Foreign Europe Mineral resources. Industry: Main Industries

The video tutorial is devoted to the topic "Natural Resources of Foreign Europe". From the lesson you will learn about the natural resource potential of foreign Europe, get acquainted with the basic resources that are rich in various territories of Europe. The teacher will tell you about European leader countries for the provision of various types of resources.

Topic: Regional characteristic of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson:Natural Resources of Foreign Europe

The provision of Europe by resources is determined primarily by three circumstances. First, the European Region is one of the most populous regions of the planet. Consequently, the natural resources of the region are used very actively. Secondly, European countries earlier than others went along the path of industrial development. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale has been used for several centuries ago. Finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are strongly exhausted. The exception is the Scandinavian peninsula, the resources of which are mainly preserved almost in immunity until the end of the twentieth century. In fact, because the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the Scandinavian Peninsula countries is small and distributed on a significant area. All these signs of the Scandinavian subregion are opposite to the properties characteristic of the whole for Europe.

For world economy, the following resources are important, located within:

7. Bokuxites

In Europe, the stocks of ore raw materials are large enough. Iron Ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), in France (Lorraine) and on the Balkan Peninsula. Rudes of non-ferrous metals are represented by copper-nickel and chrome ores of Finland, Sweden, Boxitis Greece and Hungary. In France, there are large deposits of uranium, and in Norway - Titan. There are Polymetals in Europe, Tin, mercury ores (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian Peninsula), Poland is rich in copper.

Fig. 2. Map of mineral resources of foreign Europe ()

Soil Europe is sufficiently fertile. However, a small area of \u200b\u200bcountries and a significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is rapida by more than 80%. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and deficit natural resources Europe. The population and various industries use huge amounts of water, and the size of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water due to uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually takes from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and for water supply of settlements about 360 km3 of clean water. The need for water and water consumption steadily increases as the population and the development of the economy. According to the calculations, only at the beginning of the XX century. Industrial water consumption has increased in Europe at 18 times, the production of gross national product is significantly ahead of growth. The situation with water resources in Europe as a whole is prosperous, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.

Hydropower resources The rich Alps, Scandinavian Mountains, Carpathians. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a sufficiently high agroclimatic potential, since they are placed in moderate and subtropical geographic belts, have favorable thermal resources and moisture sustainability. But the increased population density inherent in Europe in all historical epochs contributed to the long and intensive use of natural wealth. The low fertility of certain types of soil prompted Europeans to draw attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and raise their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificial improvement was born chemical composition soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizerThe variants of crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical events were developed.

Fig. 3. Agroclimatic map of foreign Europe

Forest resources. Forests are covered in foreign Europe 30% of its territory. For each European, an average of 0.3 hectares of forests (in the world, this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of the economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive forest information. Forests not affected by economic activities, in Europe almost no preserved, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world, in recent decades, forest area has increased. And it happens despite the high density of the population and on the cruel deficit of productive lands. Long-conscious European need to protect their very limited land resources And fertile soils from erosion destruction and adjust the flood runoff expressed in the fact that the mid-protective functions of forest plantations were revalued. Therefore, immeasurably increased by its significance and the water-protection role of the forest, its recreational significance, in addition to the smaller forest note contributed to the ecological policy in Europe. Finland, Sweden, Norway have the greatest stocks of forest resources in foreign Europe.

Do not forget that the territory of foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. Recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are world import.

Homework

Topic 6, p.1

1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in overseas Europe?

2. Give examples of foreign countries and resources characteristic of them.

Bibliography

Basic

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 CL: Textbook for general education institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic I. social geography World: studies. for 10 cl. general education institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, Moscow Tutorials JSC, 2005. - 400 p.

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Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: a textbook for universities / ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Drop, 2001. - 672 C.: Il., Cards.: Col. incl.

Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Directory and Statistical Collections

1. Geography: reference book for high school students and entering universities. - 2nd ed., Act. and drag. - M.: AST-PRESS School, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for GIA and EGE

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambarcumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 s.

2. The most complete edition model options real tasks EGE: 2010: Geography / Sost. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. Optimal assignment bank to prepare students. Single State Exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial./ Sost. EM. Ambarcumova, S.E. Dukov. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete publication of typical options for real tasks EGE: 2010: Geography / Sost. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010.- 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of EGE 2011. - M.: MCNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. EGE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: Grade 10: to the textbook V.P. Maksakovsky "Economic and Social Geography of the World. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Branches. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Publisher "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

9. The most complete publication of typical options for real tasks EGE: 2009: Geography / Sost. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 s.

10. Single State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal Materials To prepare students / FIPI - M.: Intellect Center, 2009 - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing House "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. EGE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

13. EGE 2012. Geography: typical examination options: 31 Option / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

14. EGE 2011. Geography: standard exam options: 31 option / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian education ().

5. Site of natural and socio-humanities ().

Natural conditions. In Western Europe, lowlands are widely represented, hilly plains and youth high mountains of alpine folds, which form the main watershed of the mainland.

Here are small on the area and height of the mountain: the central French array, the veins, the Blackswald, Rhine Slant Mountains, the North Scottish Highlands of TD .. The Alps are the highest mountains of Europe, their length is 1200 km, width - up to 260 km. The folded structure of the Alps is made mainly by the movements of the Alpine age. SAMI high top - Mont Blanc (4807 m). High - axial - the area of \u200b\u200bthe mountains is formed by ancient crystalline (gneisses, shale) by rocks. In the Alps dominate Giruskolodoviki relief and modern glaciation (up to 1,200 glaciers with total area more than 4000 km2). Glaciers and eternal snow are reduced to 2500-3200 m. The mountains are cut by valleys, populated and mastered by man, railways and car roads are laid through passages.

The plain territories are located mainly in coastal areas. The largest lowlands is Severoghermansky, Pivnichnopolsk and more. Almost 40% of the Netherlands Square is below sea level, these are the so-called "Polders" - lowland lands for which high fertility is characterized.

The climate is moderate, partially subtropical Mediterranean (France, Monaco). The presence of active Western transfer of wet Atlantic air mass Makes the climate soft and favorable for life and economic activities (including agriculture). The average temperatures of the cold month are - 1O .. +3 OS, warm +18 o .. +20 OS. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation as a whole decreases from the west to the East. In the ingratical areas and on the onward slopes of the mountains, it is equal to 1000-2000 mm, on the other - 500-600 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation falls on the summer months.

The distribution of the river flow of the region is uneven: It decreases from the West to the East and from the north to south. The largest rivers - Danube, Rhine, Loire, Sayna, Elba, Maas, Ron, Thames .. in the west of food rivers predominantly rain, they do not freeze, or have a short unstable ice station. On the eastern territories, rain nutrition also prevails, and on the rivers of high-mountainous districts of the Alps to rain and snow, glacier joins. Here in the summer are characterized by large floods, in winter the flow is very small or there is no no. Some countries are constantly conducted by hydraulic construction and "fighting with the sea." So, in the Netherlands, 2400 km of dams and 5440 km of canals were built.

