There is another category of international sites natural environment, which is protected and managed by states, but is internationally registered. These are, firstly, natural objects of unique value and taken under international control (reserves, National parks, reserves, natural monuments); secondly, endangered and rare animals and plants listed in the international Red Book and, thirdly, shared natural resources that are constantly or for a significant part of the year in the use of two or more states (Danube River, Baltic Sea, etc.).
Space is one of the most important objects of international protection. No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the property of all mankind. This and other principles are reflected in the international treaties on the use of outer space. The international community recognized in them: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on Space and space pollution. The conditions for the rescue of the astronauts have also been agreed upon.
To limit the military use of Space great importance had the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and the Soviet-American Agreements on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START).
The oceans are subject to international protection. He contains great amount minerals, biological resources, energy. The transport value of the ocean is also great. The development of the World Ocean should be carried out in the interests of all mankind.
Attempts to formalize national claims to marine resources and spaces were undertaken long ago and by the 1950s-1970s. our century have caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the World Ocean. These issues were considered at three international conferences and ended with the signing by more than 120 countries of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973). The UN Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to biological resources in 200 miles coastal zones... The inviolability of the principle of free navigation has been confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the external border of which is established at a 12-mile distance from the coast).
Antarctica is rightly called the continent of the world and international cooperation... In 1959, the USSR, USA, England, France, Argentina and a number of other countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, which proclaimed freedom scientific research, the use of this continent only for peaceful purposes, was determined by the international legal regime of Antarctica. New, tougher measures for the protection of animals and flora, waste disposal and pollution prevention are reflected in the Protocol signed in October 1991 in Madrid following international cooperation in Antarctica.
Another major international object of environmental protection - atmospheric air... The efforts of the international community are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transport of air pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction. International relations in these matters are regulated by the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) agreements on the ozone layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents.
A special place among international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin was held by the 1963 Moscow Treaty Banning Test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the United Nations solemnly signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Natural and social values form the environment in which a person lives.
Natural objects differ from social objects included in the material world surrounding a person following signs: a) natural origin. Unlike objects of the social world, objects of nature appeared in the process of evolutionary development of the biosphere. They have no value in the sense of the cost of human labor, in some cases they have the properties of irreversibility, irreversibility of the changes made. Of course, such a feature does not exclude the possibility of restoration and reproduction. individual elements the natural world, improving them natural qualities... But such activity is aimed not at creating a natural environment, but at returning to it that amount of natural substance that was withdrawn and consumed by a person in the process of his labor and recreational activities. The natural nature of the origin of natural objects and the resulting lack of value does not interfere with economic and monetary valuation natural resources... It is important to ensure rational use natural resources in the economy, for calculating the damage caused to the natural environment, restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
- b) ecological relationship and interdependence among themselves, allowing them to function as part of natural ecosystems and, therefore, to ensure the quality of the habitat. The sign of ecological interconnection helps to distinguish objects of nature from those components of the natural environment that, by the will of man, were removed from it and moved from the natural world, subject to the laws of the development of nature, into the social world, where other laws of development operate.
- c) socio-ecological value. This mandatory feature manifests itself in the ability of an object of nature to carry out ecological, economic and other social functions (cultural and health-improving, aesthetic, scientific, educational, etc.). The ecological function ensures the quality of the OS, the biological mode of life. It is the main one for a natural object and a person. Its loss, caused by the severance of the connection between the object of nature and the natural environment, transfers it into the category of property, switches it from the ecological system to the system of other social ties of society. The economic function of natural objects emphasizes the natural resource value of a natural object as a source of material consumption.
Therefore, in a scientific context, a natural object is part of OS protected by current legislation, possessing signs of natural origin, states in the ecological chain of natural systems and capable of performing ecological, economic and other socially significant functions and ensuring the quality of the human environment.
The opinion of G.I. Osipov also deserves attention, he believes that the objects of environmental legal relations can be natural phenomena, processes, territories, consisting of interconnected natural elements. In this understanding, the natural environment includes natural environments that reflect its composition, structural interactions, processes that characterize the natural environment as unified system... It seems that this point of view currently does not contradict the position of the legislator, because according to the law "On environmental protection" (Article 1), a natural object is an ecological system, a natural landscape and their constituent elements, which have preserved their natural properties.
