Personal names, patronymics and surnames in Russian bow down, if their endings can be changed in accordance with the rules of Russian inflection. Some foreign names borrowed into the Russian language and their final elements sometimes differ sharply from typical Russian names and their endings. Such names remain indeclinable in the literary language. Below are the rules for declension of Russian surnames, as well as personal names of representatives of other peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens.

The declension of surnames in Russian is also determined by the nature of the endings and the correspondence between the grammatical gender of the word and the gender of the name. The main core of the surnames of the Russian population, as well as many other peoples of our country, are the so-called standard surnames, decorated with suffixes -ov / ev, -in / yn, -sky / sky, -tsky / tsky. These surnames are freely declined according to the patterns given below.

But the Russian and many other peoples have surnames that are not decorated with the corresponding suffixes. They do not lean in all cases..

Declined surnames are consonant with adjectives: Poor, Fried, Necessary, Steel, Wretched. These surnames can have masculine, feminine, and plural forms.

Non-standard surnames consonant with a noun often do not have male and female counterparts. Among them are masculine words: Bull, Mustache, Neighbor, Miller, Pupil, Tatar, Treasurer- and feminine words: Friday, Fate, Winter, Pen, Beauty, Goose, Crow, Cook. Both belong to both men and women and decline according not to gender, but to the gender of the speaker.

There are even surnames that are consonant with the words neuter gender: Dish, Benefit, Chisel. The discrepancy between the surnames coinciding with the words of the middle gender and the gender of the person (male and female) makes it possible not to decline these surnames. Surnames remain indeclinable Stetsko, Pisarenko, Moskalenko.

Surnames historically formed from the genitive case of a personal or nicknamed name of the head of the family or of the entire family as a whole remain outside the grammatical gender and, therefore, indeclinable: Khitrovo, Mertvago, Burago(from Sly, Dead, Brown), Sedykh, Fomina (from Gray, Fomina).

The surname as a naming of the family suggests the presence plural forms: Petrovs, Kashkins, Vvedenskys. If those who are getting married take a common surname, it is written in the plural: Dmitriev, Don, Mustachioed. Non-standard surnames, except for surnames in the form of adjectives, do not have official documentary plural forms. Therefore they write: Maria Ivanovna and Nikolai Ivanovich Vinograd, spouses Neighbor, husband and wife Suzdal.

Despite a number of difficulties that arise when declensing proper Russian and foreign surnames in Russian, it is still desirable to inflect all elements of a person's naming if they are amenable to declension. The system of case endings in force in the Russian language quite rigidly forces us to perceive the inflected word left without declension as standing in the wrong case or belonging to the wrong gender to which it actually belongs. For example, Ivan Ivanovich Sima, in the genitive should be Ivan Ivanovich Sima. If it is written: for Ivan Ivanovich Sim, this means that in the nominative case this surname has the form Sim, not Sima. Left without declination, male surnames such as Wind, Nemeshay will be mistaken for female ones, because such surnames in men are inclined: with Petr Sergeevich Nemesha, from Vladimir Pavlovich Vetra.

Below are some examples of surname declensions in Russian:

Standard Russian surnames
	Male surname		Female surname
AND.	Smirnov	Kromskoy	Smirnova	Kromskaya
R.	Smirnova	Kromsky	Smirnova	Kromskoy
D.	Smirnov	Kromsky	Smirnova	Kromskoy
IN.	Smirnova	Kromsky	Smirnov	Kromskaya
T.	Smirnov	Kromsky	Smirnova	Kromskoy
P.	about Smirnov	about Kromsky	about Smirnova	about Kromskaya

	Plural of both surnames
AND.	Smirnovs	Kromsky
R.	Smirnov	Kromsky
D.	Smirnov	Kromsky
IN.	Smirnov	Kromsky
T.	Smirnov	Kromsky
P.	about the Smirnovs	about Kromsky

In many situations, it is very important for a person to know how male surnames are inclined. For example, a student needs to sign an essay or a notebook, an entertainer needs to announce the performance of a particular artist, and a clerk needs to properly draw up personal files and other documents. This will be discussed in the proposed article.

How male surnames are inclined with vowels at the end

Let's talk about the norms of the modern Russian literary language and make reservations for colloquial speech. The simplest rule that has no exceptions: male surnames do not change in cases and numbers if there are vowels at the end. Let's list them: "e", "u", "i", "e", "y", "s", "o". Example:

• Come visit Valery Mindadze.
• I know tennis player Nicolas Mayut.
• Got word from Ivan Grosu.

