1. Water protection zones are territories that adjoin the coastline of seas, rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and on which a special regime is established for the implementation of economic and other activities in order to prevent pollution, clogging, siltation of these water bodies and depletion of their waters, as well as preservation of the habitat of aquatic biological resources and other objects of the animal and plant world.
2. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, coastal protection zones are established, on the territories of which additional restrictions on economic and other activities are introduced.
3. Outside the territories of cities and other settlements, the width of the water protection zone of rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and the width of their coastal protection strip are established from the corresponding coastline, and the width of the water protection zone of the seas and the width of their coastal protection strip - from the line of maximum tide ... In the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones of these water bodies coincide with the embankment parapets, the width of the water protection zone in such areas is established from the embankment parapet.
4. The width of the water protection zone of rivers or streams is established from their source for rivers or streams with a length of:
1) up to ten kilometers - in the amount of fifty meters;
2) from ten to fifty kilometers - in the amount of one hundred meters;
3) from fifty kilometers or more - in the amount of two hundred meters.
5. For a river, brook less than ten kilometers long from source to mouth, the water protection zone coincides with the coastal protection zone. The radius of the water protection zone for the sources of the river, stream is set at fifty meters.
6. The width of the water protection zone of a lake, a reservoir, with the exception of a lake located inside a swamp, or a lake, a reservoir with a water area of less than 0.5 square kilometers, shall be set at fifty meters. The width of the water protection zone of a reservoir located on a watercourse is set equal to the width of the water protection zone of this watercourse.
7. The boundaries of the water protection zone of Lake Baikal are established in accordance with the Federal Law of May 1, 1999 N 94-FZ "On the protection of Lake Baikal".
8. The width of the sea water protection zone is five hundred meters.
9. Water protection zones of main or inter-farm canals coincide in width with the right-of-way of such canals.
10. Water protection zones of rivers and their parts placed in closed collectors are not established.
11. The width of the coastal protection strip is set depending on the slope of the bank of the water body and is thirty meters for a reverse or zero slope, forty meters for a slope of up to three degrees and fifty meters for a slope of three or more degrees.
12. For flowing and wastewater lakes and corresponding watercourses located within the boundaries of swamps, the width of the coastal protection strip is set at fifty meters.
13. The width of the coastal protection strip of a river, lake, reservoir of especially valuable fishery value (spawning, feeding, wintering grounds for fish and other aquatic biological resources) is set at two hundred meters regardless of the slope of the adjacent lands.
14. On the territories of settlements, in the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones coincide with the parapets of the embankments. The width of the water protection zone in such territories is established from the embankment parapet. In the absence of an embankment, the width of the water protection zone, the coastal protection strip is measured from the coastline.
15. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, it is prohibited:
1) the use of wastewater to regulate soil fertility;
2) placement of cemeteries, cattle burial grounds, objects of disposal of production and consumption waste, chemical, explosive, toxic, poisonous and poisonous substances, disposal sites for radioactive waste;
3) implementation of aviation measures to combat harmful organisms;
4) movement and parking of vehicles (except for special vehicles), except for their movement on roads and parking on roads and in specially equipped places with a hard surface;
5) location of filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants (except for cases where filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants are located in the territories of ports, shipbuilding and ship repair organizations, infrastructure of inland waterways, subject to compliance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and of this Code), service stations used for technical inspection and repair of vehicles, washing vehicles;
6) placement of specialized storage facilities for pesticides and agrochemicals, the use of pesticides and agrochemicals;
7) discharge of waste water, including drainage water;
8) exploration and production of widespread minerals (except for cases where exploration and production of widespread minerals is carried out by subsoil users who are engaged in exploration and production of other types of minerals, within the boundaries provided to them in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the subsoil of mining allotments and (or ) geological allotments on the basis of an approved technical design in accordance with Article 19.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N 2395-1 "On Subsoil").
16. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation of economic and other facilities are allowed, provided that such facilities are equipped with structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water in accordance with water legislation and legislation in the field of environmental protection. The choice of the type of structure that ensures the protection of a water body from pollution, clogging, silting and depletion of water is carried out taking into account the need to comply with the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms established in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection. For the purposes of this article, structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water are understood as:
1) centralized drainage systems (sewerage), centralized storm drainage systems;
2) structures and systems for the drainage (discharge) of wastewater into centralized drainage systems (including rain, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage waters), if they are intended to receive such waters;
3) local treatment facilities for wastewater treatment (including rainwater, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage water), ensuring their treatment based on the standards established in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and this Code;
4) structures for the collection of industrial and consumer waste, as well as structures and systems for the drainage (discharge) of wastewater (including rain, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage water) into receivers made of waterproof materials.
16.1. In relation to the territories of horticultural, vegetable gardening or dacha non-profit associations of citizens located within the boundaries of water protection zones and not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities, until they are equipped with such facilities and (or) connection to the systems specified in paragraph 1 of part 16 of this article, it is allowed the use of receivers made of waterproof materials to prevent the entry of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into the environment.
17. Within the boundaries of coastal protection zones, along with the restrictions established by part 15 of this article, it is prohibited:
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[Water Code of the Russian Federation] [Chapter 6] [Article 65]
1. Water protection zones are territories that adjoin the coastline of seas, rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and on which a special regime is established for the implementation of economic and other activities in order to prevent pollution, clogging, siltation of these water bodies and depletion of their waters, as well as preservation of the habitat of aquatic biological resources and other objects of the animal and plant world.
2. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, coastal protection zones are established, on the territories of which additional restrictions on economic and other activities are introduced.
3. Outside the territories of cities and other settlements, the width of the water protection zone of rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and the width of their coastal protection strip are established from the corresponding coastline, and the width of the water protection zone of the seas and the width of their coastal protection strip - from the line of maximum tide ... In the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones of these water bodies coincide with the embankment parapets, the width of the water protection zone in such areas is established from the embankment parapet.
4. The width of the water protection zone of rivers or streams is established from their source for rivers or streams with a length of:
1) up to ten kilometers - in the amount of fifty meters;
2) from ten to fifty kilometers - in the amount of one hundred meters;
3) from fifty kilometers or more - in the amount of two hundred meters.
5. For a river, brook less than ten kilometers long from source to mouth, the water protection zone coincides with the coastal protection zone. The radius of the water protection zone for the sources of the river, stream is set at fifty meters.
6. The width of the water protection zone of a lake, a reservoir, with the exception of a lake located inside a swamp, or a lake, a reservoir with a water area of less than 0.5 square kilometers, shall be set at fifty meters. The width of the water protection zone of a reservoir located on a watercourse is set equal to the width of the water protection zone of this watercourse.