Article 4 of the 2001 Law "On Environmental Protection" establishes the list of objects subject to protection from pollution, damage, depletion and other types of harmful effects of economic and other activities. At the same time, natural ecosystems, natural landscapes and natural complexes not subjected to anthropogenic impact, but under special protection - objects with a special status, for example, included in the List worldwide cultural heritage, national parks, etc. In other words, in the legislation, the objects of protection are individual components (elements) of the environment, the biosphere, either taken separately, or forming specific structures, for example, ecosystems, the World Ocean, etc., the environment as a whole, or parts of them.
Analysis of the structure and content of the ecological and natural resource branches of legislation, the legal relations regulated by them, allows us to distinguish, along with the environment: land, bowels, forests, fauna, water, atmospheric air, continental shelf, marine environment, specially protected natural territories and objects, flora outside the forests. All of them, except for specially protected areas, are natural resources, i.e. the totality of the physical existence of any of the elements of the environment, the scope of which may be limited by territorial, natural-geographical, legal and other features. It is important that this group of objects is not characterized by individually defined characteristics.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "natural resource" and "natural object", where the latter acts as an individually defined element (component) of the environment. Both in the doctrine and in the legislation, speaking about natural resources, their consumer character is emphasized: they are used or can be used by a person to meet his needs, note Yu.V. Truntsevsky. and Yezhov Y.A.
Yu.V. Truntsevsky, Yu.A. Yezhov Theoretical problems of the formation of legislation on the protection of environmental protection. Zhur. "Environmental Law". # 1. 2001. S. 25 From the point of view of law, the division of natural resources into two groups is important - inexhaustible and exhaustible, the latter, in turn, can be renewable and not renewable. Inexhaustible (inexhaustible) resources include solar, climatic, energy, etc. The exhaustible should include resources, the amount of which is steadily decreasing as they are extracted or removed from the natural environment - forest, land, faunal, etc. Subdivision of resources into renewable and no, it is important for regulating the responsibility of the user of natural resources for the reproduction of natural resources. Renewable resources through reproduction include forest resources, wildlife living in a state of natural freedom, fish stocks. There is a category regarding renewable natural resources, so reserves fresh water can be obtained by desalination sea water... Theoretically, the soil is also recoverable, but if it is contaminated with radioactive waste, the processes of its recultivation can take millions of years. Brinchuk M.M., Dubovik O.L., Kolbasov O.S. Environmental law: from ideas to practice. M. RAS. 1997. There are other classifications of natural resources.
Part 1 of Article 4 of the Law defines differentiated natural objects. It is logical that the first among the individual natural objects, the legislator singles out the Earths. Due to the lack of legislative consolidation of the term "land", we will consider several of its meanings: "Ecology". Legal encyclopedic dictionary. Norm. M. 2000. a) planet solar system(in this sense, the word "Earth" is written with capital letter); b) land - as opposed to water bodies; c) natural object, part of the natural environment - surface crust, incl. covered with waters.
The earth is the place of life for mankind, the basis for the existence of flora and fauna, the place of occurrence of minerals and the location of water bodies. Directly connected with all natural objects and forms the basis of their existence and interaction.
The earth is involved in public relations performing various functions in the activities of people. A part of relations with regard to land, which has a legal character, is regulated by the norms of land law.
Earth is an object legal relationship depending on the role it plays in human life and the environment: a) the earth, being an object of nature itself, is at the same time the basis for the location of other natural objects. Fulfilling this function, the land is, first of all, the object of relations regulated by the legislation on environmental protection. In addition, when land performs this function, land relations intersect with relations regarding the use of fauna, flora, water bodies and subsoil. Therefore, part of land relations is regulated by the relevant branches of the natural resource legislation of the Russian Federation; b) within the established boundaries, the land is the territory on which the state exercises its sovereignty. On the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, land as a territory turns out to be a place of interaction of the interests of the Federation as a whole, the subjects of the Russian Federation and administrative-territorial units. The main relations with regard to land in this case are governed by constitutional legislation; c) the land acts as special kind property that may be in the possession, use and disposal of the state, municipalities, citizens or legal entities... In this case real estate is not the earth as a whole, but land plot- the object of civil law relations.
