Some linguists consider the adverbial parts to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.
The verb participle is a special unchangeable form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, connects together the signs of the verb and adverb inside itself and indicates how, why, when the action called by the predicate verb is performed: The waves are rushing thundering and flashing ... Gerunds thundering and flashing indicate additional actions associated with an action rush (predicate).
The participle answers questions doing what? what having done? Questions are also likely as? why? how? when? and etc.: leaving, waiting, seeing.
The gerunds with dependent words are called adverbial turnover: Standing on a stool , he took out books from the top shelf.
The main signs of the participle
A) General grammatical meaning
The verbal participle denotes an additional action that indicates how the action of the predicate verb is performed: Standing by the window, he was intently reading the note given to him.
B) Morphological signs
1. The gerunds are formed from verbs and retain the following signs of verbs:
Wed: think about mom (imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable verb) - thinking (imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable gerunds); ponder (perfective, intransitive, reflexive verb) - thinking(perfect form, intransitive, returnable participle).
2. The participles are followed by signs of adverbs:
C) Syntactic features (role in the sentence)
In a sentence, the adverb and adverbial turnover in most cases play a role incidents, however, with all this, they can adjoin different members of the sentence.
Note. The verbal participle, adjacent to the predicate, can also denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate: The clouds are swirling glitter red ... In this case, the adverb is a secondary predicate. The gerunds in the first meaning (adverbial) do not allow substitution with the conjugated form of the verb: They went slowly and obediently like geese; in the 2nd meaning (secondary predicate), such an alternative is likely: Trees tremble with joy swimming in the blue sky (cf .: Trees tremble joyfully, bathe in the blue sky).
Note. In all the above sentences, the actions indicated by the gerunds and the predicate verb belong to the same person (or object) - the subject of the action. Only in the presence of this condition is the use of the gerunds permissible in modern literary language. In that case, the adverbial participle and the predicate denote the actions of various persons, the use of the adverbial participle especially does not correspond to modern norms. See carefully: What are the syntactic norms for the consumption of participles and participles?
Morphological analysis of gerunds:
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
2. The original form.
3.
4.
5. Syntactic role (which member of the sentence is the gerunds in this sentence).
The standard for parsing the verbal participle
He hurt himself when he fell off his horse.
Falling
1. A verbal participle, because it denotes an additional action; answers the questions when? what having done?
2. N. f. - falling.
3. Unchanged morphological features:
4. Unstable morphological features (unchangeable word).
5. Forms an adverbial turnover with a noun form from a horse; in a sentence the adverbial turnover is a time event.
Additionally:
Material source Website
The chapter "The verbal participle as a form of verbal-adverbial education" in the manual of Valgina NS, Rosenthal DE, Fomina MI "Modern Russian language"
Additionally to the site:
What does the verbal participle mean as part of speech?
Some linguists consider the adverbial parts to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech. The verb participle is a special unchangeable form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, connects together the signs of the verb and adverbs inside itself and indicates how, why, when the action called by the predicate verb is performed: Waves rush, thundering and sparkling ... The gerunds rattling and flashing mean ...
In Russian, there are special parts of speech that are adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar signs.
In contact with
Morphological features
Let's consider in detail, what is participle and gerunds... Even ancient grammars noted their duality, so they gave them a name, meaning "involvement" in a noun or verb.
Participle
It declines, that is, it changes in gender, number, case, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, the presence of the form:
- checking notebooks (imperfect form) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
- checked (perfect view) - the one who checked (what did he do?).
Besides , time matters.It is a permanent feature of data that is either present time (creating), either past (who built). There is also a return form (which recognized xia).
It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - the passive and the real. Passionate participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action on itself (received parcel - parcel received). Real ones, however, reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).
From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a feature of an object by action, which manifests itself in time.
Gerunds
The term originated in the 18th century, has the meaning " attitude to action", Which is indicated by the first part of the word" dee- "(doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal features:
- view perfect (opening), imperfect (closing);
- recurrence (pretending sit).