In conversation and in literary works, it is allowed to inflect surnames belonging to men if they are of Ukrainian origin and end either in "-enko" or "-ko" (Bondarenko, Klitschko). For example, you can say: "Come with me to Ustimenka." But when writing a final essay, for example, such an expression is unacceptable. That's right: "Come with me to Ustimenko."

How male surnames are inclined to "-a", "-ya"

For the letters "a" and "z" at the end of a male surname, different rules apply. If "a" is preceded by a vowel, then the above requirement applies in that case as well. Example: Diploma signed for Victor Gogua.

But for the letter "I" this rule works the other way around - the surname is declined. Example: "We remember the life of Lavrenty Beria."

If both letters are after consonants, then two indicators become decisive:

• where does the stress fall?
• what is the origin of the surname.

If the last syllable is under stress, then French surnames do not decline. Example: I have read all the works of Alexandre Dumas.

The same rule applies to Finnish surnames. And here the syllable on which the stress falls is not important: He called Jussi Mikkola.

Previously, this rule also applied to Japanese surnames, but today a different interpretation is clearly applied in all reference books. All of them, like the rest of the surnames ending in "-a", "-ya", are inclined. Example: We visited Ivan Sinitsa's restaurant.

To make everything more clear, let's present the declension of surnames ending in "-a" in the form of a table:

If at the end -uk

Now consider how male surnames are inclined to a consonant. The same rule applies to them. It sounds like this: if male surnames end in a consonant, then they change in cases and numbers. But there are some nuances that should be noted.

One of the most common in western Ukraine are surnames, where related, professional or other affiliation is formed using the suffix "-uk" ("-yuk"). For example, the son of Vasil is Vasilchuk, the cooper's apprentice is Bondarchuk. How are male surnames inclined to "-uk"?

Everything is simple here and the specified rule applies unconditionally:

• Nominative (who?): Sergey Shevchuk.
• Genitive (of whom?): Sergei Shevchuk.
• Dative (to whom?): Sergei Shevchuk.
• Accusative (of whom?): Sergei Shevchuk.
• Creative (by whom?): Sergei Shevchuk.
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Sergei Shevchuk.

If at the end "-k"

Also in Ukraine, surnames ending in "-ok", "-ik" are common. Are there any particularities in this case? How are male surnames inclined to "-k"? According to the above rule, they change by case, but there are features here. One of them is the possible presence of a fluent vowel. Let's look at an example:

• Nominative (who?): Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.
• Genitive (of whom?): Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.
• Dative (to whom?): Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.
• Accusative (of whom?): Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.
• Creative (by whom?): Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Igor Pochinok, Ivan Gorelik.

The most common surnames

Among Russian male surnames, the most common are those that end in "-in" ("-yn"), "-ov" ("-ev"). They decline like adjectives, but in the prepositional case the ending is fundamentally different from the traditional one. Let's take a look at this in comparison. Another nuance is the ending in the instrumental case of foreign surnames with "-in" ("-yn"). It also differs from the traditional one. This can be clearly seen in the table below.

If at the end "-ich"

Most often, such endings have foreign surnames - Serbian or Jewish. Therefore, sometimes the question arises: how are male surnames inclined to "-ich"? Change in cases occurs according to the type of nouns. The endings correspond to the second declension. Let's look at an example:

• Nominative (who?): Ivan Vuyachich.
• Genitive (of whom?): Ivan Vuyachich.
• Dative (to whom?): Ivan Vuyachich.
• Accusative (of whom?): Ivan Vuyachich.
• Creative (by whom?): Ivan Vuyachich.
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Ivan Vuyachich.

For comparison, the name is taken, which is declined similarly (m. R., 2 cl.).

If at the end "-b", "-th"

For native speakers, declension of surnames to "-y" does not cause any difficulties. This option is quite common and fully corresponds to the change in cases of either adjectives (Razumovsky) or nouns of the second declension (Gaidai). How are male surnames inclined to "-ь"? Absolutely similar, which can be seen in the example:

• Nominative (who?): Stepan Korol, Leonid Gaidai, Pyotr Razumovsky.
• Genitive (of whom?): Stepan Korol, Pyotr Razumovsky.
• Dative (to whom?): Stepan Korol, Leonid Gaidai, Pyotr Razumovsky.
• Accusative (of whom?): Stepan Korol, Leonid Gaidai, Pyotr Razumovsky.
• Creative (by whom?): Stepan Korol, Leonid Gaidai, Pyotr Razumovsky.
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Stepan Korol, Leonid Gaidai, Pyotr Razumovsky.