The peculiarity of the regulation of relations with respect to land is that when using each land plot, almost all the main functions of the land intersect and the land plot is simultaneously an object of real estate, and an object of nature, and the territory of the state.
When the earth performs one of the listed functions in human activity, each time social relations refer to certain qualities of the earth. For land as an object of nature, such qualities are important as the fertility of the top layer - soil, as well as the impossibility of replacing land with another object to perform the listed functions. These qualities make the land an object of close attention from the environmental policy of the state and society.
In addition to the listed functions, land, as a state territory and a real estate object, has such qualities as spatial limitation and constancy of location. These qualities indicate, first of all, that the borders of the state and the borders of any land plot have geographical coordinates belonging only to these and no other territories. These properties distinguish land both as the territory of the state and as real estate; they are also important when it is necessary to establish the boundaries of land with a certain legal regime(agricultural land, transport land, etc.).
The spatial limitation of the earth is also understood on a global scale, since the amount of the earth is determined by the characteristics of the planet and cannot be changed by the will of man.
In the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the Land Code of the Russian Federation. SZ RF. 2001. No. 44 indicates that land is the basis of the life and activities of peoples, which is both a natural object and a resource, immovable property, an object of property rights and other rights, a component of the environment. A related concept is "soil", and subordinates are "land", "agricultural land", "land of the water fund", etc. Let us pay attention to the fact that in addition to the earth, soils are also named. Is there a legal sense in distinguishing them as an independent object ?. Yes and no". It all depends on the legal understanding of land as an object of law. So, Kolbasov O.S. writes that land is a conditional category that has only one dimension - the area, calculated square meters, kilometers, hectares. Unlike soil, which is a surface layer, and unlike soil, the earth has no thickness, cannot be measured in units of volume and weight, the most important thing is that it cannot be separated from the surface the globe... Kolbasov O.S. Results of Science and Technology. Protection and reproduction of natural resources. M. 1978.T.5. p.70 Based on the above, it is assumed that the soil layer can be separated from the ground. At the same time, Petrov V.V. believes that in the legal sense, land is a surface that covers a fertile layer of soil. V.V. Petrov Environmental law of Russia. Uch. M. BEK. 1995.S. 106. According to M.M. Brinchuk Brinchuk M.M. On the draft Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR" On the Protection of OPS ". Zhur. Environmental law. 2001. No. 3. S. 24. in the legislation should be used as an independent object of environmental relations of the soil. The relationship with respect to land will be regulated as a space, an operational basis.
Subsoil Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil" (as amended on March 3, 1995) SZ RF. 1995. No. 10 - a part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths accessible for geological study and human development. Related concepts are: "mineral reserves", "minerals", "hydromineral resources", "mineral resources". Note that the law "On the protection of OPS" (1991) to the objects of protection of land and its subsoil. It turned out that the subsoil was not an independent object of environmental relations and was protected as part of the land, which contradicted both the legislation and the doctrine of environmental law. Currently, this contradiction has been eliminated, which indicates a gradual improvement environmental legislation Russia.
Objects of environmental protection are understood as its constituent parts that are in an ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by the Law, since they are of economic, environmental, recreational and other interest. Objects are classified into three groups.
I.Natural systems. This group includes ecological systems and the ozone layer that are of global importance. They provide a continuous process of metabolism and energy within nature, between nature and man, representing the natural habitat of man.
The ozone layer is the most important part near-earth space, seriously affecting the state of heat exchange between the Earth and Space. States are taking measures to protect it. Not all of them are being implemented sufficiently. It is even more difficult for states to come to an agreement and protect the space farther from the Earth from pollution by aircraft, research and observation devices.