A significant part of the lakes is located in tectonic decrees (basins, robins), characterized by a very rugged coastline, a significant depth, elongated form. There are many such lakes in Switzerland: Geneva, Zurich, Bodenskoye, Neuncette, Tunsk, Lago Maggiore, etc .. in the Alps and Mountains British Islands There are small lakes in carrying depressions. Ireland is especially rich in peatlands.

Natural resources. Nadra Western Europe in the past had a high potential of mineral raw materials, but due to long-term industrial use, they are significantly exhausted.

The region accounts for more than ¼ of stone coal in Europe. The largest coal basins and districts are: in Germany - Rour and Saari, in France - Lillea pool and central array, in the UK - North of England and Scotland, in Belgium - District of Liege. Brown coal has FRG (Germany) - Cologne pool and Saxony.

The position with stocks to find and gas has improved after opening in the early 60s. Huge natural gas deposits in the Netherlands (1929 billion m3 - 1st place in Europe for mining), and subsequently, oil and gas in the British sector of the North Sea shelf (the explored oil reserves are 0.6 billion tons, gas - 610 m3 ).

In Ireland there are essential reserves of peat. The United Kingdom is the only of the four leading industrial countries in Europe, fully provided with its own energy resources.

Relatively large deposits of iron ore from France (Lorraine), Luxembourg, Polymetals - in Germany and Ireland, Tin - in the UK (Corninsters Cornwall), Boxites - in France (Mediterranean coast), Uranus - in France (Central Array, where the largest in Europe stocks).

Among the non-metallic raw materials are noticeable reserves of stone salt (Germany and France), very large reserves of magnesite and graphite (Austria).

Hydroenergoresours are very significant. Alpine areas are especially rich in them (Switzerland, Austria, France) and mountainous areas of Scotland, rapirates areas in the south of France. France, Austria and Switzerland account for more than 2/5 hydroresours of countries.

The region is poor forests that cover only 22% of its territory. Significant forest area in Austria (forest science is 47%), FRG (31%), Switzerland (31%), France (28%). Most countries are dominated by artificial forests, many echoed planting of trees that perform environmental, sanitary and hygiene and recreational functions.

Agro Climate and Land Resources are favorable for agriculture. There are almost all suitable lands: from 10% in Switzerland to 30% in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The most common are the soils of medium and low fertility in the natural state. But everywhere they are significantly improved due to the high level of agrotechnology. The climate is favorable for growing many cultures.

Natural recreational resources are very rich and diverse: from the Alps, high mountains Europe, in the lowest Netherlands in Europe, from the subtropical Mediterranean of France in cool and wet Ireland. The region has a large recreational and tourist area. Attractive areas are the Cote d'Azur in France, the Alps, the Thuringian Forest and others.

In the countries of the Region, the number of reserves, reserves, national parks (91) protected by law. They cover large areas. For example, in France, the entire sealant atlantic strip of 2500 km long was proclaimed by the protected, in the UK - almost 5% of its territory, etc.

A variety of natural conditions and resources in various parts of the region has led to the formation of various types of economic activity, and accordingly of their specialization.

European territory, which is outside the countries of the former CIS, is usually called "foreign Europe". It consists of four dozen countries related to each other with a whole bouquet of historical and political relations. The territory of foreign Europe is about 5.4 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 500 million people. This area is definitely one of the centers of world civilization and occupies an important place in world politics. Today we will talk to this topic as the overall characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 The school program involves consideration of this topic. Let's remember what we were taught in school, and I wonder for yourself something new!

States

The territory we consider today extending 5000 km from the north to south and 3,000 km from the west to the East. Among there are large and medium, but in most majority they are still small. For example, there is a joke that drove into Belgium, you need to have time to click on the brake, otherwise you can come to another state. The fast train passes through this country in just 140 minutes. Most of these states in Europe. That is why in many of them there is no such concept as a sleeping car.

As the general characteristic of the countries of foreign Europe shows, they, from the point of view, have two main features. The first of them is the neighboring position of the countries. With small (relatively, of course) the size of the territory and its small "depth", the states have a well-established system of transport links. The second feature is the seaside position of the main number of European countries. Many of them are located near the busiest waterways. The lives of states such as England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italy and Greece, from ancient times are closely related to the sea.

For the twentieth century political map. Europe has undergone weighty changes three times: after the first and second world wars, as well as in the late 90s. Today, in foreign Europe, you can meet the republic, monarchies, as well as unitary and federal states.

Nature and resources

It was created under the influence of natural prerequisites, namely the composition of minerals. In the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region, it differs. The northern part is rich in ore and fuel fossils. The main stone-coal basins are Rurban (Germany) and the Upper-Silesian (Poland). Among the oil and gas pools is to allocate Sevromorsky. And among iron ore - the Kiruna pool (Sweden) and Larring (France).

The southern part of the region is rich in ore deposits of magmatic and sedimentary origin. As for the stocks of fuel resources, here they are not so great as in the north of Europe.

The overall characteristic of foreign Europe in terms of energy shows that its resources are very voluminous here, but they are mainly on mountain areas, namely: Alpine, Scandinavian and Dinarsky. IN large quantities countries resources have almost dried up. The nature of the region allows active agriculture. The only problem is lack of land. Small seaside states are fighting with it, expanding in the direction of the seas. For example, the third part of the territory of the Netherlands was "disgusting" by the sea using dams and dams. Locals in this regard say: "God created the Earth, and the Netherlands is the Netherlands." This is hardly written in the section "Geography" section (grade 11). The overall characteristic of foreign Europe, nevertheless, cannot displace this fact.

The region is in moderate and subtropical (in the south) belts. In the area of \u200b\u200bMediterranean, stable agriculture is impossible without artificial irrigation. Basically, Italy and Spain suffer from this. Finland and Sweden boasts the best conditions for forestry. No wonder there is a saying: "Finland without a forest, like a bear without wool." Here are also pretty wide.

Now it's time to consider the next conversation point on the topic "The overall characteristics of foreign Europe".

Population of foreign Europe

The national composition is quite uniform. Most nations belong to the Indo-European family. The dominant religion in the region is Christianity. However, the southern part is also prone to Catholicism, and North to Protestantia. Foreign Europe is considered one of the most densely populated regions of the Earth. The population density here is more than 100 people per square kilometer. The placement determines the geography of peoples mainly. In terms of urbanization, Europe also occupies high positions. About 78% of the population lives in cities on average. There are countries in which this figure comes up to 90%.

For recent years The population of Europe began to grow too slowly. In 15 states there is a decline of the population. In addition, its composition changes - the number of elderly people is growing. This affected the region's share in the global mechanism of external migrations. Gradually, foreign Europe turns into a focus of labor emigration. There are about 20 million workers from abroad. 7 million from them live in Germany.

The class 11 of the school program disassembles such questions superficially, we will touch them more detail. As a holistic region, foreign Europe has the world championship on the scale of exports of goods, the size of industrial production and the development of tourism. First of all, the economic power of the region holds on countries such as: France, United Kingdom, Italy and Germany. Over the past decade, Germany has become the leader of this four, the economy of which is very dynamically developing. The "workshop of the world" is the United Kingdom, began to pass its position. Among other states have the greatest weight: the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Sweden. They, unlike the "main four", focus on individual industries.

