Availability of a collection system Wastewater– one of the most important conditions for comfortable living in a country cottage or country house. Designing and assembling sewer lines usually does not cause much difficulty, but installing a septic tank in a private house is a key task when creating a local sewer system, is associated with “linking” together solutions to several problems. Moreover, the solutions are sometimes mutually exclusive!
A modern septic tank is a rather technically complex installation, easy to maintain and durable in operation. However, these features are preserved only if the installed treatment equipment is installed and connected correctly.
Each septic tank is connected differently, so installation should be carried out by professionals Source pipesz.ru
Types and features of septic tanks
The simplest and most primitive septic tank is a two-chamber cesspool, the primary chamber of which must be periodically cleaned. Its disadvantages are well known - not the most pleasant smell and the release of practically untreated wastewater into the soil. Plus – relative complexity in technical implementation.
Cesspools
It is with a cesspool that great difficulties arise when choosing its location - after all, from the point of view financial costs and the effort applied, it is most convenient to place the pit as close to the structure as possible. But the presence in such a septic tank (which is practically not a sealed container) of a considerable amount of contaminants, with a high degree of probability falling directly into the ground, dictates the need to move the septic tank as far as possible.
Cesspools will have to be cleaned quite often Source dom-expert.by
Factory-made septic tanks
The most acceptable option for incorporating wastewater into the local ecosystem is to install a septic tank industrial production. Such equipment, due to the peculiarities of its design, is distinguished by almost ideal performance qualities:
light weight;
ease of installation;
the strength of the body made of polymer materials;
high degree of purification of contaminated water;
complete processing of mud masses;
complete autonomy;
minimal maintenance.
If it is not possible to use special equipment, then, if necessary, modern septic tanks can be installed manually, but without knowledge of the technology it still cannot be done
The hardest part of the work is digging a hole for the septic tank and a trench for sewer pipes Source m.2gis.ru
On our website you can find contacts construction companies who offer design and installation services for sewerage and water supply. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.
Criteria for choosing a location for installing a septic tank
The choice of installation location for a septic tank, even if it is completely sealed, is determined not only and not so much by convenience construction work and operational maintenance. The determining factors here are sanitary and epidemiological standards and rules - for example, those reflected in SNiP 2.04.03-85. According to these rules, the location of the septic tank must satisfy the following conditions:
distance to nearest source drinking water(well, well) should not be less than 30 m;
there must be more than 10 m to a stream, river or other natural body of water;
the distance to the external walls of a residential building should not be less than 4 m;
the boundary of the site should not be closer than 3 m;
to the nearest road common use should not be less than 5 m.
In addition, a septic tank in a private house should not be located close to trees - minimum distance 2 m.
General rules for choosing a location for a septic tank Source agrognom.ru
Additional terms
It is necessary to take into account not only these mandatory standards (if violated, significant sanctions from supervisory authorities are possible!), but also take into account local conditions. These include both soil characteristics (depth of groundwater and soil freezing, topography of the site), as well as the presence or possibility of supplying associated engineering communications– some types of factory-made septic tanks are volatile and require three-phase power supply.
The design and dimensions of treatment plants are not standardized, however, when choosing the location of treatment stations, it should be taken into account that the main a drain pipe must approach the septic tank with a slope of at least 2 degrees. In other words, take into account the required pit depth and technical feasibility its compliance.
Selection of septic tank performance
home technical specifications of any septic tank is its productivity, which characterizes the volume of wastewater received and processed over a certain period of time; usually within a day. It depends, first of all, on the volume of the settling chamber, and secondly, on the technology used in the treatment unit for purifying contaminated water.
Inside, the septic tank consists of several divisions, so its real performance cannot be determined based on an external examination. Source ispovednik.ru
The peculiarity of septic tanks is that high-quality wastewater treatment cannot last less than three days; Accordingly, the volumes of the chambers must be sufficient to contain three days of sewage discharge. That is why it is advisable to choose the volume treatment plant with a margin - but with a reasonable margin, since there is one more rule: for efficient work The septic tank chamber must be at least a third full...
According to existing standards, one person produces about 200 liters of wastewater (0.2 cubic meters) per day - this is a fairly average figure, but it is quite acceptable as a base for calculating the performance of a septic tank. You just need to take into account that if you like to soak in the bath every day (a one-time discharge of water from which can exceed 300 liters) - this calculated norm must be increased at least twice.