7. The boundaries of the water protection zone of Lake Baikal are established in accordance with the Federal Law of May 1, 1999 N 94-FZ "On the protection of Lake Baikal".
8. The width of the sea water protection zone is five hundred meters.
9. Water protection zones of main or inter-farm canals coincide in width with the right-of-way of such canals.
10. Water protection zones of rivers and their parts placed in closed collectors are not established.
11. The width of the coastal protection strip is set depending on the slope of the bank of the water body and is thirty meters for a reverse or zero slope, forty meters for a slope of up to three degrees and fifty meters for a slope of three or more degrees.
12. For flowing and wastewater lakes and corresponding watercourses located within the boundaries of swamps, the width of the coastal protection strip is set at fifty meters.
13. The width of the coastal protection strip of a river, lake, reservoir of especially valuable fishery value (spawning, feeding, wintering grounds for fish and other aquatic biological resources) is set at two hundred meters regardless of the slope of the adjacent lands.
14. On the territories of settlements, in the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones coincide with the parapets of the embankments. The width of the water protection zone in such territories is established from the embankment parapet. In the absence of an embankment, the width of the water protection zone, the coastal protection strip is measured from the coastline.
15. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, it is prohibited:
1) the use of wastewater to regulate soil fertility;
2) placement of cemeteries, cattle burial grounds, burial sites for production and consumption waste, chemical, explosive, toxic, poisonous and poisonous substances, disposal sites for radioactive waste;
3) implementation of aviation measures to combat harmful organisms;
4) movement and parking of vehicles (except for special vehicles), except for their movement on roads and parking on roads and in specially equipped places with a hard surface;
5) location of filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants (except for cases where filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants are located in the territories of ports, shipbuilding and ship repair organizations, infrastructure of inland waterways, subject to compliance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and of this Code), service stations used for technical inspection and repair of vehicles, washing vehicles;
6) placement of specialized storage facilities for pesticides and agrochemicals, the use of pesticides and agrochemicals;
7) discharge of waste water, including drainage water;
8) exploration and production of widespread minerals (except for cases where exploration and production of widespread minerals is carried out by subsoil users who are engaged in exploration and production of other types of minerals, within the boundaries provided to them in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the subsoil of mining allotments and (or ) geological allotments on the basis of an approved technical design in accordance with Article 19.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N 2395-1 "On Subsoil").
16. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation of economic and other facilities are allowed, provided that such facilities are equipped with structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water in accordance with water legislation and legislation in the field of environmental protection. The choice of the type of structure that ensures the protection of a water body from pollution, clogging, silting and depletion of water is carried out taking into account the need to comply with the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms established in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection. For the purposes of this article, structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water are understood as:
1) centralized drainage systems (sewerage), centralized storm drainage systems;
2) structures and systems for the drainage (discharge) of wastewater into centralized drainage systems (including rain, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage waters), if they are intended to receive such waters;
3) local treatment facilities for wastewater treatment (including rainwater, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage water), ensuring their treatment based on the standards established in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and this Code;
4) structures for the collection of industrial and consumer waste, as well as structures and systems for the drainage (discharge) of wastewater (including rain, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage water) into receivers made of waterproof materials.
16.1. In relation to the territories of horticultural, vegetable gardening or dacha non-profit associations of citizens located within the boundaries of water protection zones and not equipped with wastewater treatment facilities, until they are equipped with such facilities and (or) connection to the systems specified in paragraph 1 of part 16 of this article, it is allowed the use of receivers made of waterproof materials to prevent the entry of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into the environment.
17. Within the boundaries of coastal protection zones, along with the restrictions established by part 15 of this article, it is prohibited:
1) plowing of land;
2) placement of dumps of eroded soil;
3) grazing farm animals and organizing summer camps and baths for them.
18. Establishment on the ground of the boundaries of water protection zones and the boundaries of coastal protection strips of water bodies, including by means of special information signs, is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
1 comment on the entry “Article 65 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation. Water protection zones and coastal protection zones "
Article 65. Water protection zones and coastal protection zones
Commentary on Article 65
1. General overview of the article. The article includes 18 parts that establish the features of such elements of the legal regime of water protection zones and protective coastal strips, such as the features of the object-carrier of the regime, regime restrictions and the boundaries of their action in space.
Part 1 contains the definition and objectives of establishing a special regime for the implementation of activities within the boundaries of water protection zones.
Part 2 provides for a specific type of zoning of water protection zones (in the form of coastal protection zones), as well as the possibility of introducing additional restrictions within the boundaries of coastal protection zones.
Parts 3 - 10 establish requirements for the size of water protection zones and rules for determining their boundaries. At the same time, part 7 contains a reference to the Federal Law of 05/01/1999 N 94-FZ "On the protection of Lake Baikal".
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SZ RF. 1999, No. 18. Art. 2220.
Parts 11-14 establish requirements for the size of coastal protection zones and rules for determining their boundaries.
Part 15 contains a list of regime restrictions within the boundaries of water protection zones, and part 16 establishes permissible types of impact within their boundaries, as well as the conditions for the legality of such impact.
Part 17 contains a list of additional regime restrictions within the boundaries of coastal protection zones, the possibility of which is provided for in part 2 of the commented article.
In accordance with part 18, the right to establish the procedure for establishing the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection zones on the ground is vested in the Government of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, the Government of the Russian Federation has the right to independently determine the subjects that are obliged to establish such boundaries on the ground.
2. Objectives, scope and addressees of prescriptions.
The purpose of the article is to ensure increased protection of water bodies from adverse effects by introducing additional restrictions and prohibitions in the territories adjacent to such objects.
The scope of the article is extremely broad, since it concerns all water bodies on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Therefore, the addressees of the article are an indefinitely wide circle of persons who permanently or temporarily use the territories adjacent to water bodies. The special addressee of the article is the Government of the Russian Federation, which, in turn, has the right to determine the circle of persons who are obliged to establish the boundaries of the zones provided for by the article on the ground. In accordance with clause 3 of the Rules for establishing on the ground the boundaries of water protection zones and the boundaries of coastal protection zones of water bodies, these include the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Water Resources and its territorial bodies.
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3. Basic concepts. They are the terms, the meaning of which was revealed above ("coastline", "sea", "river", "canal", "stream", "lake", "reservoir" - see commentary to article 5; "water area" , "Water body", "depletion of waters" - see the commentary to article 1; "habitat of flora and fauna" - see the commentary to article 3). Specific for the commented article are such concepts as “water protection zone”, “coastal protection strip”, “canal right-of-way”, “settlement”, “storm sewer”, “embankment”, “parapet”, “water body with a special valuable fishery value ".
