Make an analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. Features of financial reporting in non-profit organizations

It is necessary not only commercial companies but also institutions budgetary sphere... It is impossible to make effective management decisions without a professionally conducted EA. AFHD is based on the assessment and comparison of accounting indicators.

Stages economic analysis:

• familiarization with accounting data and information about the FHD of the institution;
• mathematical calculations and comparison of accounting data;
• formation of conclusions based on the calculations performed.

It is advisable to conduct EA in comparing several reporting periods, this approach allows you to more accurately determine the dynamics of changes.

Relationship with financial audit

The audit of economic activities is directly related to the assessment of the efficiency of using the resources and assets of the organization. First of all, a financial audit reveals the correctness of accounting and reporting. It is impossible to conduct a reliable EA without an independent assessment of accounting and reporting.

Management accounting, financial planning, audit, analysis of financial and economic activities in the aggregate allow you to quickly and accurately identify unused hidden reserves of the organization and increase financial stability.

FHD audit types

There are two main types of economic analysis of financial and economic activities:

1. Assessment of the property status of an enterprise makes it possible to determine the efficiency of using the company's fixed assets in production or in fulfilling a state (municipal) task. Based on the identified reserves of unused property, the management of the organization can make an appropriate decision: inclusion of fixed assets in production, sale of fixed assets, lease. The managerial decision on the reserves of the property status eliminates ineffective expenses for the maintenance, maintenance and operation of the PF.
2. Assessment of the financial position reveals the level of solvency, financial stability, profitability of the enterprise. EA in this area reveals ineffective use of Money organizations. Ineffective costs include artificially high wages administrative staff, irrational staffing employees and so on.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise, example

Consider AFHD using the example of not commercial organization producing public goods. For calculations, we use the following initial data:

We carry out complex AFHD:

1. We determine the dynamics of indicators characterizing the qualitative and quantitative use of resources. For the calculation, we use the indicators of the reporting and previous periods.

1. We calculate the savings or overruns in the use of resources, as well as dynamic changes in the cost of resources and resource efficiency.

Any society to ensure a normal (fairly comfortable) level of his life, he carries out many types of specific work. For this purpose, certain organizations are created that jointly carry out a particular mission and act on the basis of certain rules and procedures. An enterprise (organization) is an organizationally separated and economically independent main (primary) link in the production sphere of the national economy that manufactures products, performs work or provides services.

In the practice of management, each enterprise as a complex production and economic system carries out many specific types of activities. Each enterprise independently plans its activities and determines the prospects (strategy) of development, based on the demand for manufactured products (work, services performed) and the need to constantly increase its own profits, and also provides material and technical support for production.

The functioning of the enterprise is accompanied by a continuous circulation of funds, carried out in the form of resource consumption and receipt of income, their distribution and use.

Every business has a specific goal. There may be several goals, they are usually set by the owners, and to achieve it, material and human resources are used, with the help of which financial and economic activities are carried out. That is, in essence, financial and economic activity is a tool for achieving hierarchical, economic and other goals facing a particular enterprise.

Financial and economic activity is purposefully carried out process of practical implementation of enterprise functions related to the formation and use of its financial resources to ensure economic and social development... It is carried out at all stages life cycle an enterprise: from the moment of its birth to the moment of its liquidation as an independent business entity. The process of carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by a wide range of its financial relations with various subjects of the country's financial system.

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized, first of all, by the quantity and range of products, as well as by the volume of its sales. The volume of manufactured products directly depends on the availability and quality production facilities, availability of the necessary raw materials, materials or components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, product markets.

In turn, the volume of products produced affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of products, the amount of profit, profitability production, financial condition of the enterprise.

The financial and economic activities of enterprises are purposeful activities based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. The risk of making a decision is understood as the probability of inconsistency of the obtained results of the implemented decision with the set goals.

There are a lot of factors influencing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise or organization. Not all of them can be analyzed. The most important are the available resources - financial, material, personnel.

The purpose of financial and economic activities- getting the best possible results. The tasks that are solved when the goal is achieved are: production process resources and their management; organization of the production and technological process; the formation of positive results. The tasks of the management of financial and economic activities are: planning, control, adjustment, analysis, efficiency improvement.

Financial and economic activity is an activity, first of all, about its basis - the finance of the enterprise. However, the effectiveness of the organization of finance acts as the financial condition of the enterprise. The latter depends on the effective organization of the entire monetary turnover. Therefore, financial and economic activity as a concept covers wide range activities within the enterprise, consisting of control over the provision of cash settlements, receipt of cash income and implementation of expenses, the formation and distribution of cash savings and financial resources.

