also called wavy nails). Two or three pieces of such wire are driven across each butt joint from the back of the frame.
Fix the corners with screws
Corner connections large heavy glazed frames can be fixed with special frame or window metal corners... They come in a variety of sizes, so you can find the right corner for every frame size.
The corners are not visible from the outside, but you can make them so that they are not visible even from the side. To do this, on the back of the frame, outline the contours of the corners and then remove a layer of wood along the contour with a chisel required thickness... The corners are inserted into the recesses obtained and screwed tightly.
Hidden thorns
The rectangular joint, held together by the plug-in tenons, looks the most neat since the tenons are completely hidden.
Insert cleats across the butt joint and as close to inside frames. The holes for the studs are first drilled on one strip. Then, using the marking pins inserted into the prepared holes, determine the places for drilling in the other strip.
There is another way of marking: small carnations are driven into the bar, then they are bitten off with ticks. When the two strips are tightly joined, the protruding ends will leave the necessary marks on the second workpiece.
Two or three studs add extra rigidity to any joint, even on large and heavy frames.
Only if the holes for the dowels are exactly matched can a perfect rectangular connection be obtained from the two frame parts.
Through cleats and ridges
The processing of planks for securing corner joints with through dowels or plug-in ridges requires a certain vocational training... After all, it is necessary to accurately saw through the grooves for inserting spikes or ridges, which is quite difficult for a beginner, but it is thanks to the grooves that the area of the joining sections increases noticeably and, accordingly adhesive coating... The result is a compound with increased strength.
Grooves for a through tenon
After the strips for the frames are prepared, you need to saw on the oblique cuts grooves about one third of the strips wide (but not more). However, the thickness of the wooden plate, which will be used as a through thorn, can also be taken as a reference point.
When making a thorn, you should pay attention to the fact that the fibers in it are located across. If the direction of the fibers and the seam coincide, the tenon can easily break after rigid fixation with grooves.
The through-tenon, in the form of a thin wooden plank or plate, must be long enough to fill the entire length of the grooves.
Inserting ridges outside
It is somewhat easier to secure the fillet joint with plug-in ridges than with a through seam. After the frame is assembled and glued, cuts are made at the outside corners, about two-thirds of the thickness of the plank, into which thin wooden plates (combs) covered with glue are inserted.
Better to glue not one, but two combs. Moreover, it is not necessary to place them in parallel. The cuts can be V-shaped in relation to the middle of the plank and to each other.
This wedge-shaped arrangement of the ridges gives the frame corner joints additional strength.
It is quite difficult to make precise grooves in the slant cuts of the planks, but the result is worth the effort: the connection obtained by inserting into the grooves of the through tenon is very reliable.
The thickness of the ridges must match the thickness of the cut.
The dowel should be long enough to fill the grooves completely. After gluing, the protruding parts of the thorn are sawed off, and the irregularities are cleaned.
The ridges glued on the outside must go into the cuts until they stop.
Only after the glue has set can you saw off the protruding parts of the spikes or ridges.
In addition to processing solid pieces of wood, it is often necessary to combine wooden parts into knots and structures. Element connections wooden structures called landings. Structural connections wooden parts are defined by five types of landings: tight, tight, sliding, loose and very loose.
Nodes - these are parts of structures at the joints of parts. Connections of wooden structures are divided into types: end, side, corner T-shaped, cruciform, corner L-shaped and box corner joints.
Joinery connections have over 200 options. Here, only the joints that are used in practice by joiners and carpenters are considered.
End connection (extension) - connection of parts along the length, when one element is a continuation of the other. Such connections are smooth, serrated with spikes. Additionally, they are fixed with glue, screws, overlays. Horizontal end connections withstand compressive, tensile, and bending loads (Figure 1-5). Lumber is built up in length, forming at the ends vertical and horizontal toothed joints (wedge lock) (Fig. 6). Such joints do not need to be under pressure during the entire bonding process, as significant frictional forces act here. Milled sawn timber toothed joints meet the first class of accuracy.