3.1. Water protection zone. The word zone (from the Greek swvn - belt) denotes a site, region, belt or strip that has a certain quality attribute.
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Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in 30 volumes) / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972.T. 9.P. 572.
The establishment of various types of zones in environmental legislation is one of the methods of territorial protection by allocating areas with special conditions of use (see, for example, Articles 48 and 49 of Federal Law N 166-FZ "On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources"). Zoning is used to establish different legal regimes for areas of space that, prior to the establishment of zones, had a homogeneous legal regime (for example, the allocation of functional zones within national parks). The essence of zoning for nature conservation purposes is, as a rule, the establishment within the zones of activity restrictions that are more stringent than in the adjacent areas of space (for example, sanitary protection zones, protected zones of specially protected natural areas, etc.). Establishing zones means establishing a spatial and temporal framework for the effect of restrictions on economic or other activities.
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For more details see: Commentary to the Federal Law of 20.12.2004 N 166-FZ "On fishing and conservation of aquatic biological resources" / Ed. O. L. Dubovik. M., 2011.
Since natural complexes are very different in terms of the set of components (mountains, forests, tundra, etc.), here we mean homogeneity according to a certain legal basis, and not homogeneity in general. - Approx. ed.
Accordingly, various types of zones (as well as belts) established for nature conservation purposes are a special case of specially protected areas. Therefore, the necessary elements of the legal regime of nature protection zones are regime restrictions (special protection regime), spatial and, if necessary, time limits of the restrictions.
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For more information on specially protected areas, see: UN General Assembly. Sixty-second session. Item 79 (a) of the provisional agenda. Oceans and the law of the sea. Report of the Secretary-General. Adding. A / 62/66 / Add.2 (Russian). S. 41 - 42; Educational and practical commentary on the land legislation of the Russian Federation / Ed. O. L. Dubovik. M .: Eksmo, 2006.S. 481 - 482; Kalenchenko M.M. Legal regime of territorial protection of the marine environment / Ed. O. L. Dubovik. M .: Gorodets, 2009.S. 57 - 65.
In accordance with part 1 of the commented article, water protection zones are territories that adjoin the coastline of certain water bodies (seas, rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs) and on which a special regime for carrying out economic and other activities is established. A special mode of activity is established for the following purposes:
- prevention of pollution, clogging, siltation of these water bodies;
- preventing the depletion of their waters;
- preservation of the habitat of aquatic biological resources and other objects of the animal and plant world.
Water protection zones are established only for water bodies directly provided for by the commented article, namely: seas, watercourses (rivers, streams, canals) water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, ponds). The effect of the commented article, obviously, does not apply to swamps, natural outcrops of groundwater, glaciers and snowfields, as well as groundwater bodies.
Regime restrictions in water protection zones are provided for in part 15 of the commented article and include prohibitions on:
1) the use of wastewater for soil fertilization;
2) placement of cemeteries, cattle burial grounds, disposal sites for production and consumption waste, chemical, explosive, toxic, poisonous and poisonous substances, radioactive waste disposal sites;
3) implementation of aviation measures to combat plant pests and diseases;
4) movement and parking of vehicles (except for special vehicles), except for their movement on roads and parking on roads and in specially equipped places with a hard surface.
Summary of definition rules
width of water protection zones
Water body
Water protection
zone, m The border is measured Coastal protection
strip (m) at
outside
populated
points
in populated
paragraph zero
or
reverse
slope
=3
Sea
500 lines
the greatest
tide parapet
(in the presence of
storm
sewerage),
and with him
absence -
from the coastal
the lines
50
Lake 50 coastal
the lines
Reservoir
not on
watercourse 50
Reservoir
on the watercourse equals
width
water protection
watercourse zones
Lake,
reservoir,
especially
valuable fish
economic
value set to
conformity
with the legislator
about
fishing
200 regardless of
slope
Channel equals width
right of way
30
40
50
Source
watercourse in radius
50 m not defined within a radius of 50 m
Watercourse
length, km<10 =50 береговой
parapet lines (at
stock
storm
sewerage),
and with him
absence -
from the coastal
the lines
30
40
50
River, stream 50 00 00
Watercourse in
boundaries
swamps
50
50
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Water protection zones are not established for rivers (their parts) placed in closed collectors.
For any lakes, reservoirs, with the exception of reservoirs located on watercourses. For lakes, reservoirs with an area of less than 0.5 sq. km, the water protection zone is obviously not established.
The width of the coastal protection zone is equal to the width of the water protection zone and is 50 m regardless of the slope.
Note that the boundaries of water protection zones may coincide in space with specially protected areas provided for by land and water legislation, legislation on wildlife, aquatic biological resources and the preservation of their habitat.
For example, in accordance with the Rules for Establishing Fish Protection Zones, the boundaries of the latter coincide with the boundaries of the water protection zones proper. However, in accordance with paragraph 14 of these Rules, the rules for establishing the width of fish protection zones of ponds, watered quarries that have a hydraulic connection with rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs and seas (50 m) are also determined. The Federal Agency for Fishery is authorized to establish fish protection zones and mark them on the ground. The designation rules on the ground are approved by the corresponding order of the Federal Agency for Fishery. Fish protection zones, in contrast to water protection zones, are not created by default (by virtue of the law), but on the basis of the issuance of an appropriate act by an authorized body.
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Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.10.2008 N 743 "On approval of the Rules for the establishment of fish protection zones" // SZ RF. 2008. N 41. Art. 4682.
Order of the Federal Agency for Fishery of 15.12.2008 N 410 "On approval of the Procedure for establishing the boundaries of fish protection zones on the ground" // BNA RF. 2009. N 5.
See, for example: Order of the Federal Agency for Fishery of 20.11.2010 N 943 "On the establishment of fish protection zones of the seas, the shores of which fully or partially belong to the Russian Federation, and water bodies of fishery importance in the Republic of Adygea, Amur and Arkhangelsk regions" (unpublished).
Due to the special significance of Lake Baikal as a World Heritage site, its legal regime and status are regulated by the Federal Law of 05/01/1999 N 94-FZ "On the protection of Lake Baikal" and the regulatory legal acts adopted in its execution. Part 7 of the commented article in terms of establishing the width of the water protection zones of a given water body refers to these normative acts. According to part 1 of Art. 2 of this Law, the Baikal natural territory includes Lake Baikal, its water protection zone adjacent to Lake Baikal, its catchment area within the territory of the Russian Federation, specially protected natural areas adjacent to Lake Baikal, as well as the territory adjacent to Lake Baikal with a width of up to 200 kilometers to the west and northwest of it. The use of natural resources within the boundaries of the Baikal natural territory is carried out in accordance with the zoning into the central ecological zone (the most severe restrictions), the buffer ecological zone and the ecological zone of atmospheric influence.