Perhaps this limits the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.
What is the difference
First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not incline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of the participles are their distinguishing feature.
The following questions will help you distinguish between these verb forms:
- Full participle (what (th; th, th)?); short (what is (-a; -o, -s)?).
- Gerunds (what to do? what to do? how? how?).
Another difference is the different syntactic role. The verbal participle performs the function of a circumstance (Bending, winding, into the distance, a river.) Short participleis only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete can be:
- definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
- part of a composite nominal predicate (the bread was moldy).
Suffixes
The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffix way.
The gerunds are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.
| View | Suffixes | Examples of |
| Perfect | -v, -lice, -shi | Throwing, bending over, saving |
| Imperfect | -and I); -uchi (legacy forms) | Counting, sneaking |
It is the suffixes of the participles and participles that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.
Important! When forming the forms of the perfect form, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.
The gerunds are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:
- ending in -ch (take care, burn the stove and others);
- having the suffix -nu- (pull, fade, shout, and others);
- run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, whip, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.
The condition for the correct choice of a vowel in the suffixes of the present participle is knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.
note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: take care, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.
Table 3
Table 4
The choice of a vowel before -н (n) is determined by the infinitive suffix:
Spelling with NOT
Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.
In other cases, the gerunds with are not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, meaning “less than it should be,” “poor quality,” for example, overlooking the child. Compare: without watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.
Particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full, if there are explanatory words (not published on time novel), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) ...
The use of one and two letters "n"
Doubled letter -нн- in suffixes of full participles, it is written, if available:
- prefix: beveled, cooked (but: uninvited guest);
- dependent words: steamed in the oven;
- suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irov-: preserved, delighted;
- the word is formed from the perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.
Short forms always end with one -n-: based, unpacked.
Insulation of syntactic constructs
Often there is such punctuation error - incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.
Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover... Here are the rules existing in the language with examples.
Participial
Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:
- refers to the personal: lulled by the gentle words of his mother, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed head of the reconnaissance group.
- stands after the designated noun: A soldier stunned by a projectile falls on the battlefield.
- has the circumstantial significance of the reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), Although they were tired after the long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.
Children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), Because they were left to their own devices.
Participial turnover
It denotes an additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.
Important! The exception is the turnovers that have passed into the category of stable expressions, such as: holding their breath, headlong, sticking out their tongue, carelessly.
Compare the two sentences:
- Sticking out its tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out its tongue).
- The boy was racing with his tongue out (running fast).
In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial turnover. In the second, the expression "sticking out his tongue" has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, it is, which does not stand apart.
Common grammatical mistakes
The most common mistake is incorrect coordination of the participle with the explained word, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:
Tikhon was a weak-willed person who completely obeyed his mother - Kabanikha.
The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct version sounds like this:
Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Who completely obeyed his mother - Kabanikha.
Passive and real participles are often confused:
Among the lottery tickets, there was one won.
From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket is won, therefore, we use the word won.
When using the verbal participle, it is important to take into account that both actions, the main and the additional, must relate to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.
The additional action, expressed by the gerunds, does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".
Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof the people, the hero changed his worldview.
For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state, and not an action: Having deceived mother, the children became ill.
Communion and gerunds: what's the difference? Participle and adverbial turnover - a simple explanation
Participial
Conclusion
The speech of an educated person cannot be imagined without verb forms. The first ones help to expand, comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand the verbal participles, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.
1. As already noted (see clause 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the verbal participle is characterized in linguistics in different ways.
Some linguists consider the adverbial parts to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech. In this guide, we take the latter point of view.
Gerunds - an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action is performed caused by a predicate verb.
The participle answers questions doing what? what having done? Questions are also possible as? why? how? when? and etc.
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
The gerunds with dependent words are called adverbial turnover.
Leaving for the village, waiting for the stage, seeing his brother.