The various financial and economic activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of planned and forecast current and operational financial documents. The objects of planning, regulation and control in them are monetary and financial relations, materialized in the corresponding indicators. The main objects of financial and economic activity are those diverse monetary and financial relations of enterprises, which make up the content of the finances of enterprises.

The efficiency of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise should be understood as its result, obtained or potentially possible in the process of transforming certain resources into a final product (work, service). The level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by the level of its costs, results and financial condition... That is why, in order to determine the level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate a set of indicators characterizing its cost intensity, efficiency and financial condition.

To determine the essence of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise, it is necessary to define the main constituent elements of it. These elements are: enterprise finances, the structure of the enterprise's funds, the structure of the enterprise's property, the goals of financial analysis, the subjects of analysis.

Savitskaya G.V. writes that in a market environment, enterprise finance is becoming especially important. The growing role of enterprise finance should be seen as a worldwide trend.

The main purpose of assessing the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, according to V.P. Strazhev, is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors, which will be discussed in the next paragraph of the final qualifying work.

Analysis financial statements the enterprise allows you to identify the relationship and interdependence between various indicators of its financial and economic activities included in the reporting. The results of the analysis allow stakeholders and organizations to make management decisions based on an assessment of the current financial position and activities of the enterprise for previous years and its potential for the coming years.

For financial analysis commercial enterprise a system of absolute and relative indicators is used, as well as financial ratios associated with their measurement. The most important of them are indicators that characterize:

Solvency - the ability of an enterprise to pay off its obligations;

Financial stability - the state of financial resources, their distribution and use, ensuring the development of the enterprise based on the growth of profits and capital while maintaining solvency and creditworthiness in conditions of an acceptable level of risk;

Business activity - the efficiency of the enterprise's use of its funds;

Profitability (profitability) - the level of profit relative to the invested funds or costs of the enterprise;

Efficiency of using own (share) capital.

The calculation of financial ratios is based on the determination of the ratios between individual reporting items. The general methodology for such an analysis is to compare the calculated ratios with the industry average, generally accepted standard, ratios or similar performance data over a number of years.

Drawing up a comparative table in two last years with the identification of the absolute and relative (in percent) deviations for the main reporting indicators;

Calculation of relative indicators for several years as a percentage in relation to the base year;

Calculation of indicators for a number of years as a percentage of any final indicator (for example, to the balance sheet total, the volume of products sold);

Study and analysis of coefficients, the calculation of which is based on the existence of certain relationships between individual reporting items.

The wide distribution and use of the coefficients is of interest due to the fact that they eliminate the distorting effect on the reporting material of inflation, which is especially important when analyzing in a long-term aspect.

Solvency analysis

The solvency indicator characterizes the company's ability to meet its debt obligations. The calculation and analysis of this indicator is of great importance for the enterprise, since its low potential may be the reason for the termination of its payments. During the analysis, current and long-term solvency is studied.

Current solvency can be determined from the balance sheet by comparing the amount of its means of payment with urgent liabilities. Most the best way when the company always has free cash, sufficient to pay off existing liabilities. But the company is solvent even in the case when it does not have enough free funds or they do not exist at all, but the company is able to quickly realize its assets and pay off its creditors.

The most means of payment include cash, short-term securities, part of receivables for which there is confidence in its receipt. Time liabilities include liabilities and debts to be repaid: short-term bank loans, payables for goods and services to the budget. The solvency of the enterprise is indicated by the ratio of means of payment to urgent obligations. If this ratio is less than 1, then there is a possibility that this company will not be able to pay off its short-term debt on time. This issue can be resolved during the analysis. additional information on the timing of payment of accounts payable, receipts of receivables, etc.

The solvency of an enterprise is assessed by liquidity indicators. There are two known concepts of liquidity. According to one of them, liquidity is understood as the ability of an enterprise to pay its short-term obligations. According to another concept, liquidity is the readiness and the speed with which current assets can be converted into cash. At the same time, one should also take into account the degree of depreciation of current assets as a result of their rapid sale.

A low level of liquidity is the lack of freedom of action for the administration of the enterprise. The more serious consequences of low liquidity is the inability of the company to pay its current debts and obligations, which can lead to the forced sale of long-term financial investments and assets and, ultimately, to non-payments and bankruptcy.