Thus, for a family of three, the required volume of a septic tank can vary from 1.8 to 3.6 cubic meters. m. Taking into account the reserve - from 2 to 4 cubic meters. Moreover, the number of chambers in the treatment plant does not matter – what matters is the volume of the first of them, the receiving chamber (“sump”).
Septic tanks are made on the basis plastic containers various volumes Source termograd61.ru
Scheme of the treatment system
Having decided on the volume of the sump, you should think over and draw up a diagram treatment plant, in which all local features must be taken into account. Since installing a septic tank correctly means ensuring its long-term operation without unnecessary headaches, it is necessary to calculate all possible options.
The simplest version of the treatment system includes the following main elements:
a pipeline connecting the outlet of the home sewer system to the receiving chamber of the septic tank;
receiving (septic) chamber;
pipeline from chamber to installation soil purification(if its device is planned);
aeration fields for the final treatment of wastewater and its transfer into the ground.
Scheme for removing treated wastewater from a septic tank through a filtration field - if the level of wastewater treatment is low, then approximately once every 10 years you will have to dig up the filtration field and wash or change the crushed stone Source rinnipool.ru
Selection of materials
The main part of the septic tank is the waste chambers, which can be made of a variety of materials:
Septic tanks made of plastic
The most common material for pipelines is polypropylene pipe suitable diameter. It is inexpensive, light in weight, very different high strength and is easy to process. If desired, you can use asbestos-cement, cast iron or other metal pipes- but their service life is significantly shorter than that of polypropylene, and the cost is much higher.
The septic chamber is usually made of plastic or reinforced concrete; in simple cases, brick can be used. Use as a container iron barrels of a suitable volume is a bad idea: they not only rot quickly, but also pollute the soil in the process of rusting. Perfect option– industrially manufactured septic tanks, easy to install and reliable in operation.
Installation of a septic tank for a private house - plastic version septic tank Source plastlist.ru
Septic tanks made of reinforced concrete rings
A common version of septic tanks is made of reinforced concrete rings. Their cost is quite high; In addition, for the delivery and installation of such rings, due to their considerable weight, special equipment is required. However, for large-volume chambers the use of reinforced concrete products may be quite justified.
Installation diagram of a septic tank made of reinforced concrete rings Source strojdvor.ru
Monolithic structures
The most labor-intensive and expensive option for a septic chamber is monolithic design when formwork is assembled in a prepared pit to fill the walls and bottom with concrete. Due to its high cost and the need for large physical expenditures, this method is justified only for very large volumes of wastewater, which is practically unrealistic for a private farmstead.
General terms
In any case, the materials used in the construction of the treatment plant must be resistant to aggressive environments. Polymers ideally meet this requirement, but they have one drawback: they are very light... the low weight of the camera, of course, makes it easier to install, but at the same time it greatly increases the likelihood of it floating, especially at low levels groundwater. Therefore, together with such containers it is necessary to use “anchors” of any available type.
Since installing a septic tank in a private home does not always mean that the most purified water will go into the soil, in some cases filtration (aeration) fields are included in the treatment system. Of course, they take up quite a lot of space, but they allow you to dispose of waste as efficiently as possible.
Installation of septic tanks
Installing a septic tank always begins with digging a pit the right size. When installing ready-made, factory-made “tanks,” it is imperative to provide a concrete pad to which the septic tank will need to be secured so that it is not pushed out by heaving forces.
Source proseptik54.ruIn addition to the hole for the septic tank itself, it is necessary to dig trenches for the supply of sewer pipes and the removal of treated wastewater. If the septic tank will be used all year round, then the pipes must be laid below the soil freezing level.
The septic tank is being connected to the sewer system.
Completion earthworks: the gap between the walls of the pit and outside the walls of the box are filled with any available material; usually - with soil removed when digging a pit.
Video description
How to install a septic tank, see the video:
Conclusion
Today the local sewerage system is required element country cottage or cottage, and if necessary, it can easily be installed independently. But, given the large number of factors that need to be taken into account when designing it, it is better to contact specialists to draw up a specific scheme for treatment facilities.
The most popular and common mistakes when installing septic tanks, which over time lead to unnecessary and expensive troubles. And in some exceptional cases even to an explosion and fire.
A septic tank (please do not confuse it with energy-dependent aeration treatment systems) is a single or multi-chamber container in which wastewater is treated primarily by anaerobic bacteria, with further soil purification.
Insufficient septic tank volume
SNiP 2.04.03-85 requires that each portion of wastewater remain in the septic tank for at least three days. In this case, the minimum required level of cleaning will be achieved. With what cleaner water at the exit from the septic tank, the less often you will have to clean out the filtration well or replace filter systems, and the likelihood of bacterial contamination of the soil due to an insufficient degree of water purification is minimized.