The main signs of the participle
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples of |
| This is the designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the predicate verb is performed. | Standing at the window, he carefully read the note presented to him. |
| B) Morphological signs | Examples of |
| A combination of verb and adverb features in one word. | |
| The gerunds are formed from verbs and retain the following verb features: |
Wed: think (imperfect, irrevocable) - thinking; to think (perfect, irrevocable) - thinking; ponder (perfect view, returnable) - thinking |
| The gerunds are spread like verbs. | Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; thinking about the future - thinking about the future; quarrel with the mother - quarreling with the mother.. |
| The gerunds have the following signs of adverbs: | |
|
|
Reading, reading, deciding. |
|
|
Passing the note, he stepped aside. |
| C) Syntactic features | Examples of |
| In a sentence, the participle depends on the predicate verb. | |
| In a sentence, the adverbial participle and adverbial turnover play the role of a circumstance. | [When?] Passing a note, he stepped aside. |
2. Formation of gerunds - gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of special suffixes - -а, -я, -v, -vshi, -shi:
- gerunds imperfect are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -а, -я:
to be silent: silent - at → silently;
decide: solve - hut → deciding; - gerunds perfect kind are formed from the infinitive stem using the suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up - be → shut up;
decide: decide - be → deciding;
to do: busy - be-sya → having occupied;
bring: brought - ty → bring.
3. Single adverbs can lose the signs of a verb and become adverbs. In this case, the former participles cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced with verb forms, usually you cannot ask questions doing what? what having done?), but denote only a sign of action, as adverbs, and answer the question how? The gerunds that have passed into the category of adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened in silence, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).
Closing - a verbal participle, since it has dependent words and can be replaced with a verb form (cf. Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).
Silently - an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it as?; question doing what? cannot be set); in this context it cannot be compared as equal actions: listened and was silent (silence accompanied the only action - listened).
4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:
Adverb parse plan
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form. Morphological signs: | ||
| A | Permanent morphological features: | ||
| 1 | view; | ||
| 2 | return. | ||
| B | Unstable morphological features (unchangeable word). | ||
| III | Role in the proposal (which member of the sentence is the participle in this sentence). | ||
He hurt himself when he fell off his horse (Turgenev).
Falling
- A verbal participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions when? what having done?
- N. f. - falling... Morphological signs:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect view;
2) irrevocable.
B) Unstable morphological features (unchangeable word). - Forms an adverbial turnover with a noun form from horse; in a sentence the adverbial turnover is a circumstance of time.
In the structure of the Russian language, along with there are the so-called special forms of the verb, which many linguists argue about. Some of them say that the po and gerunds can be derived into the composition of the significant parts, while others argue that the dependence of these forms on the verb itself is too great, and therefore there can be no question of any independence. One way or another, but in the school curriculum, the gerund is called a special unchangeable form of the verb, which has the meaning of an additional action and the grammatical features of an adverb and a verb. To determine whether a particular word from the context is this very special form, you should know what questions the gerunds answer. In this case, it's "Doing what?" or "Having done what?" It is worth noting that, in answering these questions, the word should complement the predicate, namely, indicate how the main action is performed in the sentence.
Verb features
Since the participle is formed from the verb and is its special form, it also has morphological signs inherent in this part of speech. First, the view: it can be perfect and imperfect, depending on whether the completeness of the action is indicated or not. For example: having looked (SV) and looking (NSV). transitivity: an adverb, like a verb, with a transitive form can be used without a preposition, together with nominal parts of speech in the genitive case - with negation - and in the nominative and accusative case with the statement. For example: building relationships... And the intransitive participle, examples of which are often found in oral speech, is always used with prepositions. For example: hurrying to help, rejoicing in the sun.
Adverbial signs
In order to determine morphological signs similar to an adverb, you need to remember what questions the gerunds answer. For example: i stand by the window, peering (doing what? how?) into the distance... The example clearly shows that the word peering denotes both action and its sign, depends on the main verb and acts as a circumstance in a sentence. It does not have other morphological features characteristic of an independent part of speech, such as gender, face, time and number, since it is unchangeable.