Solvency is often determined by balance sheet liquidity. The analysis of balance sheet liquidity consists in comparing funds for an asset, grouped according to their degree of liquidity and arranged in descending order of liquidity, with liabilities for liabilities, combined by maturity and in ascending order of maturity.

Depending on the degree of liquidity, that is, the speed of transformation into cash, the assets of the enterprise are divided into the following groups:

And 1 are the most liquid ones. These include all cash (cash and in accounts) and short-term financial investments. Cash is absolutely liquid.

And 2 - quickly implemented. This includes accounts receivable and other current assets.

A 3 - slow to implement. These include inventories, except for the items "Deferred expenses", as well as "Long-term financial investments".

And 4 are difficult to implement. These are intangible assets, fixed assets, construction in progress.

Liabilities are grouped according to the urgency of their payment.

P 1 - the most urgent. These include accounts payable and other short-term liabilities.

P 2 - short-term. These include borrowed funds from the "Short-term liabilities" section.

P 3 - long-term. This includes long-term debt and other long-term liabilities.

P 4 - permanent. They include the authorized capital and other items from the "Capital and reserves" section, as well as "Deferred income", "Consumption funds" and "Provisions for future income and expenses".

To maintain the balance of assets and liabilities, the total of this group is reduced by the amount of items "Deferred expenses" and value added tax.

The balance is considered absolutely liquid if A1? P1, A2? P2, A 3? P 3, A 4? P 4. In the case when one or several inequalities of the system have a sign opposite to that fixed in the optimal version, the liquidity of the balance to a greater or lesser extent differs from the absolute. At the same time, the lack of funds in one group of assets is compensated by their surplus in another group, although compensation in this case takes place only in value, since in a real payment situation less liquid assets cannot replace more liquid ones.

It is expedient to present the balance sheet items brought together in groups in the form of Table 6.

Such an assessment of liquidity is not final, since each liabilities group of the balance sheet may be provided with completely different asset values ​​than those indicated in the comparable group.

For a more accurate assessment of the balance sheet liquidity, it is necessary to analyze the following liquidity indicators:

The current liquidity ratio is calculated as the ratio of current (circulating) assets to current liabilities:

Current assets include inventories net of prepaid expenses, cash, accounts receivable and short-term investments. Current liabilities include borrowed funds (section "Short-term liabilities") and payables.

The resulting indicator is compared with the average for groups of similar enterprises. It can be assumed that the higher this coefficient, the better the position of the enterprise. But, on the other hand, an overestimated coefficient may indicate an excessive diversion of the company's own funds in different kinds its assets, surplus inventories.

Theoretically, the value of this indicator in the range of 2 ... 2.5 is considered sufficient, but depending on the forms of calculations, the rate of turnover of working capital, the duration of the production cycle, this value may be significantly lower, but they are evaluated positively if the value is greater than 1.

Table 6. Analysis of the liquidity of the enterprise

The quick liquidity ratio determines the company's ability to fulfill its current obligations from quickly liquid assets:

It shows what part of short-term liabilities can be immediately repaid at the expense of cash, funds in short-term financial investments, as well as receipts from settlements with clients.

The optimal value of this coefficient is 0.8 ... 1. With an equal indicator of total liquidity for two enterprises financial position preferable to the one that has more high coefficient urgent liquidity.

The absolute liquidity ratio is calculated as the ratio of cash, short-term financial investments to secant liabilities. It characterizes the ability of an enterprise to immediately pay off its short-term liabilities at the expense of cash and easily realizable short-term financial investments. Theoretically, this indicator is considered sufficient if this value is higher than 0.2 ... 0.25:

To assess current liquidity, net working capital is also used, representing the excess of current assets over current liabilities. A working capital deficit will occur when current liabilities exceed current assets.

The calculation of liquidity indicators is the most critical stage of the analysis, therefore, it is necessary to use information for a number of years, which will allow identifying trends in their change.

To assess the long-term solvency (more than one year), the most important is profit and the ability to earn, since these are the factors that are decisive for the financial health of the enterprise.

To assess the ability of the enterprise to constantly make a profit from its activities in the future, the KP cash adequacy ratio is calculated. It reflects the ability of an enterprise to earn cash to cover capital expenditures, increase working capital and pay dividends. The numerator and denominator use data for 3-5 years.

KP coefficient 1 equal to one means that the company is able to function without resorting to external financing.

1. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise: goals, objectives, subject, functions

The content of the analysis of financial and economic activities consists in a comprehensive study of the technical level of production, the quality and competitiveness of products, the supply of materials, labor and financial resources and the efficiency of their use. This analysis is based on systematic approach, complex accounting of various factors, high-quality selection of reliable information and is an important management function.

The purpose of the analysis of financial and economic activities enterprise - increasing the efficiency of its work on the basis of a systematic study of all types of activities and generalization of their results.

The objectives of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise are:

Identification of the real state of the analyzed object;

Study of the composition and properties of an object, its comparison with known analogs or basic characteristics, standard values;

Revealing changes in the state of an object in the spatio-temporal context;

Establishing the main factors that caused changes in the state of the object, and taking into account their influence;

Forecast of the main trends. The subject of analysis of financial and economic activities the enterprise is the analysis of production and economic results, financial condition, results of social development and use of labor resources, the condition and use of fixed assets, costs of production and sale of products (works, services), assessment of the effectiveness of the organization.

The object of analysis of financial and economic activities the enterprise is the work of the enterprise as a whole and its structural units(workshops, brigades, sections), and subjects government bodies, research institutes, foundations, centers, public organizations, funds mass media, analytical services of enterprises.

Analysis functions of financial and economic activities enterprises are: control, accounting, incentive, organizational and indicative.

2. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise: value and objectives

The financial condition of the enterprise- This is an economic category that reflects the state of capital in the process of its circulation and the ability of a business entity to self-development at a certain point in time. The financial condition of the enterprise is characterized by a set of indicators that reflect the process of formation and use of its financial resources... Financial condition can be stable, unstable(pre-crisis) and crisis. An enterprise's ability to make payments on time, finance its operations on an extended basis, withstand unexpected shocks and maintain its solvency in adverse circumstances is indicative of its sound financial health, and vice versa.

Integral part financial work the company is a financial analysis and assessment of the financial condition of the company.

Financial analysis includes blocks:

General (preliminary) analysis;

Financial stability analysis;

Analysis of balance sheet liquidity;

Analysis of the results of activities;

Comprehensive analysis and performance assessment.

The specific direction of analysis, its constituent blocks, a set of indicators are determined by the goals and experience of the financial analyst.

The tasks of the analysis are: identification of changes in the values ​​of financial indicators that have occurred during the period;

Determination of the most probable trends in the financial condition of enterprises;

Determination of factors affecting the financial condition of the enterprise;

Establishment of measures and levers of influence on the finances of the enterprise in order to achieve the desired financial result.

The analysis results are required for internal (enterprise services, management) and external users (enterprise managers, owners, creditors, investors, suppliers).

The information base of financial analysis is this accounting and reporting, the analysis of which helps to restore all the main aspects of the economic activity of the enterprise in a generalized form, that is, with the degree of aggregation necessary for the analysis.

3. Methods for analyzing financial statements

The practice of financial analysis has developed the following basic techniques for reading financial statements:

Analysis of the absolute data of financial statements;

Horizontal analysis, i.e. consideration of financial indicators in dynamics, as a rule, over several years, or at the beginning and end of the analyzed period;

Vertical (structural) analysis, in which the total balance is taken as 100% and is determined specific gravity the main items of the asset or liability of the balance;

Trend analysis, in which each position of the balance sheet is compared with the corresponding indicators of previous periods, and thus the trend is determined, that is, the main trend of the dynamics of the analyzed indicator (position). With the help of the trend, the possible values ​​of the indicator are predicted in the future, that is, a forward-looking analysis is carried out;

Analysis of financial ratios, that is, the calculation of relative indicators according to reporting data, which characterize the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole.

In addition to these standard techniques for analyzing financial statements, in practice, comparative and factor analysis are also used, which require systematic accounting data.

Comparative (spatial) analysis- this is an intra-farm comparison by individual indicators of subsidiaries, divisions, workshops, within one enterprise and an inter-farm comparison of indicators of this enterprise with the indicators of competing enterprises, with the industry average and average general economic indicators.

Factor analysis- This is an analysis of the influence of individual factors on the effective indicator using various research methods. Factor analysis can be either direct, consisting in splitting the effective indicator into its component parts, or inverse, when individual elements combined into a common effective indicator.

4. Methods of financial analysis

When conducting financial analysis, the following methods are used:

Comparison, when the financial indicators of the reporting period are compared with the indicators of the base or planned period, while the correctness and comparability of indicators is of particular importance;

Grouping - with this method, homogeneous indicators are grouped and brought together into larger ones, which makes it possible to identify development trends and influencing factors;

Chain substitutions - the method consists in replacing a separate indicator with a reporting one, which ultimately makes it possible to determine and measure the influence of factors on the final financial indicator;

Coefficient operates by comparing relative indicators that have the same units of measurement with each other.