Industry

Leading foreign Europe - mechanical engineering. It accounts for a third of the products of the region and two third exports. It's no secret that Europe is famous for its cars. First of all, mechanical engineering is to big cities, including the capital. At the same time, as a rule, each sub-sector is focused in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe state.

In second place is the chemical industry. Special successes in this direction are characterized by Germany. The chemical industry of the region to the Second World War was focused mainly on coal (stone and brown), salts (cook and potash) and pyrites. Then there was a reorientation of the industry for hydrocarbon raw materials. The largest centers of petrochemistry are located in the estuaries of the Seine, Thames, Elba, Rhine and Rhone. Here this industry is intertwined with oil production.

Natural gas and oil mined in the North Sea deposits are sent to different countries On a huge system of main pipelines. Gas from Algeria are transported in methalangean tankers. The Russian gas that buy 20 European countries is also played.

The size of the industry is metallurgical. She was formed here even before the start of the RTR. Black metallurgy is widely developed in Germany, England, Spain, France, the Czech Republic and Poland. Aluminum and non-ferrous metallurgy also occupies a greater share. Aluminum is paid not only in states with extensive reserves of bauxite, but also in countries with developed electricity mining.

The forest industry is focused mainly in Finland and Sweden, and the lungs in southern Europe. Italy is the world in the world for the manufacture of shoes, after China. And Portugal is considered the main "seamstress" of the region. In most countries to this day, national traditions for production are preserved musical instruments, furniture, glass products.

Agriculture

The overall characteristic of the economy of foreign Europe was touched above, now we will talk more objective. Most countries in the region fully provide themselves with agricultural products and are actively selling them abroad. After World War II, the region switched from a small peasant farm to a specialized high-thunder. The main industries are crop production and animal husbandry, apply throughout Europe and closely intertwined with each other. Natural and historical conditions caused the formation of such types of agriculture: North European, Middle Eastern and South European.

The North European economy is distributed in Finland, Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is characterized by intense dairy animal husbandry, which is serviced due to crop grade of gray breads and fodder crops. In the Middle Eastern Type, meat and dairy livestock plays the main role, as well as poultry farming.

South European type is inherent in the predominance of crop production. Sevings are directed mainly on grain crops, but the international specialization of the southern part of Europe is the production of grapes, olives, citrus, tobacco, nuts and etheric. The chief "garden" of Europe is the Mediterranean coast. Usually each state has its own specialization of agriculture. For example, Holland is famous for the cultivation of colors, France and Switzerland - the production of cheese, and so on.

Tourism

The overall characteristic of foreign Europe cannot do without tourism. Europe was, there is also the main region of international tourism. Here it is manifested in all directions. France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and other major countries are most popular. And in small states like Andorra, Monaco and others, tourism is the currency-forming industry. The main types of tourism in foreign Europe is mountainous and sea.

Transport connection

Today we give the overall characteristics of foreign Europe, and it is impossible without the transport system. Europe is inferior by the range of transportation of America and Russia, but the provision of transport network is leading worldwide. Motion density is very high. Automobile transport plays the main role in the transport of passengers and goods. The railway network in most states is actively declining.

The land transport network has a complex configuration. It is formed by the motorway of the meridal and latitudinal directions, the bulk of which is international significance. River paths are also focused on these directions. A special role is played by the River Rhine. It annually transport more than two hundred million tons of cargo annually. In places where land and waterways intersect, transport hubs have emerged, which have become over time in real ports industry complexes. For example, comes annually about 350 million tons.

Western Europe is an example of how huge natural obstacles cease to be an obstacle to the transport system. Railway and highways, as well as pipelines cross the Alps in all necessary directions. The shores of the Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas are bound by ferry crossing.

General Characteristics of Foreign Europe: Science and Money

In Europe, today there are many technopolis that make it one of the world's science centers. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Munich and Cambridge. And in the southern part of France, "high technology road" was formed.

In Europe, there is a lion's share of the largest banks in the world. The standard of banking has become Switzerland. In the safes of its banks stored about 50% of securities from around the world.

Environment protection

The overall characteristics of foreign Europe shows that its territories are resonant to the protection of nature. Due to the high density of the population and the active development of the industry, Europe has long already encountered a number of environmental problems. Some of them are associated with coal mining and processing. Others - with an abundance of petrochemical and metallurgical plants in large cities. Third - with the increasing number of cars on the streets. Fourth - with the development of tourism, which leads to the degradation of nature. Well, so on.

All countries located in the region conduct active environmental policies. As a result, increasingly decisive measures are taken: the propaganda of bicycles and electric vehicles, active restoration of vegetation and so on.

Conclusion

Today, the topic of our conversation was the overall characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 - time when a huge load falls on the shoulders of schoolchildren, so many fundamental things are overlooked. We reminded everything that could be forgotten and learned something new on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe." Presentation (grade 11) With this article will be a simple task for any student.

1. General characteristics of the physical and economic and geographical position of Europe

Europe is part of the light, which has an area of \u200b\u200babout 10 million km² (of which foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries, accounts for 5.1 million km²) and the population of 740 million people (about 10-11% of the population of the Earth). The average height is about 300 m, the maximum - 4808 m, Mount Mont Blanc.
Features of the geographic location:

The length from the north to the south (from about. Spitsberegin to about. Crete) - 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
Relief "mosaic" of its territory: lowlands and elevated territories. Among the mountains of Europe most of the middle height. The boundaries take place mainly in such natural turns that do not create obstacles for transport links.
High degree of cutting coastline.
The seaside position of most countries. Average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region, there is no place remote from the sea by more than 480 km, east at 600 km.
"Depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
Neighboring position favorable for integration processes.
Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, because Located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far advanced to the ocean - "Big Eurasian Peninsula".
A variety of natural resources, but non-complex placement by country, many deposits are largely developed.

Europe is usually divided into northern and southern, western and eastern, it is quite conditionally, especially since not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into effect.

2. European organizations and associations

In foreign Europe, there is a single economic, political, financial space.
The vast majority of the UN member countries. Switzerland has entered the UN in September 2002, NATO members - 14 countries, EU members - 15 countries. Most countries belong to the group of industrialized. Four countries: Germany, United Kingdom, France and Italy are part of the "big seven of the West countries". Special place In the economic map of the region, post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition are occupied.
Council of Europe is an international organization that promotes cooperation between all European countries in the field of standards of law, human rights, democratic development, legality and cultural interaction. Being founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is the oldest international organization in Europe. The most well-known bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, acting in accordance with the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia.

3. Political changes in Europe. NATO

After the collapse of the socialist modes, the situation changed significantly. Most countries of the former "socialist camp" reoriented to Western structures. Currently, more than half of European countries are part of the European Union and NATO, almost everyone else declare the desire to join these organizations.

4. Changes on the political map of Europe

The following events were most on the formation of a political maps of Europe, the following events were provided: the First World War, the Second World War, the collapse of the USSR and the entire global socialist system. Until the mid-80s - 32 sovereign states, including microstation. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.