The joints of timber structures must be made carefully, in accordance with the three accuracy classes. The first class is for the measuring tool High Quality, the second class is for furniture products, and the third is for building parts, agricultural implements and packaging. Lateral connection by the edge of several boards or laths is called rallying (Fig. 7). Such connections are used in the construction of floors, gates, carpentry doors, etc. Plank and slatted panels are additionally reinforced with crossbars and tips. When covering ceilings and walls, the upper boards overlap the lower ones by 1/5 - 1/4 of the width. The outer walls are sheathed with horizontally laid overlapping boards (Fig. 7, g). The upper board overlaps the lower one by 1/5 - 1/4 of the width, which ensures the drainage of atmospheric precipitation. The connection of the end of the part with the middle part of the other forms a T-shaped connection of the parts. Such connections have a large number of variants, two of which are shown in Fig. 8. These connections (knitting) are used when joining the lag of floors and partitions with the harness of the house. The connection of parts at a right or oblique angle is called a cruciform connection. This connection has one or two grooves (Fig. 3.9). Cruciform connections are used in roof and truss structures.
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| Rice. 1. End connections of beams that resist compression: a - with a straight overlay in a half-tree; b - with an oblique overlay (on the "mustache"); c - with a straight overlay in a half-tree with a joint at an obtuse angle; d - with an oblique lining with a spike joint. |
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| Rice. 2. End connections of beams (build-up) that resist stretching: a - in a straight laid on lock; b - in an oblique patch lock; c - with a straight overlay in a half-tree with a joint in an oblique thorn (in dovetail). |
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| Rice. 3. The end connections of the bending resisting beams: a - with a straight overlay in a half-wood with an oblique joint; b - with a straight overlay in a half-tree with a stepped joint; c - in an oblique patch lock with wedges and a thorn joint. |
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| Rice. 4. Splice joint with reinforcement wedges and bolts. |
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| Rice. 5. End connections of the bars, working in compression: a - butt-end with a secret hollowed-out spike; b - end-to-end with a hidden plug-in thorn; c - with a straight overlay in a half-tree (the connection can be bolted); r-s straight half-wood overlay with wire fastening; d - with a straight overlay in a half-tree with fastening with metal clips (clamps); e - with an oblique pad (on the "mustache") with fastening with metal clips; g - with an oblique pad and bolted; h - marking of the slanting lining; and - end-to-end with a hidden tetrahedral spike. |
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| Rice. 6. End augmentation of the milling scheme for end gluing of workpieces: a - vertical (along the width of the part), toothed (wedge-shaped) connection; b - horizontal (along the thickness of the part), toothed (wedge-shaped) connection; c - milling a gear connection; d - sawing out the toothed joint; d - milling the gear joint; e - connection to the end and gluing. |
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| Rice. 7. Planks rallying: a - on a smooth joint; b - on a plug-in rail; c - in a quarter; d, e, f - in the groove and comb (c various forms groove and ridge); w - overlap; h - with a tip in the groove; and - with a quarter tip; k - with overlap. |
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| Rice. 8. T-shaped joints of the bars: a - with a secret oblique thorn (in the paw or in the dovetail); b - with a straight stepped pad. |
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| Rice. 9. Cross connections of bars: a - with a straight overlay in half a tree; b - with a direct overlap of incomplete overlap; c - with landing in one socket |
Connections of two parts with ends at right angles are called angular. They have through and non-through thorns, open and laterally, half-way overlapping, half-tree, etc. (Fig. 10). Corner joints (knitting) are used in incorrect window blocks, in the joints of greenhouse frames, etc. A spike connection in the dark has a spike length of at least half the width of the connected part, and the groove depth is 2 - 3 mm longer than the spike length. This is necessary so that the parts to be joined easily mate with each other, and after gluing, there is room for excess glue in the socket of the spike. For door frames, an angular spike connection is used in the dark, and to increase the size of the connected surface, it is in semi-darkness. Double or triple stud increases the strength of the corner joint. However, the strength of the connection is determined by the quality of its implementation. V furniture production widely used various angular box connections(fig. 11). Of these, the simplest is an open end-to-end tenon connection. Before making such a connection, spikes are marked on one end of the board with an awl according to the drawing. By marking the side parts of the thorn with a file with fine teeth make a cut. Every second cut of the thorn is hollowed out with a chisel. For a precise connection, first sawed and hollowed out the stud slots in one piece. It is placed on the end of another part and crushed. Then they saw through, hollow out and connect the parts, cleaning the connection with a plane, as shown in Fig. eleven.