Natural or geographical landscapes are subject to protection - natural complexes, which include natural components that are in interaction, forming the terrain. Typical landscapes are mountainous, foothills, flat, hilly, lowlands. They are taken into account and used in the construction of cities, road construction, and the organization of tourism.
Thus, protection from pollution, damage, damage, exhaustion, destruction is subject to what is on the territory of Russia or above it, as well as what can be protected with the help of modern technical means and through legal regulation.
II... Natural resources and other objects of protection. There are six main individual natural resources and objects subject to protection: land, its bowels, waters, forests, fauna, atmospheric air.
Under land is understood as the surface covering the fertile soil layer. The most valuable are agricultural land intended for agriculture (arable land) and animal husbandry. They cannot be replaced by anything, they are exposed to wind and water erosion, clogging and contamination and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands account for 37% of all land in the country, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, the laying of power lines and communications. Non-agricultural land serves as a spatial operational basis for the placement of other sectors of the national economy.
Subsoil is considered a part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths available for study and development. The surface of the earth also belongs to the subsoil, if it contains mineral resources. There are two main problems - the integrated use of mineral resources due to their non-renewability and the burial of wastes, especially toxic ones, in the bowels. The legal regulation of the protection of the subsoil of the earth is carried out in the 1995 Federal Law "On Subsoil".
Water- all water in water bodies. Waters can be surface and underground; a water body is a concentration of water on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the depths, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. The main task in the use of water is to ensure an adequate drinking water supply, to prevent pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges.
The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation, their main function- meeting the needs for wood, oxygen production ("the lungs of the planet"), recreation. Problems - overcutting, littering, fires, forest reproduction. The main legal regulation protection, rational use and protection of forests is carried out by the RF LC 1997.
Animal world, microorganisms, genetic fund are also objects of environmental protection. The fauna is a set of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of Russia and are in a state of natural freedom as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia. Its protection is carried out on the basis of Federal law"About the animal world" 1995 Microorganisms or microflora are microbes, predominantly unicellular protozoa - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, distinguishable only under a microscope, are in soil, water, food products, the human body. Science ceases to divide them into useful and pathogenic: in the ecological relationship, they are part of the habitat and therefore are subject to study. A protected genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations. Degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the emergence of mutants, that is, individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.
A peculiar object of protection is atmospheric air in which the natural environment is embodied, surrounding a person... Prevention of noise and radiation - specific impacts on humans, transmitted mainly through atmospheric air, are considered to be modern urgent problems. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the protection of atmospheric air" 1982
III... Specially protected areas and objects. All achievable natural objects - environmental components are subject to protection, but specially designated areas and parts of nature deserve special protection. These are reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.
Specially protected areas belong to the objects of the national heritage. The regulation of their protection and use is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On Natural Healing Resources, Medical Recreation Areas and Resorts" 1995 and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas" 1995. The main problems are the preservation and expansion of specially protected areas and objects and the maintenance of the declared special protected regime in them.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural areas and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:
a) state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;
Today in the Russian Federation there are 95 state nature reserves of federal significance. with total area more than 31 million hectares, including land (with inland water bodies) - more than 26 million hectares, which is 1.53% of the entire territory of Russia. The reserves are located on the territory of 18 republics, 4 territories, 35 regions, 6 autonomous districts. The overwhelming majority (88) of state nature reserves are directly managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, 1 - in the system of the Ministry of Education, 4 - in the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 - in the jurisdiction of Rosleskhoz.
State nature reserves have the status of nature conservation, research and environmental education institutions, which employ about 5 thousand full-time workers. The history of the creation of national reserves is 80 years old, the first such reserve was created at the end of 1916 - this is the famous Barguzinsky reserve on Lake Baikal, which is still functioning today.
b) national parks; National parks in Russian Federation began to be created in 1983, today there are 32 national parks in Russia (0.6% of the entire territory of Russia). Almost all national parks are run by Federal Service forestry in Russia and only two ("Pereslavsky" and "Losiny Ostrov") are under the jurisdiction of the administration of the Yaroslavl region and the government of Moscow, respectively.
c) natural parks;
d) state nature reserves;
e) natural monuments;
f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
g) health-improving areas and resorts.