5. Modern Political Map of Foreign Europe

Currently, states in Europe are more than 40. Most states in the form of government - republic, 12 monarchies. According to the administratively territorial device, all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) unitary. The largest countries in Square: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. The largest countries in the population: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy. Four countries of foreign Europe are members of a large seven: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom. Germany is considered to be the main economy of Europe.

Natural Resources of Foreign Europe

1. Share of foreign Europe for certain resources

For world economy, the following resources are important, located within foreign Europe:

Coal
Lead
Oil
Bauxites
Soils

2. Mineral resources

The field of magmatic fossils focused in places of exit to the surface of ancient crystalline rocks - in Fennoscandia and in the belt of ancient destroyed mountains of Central European. These are deposits of iron ores in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, non-ferrous metals in the Baltic Shield area and in ancient arrays and mountains
Europe has significant natural fuel reserves. Large coal pools are located on the territory of Germany (Rurassian pool), Poland (Upper Silesian swimming pool) and the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvini pool). In the late 60s of the twentieth century, huge reserves of oil and gas at the bottom of the North Sea were opened. The United Kingdom and Norway quickly entered the number of world leaders in oil production, and the Netherlands, Norway - gas production.
In Europe, the stocks of ore raw materials are large enough. Iron Ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), in France (Lorraine) and on the Balkan Peninsula. Rudes of non-ferrous metals are represented by copper-nickel and chrome ores of Finland, Sweden, Boxitis Greece and Hungary. In France, there are large deposits of uranium, and in Norway - Titan. There are Polymetals in Europe, Tin, mercury ores (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian Peninsula), Poland is rich in copper.

3. Soil

The soil of Europe is quite fertile. However, a small area of \u200b\u200bcountries and a significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is rapida by more than 80%.

4. Water resources.

Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources of Europe. The population and various industries use huge amounts of water, and the size of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water due to uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

5. Hydrophethrhetic, Forest, Agroclimatic, Recreational Resources

Hydropower resources are rich in the Alps, Scandinavian Mountains, Carpathians. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a sufficiently high agroclimatic potential, since they are placed in moderate and subtropical geographic belts, have favorable thermal resources and moisture sustainability. But the increased population density inherent in Europe in all historical epochs contributed to the long and intensive use of natural wealth. The low fertility of certain types of soil prompted Europeans to draw attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and raise their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of the soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers, variants of crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

6. Forest resources

Forests are covered in foreign Europe 30% of its territory. For each European, an average of 0.3 hectares of forests (in the world, this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of the economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive forest information. Forests not affected by economic activities, in Europe almost no preserved, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world, in recent decades, forest area has increased. And it happens despite the high density of the population and on the cruel deficit of productive lands. For Europeans, the need to protect its very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosion destruction and to regulate the flood drain expressed in the fact that the medium-protein functions of forest plantations were revalued. Therefore, immeasurably increased by its significance and the water-protection role of the forest, its recreational significance, in addition to the smaller forest note contributed to the ecological policy in Europe. Finland, Sweden, Norway have the greatest stocks of forest resources in foreign Europe.

7. Recreational resources

The territory of foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. Recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are world import.

Population of Europe

The population of Europe is more than 500 million people. The region has a rather complicated demographic situation.
1. Birth rate and mortality

Recently, the population of foreign Europe began to grow very slowly. This is explained by the fact that for reproduction of the population of the region, a complex demographic situation is characterized. In some countries, there is even a natural settlement of the population. At the same time, the population of the population is also changing, the share of older people is growing.

2. Population reproduction

Almost for all countries in Europe is characterized by a modern type of population reproduction. Countries with minimal indicators of natural growth (loss of the population): Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary.

3. National composition

All this led to a sharp change in the region's share in the global system of external population migrations. The main source of emigration since the great geographical discoveries from the time of the great geographical discovery was turned into the main world focus of labor immigration. Now there are 18 - 20 million foreign workers here, a significant part of which is in the position of non-citizens, but temporary guests-workers (in German "Migrant workers").
By national composition The population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the overwhelming majority of the 62 peoples of the region refers to the Indo-European language family. At the same time, the relatives of the Slavic, Romanesque, German groups have significant traits of similarities. The same is characteristic of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Ural family. Nevertheless, the ethnic map of the region, which folded for thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with one-directional, there are many states with a complex national composition.

State Types for National Food:

single (i.e., the main population is over 90%). Them most in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with more or less significant minorities (United Kingdom, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
binary (Belgium);
multinational countries, with complex and heterogeneous in ethnically, the composition (Switzerland, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries there are complex problems of interethnic relations: United Kingdom, Spain (Basque), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.
The most common languages \u200b\u200bin overseas Europe: French, German, Italian, English.

4. Religious composition

In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. Catholicism is sharply dominated in Southern Europe, in North - Protestantia; And in the middle, they are in different ratios. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - Vatican. In the Southeast and Eastern countries of foreign Europe, we profess Orthodoxy. Islam confess in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

5. Placement and migration of the population

Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. At the same time, the placement of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. Urbanization level Here is one of the highest in the world: on average, 74% live in cities, and in some countries more than 80% and even 90% of the total population. Total number The cities are measured by many thousands, and their network is very thick. Gradually, for thousands of years, the Western European type of the city has developed, whose roots rise to the times of the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

The characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe is a very high concentration of the population in cities and urban agglomerations. The largest of them are London, Parisian and Rhine-Rurassic. In the 70s. After the period of the rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, the outflow of the population began in their centers (nuclei) first in the neighboring and distant suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and to the countryside ("green wave"). As a result, the number of residents in the central regions of London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized, or even began to decline. This process received in science the name of suburbanization.

The greatest number of migrants are going to the following countries: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria. In addition, for foreign Europe, migration is characterized within the region - and east to west.

The task:

Using the tutorials of the textbook and Table number 2 in the application to apply States with the monarchical and republican building of the Board.

Presentation to the lesson

Foreign Europe

Geographic specifics

Europe from the Greek "Zurope" is the country of the West, from the Assyrian "YEREB" \u200b\u200b- darkness, "Sunset", "West" (Asia from "ASU" - "Sunrise").

Features of the geographic location

The territory of foreign Europe (without CIS countries) is 5.1 million km 2, and the total is about 10 million km 2. The length from the north to the south (from about. Spitsberegin to about. Crete) - 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
Relief "mosaicity" of its territory: 1: 1 - lowlands and sublime areas. Among the mountains of Europe most of the middle height. The boundaries take place mainly in such natural turns that do not create obstacles for transport links.
High degree of cutting coastline.
The seaside position of most countries. Average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region, there is no place remote from the sea by more than 480 km, east at 600 km.
"Depth" of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km.
Neighboring position favorable for integration processes.
Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, because Located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far advanced in the ocean - "Big Peninsula Eurasia".
A variety of natural resources, but non-complex placement by country, many deposits are largely developed.

Conclusion: Favorable EGP, good prerequisites for the development of the economy.

Political map of Europe

Until the mid-80s - 32 sovereign states, including microstation. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.