What should you pay attention to? If "ь" is used after the sibilant, the change in cases occurs in the masculine form. For example, this applies to such surnames as Night, Mouse. There are also exceptions in Russian. This applies to dissonant surnames (Pelmen, for example) and reproducing geographical names (Taiwan, Uruguay). They do not change in cases and numbers.

Other exceptions

At the beginning, the rule was already mentioned, according to which all surnames are inclined to consonants in the male version. But any statement implies exceptions. It also exists in Russian.

We did not make out how male surnames ending in "-ih" ("-ih") are inclined. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, they were actually changed according to cases. But today it is believed that surnames derived from adjectives in the plural require the preservation of individuality. Therefore, they are not changed by numbers and cases. Such surnames are an exception to the rule:

• I studied in the same class with Anatoly Pyatykh.
• Everyone laughed at Leonid Fliginsky.

But they should be distinguished from foreign ones, primarily German ones, which must be inclined according to all the rules (Freindlich, Ulrich, Dietrich). Example: I visited Walter Ulrich.

What else should you know

The most difficult question to answer is how male surnames are inclined if they are of foreign origin. For example, the Armenian language is very common on the planet. If about 3 million people live in the country itself, then 8.5 million are representatives of the national diaspora around the world. In their language, by cases (and there are seven of them), both male and female surnames change. In the Russian version - only for men. They are easy to identify because they traditionally end in "-yan" ("-an"): Hambardzumyan, Avjan. More archaic surnames (south of Armenia) may end in "-yants" ("-ants"), "-unts": Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Here's an example of declension:

• Nominative (who?): Hmayak Hakobyan, Georg Tonunts.
• Genitive (of whom?): Hmayak Hakobyan, Georg Tonunts.
• Dative (to whom?): Hmayak Hakobyan, Georg Tonunts.
• Accusative (of whom?): Hmayak Hakobyan, Georg Tonunts.
• Creative (by whom?): Georg Tonunts.
• Prepositional (about whom?): about Hmayak Hakobyan, about Georg Tonunts.

A feature of many countries are compound surnames. For example, they are widespread in Korea, Vietnam, China.

If there is a consonant at the end, then the general rule about changing by cases applies. However, this only applies to the last part. The first remain unchanged. Example: We talked with Kim Jong Il.

Double surnames among Russians are obligatorily inclined in both parts: We enjoyed the work of Petrov-Vodkin.

There are no problems with the declension of surnames like "Ivanov", "Dubinin" or "Ostrovsky". But what about surnames like "Kucher" or "Gogunava"?
Often, the owners themselves do not want to persuade them, arguing that the surnames allegedly do not obey the rules. How they obey!

Here are the declension rules:

1. Surnames that end in a consonant (Reznik, Kulish, Thompson, Doumer)

Male surnames are necessarily inclined: the victory of Mikhail Botvinnik, the resignation of Mieczysław Hryb, the authority of Charles de Gaulle.

Women's surnames do not decline: filmography of Tatyana Bozhok, songs of Anna German, husband of Adele Strauss.

2. Surnames that end in [a]. (Calancha, Mosca, Miyazawa)

They bow both to men (the famous Bogdan Stupka, a novel by Yukio Mishima) and women (the voice of Tatyana Shulga, the career of Lyubov Sliska).

True, Sliska herself will not agree with us, because her surname comes from a Polish adjective, but in this case, Sliska's surname has long been Russified.

Exceptions: French surnames like "Dumas", "Delacroix", "Benoit" are not inclined in any way.

3 . Abkhazian (Italian, Estonian and similar) surnames are inclined if the penultimate sound is a consonant (Sotkilava - Sotkilava).

If the penultimate sound is a vowel (Gamsakhurdia), then the surname is not declined.