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SZ RF. 1999. N 18. Art. 2220.
The central ecological zone includes Lake Baikal itself with the islands, its water protection zone, as well as specially protected natural areas adjacent to Lake Baikal. We were not able to find any special instructions regarding the width of the water protection zone, therefore they are determined according to the general rules of the commented article, that is, it is 50 m.At the same time, the list of regime restrictions in the central ecological zone (including) of Lake Baikal was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from 08/30/2001 N 643 "On approval of the list of activities prohibited in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory" and is more stringent than provided for in the commented article. In addition, the action in the space provided for by the said Resolution of the restrictions is much broader than the action in the space of the restrictions provided for by the regime of the water protection zone.
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SZ RF. 2001. N 37. Art. 3687.
3.2. Coastal protective strip. According to the meaning of parts 1 and 2 of the commented article, the coastal protection zone is a part of the water protection zone, within the boundaries of which additional restrictions have been introduced, in comparison with the water protection zone.
Restrictions within the boundaries of the coastal protection zone are provided for in part 17 of the commented article and include such prohibitions as a ban on:
- plowing of land;
- placement of dumps of eroded soils;
- grazing farm animals and organizing summer camps and baths for them.
In accordance with paragraph 8 of Art. 27 of the RF Labor Code prohibits the privatization of land plots within the "limits of the coastal strip" established in accordance with the Water Code of the Russian Federation.
A summary of the rules for determining the width of coastal protection strips is presented in the table below.
3.3. Channel right-of-way. Today, there are building rules that establish the procedure for determining and the width of reclamation channels, depending on many factors. In most cases, the actual width of the right-of-way for existing canals is established in accordance with the design documentation and varies greatly depending on the type of canal device (in a cut, half-cut, embankment or half-fill) and its capacity. For example, the norms of land allotment for reclamation canals CH 474-75 establish the procedure for determining the width for reclamation canals with a throughput of no more than 10 cubic meters. m / s.
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See, for example: Norms of land allotment for reclamation canals СН 474-75.
The following data can be used as approximate guidelines for channels with a throughput of no more than 10 m 3 / s.
Row width for reclamation canals
Reclamation channels,
passing through:
Width along the bottom, m Width of the right-of-way in
unlimited use, m
min max min max
notch
semi-notch
semi-grained
embankments 0.4
As follows from the table, the width of the water protection zone of such canals will be from 17 to 45 m. If the width of the water protection coastal strip is determined according to the rules of Part 11 of the commented article, its width will be from 30 to 50 m. completely coincide with the water protection zone or exceed it in size.
The width of the right-of-way land for canals with a water capacity of more than 10 cubic meters. m / s, channels developed by the explosive method, as well as passing in areas prone to landslides and mudflows, and in settlements should be determined by projects approved in the prescribed manner.
3.4. Locality. This is a populated place (settlement), the primary unit of settlement of people within one built-up land plot (city, urban-type settlement, village, etc.). An obligatory feature of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat, year-round or seasonally.
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Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1984.S. 861.
3.5. Storm sewage. Sewerage refers to the disposal of domestic, industrial and waste water. A complete list of terms and definitions related to sewerage is enshrined in GOST 25150-82, however, the concept of "storm sewerage" itself is not disclosed in it. To clarify the content of this concept, let us turn to the Territorial building codes of the Moscow region. Within the meaning of section 4 of the indicated Territorial building codes, storm sewers can be understood as the drainage of surface runoff of three types (rain, melt and watering) generated in built-up areas as a result of precipitation and the operation of road surfaces. Such a sewerage system should also provide for the possibility of receiving drainage water from associated drainages, heating systems, common collectors of underground utilities, as well as uncontaminated wastewater from industrial enterprises.
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GOST 19185-73. Hydraulic engineering. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions. Moscow: Standards Publishing House, 1974.S. 3.
GOST 25150-82. Sewerage. Terms and Definitions.
Territorial building codes. Rainwater drainage. Organization of collection, treatment and discharge of surface runoff (TSN DK-2001 of the Moscow region (TSN 40-302-2001) (put into effect by the order of the Ministry of Moscow Oblast Construction of July 30, 2001 N 120 "On the implementation of the Territorial building codes of the Moscow region (TSN DK 2001 MO ) ").
3.6. Embankment. It is a fencing or protective structure along the coastal strip. From the point of view of hydraulic engineering, the embankments are wave-break walls built to protect the coastal ledges from the waves, including the subgrade of coastal railways and highways. Such walls are sometimes called retaining wave breakers. Breakwalls are allowed, if possible, to be erected under the protection of the beach with a width sufficient to damp the design waves, in combination with groins or breakwaters. When designing wave walls, the recommendations of the current building codes and regulations for the design of retaining walls should be taken into account.
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GOST 19185-73. Hydraulic engineering. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions. Moscow: Standards Publishing House, 1974.S. 13.
SP 32-103-97. Design of offshore coastal protection structures. M .: Transstroy, 1998.
Embankments, as bank protection, protective, regulatory and protective structures, are designed taking into account the possibility of their use for national economic and social purposes (as berthing, transport and other engineering structures, for mass recreation of the population and sports and recreational activities).
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See: SNiP June 2, 01-86. Hydraulic structures. The main provisions of the design. Moscow: State Construction Committee, 1987.
3.7. Parapet. The word "parapet" (French parapet, Italian parapetto) in Russian means a low solid wall passing along the edge of the roof, terrace, balcony, along the embankment, bridge (as a barrier); on the crest of a dam, breakwater, dam, in shipping locks. In construction, it can also denote a separate element of the specified structures. For the purposes of the commented article, a parapet should be understood as a fence that runs along the embankment.
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Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1984.S. 964.
See, for example: GOST 23342-91. Architectural and construction products from natural stone. Technical conditions. Moscow: Standards Publishing House, 1992.9 p.
3.8. The slope of the coast of the water body. The concept of "bias" is very widespread in technical, natural sciences, regulations in the field of technical regulation. In geodesy, they operate to describe the terrain. From the point of view of geodesy, the slope (also the slope) is an indicator of the steepness of the slope, that is, "the ratio of the elevation of the terrain to the horizontal extent on which it is observed." For example, a slope of 0.015 corresponds to a rise of 15 m per 1000 m distance.