6 largest in the territory: France, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Finland.

Political and administrative and territorial structure of Europe countries

Most are sovereign states, 34s, 14 - monarchies.

Principality: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra.
Duchy: Luxembourg.
Kingdom: United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Spain, Sweden.

All of them are constitutional monarchies.

Theocratic monarchy: Patex - Vatican.
Federation: FRG, Belgium, Austria, Freed, Spain.
Confederation: Switzerland.

The Ancient Republic is San Marino (from the XIII century), the Swiss confederation has existed since the end of the 13th century.

Main Political and Economic Unions

The vast majority of the UN member countries. Switzerland entered the UN in September 2002

NATO members (14 countries): Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Belgium, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic. At the Prague Summit in November 2002, 7 new members were invited to Alliance: Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. But they can become full members only in 2004
EU members (15 countries): Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria. Since January 2002, the number of countries in the EU will increase. Since January 2004, the number of countries in the EU may increase by Poland, Lithuania and other countries.

Differentiation of countries in terms of socio-economic development

Most countries belong to the group of industrialized. Four countries: Germany, United Kingdom, France and Italy are part of the "big seven of the West countries". Special place in the economic map of the region is occupied by post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural Worldwide Resources

Coal:

Common stocks: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
Stone coal: 3rd place in the world after Asia and America
Provocated stocks: 3 place after Asia and America
Stone coal - 2 place after Asia
Brown coal - 3 place after America and Asia
On stone corner: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom
On the brown corner: Germany, Eastern Europe

Mining and chemical raw materials (potash salts): Germany, France

Recreational resources: Southern Europe, France, etc.

Natural Resources Regional

Forest

3rd place in the world after South America and the CIS

Forestability - 32% - divides 3rd place with Cube. Asia, giving way to Latin America and the CIS.

The most wooded: Finland (59%), Sweden (54%)

Fish

Northern Europe (Norway, Iceland)

Mineral

Uranium ores: France, Sweden, Spain
Iron Ore: France, Sweden
Copper ores: Poland, Finland, former. Yugoslavia
Oil: United Kingdom, Norway, Romania
Gas: Netherlands, United Kingdom, Norway
Mercury ores: Spain, Italy
Boxites: France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sere: Poland.
Graphite: Czech Republic

Hydropower resources

Resources of full river flow per capita - 6 thousand m 3 year, less only in Asia

Hydropotential - in the penultimate place (below in Australia and Oceania). But high degree of rally - 70% - 1 place in the world.

Agroclimatic resources

Mediterranean, Middle and Eastern Europe

Land resources

World Land Fund: 134 million square meters. km. Of these, foreign Europe accounts for 5.1 million square meters. km (last place in the world). Per capita - 1 hectare

The structure of the European Land Fund in%: 29/18/32/5/16 (referentially: the structure of the Land Fund of the World in%: 11/23/30/2/34).

For the share of processed lands - 1st place (29%)

The share of lands occupied by pastures (18%) are lower than the world (23%), and the share of land engaged in forests (32%) above (30%).

Most of the world, the share of land employed under settlements: 5%

In less than other parts of light, the share of low-product lands - 16%

Security of a lot of per capita - 0.28 hectares with a medium-level indicator - 0.24-0.25 hectares

POPULATION

Table 1. Demographs and socio-economic indicators of the world, foreign Europe and subregions of Europe

Indicators	The whole world	Foreign Europe	Northern Europe	Western Europe	Southern Europe	Eastern Europe
Square, thousand km 2	132850	5014	1809	1108	1315	782
Population in 1998, million people	5930	516,2	93,6	183,1	144,3	95,2
Fertility, ‰	24	11	13	11	11	11
Mortality, ‰	9	11	11	10	9	12
Natural increase	15	0	2	1	2	-1
Life expectancy, m / w	63/68	70/77	74/70	74/81	74/80	62/73
Age Structure, up to 16 / over 65	62/6	19/14	20/15	18/15	18/14	62/73
The share of urban population in 1995,%	45	74	84	81	65	64
GDP per capita in 1995, $	6050	1500	18500	19470	13550	5260

In Europe, 100 women account for 96 men.

Urbanization

Most countries of foreign Europe are high-tubed - Belgium (97%), the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (89%), Denmark (85%). Only Portugal (36%), Albania (37%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (49%) refer to medium-dated countries (the share of urban population does not exceed 50%).

Europe's largest agglomerations: London, Paris, Rhine-Rurassic.

Megalopolis: English, Rhine.

Characteristic process - suburbanization.

Migration

Centers of international immigration: France, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, in which more than 10% in the total number of employed are foreign workers. Emigration areas - Southern Europe countries: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Serbia; Turkey, North Africa countries.

National composition

Most countries in Europe belong to the Indo-European family.

sneondation (i.e., the main population is over 90%). Them most in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
with a sharp predominance of one nationbut with more or less significant minorities (United Kingdom, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
binary (Belgium);
multinational countries, with a complex and heterogeneous ethnicity of the composition (Russia, Switzerland, Sir, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries there are complex problems of interethnic relations: United Kingdom, Spain (Basque), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.

Religious composition of the population

The dominant religion is Christianity.

Southern Europe - Catholicism
North - Protestantism
Average - Protestant and Catholicism
Eastern - Orthodoxy and Catholicism
Albania, Croatia - Islam

Economy: Place in the world, differences between countries.

Foreign Europe, as a holistic region, ranks first in the global economy in the size of industrial and agricultural production, on the export of goods and services, in the reserves of gold and currency, on the development of international tourism.

The economic power of the region primarily define four countries that are included in the "greater seven" countries of the West - Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest complex of various industries and industries. But the ratio of forces between them has changed over the past decades. The role of the leader moved to Germany, the economy of which on the ways of reinductitia is developing more dynamically. The United Kingdom, the former "workshop of the world", has lost their own former positions.

Of the remaining countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. In contrast to the four main countries, their economy specializes primarily on certain sectors who have conquered, as a rule, European or world recognition. Small and medium countries are particularly widely drawn into world economic relations. The highest level of the economy has reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.

A special place in the economy map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where from the late 80s. There is a transition from the former system of social property and centralized planning to a system based on market principles. These post-socialist countries, for a long time In its socio-economic development, focused primarily on the Soviet Union (and the Baltic countries were included in it), now they are no more "watching" east, but to the West of Europe. Such a change of orientation has a great impact on the sectoral and territorial structure of their farm, to the direction of foreign economic relations.

Industry: main industries.

The region produces more metalworking machines, industrial robots, accurate and optical instruments, cars, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, chemical fibers than the United States.

Mechanical engineering - The leading industry in the industry of foreign Europe, which is his homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region and 2/3 of its exports.

Especially great development received automotive industry. Marks of cars like "Renault" (France), "Volkswagen" and Mercedes (FRG), Fiat ("Italian Torino Factory"), "Volvo" (Sweden), "Tatra" (Czech Republic) Buses "Ikarus" (Hungary). In the UK, Belgium, Spain, other countries are equipped with Ford Motor.

Mechanical engineering, oriented primarily on labor resources, a scientific base and infrastructure, most of all to major cities and agglomerations, including the capital.