Designation of specially protected areas. In environmental law, specially protected areas are given increased attention: they have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving purpose, are withdrawn completely or partially from economic use, a protection regime is established for them, taking into account the characteristics of their status.
Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional or local significance, they are, respectively, federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal state authorities, the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the property of municipalities and are under the jurisdiction of the authorities local government.
Specially protected natural areas of federal and regional significance are determined, respectively, by the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Areas" dated October 2, 1992, until the end of 2005, several dozen more new reserves and national parks are planned to be created in Russia.
Specially protected natural areas of local importance are determined in the manner prescribed by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The uniqueness of the system of reserves and national parks in Russia, their role in the preservation of natural heritage and biological diversity is recognized throughout the world. 18 Russian reserves have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the corresponding UNESCO certificates), 5 reserves and 4 national parks are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 8 reserves and 1 national park are under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of international importance, 2 reserves have diplomas of the Council of Europe.
Under objects legal protection the environment is understood as its constituent parts that are in an ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by law, since they are of economic, environmental, recreational, demographic, aesthetic interest. Objects of legal protection of the environment can be classified into groups.
Earth, bowels, water
The first group of objects of legal protection consists of the main separate natural objects, of which there are six: earth, its bowels, waters, forests, fauna, atmospheric air (separate topics of a special part of the textbook are devoted to the analysis of their protection).
Land is understood as the surface covering the fertile soil layer. The most valuable are agricultural land intended for agriculture (arable land) and animal husbandry.
They cannot be replaced by anything, they are subject to wind and water erosion, clogging and pollution and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands account for 37% of all land in the country, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, the laying of power transmission and communication lines.
Non-agricultural land serves as a spatial operational basis for the management and distribution of other sectors of the national economy.
The subsoil is considered to be the part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths available for study and development. The surface of the earth also belongs to the subsoil, if it contains mineral resources. The main problems are complex use mineral resources in view of their non-renewability and burial in the bowels of waste, especially toxic. The legal regulation of the protection of the subsoil of the earth is provided for by the Law of the Russian Federation of 21.02.1992 No. 2395-1 "On Subsoil".
Water - all water in water bodies, i.e. in the environment. The main task in the use of water is to ensure an adequate drinking water supply, to prevent pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges. The main regulatory legal act in this area is VK.
Flora and fauna, atmospheric air
The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation. Their main function is meeting the needs for wood, producing oxygen ("the lungs of the planet"), recreation, ie. restoration of health by resting outside the home. Problems - overcutting, littering, fires, reproduction of forests and other green spaces. The main legal regulation of the protection, rational use and protection of forests is carried out by the norms of LK.
Fauna, animals, other organisms in a free state, their genetic fund are also objects of legal environmental protection. Their protection is carried out by the Federal Law "On Animal World".
Microorganisms, or microflora, are microbes, mainly the simplest creatures - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, distinguishable only under a microscope, located in soil, water, food, and the human body. Science ceases to divide them into useful and pathogenic - in the ecological relationship, they are part of the habitat and therefore are subject to study.
The genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations. Degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the emergence of mutants, i.e. individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.
A peculiar object of protection is atmospheric air, which embodies the natural environment that surrounds a person. The prevention of harmful pollution, noise and radiation - specific effects on humans, transmitted mainly through the atmospheric air, are considered to be modern urgent problems. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air".
This object of environmental protection is adjacent to the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-earth space, which can be contaminated by aircraft, discharges from them. harmful substances. Scientific and technical progress allows at the present time to control their condition and quality, to determine the polluting states, to influence them by legal means.
(natural systems; natural resources and other
objects of protection; specially protected
territories and objects)
The objects of environmental protection are understood as its constituent parts, which are in an ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by law, since they are of economic, environmental, recreational and other interest. Objects are classified into three groups.