According to standards, it is generally accepted that the volume of wastewater per person per day is 200 liters. You also need to take into account such a parameter of septic tanks as the maximum salvo discharge.
Cement-sand filling has not been made
For plastic septic tanks Backfilling must be made from a mixture of sand and cement in a ratio of 1:5. Under the influence of moisture in the soil, it will turn into a protective cement casing, which will protect the septic tank from heaving of the soil when it freezes, as well as from other movements in the soil.
If the pit with the septic tank is simply covered with earth, when the soil freezes or moves, it will put excessive pressure on the body of the septic tank, which can lead to its damage and further bacteriological contamination of the soil with untreated water.
The top part has not been insulated
The upper part of the septic tank should be covered with insulation and only then covered with earth. The insulation will help keep the temperature of the septic tank as high as possible and protect it from freezing in winter period during seasonal operation.
Typical wastewater temperatures are in the range of 10-16°C. The higher it is, the more active the vital activity of microorganisms will be, and the faster the wastewater treatment will be carried out. Most anaerobic bacteria are active at temperatures from 8 to 30°C (the higher the better). If the water freezes, the bacteria die, and water purification will subsequently stop.
Lack of attachment of the septic tank to the slab at high groundwater levels
If the groundwater level is high and exceeds the water level in the septic tank, it will begin to float like a real ship. The higher the water level in the ground, the stronger the Archimedean force will act. To prevent floating, the septic tank is placed on concrete base and before sprinkling they are secured with anchor straps. However, there are many ways to combat ascent.
No ventilation or drain pipe
The sewer pipe is a continuation of the sewer riser. It is displayed on the roof at a level of 15-50 cm above it. It removes the resulting gases from the septic tank, and also prevents the formation of air vacuum in the pipe during burst discharges.
The vital activity of bacteria is accompanied by significant gas formation. There is carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. The last two are explosive. Therefore, gases need to be ensured to escape freely as quickly as possible. This is what can happen if you neglect ventilation.
But that's not all. Instant drain large quantity water creates a vacuum in the pipe, which draws water out of the water seals (siphons), thereby disrupting their operation. If the water seal has ceased to fulfill its role, odors and gases from the septic tank will enter the room. The drain pipe compensates for these vacuums and also removes gases outside, and not into the room, in the event that the water seals dry out due to a long break in operation. Also, in the absence of a drain pipe, a situation is possible where gas can pass through the water seals if the septic tank is tightly closed.
Another important point. Fan pipe cannot be posted on external wall facade. And above the roof of the heated room, the pipe should rise only 15-50 cm to avoid frost formation and clogging in winter. After all, warm and humid air will flow through it.
Using gray pipes
Inexpensive pipes gray Designed for indoor installation. Special pipes are used for underground installation external sewerage(often they are painted red), which have more high degree hardness (marking SN4 – SN8).
When the ground freezes, gray pipes can be compressed, causing wastewater to enter the soil or the pipe to become clogged.
Incorrect pipe slope
Many people know that the bias sewer pipe should be at least 2 cm per meter of length, and it is believed that the larger it is, the better. But that's not true. With large slopes, large fractions do not have time to be picked up by the liquid and can accumulate inside the pipes, which can lead to blockage.
Planting trees closer than 3 m
Tree roots are quite capable of breaking the tightness of the septic tank over time, therefore planting trees close to each other is not recommended. But planting one or two birch trees near a filtration well will significantly increase moisture removal. After all, an adult birch tree can absorb up to 400 liters of water per day!
Thoughtless introduction of bacterial additives
The use of bacterial preparations intended for cesspools will trigger a violent gas formation reaction in the septic tank, which will raise a lot of sediment from the bottom, which will lead to its removal from the septic tank and silting of the filtration system.
You should also avoid various bioactivators. They contain artificially grown cultures of bacteria, which, as a rule, do not reproduce and simultaneously suppress the activity of natural bacteria.
The best option for starting the processes is to transfer sludge from another long-running septic tank at the rate of 15 liters per person. As a last resort, you can use sludge from cesspools, provided that it has lain there more than a year. If you don’t add sludge at all, normal operation The septic system will begin only in six months or a year.
Failure to comply with rules and regulations
The rules are determined by SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures”, as well as SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 “Hygienic requirements for the protection surface waters" Failure to comply with the rules may result in fines, forced dismantling of the septic tank, and other “pleasures.”