In order to conduct a general analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise, an analytical (comparative) balance sheet is drawn up, which includes the main aggregated (enlarged) indicators of the balance sheet, its structure, dynamics and structural dynamics. This balance allows you to bring together, organize and analyze the initial assumptions and calculations. In addition, this presentation of balance sheet data allows you to simplify the work of conducting horizontal and vertical analysis. Comparative balance items are formed at the discretion of the analyst and with varying degrees detailing.

Analysis of the financial indicators of the enterprise's activities allows us to identify their dynamics, as well as to determine due to what structural shifts the indicators changed. Tables for analysis can be compiled (with varying degrees of detail) for balance sheet, assets and liabilities, property and sources of funds, according to the results of the enterprise and other analyzed areas.

At the initial stage of the analysis, the analyst may be interested in the following characteristics: the total value of property (currency or balance sheet total), the value of immobilized assets (fixed and other non-current assets), the amount of current assets, the amount of receivables, the amount of the most liquid funds, the cost of equity and the amount of borrowed capital, the amount of long-term loans and borrowings.

5. The relationship of management and financial analysis of the enterprise

V market economy the accounting system is usually divided into financial and analytical accounting. Accordingly, accounting is divided into financial (general) accounting and management (analytical) accounting.

Financial Accounting performs the task of informing external users about the financial results of the enterprise. In the capacity of such a user, first of all, the state acts in the person of tax and other regulatory bodies. Financial accounting and reporting are regulated by national and international standards accounting that ensure the interests of external users in reliable and accurate information about the activities of the enterprise.

The financial analysis, based on the data of the official accounting statements of the enterprise, takes on the character of an external analysis carried out outside the enterprises by all interested parties (government, investors, creditors, etc.). When analyzing only official statements, a small part of information about the activities of the enterprise is used, which does not allow to fully disclose all aspects of its activities.

The main forms of official financial reporting are: balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement. Each form of financial statements allows you to solve certain problems. The balance sheet is the basis for analysis economic condition enterprises. The income statement discloses financial results activities of the organization. The cash flow statement characterizes cash flows the enterprise and its solvency.

It should be noted that the key issue of both managerial and financial analysis is the issue of the efficiency of using the resources of the enterprise for profit, which is the main financial goal of the activities of any commercial organization. Making a profit is a prerequisite for maintaining the economic viability of an enterprise and the possibility of its further development.

6. Features of the financial analysis of the enterprise

The features of external financial analysis are:

The plurality of subjects of analysis, external users of information about the activities of the enterprise;

A variety of goals and interests of the subjects of analysis;

Availability of standard methods, accounting and reporting standards;

Orientation of the analysis only to public, external reporting of the enterprise;

Limitation of analysis tasks due to incompleteness of information on the activities of the enterprise;

Maximum openness of the results of the enterprise's activities to external users.

The main content of financial analysis carried out by external users based on official accounting data is:

Analysis of absolute indicators of profit;

Analysis of relative profitability indicators;

Analysis of the financial condition, financial stability, balance sheet liquidity, solvency of the enterprise;

Analysis of the efficiency of using equity and borrowed capital.

In addition to these main directions, external financial analysis of the company's activities can be supplemented by such aspects as analysis of the state of stocks, the state of receivables and payables, analysis of the movement of fixed assets, etc. In this regard, explanations to the balance sheet are of particular importance for all users of financial statements. and a statement of financial results. In addition to these aspects, they reflect information on the organization's tangible and intangible assets, leased fixed assets, types of financial investments, authorized, reserve and additional capital, the number and types of shares of a joint-stock company, other non-operating income and expenses, and issued obligations and payments received, etc.

The balance sheet, the statement of financial results and the additional data listed above are a solid information base for the economic analysis of the enterprise. On their basis, one can judge the fulfillment of obligations by the enterprise to shareholders, investors, creditors, suppliers, as well as the possible financial difficulties that the organization is experiencing.

7. Features of management accounting of the enterprise

Management accounting consists of a mixture of traditional and operational accounting, which allows you to make balanced operational management decisions in the interests of the owners and administration of the enterprise. Management accounting is not regulated by the state, its organization and methods are determined by the management of the enterprise. The organization of management accounting implies knowledge not only of traditional accounting, but also of the analysis of economic activities, technical and economic planning, and statistical skills.