Chemical industry In foreign Europe, ranks second after mechanical engineering. In particular, this refers to the most "chemished" country is not only of this region, but also in the whole world - Germany.

Until World War II, the Chemical Industry was focused mainly on the stone and brown coal, potash and cook salts, pyrites and was placed in areas of their production. The reorientation of the industry for hydrocarbon raw materials led to the fact that it moved "to oil." In the western part of the region, this shift found an expression primarily in the emergence of large petrochemical centers in the estuary of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Rhines, where this industry is combined with oil refining.

The largest node in the region of petrochemical industries and the refinery was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Shelda in the Netherlands, in the Rotterdam area. In fact, he serves all Western Europe.

In the eastern part of the region, the shift "to oil" led to the creation of refinery and petrochemical plants on the high-end oil and gas pipelines.

The main refineries and petrochemical enterprises of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary were built on the highway of the international oil pipeline "Friendship" and gas pipelines for which oil and natural gas from the Soviet Union. In Bulgaria for the same reason, the petrochemistry "shifted" to the coast of the Black Sea.

IN fuel and energy Most countries of foreign Europe leading place occupied oil and natural gas, mined both in the region (North Sea) and imported from developing countries from Russia. Mining and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium declined sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the orientation for coal is still preserved, and not so much on the stone (Poland, Czech Republic), how much to the brown. Perhaps all over the world there is no other area where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.

Most TPPs are focused on coal pools. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in major cities. Everything greater impact The structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - has the construction of nuclear power plants, which in the region are already more than 80. On the Danube and his tributaries, on Rona, Upper Rhine, Duero built HPP Or their own cascades.

But still in most countries, with the exception of Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, the HPP is now playing auxiliary role. Since the hydroresources of the region are used already on 4/5, recently more economical GESS are built. In Iceland, geothermal energy is used.

Metallurgical industry Foreign Europe mainly formed before the start of the RF era. Black metallurgy was developed primarily in countries with metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic.

After World War II, large combines were built or expanded in seaports with the orientation of imports of a higher-quality and cheap iron ore and scrap metal. The largest and most modern of the combine, built in seaports, is located in Taranto (Italy).

Recently, not large plants are built predominantly, but mini-plants.

The most important sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy - aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production It originated both in countries with respects of Boxitov (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece) and in countries where there are no aluminum raw materials, but a lot of electricity is produced (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Recently, aluminum plants are increasingly focused on raw materials from developing countries by sea.

Copper industry Received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.

Forest industryFirstly, primarily on sources of raw materials, has become a branch of the International Specialization of Sweden and Finland, which have long formed the main "forest shop of the region".

Light industryWith which the industrialization of foreign Europe began, largely lost its former value. Old textile areas that have formed at the dawn of the industrial revolution (Lancashire and Yorkshire in the UK, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milansky in Italy), and also emerged in the XIX century. The Lodz region of Poland exists today. But recently light industry shifted to southern Europe, where there are cheap reserves work force. So, Portugal has become hardly at the main "garment factory" of the region. And Italy for the production of shoes is inferior only to China.

In many countries, rich national traditions in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glass products, metal, jewelry, toys, etc. are also preserved.

Agriculture: Three main types.

According to the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully ensure their needs and are interested in selling it in foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large high-mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landowners and fine land use of tenant peasants are still dominated.

The main branches of agriculture of foreign Europe are crop production and animal husbandry that are common everywhere, combining each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region:

1) North European, 2) Middle Eastern and 3) South European.

For north European TypeCompleted in Scandinavia, Finland, as well as in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intense milk animal husbandry, and in the serving crop production - fodder crops and gray breads.

Middle Eastern Type It is distinguished by the predominance of animal husbandry of dairy and dairy-meat direction, as well as pig breeding and poultry. A very high level has reached animal husbandry in Denmark, where it has long become a branch of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest manufacturers and exporters of oil, milk, cheese, pork, eggs. It is often called the "dairy farm" of Europe.

Crops not only satisfies the basic needs of the population in food, but also "works" on animal husbandry. Significant, and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is engaged in feed crops.

For south European Type A significant predominance of crop production is characterized, while animal husbandry plays a minor role. Although grain crops are occupied by the main place in the crops, the international specialization of southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, essential oil cultures. The coast of the Mediterranean Sea is the main "garden of Europe".

The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the Valencia district is usually called "Werta", i.e. "Garden". There are various fruits and vegetables, but most of all are oranges, the collection of which continues from December to March. According to the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world. In Greece, more than 90 million olive trees. This tree has become a kind of tree for the Greeks of a native symbol. From the time of Ancient Ellala Olive branch - peace sign.

In many cases, agricultural specialization acquires a narrower profile. So, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for the production of cheese, the Netherlands - flower, Germany and the Czech Republic-Growing barley and hops and brewing. And for production and consumption grape wines France, Spain, Italy, Portugal is allocated not only in Europe, but also around the world.

Fisheries has long been a branch of international specialization in Norway, Denmark and especially in Iceland.

Non-production sphere

Transportation: Main highways and nodes.

Regional transport system of the region belongs to western European Type. For the range of transport, it is much inferior to US and Russia systems. But the provision of the transport network is far ahead, ranking first in the world. Relatively small distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays the main role in transportation not only passengers, but also goods. The railway network in most countries is reduced, and large new buildings in the 50-70s. Characterized only for some Eastern European countries (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).

Land configuration transport network The region is very complex. But its main framework form highways of latitudinal and meridional directions that have international importance. The main latitudinal trans-European highways pass as follows: 1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow, 2) London - Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul.

River paths also have a Meridional (Rhine) or a latitudinal (Danube) direction. Especially great transport value of the Waterway Rain - Main - Danube.

Danube - "Transnational Strela": Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Fry, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine

Rhine: Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands.

Drava: Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, FRY

Tisa: Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, FRY

In places of intersection of land and inland waterways, large transport hubs have arisen. Essentially, these nodes are marine ports serving primarily international transport. Many world yurts (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Havre) are located in the mouths-estuariums of rivers that connect them with deep areas. They all actually turned into uniform porto-industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of sectors and especially the so-called "port industry", working on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them - Rotterdam. The cargo turnover of the Rotterdam port is about 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the Rhine sleeves, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main marine gates for many European countries. With deep districts, it is connected by waterways along the Rhine and Mosel, iron and highways, oil and gas pipes.

Western Europe is a good example of how even large natural barriers cease to be an insurmountable obstacle to transport links. Numerous iron, road roads and pipelines cross the Alps. Ferry crossings associate the shores of the Baltic, North, Mediterranean seas. Road bridges are thrown through the Bosphorus, through Big Lest. Completed "Project of the Century" - the construction of a railway tunnel through the strait of La Mans.

Science and Finance: Technoparks, Technopolis and Banking Centers.

According to the example of "Silicon Valley" in the United States in Europe, many research parks, technopolis, which, already largely determine the geography of the science of a number of countries. The largest of them are in the vicinity of Cambridge (United Kingdom), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, in the area of \u200b\u200bNice, the so-called "Valley of High Technology" is formed.