4. Monosyllabic foreign names and surnames do not decline (Ra, Ba, etc.)

5. Surnames for other vowels: Dorenko, Dante, Kobayashi, Rau, etc. are not inclined.

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The article gives recommendations on the declension of Russian and borrowed surnames, the main rules and exceptions to them are given. The vast majority of standard Russian surnames with the suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, do not cause problems when used in oblique cases, since they have their own declension paradigm, in which there can be both adjective and noun endings. Compare in the masculine: I.p. Pushkin Serov wolf red R.p. Pushkin Serov wolf red D.p. Pushkin Serov the red wolf V.p. Pushkin Serov's red wolf T.p. Pushkin Gray wolf red P.p. (o) Pushkin (o) Serov (o) wolf (o) red Compare in the feminine: I.p. Pushkin Serov's crow red R.p. Pushkina Gray Crow Red D.p. Pushkin's gray crow red V.p. Pushkin Serov red crow etc. Pushkina Gray crow red P.p. (o) Pushkin (o) Gray (o) crow (o) red Note. As can be seen from the declension paradigm, Russian surnames in the masculine gender in the instrumental case have the ending -ым, like an adjective. They should not be confused with foreign surnames ending in -in, which end in -om in the instrumental case, like a noun. Compare: with Alexander Pushkin, but with Charles Darwin. It should be borne in mind that Russian and borrowed surnames may coincide in sound and spelling, for example: Peter Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin, which should be taken into account when used in the instrumental case: with Peter Chaplin, but with Charlie Chaplin. Further, the rules are formulated and recommendations are given for the use of non-standard Russian and borrowed surnames. SURNAMES WITH A CONSONANT The declension of foreign and Slavic surnames ending in a consonant sound (in writing they end with a consonant letter, soft sign or y) depends on the gender of the named person. If the surname refers to a man, then it is declined as a noun of the second declension of the masculine gender. Women's surnames of this type are not inclined. This rule easily fits into the scheme: Foreign and Slavic surnames with a consonant sound (in writing they end in a consonant, ь or й) For example: I.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai R.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai D.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai V.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai T.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai P.p. (about) Anna Schmidt (about) Peter Schmidt (about) Roman Zyuz (about) Ivan Gaidai Note

1. As can be seen from the diagram, the application of the rule requires knowledge of the gender of the named person. The text or the title page of the publication does not always allow a native speaker to convey such information, therefore, in writing and in oral speech, difficulties may arise when applying surnames to a consonant. For example, the title page lists the author A. Shtol, but the annotation does not contain information about the full name. The reader, not owning reliable data, cannot correctly formulate his speech: “I read the novels of A. Shtol (female surname) or A. Shtol (male surname).
2. “Outlandish” surnames such as Greben and Astrakhan, homonymous with common nouns, geographical names, names of animals and insects, often cause difficulties in declension. Surnames of this type can be divided into two groups:

a) homonymous noun m.r. the second declension (Beetle, Poloz, Amethyst, etc.) should be inclined according to the general rule: give the folder to Ivan Zhuk, say hello to Peter Amethyst, the certificate is given to Dmitry Poloz; if a fluent vowel is found in the surname, then it can be recommended to save it in order to avoid curious combinations, for example: citizen Finger, a certificate was issued to citizen Finger (compare: I don’t have a finger), Ivan Zayats came, a letter to Ivan Zayats (compare: go to the hare) ; b) homonymous with a noun f.r. 3 fold. (Sadness, Love, Astrakhan, Callus, Junk, Bliss, Pain, etc.) can be recommended not to incline for males either.

1. Let's pay special attention to surnames with a fluent vowel like Malchinok, Kobets. There is no single answer in the scientific and reference literature. There are two options:

option I option II I.p. Ivan Kobets I.p. Ivan Kobets R.p. Ivan Kobts R.p. Ivan Kobets D.p. Ivan Kobts D.p. Ivan Kobets V.p. Ivan Kobts V.p. Ivan Kobets T.p. Ivan Kobets T.p. Ivan Kobets P.p. (about) Ivan Kobtse P.p. (o) Ivan Kobets It should also be noted that in oblique cases, homonymy of forms of surnames such as Kravets and Kravets, Zikranets and Zikrants is possible. In this case, it is better to incline the former according to option II.

1. It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous Russian (as well as Russified) surnames and borrowed ones for -ov and -in. For example: Peter Chaplin / Vera Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin / Helen Chaplin, Ivan Flotov / Marina Flotova and Hans Flotov / Helga Flotov. Such surnames differ in the ending of the instrumental case. Russian surnames (as well as Russified ones) in the instrumental case of the masculine gender have the ending -th: Peter Chaplin. A “non-Russian” surname in the instrumental case of the masculine gender has the ending -om: Charlie Chaplin. Women's similar surnames do not tend at all: to approach Helen Chaplin, to meet Helga Flotov. Compare: approach Vera Chaplina, meet Marina Flotova.