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See, for example: VSN 163-83. Accounting for deformations of river channels and banks of reservoirs in the area of underwater crossings of main pipelines (oil and gas pipelines). http://www.complexdoc.ru/ntdtext/487968; VSN 3-80. Instructions for the design of offshore berthing facilities.
Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1984.S. 1372.
When designing infrastructure facilities, information about the slope angles (longitudinal and transverse) in the place of their intended location should be included in the design documentation (clause 34 of the Regulation on the composition of sections of design documentation and requirements for their content).
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Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content" dated 16.02.2008 N 87 // SZ RF. 2008. N 8. Art. 744.
The slope angle is measured during topographic work, as a rule, by the method of trigonometric (geodetic) leveling. It should be assumed that for the purposes of this article, the slope angle is subject to consideration.
3.9. A water body of particular value for fishery. The fishery fund of inland freshwater reservoirs in Russia includes 22.5 million hectares of lakes, 4.3 million hectares of reservoirs, 0.96 million hectares of agricultural reservoirs for complex purposes, 142.9 thousand hectares of ponds and 523 thousand km of rivers. In addition, the Russian Federation also has a long line of the sea coast (about 60 thousand km).
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See: clause 2.1 of the Strategy for the development of aquaculture in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 (approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on 10.09.2007).
For the purpose of reproduction, conservation and rational use of aquatic biological resources, objects of fishery importance in accordance with paragraph 2.1.2 of the Model Rules for the Protection of Surface Waters are divided into three categories: higher, first and second.
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Model rules for the protection of surface waters (approved by Goskompriroda on 21.02.1991).
The highest category includes the locations of spawning grounds, mass feeding and wintering pits of especially valuable and valuable species of fish and other commercial aquatic organisms, as well as protection zones of farms of any type that carry out artificial breeding and rearing of fish, other aquatic animals and plants.
The first category includes water bodies used for the preservation and reproduction of valuable fish species that are highly sensitive to oxygen content.
The second category includes water bodies used for other fishery purposes.
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For more details see: S.A. Khalchansky. Commentary on Article 51 // Commentary on the Water Code of the Russian Federation / Ed. O. L. Dubovik. M .: Eksmo, 2007.S. 282 - 283.
4. Development of legislation. The establishment of water protection zones (strips) for purposes similar to those provided for in part 2 of the commented article was provided for in Article 91 of the Water Code of the RSFSR of 1972. The content of restrictions was not provided for by this Code, since the rights to determine the procedure for their establishment and use were delegated to the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, unless otherwise was not provided for by the legislation of the USSR. In accordance with Article 99 of the said Code, in order to maintain a favorable water regime of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and other water bodies, to prevent water erosion of soils, siltation of reservoirs, worsen the habitat of aquatic animals, to reduce flow fluctuations, etc. also provided for the establishment of water protection zones of forests.
The 1995 Water Code of the Russian Federation (Article 111) delineated the concepts of water protection zones and coastal protection zones. The content of these concepts within the meaning of the 1995 VC RF corresponds to the modern understanding, taking into account the fact that the commented Code more clearly defines the features of their legal regime. This is especially true of regime restrictions, which are enshrined in the current RF VK RF by law, and not by bylaws of the RF Government.
Changes were made to the commented article once, but they affected several parts at once. So, in accordance with clause 19 of Article 1 of the Federal Law of July 14, 2008 N 118-FZ "On Amendments to the Water Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", the following changes were made to article 65: the new version of the sentence 1 of part 3; part 6 is supplemented with a new proposal; in part 14 the word “settlements” was replaced by the words “settlements”; the word "placement" is excluded from part 16; Part 18 has been revised.
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SZ RF. 2008. N 29 (part 1). Art. 3418.
The essence of the changes introduced in part 3 was the need to reflect the characteristics of the seas as specific water bodies. In the previous edition, the boundary of the protected zones and stripes for all water bodies outside the settlements was determined along the coastline. In accordance with the current edition, the boundary of the protection zones (strips) of the seas is measured from the line of maximum tide.
Before the amendments were made to Part 6, the width of the buffer zones (strips) of reservoirs was fixed and amounted to 50 m. In accordance with the current edition, the width of such a zone (strip) of the reservoir should correspond to the width of similar zones for the watercourse on which the reservoir is organized. For example, if the Kuibyshev reservoir (Volga river) had a water protection zone 50 m wide before the amendments, now it should be 200 m by virtue of part 4 of the article being commented on.
The amendment in Part 14 (replacing the word “settlement” with the words “settlement”) is recognized to distinguish concepts such as “the place where people live” (settlement) from “one of the territorial units of local government” (settlement).
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See: Part 1 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law of 06.10.2003 N 131-FZ "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" // SZ RF. 2003. N 40. Art. 3822.
The exclusion of the word “placement” from part 16 of the commented article is also associated, in our opinion, with bringing regulatory legal acts in line with the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ, in which the rules of territorial zoning are enshrined and systematized.
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SZ RF. 2005. N 1 (part 1). Art. 16.
The original version of part 18 of the commented article contained a reference to land legislation in terms of determining the procedure for securing the boundaries of protected zones (stripes). In the current version, the powers to establish the procedure for securing borders are delegated to the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. Link to other articles. The provisions of the commented article are applied insofar as it does not contradict the rules of protection from pollution of swamps (Art. 57), glaciers and snowfields (Art. 58), protection of groundwater bodies (Art. 59), protection of forests (Art. 63), as well as the provision of article 49 of the commented Code on the protection of water bodies containing medicinal water resources, zones of special (art. 34) and sanitary protection (part 2 of art. 43) sources of drinking and household purposes (see the commentary to them).
6. The procedure for establishing boundaries. In accordance with part 18 of the commented article, the Government of the Russian Federation is empowered to determine the procedure for establishing water protection zones and coastal protection zones on the ground. In accordance with its powers, the Government of the Russian Federation has adopted the relevant Rules.
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Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 10.01.2009 N 17 "On approval of the Rules for establishing on the ground the boundaries of water protection zones and the boundaries of coastal protection zones of water bodies" // SZ RF. 2009. N 3. Art. 415.
According to the Rules, the establishment of boundaries is aimed at informing citizens and legal entities about the special regime for carrying out economic and other activities within the boundaries of water protection zones and about additional restrictions on economic and other activities within the boundaries of coastal protection zones (clause 2).
In accordance with paragraph 4 of these Rules, the establishment of the boundaries of the water protection zone and the width of the coastal protective strip for each water body on the ground includes:
a) determination of the width of the water protection zone and the width of the coastal protection zone;
b) a description of the boundaries of the zone (strip), their coordinates and control points;
c) display of boundaries on cartographic materials;
d) the establishment of boundaries on the ground, including through the placement of special information signs.