The septic tank must be located at least 5 meters from residential buildings, and at least 2 meters from the neighbors’ fence. The water intake points, with a guaranteed lack of connection between the layers, are at least 20 meters away. At least 5 meters from a busy roadway. To reservoirs - at least 50 meters.
It is also necessary to take into account the possibility of access by a machine to pump out sludge and locate the septic tank no further than 10 meters from the access point.
Failure to comply with certain standards threatens the erosion of foundations, bacteriological contamination of drinking water and conflicts with neighbors.
To connect plumbing fixtures to the water supply network, a flexible water supply is used. It is in demand when connecting faucets, showers, toilets and other water intake points, and significantly simplifies the installation process. Flexible liner is also used during installation gas equipment. It differs from similar water devices in its manufacturing technology and special safety requirements.
Characteristics and types
The flexible hose for connecting plumbing is a hose of different lengths made of non-toxic synthetic rubber. Thanks to the elasticity and softness of the material, it easily takes the desired position and allows installation in hard to reach places. To protect the flexible hose, there is an upper reinforcing layer in the form of a braid, which is made from the following materials:
- Aluminum. Such models can withstand no more than +80 °C and retain functionality for 3 years. At high humidity Aluminum braiding is prone to rust.
- Of stainless steel. Thanks to this reinforcing layer, the service life of the flexible water line is at least 10 years, and Maximum temperature transported medium - +95 °C.
- Nylon. This braid is used for the manufacture of reinforced models that can withstand temperatures up to +110 °C and are designed for intensive use for 15 years.
The fasteners used are nut-nut and nut-fitting pairs, which are made of brass or of stainless steel. Devices with different indicators permissible temperature differ in the color of the braid. Blue ones are used for connecting to a pipeline with cold water, and red ones - with hot ones.
When choosing a water line, you need to pay attention to its elasticity, reliability of fasteners and purpose. It is also mandatory to have a certificate that prevents the rubber from releasing toxic components during operation.
Features of gas connections
When connected gas stoves, speakers and other types of equipment also use flexible hoses. Unlike models for water, they have yellow and are not tested for environmental safety. For fixation, end steel or aluminum reinforcement is used. There are the following types of devices for connecting gas appliances:
- PVC hoses reinforced with polyester thread;
- made of synthetic rubber with stainless steel braid;
- bellows, made in the form of a corrugated stainless steel tube.
Santekhkomplekt holding offers engineering equipment, fittings, plumbing and devices for connecting it to communications. The assortment is represented by products and materials from famous foreign and domestic producers. Discounts apply for bulk purchases, and product quality is confirmed by standard certificates. For information support and assistance, each client is assigned a personal manager. The ability to arrange delivery within Moscow and to other regions of the Russian Federation allows you to quickly receive the purchased goods without unnecessary hassle.
Drainage is a drainage and drainage measure to remove excess groundwater.
If water does not leave the site for a long time, the soil becomes gleyed, if shrubs and trees quickly disappear (get wet), you need to urgently take action and drain the site.
Causes of soil waterlogging
There are several reasons for soil waterlogging:
- clay heavy soil structure with poor water permeability;
- aquifer in the form of gray-green and red-brown clays is located close to the surface;
- high groundwater table;
- technogenic factors (construction of roads, pipelines, various objects) that interfere with natural drainage;
- disruption of the water balance by the construction of irrigation systems;
- The landscape area is located in a lowland, ravine, or hollow. In this case, precipitation and the influx of water from higher places play a big role.
What are the consequences of excess moisture in the soil?
You can see the results of this phenomenon yourself - trees and shrubs die. Why is this happening?
- the oxygen content in the soil decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases, which leads to disruption of air exchange processes, water regime and nutritional regime in the soil;
- oxygen starvation of the root-forming layer occurs, which leads to the death of plant roots;
- the supply of macro and microelements by plants (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) is disrupted, because excess water washes out mobile forms of elements from the soil, and they become unavailable for absorption;
- intensive breakdown of proteins occurs and, accordingly, the processes of decay are activated.
Plants can tell you at what level groundwater lies
Take a close look at the flora of your area. The species inhabiting it will tell you at what depth the groundwater layers are located:
- perched water - it is best to dig a reservoir in this place;
- at a depth of up to 0.5 m - marigold, horsetails, varieties of sedges grow - bladderwrack, holly, foxweed, Langsdorff's reed;
- at a depth of 0.5 m to 1 m - meadowsweet, canary grass, ;
- from 1 m to 1.5 m – favorable conditions for meadow fescue, bluegrass, mouse pea, china;
- from 1.5 m - wheatgrass, clover, wormwood, plantain.