In the broadest sense of the word, management accounting is understood not only the accounting itself, but also the entire enterprise management system, including the organizational structure of divisions and management bodies, information interaction between various divisions, etc. For this reason, management accounting is often called internal accounting, in contrast from financial (external). At the same time, management accounting at the enterprise also faces narrower practical tasks, for example, calculating the cost of production and ensuring that sales are not made at a loss.

Thus, the information basis of management accounting is production, financial, accounting information. The subject of management accounting is the owners and administration of the enterprise, and the practical result is expressed in the substantiation of specific management decisions developed on the basis of administrative accounting and analysis data.

The following features of management analysis can be distinguished:

Orientation of the analysis results to the goals and interests of the management and owners of the enterprise;

The use of all internal sources information for analyzing the situation and making decisions;

Lack of regulation of management analysis from outside government agencies and the lack of formal forms on the basis of which the analysis is carried out;

Complexity of analysis, study of all aspects of the enterprise;

Integration of accounting, analysis, planning and decision making;

Maximum privacy of the analysis results in order to preserve commercial secrets.

8. Features of financial reporting in non-profit organizations

Financial management in non-profit organizations is the least methodically developed area of ​​financial management. At the same time, non-profit organizations have their own specifics, requiring appropriate management models and adequate logic for making financial decisions. In the Russian economics and practice, there is no clear understanding of the financial analysis of the activities of non-profit organizations, the formation of their funds, the preparation of reports that would sufficiently reflect the specifics of the activities of non-profit organizations and at the same time retain the usual schemes drawn up on common language business.

The specificity of the accounting statements of non-profit organizations is expressed in the following:

1. Non-profit organizations may not submit in the financial statements the Statement of Changes in Capital (Form No. 3), Statement of Cash Flows (Form No. 4), Appendix to the Balance Sheet (Form No. 5) in the absence of relevant data.

3. Public organizations(associations) that do not carry out entrepreneurial activities and do not have, apart from the retired property, sales of goods (works, services), the statement of changes in capital (form No. 3), Statement of cash flows (form No. 4) are not presented in the financial statements , Appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5) and explanatory note to balance.

4. Non-profit organizations, when filling out the balance sheet form (form No. 1) in the "Capital and reserves" section, instead of the groups of articles "Authorized capital", "Reserve capital" and "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" includes the group of articles "Target financing".

9. Concept and classification of enterprise costs

A clear delineation of costs depending on their economic purpose is a defining moment in the practice of an enterprise. At all levels of management, costs are grouped, the cost of production is formed, and funding sources are determined.

The costs of the enterprise are broadly subdivided into three types:

The costs of production and sale of products that form its cost. These are current costs covered from the proceeds from the sale of products in the process of circulating working capital;

Expansion and renovation costs. As a rule, these are large one-time capital investments for new or modernized products. They expand the applied factors of production, increase the authorized capital. Costs consist of capital investments in fixed assets, an increase in the standard of working capital, costs for the formation of additional work force for new production. These costs have special sources of funding: depreciation fund, profit, emissions valuable papers, credit, etc .;

Expenses for socio-cultural, housing and other similar needs of the enterprise. They are not directly related to production and are financed from special funds, formed mainly from distributed profits.

The costs of production and sale of products (works, services) are classified according to a number of characteristics:

According to their role in the production process, they are divided into basic and invoice;

According to the method of inclusion in the cost of production, costs are divided into direct and indirect;

According to the dependence of costs on changes in the volume of output, they are subdivided into constant and variable;

According to the methods of accounting and grouping of costs, they are divided into simple and complex, that is, they are collected in groups according to their functional role in the production process or according to the place where the costs are incurred;

According to the terms of use in production, current costs and one-time costs differ.

10. The economic value of the cost, the tasks of analyzing the cost of production

Production cost(works, services) is a cost estimate of products (works, services) used in the production process natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, as well as other costs for its production and sale. The prime cost reflects the amount of current costs, which are of a production, non-capital nature, ensuring the process of simple reproduction at the enterprise. The cost price is an economic form of replacement of the consumed factors of production and the most important indicator economic efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. It reflects all aspects of the economic activity of the enterprise, accumulates the results of the use of all production resources. The financial results of the enterprise, the rate of expansion of production, and the volume of sales depend on the level of cost.