In foreign Europe there are 60 of the 200 largest world banks. The standard of the banker country has long been Switzerland for a long time: in the safes of its banks lie half of all securities of the world. The "Economic Capital" of Zurich countries is especially allocated. Recently, Luxembourg and Frankfurt am Main turned into a banker country. But still London remains the largest financial center.

Recreation and tourism

Foreign Europe was and remains the main area of \u200b\u200binternational tourism. All types of tourism have been developed here, a very high level reached the "tourism industry". Spain, France and Italy are also invariably acting as leading countries in international tourism. The most popular countries to attract tourists are also the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary. And in such microcut states as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist service has long served as the main source of income. Here, for each resident there is a hundred tourists.

Security ambient and environmental problems

As a result of the high density of the population, the long-standing industrial and agricultural development of the territory, the natural environment of foreign Europe has mostly become the geographical environment of human society. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time it led to the exacerbation of many environmental and environmental problems.

Some of them are associated with open extraction, combustion and chemical processing of highly voltage (primarily brown) coal. Others - with the placement of a number of cities and agglomerations, metallurgical, oil and gas processing and petrochemical plants, NPPs on the banks of the Rhine, Elba, Danube, Vistula, on sea coasts, third with the propagation of acid rain. Fourth - with an increasing "car density", which in a number of urban agglomerations already reaches 250-300 cars for 1 km 2. Fifth - with the spontaneous development of tourism, which has already led to significant degradation natural environmentboth in the Alps and on the Mediterranean coast. Sixth - with a huge danger to the natural environment, which is created by the catastrophes of supertankers, often incurred, especially on the approaches to La Mansu.

All countries of the region conduct state environmental policies and take more and more decisive measures to protect the environment. Published strict natural-protective laws, there were massive public organizations and the Green Party, there is a propaganda use of bicycles, a network of national parks and other protected areas has been expanded.

All this led to the first positive results. But nevertheless, in many countries, the environmental situation still remains difficult. First of all it applies to the UK, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic.

In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in Western.

Geographical drawing of resettlement and economy.

"Central Axis" development- main Element of the territorial structure of the region.

The territorial structure of the population and the economy of foreign Europe mainly developed in the XIX century, when it was almost the main factor of accommodation was the natural resource, and when the coal-metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, and other countries arose. After World War II, the factors of labor resources and benefits of EGP were the greatest impact on this structure, and recently also - high-tech and ecological.

In total, there are approximately 400 urban agglomerations and about a hundred industrial districts. The most significant of them are within the "central axis" of development extending through the territory of eight countries. It is the "main street of Europe" - line Rhine Rhone. The borders of this "axis" lives 120 million people, and concentrated about half of the entire economic potential of the region.

In foreign Europe, you can select a few more similar "axes" smaller. This is an industrial and urban belt stretching along the common borders of Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, the Danube "Axis", the strips along the main oil pipelines, some seaside zones.

Highly developed areas: examples of London and Paris.

The most striking examples of highly developed areas that focus the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, services, services can serve as the capital regions of Big London and Greater Paris.

Both London and Paris grew first of all as the administrative and political centers of their countries that they serve for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are large industrial centers in which high-tech high-tech industries are widely represented, and in Paris, there is also a release of the so-called "Parisian products" (sewing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which he has already speaking in the role of the modes for everything World. But even more importantly, the largest banks and exchanges, headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as the residence of many international organizations are concentrated here. In accordance with regional programs, unloading the central parts of both metropolitan regions is carried out.

Eight built in the vicinity of London, in the vicinity of Paris - five satellite cities.

Examples of other highly developed areas of foreign Europe can serve: South FRG area with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, "Industrial Triangle" Milan - Turin - Genoa in Italy, Industrial and City Agglomeration Randstad ("Ring City") in the Netherlands. All of them are within the central axis of development.

Starind industrial areas.

None in any other region of the world there is no such number of old industrial areas with the predominance of basic industries, as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of coal pools. But among such districts, Ruri is especially allocated, which for many decades is rightfully considered to be the industrial heart of Germany.

Within the Ruhr pool and the area adjacent to it, the Ninenean-Ruhr agglomeration has emerged. Here on the square of 9 thousand km2 lives 11 million people and is concentrated about a hundred cities, including 20 large. There is no other such accumulation of large cities in one territory, perhaps anywhere in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km2. Its part of it forms a complex urban array almost without breaks, which is usually called "Rurstadt", i.e., the city of Rur. In fact, this is a truly uniform city, the Western gate of which is the Duisburg, Eastern - Dortmund, "Capita" - Essen, and the main "safe" - Düsseldorf.

Recently, the industry has several thousand enterprises, has undergone significant reconstruction. In the 50th b0 eh. Rur was considered hardly a classic depressive area. But nowadays it would be wrong to take it to this category. In the Ruhr region, a large environmental program was carried out. Rhine, who has not yet been called the wastewall of Europe, became cleaner, a fish appeared again in it.

Examples of other old-industrial areas can serve as Lancashire, Yorkshire, Western Midland, South Wales in the UK, Northern District, Alsace and Lorraine in France, Saar, who is often called the "small rig", in Germany, the Upper-Silesian district in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic. But most of them relate to the category of depressive.

Backward agrarian areas.

In foreign Europe there are still a lot of rather backward, mostly agricultural districts. A vivid example of this kind is the south of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country's territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% employed in industry. The income per capita is almost twice as lower here than in the north. After World War II, due to the relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the south.

The state holds regional policies aimed at lifting the south. It led to the construction of large metallurgical, petrochemical combines, other enterprises here. As a result, the south has already ceased to be a purely agricultural area. However, the plantations are almost not related to the surrounding area, as they work on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other areas of the country and other countries.

Examples of other backward agrarian areas of foreign Europe can serve: the western part of France, the central and south-western part of Spain, Portugal and Greece. All of them are located outside the "central axis". The problem of lifting backward areas is relevant for many countries of Eastern Europe.

Areas of new development.

For the long-term territory of foreign Europe, the areas of new development are generally not characteristic. Usually they were delivered only to the northern part of Scandinavia. But the discovery in the early 60s. A large oil and gas pool in the north sea water area has changed the situation.

By the beginning of the 90s. On this "golden day", more than 250 fields of oil and natural gas were revealed. In addition, in the Netherlands not far from the coast, one of the world's largest gas deposits is located. The North Sea area satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe in oil and 2/3 of natural gas needs. Nowadays, the sea is literally "stupid" drilling platforms, on the bottom it is laid several thousand kilometers of pipelines. But in this regard, a considerable ecological threat arises, not to mention the fisheries, which caused irreparable damage.

The impact of international economic integration into the territorial structure of the economy.

To the number of favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region include territorial proximity, high development of the territory, high level of social economic Development, good transportation, long-standing economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to the further splicing of the territorial structures of the economy of individual countries, especially within the "central axis" of development. There is a formation of border integration areas: between FRG and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.

Figure 1. Subregions of foreign Europe.

Table 2. What are producing and exporting some countries of foreign Europe.