What is important to know when planning site drainage
Each group of plants has its own moisture needs:
- at a groundwater depth of 0.5 to 1 m they can grow on raised beds vegetables and annual flowers;
- water depth up to 1.5 m is well tolerated vegetable crops, cereals, annuals and perennials (flowers), ornamental and fruit and berry bushes, trees on a dwarf rootstock;
- if the groundwater is more than 2 m deep, fruit trees can be grown;
- optimal depth of groundwater for Agriculture– from 3.5 m.
Is site drainage necessary?
Record your observations for at least some time. You yourself can understand how much drainage is needed.
Maybe it makes sense to simply redirect melt and sediment water along the bypass channel, rather than allowing it to flow through your site?
Perhaps it is necessary to design and equip a storm drain and improve the composition of the soil and this will be enough?
Or is it worth doing drainage system only for fruit and ornamental trees?
A specialist will give you the exact answer, and we strongly recommend calling him. But after reading this article, you will gain some awareness on this issue.
Upon completion of technological and production tasks related to the arrangement of the sewer system in apartment building, industrial building, and also in private households it is required to test the involved system using the forced flow method. This task used to identify possible defects or improper installation of the entire involved sewer part and a system testing report internal sewerage and drains will be material evidence of the work on acceptance of the object.
A visual inspection should be accompanied by inclusion in the test report of internal sewerage and drainage systems according to SNIP, which is currently represented by the current regulations of the “D” series appendix, which corresponds to SP 73.13330.2012 “Internal sanitary systems of a building”, in Lately the new updated working edition according to SNiP 3.05.01-85 is applicable.
Construction work is carried out at any time of the year, despite the cold or heat. It is not always possible to choose a season that is comfortable for work, since the deadline for the completion of the project is running out.
In general, installing a septic tank in winter is carried out in the same sequence as at any other time of the year, however, there are a number of features that should be taken into account during installation. Knowing the basic rules for installing and connecting a treatment plant will help you avoid a number of mistakes and prevent breakdowns of expensive equipment, don’t you agree?
The article outlines the pros and cons of performing installation work in the cold season, common mistakes of inexperienced craftsmen are given. Also described step by step instructions installation instructions and recommendations for preserving the septic tank for the winter.
Some people mistakenly assume that it is impossible to install a septic tank in winter and wait until spring to begin installation. However, this is not the case. You can install a septic tank on your property at any time of the year; moreover, in some situations, installation can only be done in winter. This happens when the groundwater level is high.
In the spring, during massive snow melting, the groundwater level rises to critical levels. A situation may arise when a newly dug pit fills with water at high speed. And then there can be no question of editing.
So it’s better to suffer a little with the top frozen layer of soil - it usually does not exceed 100 cm.
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Accommodation in own home will be comfortable if the owners provide everything for this the necessary conditions. Few people are already attracted to the options of delivering water in buckets from a well, with a wooden toilet on the site. All this is acceptable for dacha conditions with periodic weekend visits, but it looks like a complete anachronism if the family lives in the house permanently. This means that normal housing must be equipped with water supply and sewerage. It's good if locality It is possible to connect to central highways and collectors. But such cases are quite rare, and more often it is necessary to create completely autonomous systems.
How to choose a septic tank - detailed instructions
Water supply is a separate multifaceted topic, and in this case we are interested in creating an independent sewerage system. Discharge of untreated wastewater into environment– is strictly prohibited. This means that it is necessary to install special structures or devices for collecting, settling, purifying, and clarifying wastewater. In the practice of private housing construction optimal solution this issue is the use of special containers - septic tanks. Such an element can be built on our own or purchase it ready-made. This publication will discuss how to choose a factory-made septic tank, that is, what criteria for evaluating the product should pay special attention to.
What is a septic tank? The principle of its operation
Septic tank – essential element autonomous system sewer or treatment plant. And, although it is not a complete wastewater treatment scheme in itself, its role is extremely important.
The main purpose of any septic tank is to collect all sewage from a house (group of houses), settle it and preliminary biological treatment varying degrees of depth. The wastewater that has gone through this cycle is discharged into ground filtration devices or structures, or is subject to regular pumping using special equipment. In any case, it prevents the entry into the environment of contaminated wastewater that poses a chemical and bacteriological danger to it.