Tasks of the analysis of the cost of production:

Evaluation of the validity and intensity of the estimate for the cost of production, production and distribution costs based on the analysis of the behavior of costs;

Revealing the dynamics and degree of implementation of the cost estimate at cost;

Determination of the factors that influenced the dynamics of cost indicators, the magnitude and reasons for the deviation of actual costs from estimated;

Analysis of the cost of certain types of products.

Analysis of the cost of production is aimed at identifying opportunities to improve the efficiency of the use of material, labor and monetary resources in the process of production, supply and marketing of products. The study of the cost of production allows you to give a more accurate assessment of the level of indicators of profit and profitability achieved at the enterprise.

The main sources of information for analyzing the cost are the form of the annual report No. 2 "Profit and loss statement", form No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet", cost estimates of certain types of products, cost estimates and their actual implementation in the context of individual items of management and business expenses, estimate of entertainment expenses and other documents.

Analysis of financial and economic activities- this is a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of the enterprise by processing certain sources of information (indicators of the plan, accounting, reporting). The components of the analysis of financial and economic activities are financial and management analyzes.

The content of the analysis of financial and economic activities- a deep and comprehensive study of economic information and functionality of the analyzed object of management in order to make optimal management decisions to ensure the implementation of production programs of the enterprise, assess the level of their implementation, identify weaknesses and on-farm reserves.

Role of AFHD. Based on the analysis results, management decisions are developed and substantiated. AFHD precedes decisions and actions, substantiates them and is the basis of scientific production management, ensures its objectivity and efficiency. An important role is assigned to analysis in determining and using reserves for increasing production efficiency.

Meaning. AFHD promotes the economical use of resources, the identification and implementation of best practices, the scientific organization of labor, new equipment and production technology, and the prevention of unnecessary costs.

When analyzing financial statements, you can use various methods (both logical and formalized). But the most commonly used methods of financial analysis include:

1) the method of absolute, relative and average values.

Method of absolute values characterize the number, volume (size) of the studied process. Absolute values ​​always have some kind of unit of measurement: natural, conditionally natural, value (monetary).

Natural units of measurement are used when the unit of measurement corresponds to the consumer properties of the product. For example, the production of fabric is estimated in meters, agricultural production - in centners and tons, as for electrical energy, it is measured in kilowatts.

The calculated absolute value, for example, is the absolute deviation. This is the difference between two absolute figures of the same name:

± ΔP = P1 - P0

Where P1 is the value of the absolute indicator in the reporting period, P0 is the value of the absolute indicator in the base period, ΔП is the absolute deviation (change) of the indicator.

Relative magnitude is calculated as the ratio of the actual value of the indicator to the comparison base, i.e. by dividing one quantity by: another. The relative value is calculated in fractions of a unit, coefficients.

You can compare indicators of the same name relating to different periods, different objects or different territories. The result of such a comparison is represented by a coefficient (the comparison base is taken as a unit) expressed as a percentage and shows how many times or by how many percent the compared indicator is more (less) than the base one.

2) Comparison method- the most ancient, logical method of analysis. The question of comparison is decided on the basis of "better or worse", "more or less". This is largely due to the peculiarities of human psychology, who compares objects in pairs. When comparing, they use different techniques, for example, scales.

3) Vertical analysis- presentation of the financial report in the form of relative indicators. Such a presentation allows you to see the share of each balance sheet item in its overall total. A mandatory element of the analysis is the time series of these values, by means of which it is possible to track and predict structural changes in the composition of assets and their sources of coverage.

Key features of vertical analysis:

The transition to relative indicators allows for a comparative analysis of enterprises, taking into account industry specifics and other characteristics;

Relative indicators smooth out the negative impact of inflationary processes, which significantly distort the absolute indicators of financial statements and thus make it difficult to compare them in dynamics.

4) Horizontal analysis balance sheet consists in constructing one or more analytical tables, in which the absolute balance sheet indicators are supplemented by the relative growth (decline) rates. The degree of aggregation of indicators is determined by the analyst. As a rule, they take the basic growth rates for a number of years (adjacent periods), which makes it possible to analyze the change in individual balance sheet items, as well as to predict their value.

Horizontal and vertical analysis complement each other. Therefore, in practice, it is possible to construct analytical tables that characterize both the reporting structure of the financial form and the dynamics of its individual indicators.

5) Trend analysis is a part of forward-looking analysis, it is necessary in management for financial forecasting. A trend is a development path. The trend is determined based on the analysis of time series as follows: a graph of the possible development of the main indicators of the organization is built, the average annual growth rate is determined and the forecast value of the indicator is calculated. This is the easiest way to make financial forecasting. Currently, at the level of an individual organization, the settlement time period is a month or a quarter.