Surnames with a final vowel The declension of surnames into a vowel does not depend on the gender of the called person. Based on which vowel the surnames end in, they can be formed into the following groups:

1. Surnames beginning with a vowel (except -а/-я).
2. Surnames beginning with the vowel -a.
3. Surnames starting with -ya.

1. Surnames beginning with a vowel (except -a/-z)

Such surnames may end in e, e, and, u, u, o. They are always indestructible. For example: Hugo, Daudet, Musset, Goethe, Rustaveli, Amado, Camus, Ordzhenikidze, Shaw, Picasso. This list also includes Ukrainian surnames in -ko, -enko: Makagonenko, Kovalenko, Shevchenko, Boyko, etc., as well as Slavic surnames in -ago, -yago, -ovo: Durnovo, Zhivago, Dubyago, etc.

1. Surnames beginning with -a

Surnames beginning with the vowel -a can be divided into two groups:

1. Surnames with a preceding consonant:
2. Surnames with unstressed -a.
3. Surnames on shock -a.
4. Surnames preceded by a vowel and or y.

2.1. Surnames with an unstressed vowel -a The declension of surnames with an unstressed a depends on the origin and whether a vowel or consonant is followed by a.

1. If the final unstressed vowel -a is preceded by a consonant (mostly Slavic and Romance surnames), then the surname changes according to the first type of declension (like a sister):

I.p. Ivan Baida Irina Baida R.p. Ivan Baida Irina Baida D.p. Ivan Baida Irina Baida V.p. Ivan Baidu Irina Baidu T.p. Ivan Baida Irina Baida P.p. (about) Ivan Baida (about) Irina Baida Note. In the reference literature, there are fluctuations in the use of Georgian and Japanese surnames with unstressed a. In the media, you can find both declinable and non-declinable options: Okudzhava's songs, the arrival of Prime Minister Nakagawa, the work of Akira Kurosawa. It should be noted that the noted tendency to change these surnames allows us to recommend inclining them. Finnish surnames, due to their difficult pronunciation, are recommended not to decline: researcher Jaakko Lallukka - works by Jaakko Lallukka, student Juho Ranta - reference for Juho Ranta.

1. If the final unstressed vowel -a is preceded by a vowel (usually these are vowels y or and), then the surname is not inclined: Badzagua, Benois, Valois, Galois, Gvatua, Gerua, Gulia, Delacroix, Dondua, Dubois, Luria, Matua, Moravia, Morua, Rurua, Sturua, Todua, Huchua, Eria, Heredia.

2.2. Surnames with a stressed vowel -a The declension of surnames with a stressed -a depends on the origin:

1. Surnames of French origin are not inclined: novels by Alexandre Dumas, Fermat's theorem, choreographer PetipA's production, student Anton KolesA.
2. Slavic surnames and from Eastern languages ​​change according to the first type of declension:

I.p. Olga Beda Ivan Vernigora R.p. Olga Beda Ivan Vernigora D.p. Olga Bede Ivan Vernigora V.p. Olga Bedou Ivan Vernigor T.p. Olga Beda Ivan Vernigora P.p. (about) Olga Bede (about) Ivan Vernigor

1. Surnames beginning with -ya

The declension of surnames into the vowel -ya depends on the place of stress and origin:

1. Surnames of French origin with an accent on the end do not decline: the novels of Emile Zola, the ancestors of Henri Troyat.
2. All other surnames tend to -ya:

I.p. Irina Goddess Egor Agumaya R.p. Irina Goddess Egor Agamai D.p. Irina Goddess Egor Agumai In Irina Goddess Egor Agumai T.p. Irina Goddess Egor Agumaya P.p. (o) Irina Bogina (o) Egor Agumay Note. Surnames in -iya have features in declension (see declension of names in -iya, such as Natalia): I.p. George Danelia R.p. George Danelia D. p. George Danelia V. p. George Danelia T.p. George Danelia P.p. (o) Georgy Danelia SURNAME ENDING IN –-й / -й, -й Surnames formed from adjectives or participles are declined in masculine and feminine as adjectives: I.p. Demyan Poor Elena Bednaya Efim Betskoy R.p. Demyan Bedny Elena Poor Efim Betsky D.p. Demyan Poor Elena Poor Efim Betsky V.p. Demyan Poor Elena Poor Efim Betsky T.p. Demyan Poor Elena Poor Efim Betsky P.p. (o) Demyan Bedny (o) Elena Bednaya (o) Efim Betsky Note. Surnames of this kind should not be confused with similar surnames in -y, which do not have male and female correspondences. For example: Sergey Kolodiy and Elena Kolodiy, Dmitry Smagliy and Natalia Smagliy. They belong to the group of surnames with a consonant, -ь, -й, in which male surnames change as masculine nouns of the second declension, and female surnames do not decline (see surnames for a consonant). Some surnames ending in -y can function in different ways: either as modified according to the model of an adjective and having male and female counterparts (for example, Dmitry Topchiy - Eleonora Topchaya, reference is given to Dmitry Topchem - reference is given to Eleonora Topchey), or as having no male and female correspondences (for example, Ivan Topchiy - Svetlana Topchiy) and changing in the masculine gender as nouns of the second declension, but not inflected in the feminine gender (the reference is given to Ivan Topchiy - the reference is given to Svetlana Topchiy) uh, -ih, don't bow. For example: White, Brown, Zemsky, Plesovsky, Black, etc. Note. Do not confuse Russian surnames in -ih, -ih with German ones in -ih (Mr. Schmuttsich - Mrs. Schmuttsich), which in the masculine form change like masculine nouns of the second declension, while women do not decline (Mr. Schmuttsikh - Mrs. Schmuttsich). See last names starting with a consonant. Note: the list of names for each rule can be found in a separate file. E.A. Glotova, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of the Russian Language and Linguistic Didactics, OmSPU Based on the materials of the book “On the declension of names and surnames: a reference dictionary. Ser. "For a word in your pocket." Issue. 3 / Ed. E.A. Glotova, N.N. Shcherbakova. – Omsk, 2011

SURNAME ON A CONSONANT

Declension of foreign and Slavic surnames ending in a consonant sound (in writing they end with a consonant letter, soft sign or th), depends on the gender of the named person. If the surname refers to a man, then it is declined as nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender. Women's surnames of this type are not inclined.

For example:

	Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
	Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Romana Zyuzya	Ivan Gaidai
	Anne Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
	Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Romana Zyuzya	Ivan Gaidai
	Anna Schmidt	Peter Schmidt	Roman Zyuz	Ivan Gaidai
	(about) Anna Schmidt	(about) Peter Schmidt	(about) Roman Zyuz	(about) Ivan Gaidai

Note.

1. The application of the rule requires knowledge of the gender of the named person. The text or the title page of the publication does not always allow a native speaker to convey such information, therefore, in writing and in oral speech, difficulties may arise when applying surnames to a consonant. For example, the title page lists the author A. Shtol, but the annotation does not contain information about the full name. The reader, not owning reliable data, will not be able to correctly formulate his speech: "I read the novels of A. Shtol (female surname) or A. Shtol (male surname)."

2. "Outlandish" surnames like Crest And Astrakhan, homonymous with common nouns, geographical names, names of animals and insects, often cause difficulties in declension. Surnames of this type can be divided into two groups:

a) homonymous noun m.r. 2 fold. ( Bug, Goose, Belt etc.) often in such cases they keep the surname in the initial form: Ivan Zhuk, reference given Dmitry Goose; if a fluent vowel occurs in the surname, then it can be recommended to save it in order to avoid curious combinations, for example: citizen Belt certificate issued to a citizen Remenu(compare: I don’t have a belt), Ivan came Hare, letter to Ivan Hare(compare: approach a hare ) ;

b) homonymous with a noun f.r. 3 fold. ( Sadness, Love, Astrakhan, Corn, Junk, Bliss, Pain etc.) can be recommended not to decline for males.

3. Surnames with a fluent vowel type little boys,Kobets. There is no single answer in the scientific and reference literature. There are two options:

	option I	option II
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	Ivan Kobets	Ivan Kobets
	(about) Ivan Kobts	(about) Ivan Kobets

It should also be noted that in oblique cases homonymy of forms of surnames such as Kravets And Kravts, Zikranets And Zikranz. In this case, for the former, it is better to use the declension option II.

4. It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous Russian (as well as Russified) surnames and borrowed -ov And -in. For example: Peter Chaplin / Vera Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin / Helen Chaplin, Ivan Flotov / Marina Flotova and Hans Flotov / Helga Flotov. Such surnames differ in the ending of the instrumental case. Russian surnames (as well as Russified) in the instrumental masculine case have the ending th: Peter Chaplin. A "non-Russian" surname in the instrumental case of the masculine gender has the ending -ohm: Charlie Chaplin. Women's similar surnames do not bow at all: approach Helen Chaplin, meet Helga Fleets. Compare: approach Vera Chaplin, meet Marina Flotov.