Information on the boundaries of water protection zones and the boundaries of coastal protection zones of water bodies, including cartographic materials, is submitted within a month to the Federal Agency for Water Resources for entering them into the state water register (see commentary to Article 31).
The powers to establish boundaries on the ground are vested in state authorities.
First, the Federal Agency for Water Resources in relation to all objects, the corresponding powers in respect of which have not been transferred to the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In particular, these are seas and (or) their parts, reservoirs, which are completely located on the territories of the respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the use of water resources of which is carried out to provide drinking and domestic water supply for 2 or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the list.
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Secondly, the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to the extent of their powers.
These state authorities are obliged to ensure the placement of special information signs throughout the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection strips of water bodies at characteristic points of the relief, as well as at the intersection of water bodies by roads, in recreation areas and other places of mass stay of citizens and the maintenance of these signs in proper condition (clause 6 of the Rules). Samples of special signs approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation of 13.08.2009 N 249 "On the approval of samples of special information signs to designate the boundaries of water protection zones and the boundaries of coastal protection zones of water bodies."
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BNA RF. 2009. N 43.
Land owners, landowners and land users of land plots, whose land plots are subject to the regime of water protection zones and coastal protection zones, are obliged to provide unhindered access for representatives of authorized state authorities in order to place special information signs on the relevant land plots and maintain them in proper condition.
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Highlighted by us. From the wording of paragraph 7 of these Rules (“land plots on the lands of which water protection zones and coastal protection zones of water bodies are located”) it is assumed that the indicated zones (stripes) are located on the land plots. However, there are no physically indicated zones (stripes) on the sites. Land plots subject to regime restrictions may be included in the composition of lands of various categories with their own legal regime. The restrictions provided for by the commented article are legally established rules that operate within certain boundaries, regardless of the legal regime of lands and land plots. For more details see: O.I. Krassov. Land law: Textbook. M .: Jurist, 2007.S. 120 - 122.
The list of water bodies, the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection zones are established by the Federal Agency for Water Resources and its territorial bodies.
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Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2008 N 2054-r "On approval of the List of water bodies that are completely located on the territories of the respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the use of water resources of which is carried out to ensure drinking and domestic water supply to two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation" // SZ RF. 2009. N 2. Art. 335.
N Reservoir name Location
1. Belgorod reservoir Belgorod region
2. Boguchanskoe reservoir Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region
3. Borisoglebskoe reservoir Murmansk region
4. Bratsk reservoir Irkutsk region
5. Bureyskoye reservoir Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region
6. Vazuzskoe reservoir Smolensk region, Tver region
7. Velyevskoe reservoir Novgorod region
8. Upper Volga reservoir Tver region
9. Verkhne-Ruzskoe reservoir Moscow region
10. Verkhne-Svirsk reservoir
shche (river part) Leningrad region
11. Vilyui reservoir Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Irkutsk region
12. Volgograd reservoir Volgograd region, Saratov region
13. Volkhov reservoir Leningrad region, Novgorod region
14. Votkinsk reservoir Udmurt Republic, Perm Territory
15. Vyshnevolotskoe reservoir Tver region
16. Gorky reservoir, Ivanovo region, Kostroma region,
Nizhny Novgorod region, Yaroslavl region
17. Egorlykskoe reservoir Stavropol Territory
18.Zeya reservoir Amur region
19. Ivankovskoe reservoir Moscow region, Tver region
20. Ikshinskoye reservoir Moscow region
21. Iovskoe reservoir Republic of Karelia, Murmansk region
22. Iremel reservoir Republic of Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk
region
23. Iriklinskoe reservoir Orenburg region
24. Irkutsk reservoir Irkutsk region
25. Istra reservoir Moscow region
26. Kaitakoski reservoir Murmansk region
27. Kama reservoir Perm region
28. Klyazminskoe reservoir Moscow region
29. Knyazhegubskoe reservoir Republic of Karelia, Murmansk region
30. Kolyma reservoir Magadan region
31. Krasnodar reservoir Republic of Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
32. Krasnoyarsk reservoir Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory
33. Kubanskoe (Big)
reservoir Karachay-Cherkess Republic
34. Kuibyshev reservoir Republic of Mari El, Republic of Tatarstan,
Chuvash Republic, Samara region,
Ulyanovsk region
35. Kursk reservoir Stavropol Territory
36. Lesogorskoe reservoir Leningrad region
37. Main reservoir Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory
38. Mikhailovskoe reservoir Kursk region, Oryol region
39. Mozhaisk reservoir Moscow region
40. Narva reservoir Leningrad region
41. Nizhnekamsk reservoir Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic
Tatarstan, Udmurt Republic
42. Novosibirsk reservoir Altai Territory, Novosibirsk region
43. Novo-Troitskoye reservoir Stavropol Territory
44. Nyazepetrovskoe reservoir Chelyabinsk region
45. Ozerninskoe reservoir Moscow region
46. Pestovskoe reservoir Moscow region
47. Pravdinskoe reservoir
(HPP-3) Kaliningrad region
48. Proletarskoe reservoir Republic of Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory,
Rostov region
49. Pronskoe reservoir Ryazan region, Tula region
50. Pyalovskoe reservoir Moscow region
51. Rayakoski reservoir Murmansk region
52. Rublevskoe reservoir Moscow region
53. Ruza reservoir Moscow region
54. Rybinsk reservoir Vologda region, Tver region,
Yaroslavskaya oblast
55. Saratov reservoir Samara region, Saratov region,
Ulyanovsk region
56. Sayano-Shushensky reservoir
Article 60. Water protection zones of water bodies and coastal protection zones. 1. Water protection zones of water bodies are lands that adjoin the coastline of surface water bodies and on which a special regime of economic and other activities is established in order to prevent pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water bodies, as well as preserve the habitat of flora and fauna ...
Coastal protection zones are established within the water protection zones, on the territories of which additional restrictions on economic and other activities are introduced.
2. Within the water protection zones of water bodies, it is prohibited:
aviation chemical works;
the use of chemicals to combat pests, plant diseases and weeds;
the use of wastewater for soil fertilization;
placement of hazardous production facilities where hazardous substances are produced, used, processed, generated, stored, transported and destroyed, the list of which is determined by federal laws;
placement of warehouses for pesticides, mineral fertilizers and fuels and lubricants, sites for refueling equipment with pesticides, livestock complexes and farms, storage and disposal sites for industrial, household and agricultural waste, cemeteries and cattle burial grounds, waste water storage;
storage of waste and garbage;
refueling, washing and repairing cars and other machines and mechanisms;
placement of summer cottages, orchards and vegetable gardens when the width of water protection zones of water bodies is less than 100 meters and the steepness of the slopes of the adjacent territories is more than 3 degrees;
placement of parking lots for vehicles, including in the territories of summer cottages, garden and vegetable gardens;
final felling;
carrying out earthmoving and other works without the consent of the federal executive body for the management of water bodies in the event that the water body is in federal ownership, and without the consent of the owner in the event that the water body is isolated.