When connecting parts on a "mustache" (at an angle of 45 °), angular knitting is fixed with steel inserts, as shown in fig. 12. At the same time, make sure that one half of the insert or fastener goes into one part, and the other half into the other. A wedge-shaped steel plate or ring is placed in the milled grooves of the parts to be joined.
The corners of the frames and boxes are connected with a straight open end-to-end spike connection (Figure 3.13, a, b, c). With increased quality requirements (with outside thorns are not visible), angular knitting is performed by an oblique connection in the direction, a groove and a ridge or an oblique connection on a rail, as shown in Fig. 13, d, e, f, g and in Fig. 14.
Box structure with horizontal or vertical cross members(shelves, partitions) are connected using corner T-shaped joints shown in Fig. 15.
In the connection of elements upper belt wooden trusses with a bottom use corner cuts. When mating the elements of the truss at an angle of 45 ° or less, one cut is made in the lower element (tightening) (Fig. 16, a), at an angle of more than 45 ° - two cuttings (Fig. 16.6). In both cases, the end cut (cut) is perpendicular to the direction of the acting forces.
Additionally, the nodes are secured with a bolt, washer and nut, less often with brackets. Log walls houses (log cabins) from horizontally laid logs in the corners are connected with a cut "in the paw". It can be simple or with an additional spike (paw with a pit). The marking of the cut is performed as follows: the end of the log is cut into a square, to the length of the side of the square (along the log), so that after processing a cube is obtained. The sides of the cube are divided into 8 equal parts. Then 4/8 part is removed from one side from below and from above, and the remaining sides are performed, as shown in Fig. 17. Templates are used to speed up the marking and the accuracy of making the cuts.
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| Rice. 10. Corner end joints of blanks at right angles: a - with a single opening through a thorn; b - with a single through secret thorn (in the dark); with single a deaf (blind) thorn in the dark; d - with a single through semi-secret thorn (semi-dark); d - with a single deaf thorn half-dark; e - with a triple open through thorn; g - in a straight overlay in a half-tree; h - through the dovetail; and - in the eyelets with undercut. |
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| Rice. 11. Box corner joints with straight through thorns: a - cutting out the thorn grooves; b - marking the thorns with an awl; в - connection of a spike with a groove; d - processing the corner joint with a plane. |
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| Rice. 12. Corner end connections at right angles, reinforced with metal inserts - buttons: a - 8-shaped insert; b - wedge-shaped plate; in-rings. |
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| Rice. 13. Box corner joints at right angles: a - straight open through thorns; b - oblique open through thorns; c - open through thorns in the dovetail; d - groove for a plug-in rail end-to-end; d - in the groove and comb; e - on plug-in thorns; g - on thorns in a dovetail half-dark. |
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| Rice. 14. Oblique (on "mustache") box connections at right angles: a - oblique thorns in the dark; b - oblique connection on a plug-in rail; in - oblique connection on thorns in the dark; d - oblique connection, reinforced with a triangular strip with glue. |
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| Rice. 15. Straight and oblique connections of workpieces: a - for double connection in oblique groove and ridge; b - on a straight groove and ridge; в - on a triangular groove and a ridge; d - on a straight groove and ridge in the dark; d - on straight through thorns; e - on round plug-in spikes in the dark; g - on a thorn in a dovetail; h - on the groove and ridge, reinforced with nails. |
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| Rice. 16. Nodes in truss elements. |
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| Rice. 17. Conjugation of the logs of the walls of the blockhouse: a - a simple paw; b - a paw with a wind spike; c - paw markings; 1 - wind spike (pit) |