This group includes ecological systems and the ozone layer that are of global importance. They provide a continuous process of metabolism and energy within nature, between nature and man, representing the natural habitat of man. As already noted, under the surround
only natural components are understood as the environment and its protected objects: the range of natural habitats protected by law does not include material objects created by man; parts of nature that have emerged from the ecological connection with nature (water withdrawn from it - in the tap, withdrawn from natural conditions, animals); elements of nature that are currently not of social value or whose protection is not yet possible.
For example, the ozone layer is the most important part of the near-earth space, seriously affecting the state of heat exchange between the Earth and the Cosmos. States are taking measures to protect it (they are discussed in more detail in the topic on the protection of atmospheric air). Not all of them are being implemented sufficiently. It is even more difficult for states to come to an agreement and protect the space farther from the Earth from pollution by aircraft, research and observation devices.
Natural or geographical landscapes are subject to protection - natural complexes, which include natural components that are in interaction, forming the terrain. Typical landscapes are mountainous, foothills, flat, hilly, lowlands. They are taken into account and used in the construction of cities, road construction, and the organization of tourism.
Thus, protection from pollution, damage, damage, exhaustion, destruction is subject to what is on the territory of Russia or above it, as well as what can be protected with the help of modern technical means and through legal regulation.
There are six main individual natural resources and objects subject to protection: land, its subsoil, waters, forests, fauna, atmospheric
air (separate topics in a special part of the textbook are devoted to the analysis of their protection).
Land is understood as the surface covering the fertile soil layer. The most valuable are agricultural land intended for agriculture (arable land) and animal husbandry. They cannot be replaced by anything, they are subject to wind and water erosion, clogging and pollution and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands account for 37% of all land in the country, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, the laying of power lines and communications. Non-agricultural land serves as a spatial operational basis for the placement of other sectors of the national economy.
The subsoil is considered to be the part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer and the bottom of reservoirs, extending to depths available for study and development. The surface of the earth also belongs to the subsoil, if it contains mineral resources. There are two main problems - the integrated use of mineral resources due to their non-renewability and the burial of wastes, especially toxic ones, in the bowels. Legal regulation of the protection of the subsoil of the earth is carried out in the Federal Law "On Subsoil" 1995 1
Water - all water in water bodies. Waters can be surface and underground; water body- This is the concentration of waters on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the depths, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. The main task in the use of water is to ensure an adequate drinking water supply, to prevent pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges2. The main act in this area is the VK RF 1995 3
The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation, their main function is meeting the needs for wood, oxygen production ("the lungs of the planet"), and recreation. Problems - overcutting, littering, fires, reforestation 4. The main legal regulation of the protection, rational use and protection of forests is carried out by the Law Code of the Russian Federation, 1997.
Fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund are also objects of environmental protection. The fauna is a set of living organisms of all types of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of Russia and in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia1. Its protection is carried out on the basis of the 1995 Federal Law "On Animal World" 2
Microorganisms or microflora are microbes, mainly unicellular protozoa - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, distinguishable only under a microscope, are found in soil, water, food products, and the human body3. Science ceases to divide them into useful and pathogenic: in the ecological relationship, they are part of the habitat and therefore are subject to study.
A protected genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations4. Degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the emergence of mutants, that is, individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.
A peculiar object of protection is atmospheric air, which embodies the natural environment that surrounds a person. Prevention of noise and radiation - specific impacts on humans, transmitted mainly through atmospheric air, are considered to be modern urgent problems. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" 1982.5
All achievable natural objects - environmental components are subject to protection, but specially designated areas and parts of nature deserve special protection. In our country, their territory is about 1.2%. These are reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.
The regulation of their protection and use is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On Natural Medicinal Resources, Medical and Recreational Areas and Resorts" 19956 and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected natural areas"1995 1 The main problems are the preservation and expansion of specially protected areas and objects and the maintenance of the declared special protected regime in them (a special topic is also devoted to their consideration).
Control questions
What are environmental principles?
What are the basic principles of environmental protection?
What does sustainable development mean and what is its main strategy?
What forms are used legal support environmental relations?
What are the principles and foundations of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection? What is their significance? What is their legal nature?
What is the classification of objects of environmental protection?
What are the six main natural resources that are subject to legal protection?