On the territories of water protection zones of water bodies, it is allowed to carry out intermediate felling and other forestry activities to ensure the protection of water bodies.
In cities and other settlements, if there is a storm sewer and an embankment within the water protection zones of water bodies, it is allowed to place objects for refueling, washing and repairing cars at a distance of no closer than 50 meters, and parking facilities for vehicles - no closer than 20 meters from the water's edge.
3. Within the coastal protection zones, in addition to the restrictions specified in part 2 of this article, it is prohibited:
plowing of land;
the use of fertilizers;
storage of dumps of eroded soil;
grazing and organizing summer camps for livestock (except for the use of traditional watering places), arrangement of bathing baths;
the installation of seasonal stationary tent camps, the placement of country, garden and vegetable garden plots and the allocation of plots for individual construction;
movement of cars and tractors, except for special purpose vehicles.
The regime of economic and other activities established for coastal protection zones applies to the coast of a water body.
4. The width of water protection zones and coastal protection zones outside the territories of cities and other settlements is established:
for rivers, oxbows and lakes (except for non-flowing intra-boggy ones) - from the average long-term highest level during the ice-free period;
for reservoirs - from the average long-term highest level during the ice-free period, but not lower than the forced backwater level of the reservoir;
for the seas - from the maximum tide level.
No water protection zones are established for swamps. The width of the coastal protection zones for bogs in the sources of rivers and streams, as well as floodplain bogs, is established from the boundary of the bog (zero depth of peat deposit) in the adjacent territory.
The width of water protection zones outside the territories of settlements is established for sections of watercourses with a length from their source:
up to 10 kilometers - 50 meters;
from 10 to 50 kilometers - 100 meters;
from 50 to 100 kilometers - 200 meters;
from 100 to 200 kilometers - 300 meters;
from 200 to 500 kilometers - 400 meters;
from 500 kilometers or more - 500 meters.
For streams less than 300 meters long from source to mouth, the water protection zone coincides with the coastal protection zone.
The radius of the water protection zone for the sources of rivers and streams is 50 meters.
The width of water protection zones for lakes and reservoirs is taken for an area of up to 2 sq. kilometers - 300 meters, from 2 sq. kilometers and more - 500 meters.
The width of the water protection zones of the seas is 500 meters.
5. The boundaries of the water protection zones of the main and inter-farm canals are aligned with the boundaries of the land allotment bands for these canals.
For river sections enclosed in closed collectors, water protection zones are not established.
6. The width of coastal protection zones for rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies is established depending on the steepness of the coastal slopes and is, with the steepness of the slopes of the adjacent territories:
with a reverse or zero slope - 30 meters;
with a slope of up to 3 degrees - 50 meters;
with a slope of more than 3 degrees - 100 meters.
For bog lakes and watercourses, the width of the coastal protection strip is set at 50 meters.
The width of coastal protection zones for areas of water bodies of especially valuable fishery value (spawning grounds, wintering pits, feeding grounds) is set at 200 meters regardless of the slope of the adjacent lands.
In urban settlements, in the presence of storm sewers and an embankment, the border of the coastal protective strips is combined with the embankment parapet.
7. Securing the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection strips of water bodies (except for isolated water bodies) on the ground with water protection signs of the established pattern is provided by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the boundaries of isolated water bodies - by the owners.
The federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation shall inform the population about the establishment of the boundaries of water protection zones, coastal protection zones and the regime of economic and other activities within their limits in the manner prescribed by part 9 of Article 41 of this Code.
For the purposes of observing the legal regime of water protection zones and coastal protection zones, before fixing their boundaries on the ground with water protection signs, the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection zones of water bodies are considered established for land owners, landowners, land users and land tenants.
8. Information about the boundaries of water protection zones and coastal protection zones shall be entered into the state land cadastre.
9. Coastal protection belts should be predominantly occupied by trees and shrubs or tinned.
10. Maintenance of water protection zones and coastal protection zones, as well as water protection signs, is assigned to the federal executive body for the management of water bodies, water bodies in special use - on water users, and isolated water bodies - on owners.
11. The regime for the use of the territories of water protection zones and coastal protection zones in border areas is established by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Do you think you are Russian? Born in the USSR and think that you are Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian? No. This is not true.
You are actually Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian. But you think you are a Jew.
Game? Wrong word. The correct word is "imprinting".
The newborn associates himself with those facial features that he observes immediately after birth. This natural mechanism is characteristic of most living creatures with vision.
For the first few days, newborns in the USSR saw their mother for a minimum of feeding time, and most of the time they saw the faces of the maternity hospital staff. By a strange coincidence, they were (and still are) mostly Jewish. The reception is wild in its essence and effectiveness.
All your childhood you wondered why you live surrounded by non-native people. Rare Jews on your way could do anything with you, because you were drawn to them, and others were repelled. And even now they can.
You cannot fix this - imprinting is one-time and for life. It is difficult to understand this, the instinct took shape when you were still very far from the ability to formulate. Since that moment, no words or details have survived. Only facial features remained in the depths of my memory. Those traits that you consider to be your own.
1 commentSystem and Observer
Let's define a system as an object, the existence of which is beyond doubt.
An observer of a system is an object that is not part of the system he observes, that is, it determines its existence, including through factors independent of the system.
From the point of view of the system, the observer is a source of chaos - both control actions and the consequences of observational measurements that do not have a causal relationship with the system.
An internal observer is a potentially achievable object for the system in relation to which inversion of observation and control channels is possible.
An external observer is even a potentially unreachable object for the system, located beyond the system's event horizon (spatial and temporal).
Hypothesis No. 1. All-seeing eye
Let's assume that our universe is a system and it has an external observer. Then observational measurements can occur, for example, with the help of "gravitational radiation" penetrating the universe from all sides from the outside. The capture cross-section of "gravitational radiation" is proportional to the mass of the object, and the projection of the "shadow" from this capture onto another object is perceived as an attractive force. It will be proportional to the product of the masses of objects and inversely proportional to the distance between them, which determines the density of the "shadow".
The capture of "gravitational radiation" by an object increases its chaos and is perceived by us as the passage of time. An object that is opaque for "gravitational radiation", the capture cross section of which is larger than the geometric size, looks like a black hole inside the universe.