6) Factor analysis Is a methodology for a comprehensive and systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the value of performance indicators.

To create a factor system means to present the phenomenon under study in the form of an algebraic sum, a quotient, or a product of several factors that affect the magnitude of this phenomenon, and is in functional dependence with it.

7) Financial ratios are used to analyze the financial condition of an enterprise and are relative indicators determined from the data of financial statements, mainly from the data of the balance sheet and the income statement.

The criteria for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise using financial ratios are usually divided into the following groups:

Solvency;

Profitability, or profitability;

Efficiency in the use of assets;

Financial (market) stability;

Business activity.

Methodology for a comprehensive analysis of financial and economic activities.

a set of analytical methods and rules for studying the economy of an enterprise,

next steps.

1) the objects, purpose and objectives of the analysis are specified, a plan of analytical work is drawn up.

2) a system of synthetic and analytical indicators is being developed, with the help of which the object of analysis is characterized.

3) the necessary information is collected and prepared for analysis (its accuracy is checked, presented in a comparable form, etc.).

4) a comparison of the actual results of management with the indicators of the plan of the reporting year, actual data of previous years, with the achievements of leading enterprises, the industry as a whole, etc. is carried out.

5) factor analysis is performed: factors are identified and their influence on the result is determined.

6) unused and promising reserves for increasing production efficiency are revealed.

7) an assessment of the results of management takes place, taking into account the action of various factors and identified unused reserves, measures are developed for their use.

Elements, techniques, and methods of analysis that are used at various stages of the study to:

Primary processing of the collected information (checking, grouping, systematization);

Study of the state and patterns of development of the objects under study;

Determination of the influence of factors on the performance of enterprises;

calculation of unused and prospective reserves for increasing production efficiency;

Generalization of the results of the analysis and comprehensive assessment of the activities of enterprises;

Substantiation of plans for economic and social development, management decisions, various activities.

Concept and classification of economic reserves.

Economic reserves are constantly emerging opportunities to improve the efficiency of activities. Reserves are reserves of resources (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, etc.) that are necessary for the smooth operation of an enterprise. They are created in case of additional need for them.

1) By spatial basis: on-farm, sectoral, regional, national

2) Based on time:

Untapped reserves are missed opportunities to improve production efficiency in relation to the plan or achievements of science and advanced experience over the past periods of time.

Current reserves are understood as opportunities for improving the results of economic activity, which can be realized over the next period (month, quarter, year).

Prospective reserves are usually calculated for long time... Their use is associated with significant investments, the introduction of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, the restructuring of production, a change in production technology, specialization, etc.

3) By stages of the product life cycle:

Pre-production stage. Here, reserves can be identified for increasing production efficiency by improving the design of the product, improving the technology of its production, using cheaper raw materials, etc. It is at this stage that the largest reserves for reducing the cost of production are objectively contained.

At the production stage, the development of new products, new technology takes place, and then mass production of products is carried out. At this stage, the amount of reserves decreases due to the fact that work has already been carried out to create production facilities, purchase the necessary equipment and tools, and establish the production process. These are reserves associated with improving the organization of labor, increasing its intensity, reducing equipment downtime, saving and rational use of raw materials and materials.

The operational stage is divided into the warranty period, during which the contractor is obliged to eliminate the problems identified by the consumer, and the post-warranty period. At the stage of facility operation, reserves for its more efficient use and cost reduction (saving electricity, fuel, spare parts, etc.) depend mainly on the quality of work performed at the first two stages.

Recycling reserves are opportunities to generate income from the recycling of recycled materials and reduce the cost of disposing of a product after the end of its life cycle.

4) by stages of the reproduction process:

In the field of production - the main reserves - increasing the efficiency of resource use

In the sphere of circulation - the prevention of various losses of products on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer, as well as reducing the costs associated with storage, transportation and sale of finished products).

5) by the nature of production: in the main production, in auxiliary production, in service production

6) by type of activity: in operating activities, investment activities, financial activities

7) by economic nature: extensive, intensive

8) by sources of education:

Internal - which can be mastered by the forces and means of the enterprise itself

External are technical, technological or financial aid a business entity on the part of the state, higher authorities, sponsors, etc.

9) by detection methods:

Explicit - reserves that are easy to identify based on accounting and reporting materials.

Hidden - reserves that are associated with the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress and best practices and which were not provided for by the plan.