Country	Products of industrial production and exports
Sweden	Cars, aircraft, sea vessels, weapons, equipment for forest and pulp and paper industry, paper, cellulose, iron ore, medicines, animal husbandry products.
Finland	Timber, paper, cellulose, equipment for the forest and woodworking industry, sea ships, dairy products.
Great Britain	Machines and equipment, airplanes, cars, tractors, weapons, oil, chemicals, fabrics, light industry products.
France	Cars, aircraft, sea vessels, armaments, equipment for nuclear power plants, ferrous metals, aluminum, fabric, clothing, perfume, wheat, dairy and meat products, sugar, wines.
FRG	Cars, machines, industrial equipment, electrical engineering and electronics, weapons, chemicals, light industry products.
Spain	Cars, sea vessels, electrical equipment, chemicals, metal ores, lightweight products, citrus fruits, olive oil, wines.
Italy	Cars, sea ships, electrical equipment, weapons, chemicals, refrigerators, washing and desktop machines, textile and sewing products, shoes, vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, wines.
Poland	Machines and equipment, sea ships, coal, Copper, sulfur, medicines, textiles, agricultural products.
Bulgaria	Electrical engineering and electronics products, lifting equipment, agricultural machinery, non-ferrous metals, sewing and tobacco products, canned food, wine, rose oil.

Characteristic of the FRG

Geographical location, overall review

Territory - 356.9 thousand km 2. Population - 81.6 million people. (1995). Capital - Berlin.

FRG - state in Central Europe. It borders with the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic. Poland, Denmark.

In the development of the country, EGP features played an important role in the center of Europe surrounded by economically highly developed states, at the intersection of large transport highways, the seaside position.

In modern borders, Germany was formed by uniting in October 1990 of the two states - Germany and GDR, 5 lands of the GDR and East Berlin were included in the FRG. The territory of the country as a result of this increased by 43%, and the population is 27%.

FRG - Parliamentary Republic. According to the territorial and political device, a federation consisting of 16 lands.

The executive branch in the country belongs to the federal government, the president performs mainly executive functions.

Natural conditions and resources.

Natural conditions of the country are diverse. The surface rises mainly from north to south. According to the nature of the relief in it, 4 main elements are distinguished: Severogherman's lowland, middle-breeding mountains (Schwarzvald, Swabian Alb, Franconian Alb, Rhine Slant Mountains). Bavarian platea and Alps. The relief of the country had the impact of glaciation and marine transgression.

Among the countries of foreign Europe, the Federal Republic of Germany is allocated by the reserves of coal (1st place) - mainly in Rour, Sahar, Aachen basins.

Fully large fields of natural gas are in the north of Germany.

Iron ore reserves are available, but its quality is low. In the north of the German lowland, there are significant deposits of the stone salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

Climate transition from maritime to continental, favorable for the residence of the population and management of the economy.

A lot of economic importance has rivers: Rhine, EMC, Weser, Elba, Danube.

About 30% of the territory are covered with forests, but these are secondary forests, primary forests in the country are practically preserved.

POPULATION.

In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Western Europe. The country is characterized by a decrease in fertility and the natural growth of the population (especially in Eastern lands). Fertility and mortality rates are equal (about 1%), but the population is growing at the expense of the influx of immigrants from Southern Europe, Asia (Turkey).

Average density - 227 people / km 2.

Figure 2. Age-sex Pyramid of Germany.
(To enlarge the image, click on the picture)

The overwhelming majority of residents are Germans, immigrants by the country's reunification time numbered more than 5 million people, their number increases.

The prevailing religion is Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantia); From other religions is common Islam.

Urbanization level - 87%.

Farm

Germany is one of the most developed countries World. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is inferior only to the United States and Japan.

The role of Germany in the IHRT determines its industry, specializing in the production of high-quality products.

The sectoral and territorial structure of the FRG economy was strongly influenced by a forty-larger development of Germany and GDR. Territorial disproportions, in the country are very high: Oriental lands in 1994 were given about 4% of industrial products, although about 20% of the FRG population lives.

In general, the structure of the industry is very high, the proportion of manufacturing industries (more than 90%), the share of extractive sectors is reduced, the proportion of high-tech grows.

Energy. FRG more than 1/2 of their needs provides due to imports (oil, gas, coal). Oil and gas are played in the fuel base, and the share of coal is about 30%. Electricity generation structure: 64% - on TPP, 4% - on HPP, 32% - NPP. The TPP on the corner works in the Ruhrian and Saari basins, in the port cities, on natural gas - in the north of Germany, on fuel oil - in oil refining centers, other TPPs on mixed fuel. NPPs are built outside of coal basins. HPPs work mainly in the south of the country (on mountain rivers).

Ferrous metallurgy - One of the most important sectors of German specialization, but is currently in crisis. The main plants are concentrated in Riere and the Lower Rhine; There is also in Saare and in the Eastern lands of Germany. Excellers and rental enterprises are located across the country.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - It works mainly on imported and secondary raw materials. Over the smelting of aluminum FRG in foreign Europe is inferior only by Norway. Main plants - North Rhine-Westphalia, in Hamburg and Bavaria.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking - the industry of Germany specialization in the IHRT, it accounts for 1/2 industrial products and exports. The largest centers: Munich, Nuremberg. Mannheim, Berlin, Leipzig, Hamburg. Bavaria is leading in the electrical industry. Highly developed automotive, maritime shipbuilding, optical-mechanical, aerospace industry.

Chemical industry Presented, first of all, the products of fine organic synthesis, drug production, etc., the chemical industry is especially developed in Western lands (Concerns BASF, Herst), in the East - turned out to be in a state of crisis.

Agriculture - uses about 50% of the territory; The contribution of the industry in the country's GDP - 1%, more than 60% of all products give animal husbandry, where large cattle and pig breeding is distinguished. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley. Grain FRG provides himself completely. Potatoes are also grown, beet; According to the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, gardening, tobacco farms.

Transport. In the thickness of the transport routes of Germany, it takes one of the first places in the world; The basis of the transport network is the railways. In total cargo turnover, the main role belongs road transport (60%), then rail (20%), inland water (15%) and pipeline. External shipping and aviation transport, which play the main role in the external relations of the country are of great importance.

Non-production sphere Presented in Germany, as in the post-industrial country, a wide range of various activities: education, health care, management, finance. The 50 largest banks of the world include eight German. Frankfurt am Main is a fast-growing German financial center.

Foreign economic relations.

According to the total volume of foreign trade, Germany ranks second in the world after the United States. The main trade partners of the FRG - the EU countries have recently been mastered the markets of Eastern Europe and Russia.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, porto-industrial complex, "Ax of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", Latifundy, Shipstayyshnz, Megalopolis, "Technopolis", "Pole of growth", "Growth Corridors"; Colonial type of sectoral structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills: To be able to evaluate the effect of EGP and PGP, the history of settlement and development, the peculiarities of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the industry and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGR of the region, the country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, the country; allocate specific, defining the features of individual countries and give them an explanation; Find the traits of similarities and differences in the population and the economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, draw up and analyze the cardas and cartograms.

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