Hypothesis No. 2. Inner Observer
It is possible that our universe is observing itself. For example, with the help of pairs of quantum entangled particles spaced apart in space as standards. Then the space between them is saturated with the probability of the existence of the process that generated these particles, reaching the maximum density at the intersection of the trajectories of these particles. The existence of these particles also means that there is no sufficiently large capture cross section on the trajectories of objects to absorb these particles. The rest of the assumptions remain the same as for the first hypothesis, except:
Time flow
Outside observation of an object approaching the event horizon of a black hole, if the “external observer” is the determining factor of time in the universe, will slow down exactly twice - the black hole's shadow will block exactly half of the possible trajectories of “gravitational radiation”. If the “inner observer” is the determining factor, then the shadow will block the entire trajectory of interaction and the flow of time for an object falling into a black hole will completely stop for a view from the side.
Also, the possibility of combining these hypotheses in one proportion or another is not excluded.
1. Water protection zones are territories that adjoin the coastline (boundaries of a water body) of the seas, rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and on which a special regime is established for the implementation of economic and other activities in order to prevent pollution, clogging, siltation of these water bodies and the depletion of their waters, as well as the preservation of the habitat of aquatic biological resources and other objects of the animal and plant world.
(as amended by Federal Law of 13.07.2015 N 244-FZ)
2. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, coastal protection zones are established, on the territories of which additional restrictions economic and other activities.
3. Outside the territories of cities and other settlements, the width of the water protection zone of rivers, streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs and the width of their coastal protection strip are established from the location of the corresponding coastline (the boundary of the water body), and the width of the water protection zone of the seas and the width of their coastal protection stripes - from the line of maximum tide. In the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones of these water bodies coincide with the embankment parapets, the width of the water protection zone in such areas is established from the embankment parapet.
4. The width of the water protection zone of rivers or streams is established from their source for rivers or streams with a length of:
1) up to ten kilometers - in the amount of fifty meters;
2) from ten to fifty kilometers - in the amount of one hundred meters;
3) from fifty kilometers or more - in the amount of two hundred meters.
5. For a river, brook less than ten kilometers long from source to mouth, the water protection zone coincides with the coastal protection zone. The radius of the water protection zone for the sources of the river, stream is set at fifty meters.
6. The width of the water protection zone of a lake, a reservoir, with the exception of a lake located inside a swamp, or a lake, a reservoir with a water area of less than 0.5 square kilometers, shall be set at fifty meters. The width of the water protection zone of a reservoir located on a watercourse is set equal to the width of the water protection zone of this watercourse.
(as amended by Federal Law of 14.07.2008 N 118-FZ)
7. The boundaries of the water protection zone of Lake Baikal are established in accordance with the Federal Law of May 1, 1999 N 94-FZ "On the protection of Lake Baikal".
(Part 7 as amended by Federal Law of 28.06.2014 N 181-FZ)
8. The width of the sea water protection zone is five hundred meters.
9. Water protection zones of main or inter-farm canals coincide in width with the right-of-way of such canals.
10. Water protection zones of rivers and their parts placed in closed collectors are not established.
11. The width of the coastal protection strip is set depending on the slope of the bank of the water body and is thirty meters for a reverse or zero slope, forty meters for a slope of up to three degrees and fifty meters for a slope of three or more degrees.
12. For flowing and wastewater lakes and corresponding watercourses located within the boundaries of swamps, the width of the coastal protection strip is set at fifty meters.
13. The width of the coastal protection strip of a river, lake, reservoir of especially valuable fishery value (spawning, feeding, wintering grounds for fish and other aquatic biological resources) is set at two hundred meters regardless of the slope of the adjacent lands.
14. On the territories of settlements, in the presence of centralized storm drainage systems and embankments, the boundaries of the coastal protection zones coincide with the parapets of the embankments. The width of the water protection zone in such territories is established from the embankment parapet. In the absence of an embankment, the width of the water protection zone, the coastal protection strip is measured from the location of the coastline (the boundary of the water body).
(as amended by Federal Laws of 14.07.2008 N 118-FZ, of 07.12.2011 N 417-FZ, of 13.07.2015 N 244-FZ)
15. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, it is prohibited:
1) the use of wastewater to regulate soil fertility;
(as amended by Federal Law of 21.10.2013 N 282-FZ)
2) placement of cemeteries, cattle burial grounds, objects of disposal of production and consumption waste, chemical, explosive, toxic, poisonous and poisonous substances, disposal sites for radioactive waste;
(as amended by Federal Laws of 11.07.2011 N 190-FZ, of 29.12.2014 N 458-FZ)
3) implementation of aviation measures to combat harmful organisms;
(as amended by Federal Law of 21.10.2013 N 282-FZ)
4) movement and parking of vehicles (except for special vehicles), except for their movement on roads and parking on roads and in specially equipped places with a hard surface;
5) location of filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants (except for cases where filling stations, warehouses of fuel and lubricants are located in the territories of ports, shipbuilding and ship repair organizations, infrastructure of inland waterways, subject to compliance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and of this Code), service stations used for technical inspection and repair of vehicles, washing vehicles;
(Clause 5 was introduced by the Federal Law of October 21, 2013 N 282-FZ)
6) placement of specialized storage facilities for pesticides and agrochemicals, the use of pesticides and agrochemicals;
(Clause 6 was introduced by the Federal Law of October 21, 2013 N 282-FZ)
7) discharge of waste water, including drainage water;
(Clause 7 was introduced by the Federal Law of October 21, 2013 N 282-FZ)
8) exploration and production of widespread minerals (except for cases where exploration and production of widespread minerals is carried out by subsoil users who are engaged in exploration and production of other types of minerals, within the boundaries provided to them in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the subsoil of mining allotments and (or ) geological allotments on the basis of an approved technical design in accordance with Article 19.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N 2395-1 "On Subsoil").
(Clause 8 was introduced by the Federal Law of October 21, 2013 N 282-FZ)
16. Within the boundaries of water protection zones, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation of economic and other facilities are allowed, provided that such facilities are equipped with structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water in accordance with water legislation and legislation in the field of environmental protection. The choice of the type of structure that ensures the protection of a water body from pollution, clogging, silting and depletion of water is carried out taking into account the need to comply with the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms established in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection. For the purposes of this article, structures that ensure the protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging, siltation and depletion of water are understood as:
1) centralized drainage systems (sewerage), centralized storm drainage systems;
2) structures and systems for the drainage (discharge) of wastewater into centralized drainage systems (including rain, melt, infiltration, irrigation and drainage waters), if they are intended to receive such waters;