Imperfect participle
When studying this topic, special attention should be paid to which questions the gerunds of different types answer. So, for example, imperfect participles have the meaning of the simultaneous performance of an additional action with the one that is indicated by the predicate and answers the question "What is doing?" For example: standing on a bench, he took out a cup from the top shelf.
Such participles are formed based on the NSV verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -a- or -я-. The exception is the word be, which is transformed into a special form by the suffix -uch-. In other cases, -uchi- and -yuchi- are used exclusively in order to obtain a stylistically colored verbal participle. Examples: to be - being, playing - playfully.
It should be noted that not everyone can become the basis for the gerunds. The education does not involve lexical units with endings in -ch, -nut, as well as with hissing inside the word and with a base of only consonants. For example: bake, dry, write, drink.
Perfective gerunds
It is important to know what questions it answers and how it is formed, since it is these rules that will help to correctly form the desired word form. The question for the verbal participles CB sounds like this: "Having done what?" Such words have the meaning of an action that occurred before the predicate indicated. For example: standing on a bench, he took out a cup from the top shelf.
These participles are formed from the stem in the past tense by attaching the following suffixes:
- -в-, if the stem of the verb ends in a vowel ( doing, throwing off, taking off);
- -lice-, if the verb is reflexive and its stem ends in a vowel ( glancing, stroking, seeing);
- -shi- if the stem ends in a consonant ( having lost, hiding).
Participles and participles: the difference
It is very important not to confuse the questions of participle and gerunds and to learn to distinguish between these forms of verbs. In fact, there is nothing complicated here. In order to correctly determine in what form the word is used, one should remember which questions are in the participle (What having done? What by doing?), And which questions are in the participle (What is he doing? What is he who has done?). It should also be noted that these two forms have completely different morphological features and meaning. So, for example, a participle denotes actions with pronounced signs of an adjective, while a participle denotes an additional action.
Morphological analysis of the participle
One of the main topics in the study of the section of the Russian language on the participle is this form of the verb. Before proceeding with the analysis, in the provided sentence, you should highlight the grammatical basis and find the participle. For this, questions are posed from the grammatical basis to words. So far, nothing complicated. Knowing that the verbal participle answers the questions (examples are listed above) indicating an additional action of the object or person referred to in the sentence, it is quite simple to define it. Then it is recorded and analyzed.
Morphological analysis is carried out according to the following scheme:
- They write down the name of the part of speech, its grammatical meaning and indicate the question that can be put to it from the main word.
- The initial form of the participle is written down and its morphological features are listed, namely: the type of the participle (perfect or imperfect) and its recurrence.
- Further, it should be noted that the word being parsed is an unchangeable form, and therefore does not have inconsistent morphological features.
- In conclusion, indicate which member of the sentence is the gerunds in this case.
The verbal participle is a part of speech that means that in parallel with some action, something else is taking place. Some linguists consider it more of a verb form, although there are many criticisms of this opinion. In any case, it contains both the signs of the verb and the adverb, denoting both the action and the way of performing it.
In contact with
On what to build the gerunds?
It can be formed from a verb. For example: "thinking - thinking". At the same time, it retains such features as:
- View... In total, two types of verbs can be distinguished - perfect and imperfect. They differ according to the criterion, whether an action is done or not. For example, a word of perfect form is to read. And imperfect - to read. In some cases, the view does not depend on the context. It is important to look at what question the word answers “what to do” or “what to do”. And now we will transfer all this to the gerunds. The perfect verb is "to think". The special unchangeable form formed from it retains all the signs - "thinking".
- Returnability... Reflexive verbs are those verbs in which the postfix "sya" is used. For example, wash. Accordingly, irrevocable ones are those in which it is not. Reflexive participle is what is formed from a reflexive verb. The example of the perfect gerunds given earlier "thinking" is also recurrent, because it is formed from the word "to think".
- Transitivity... Transitive verbs are those verbs and, accordingly, the gerunds formed from them, which can be combined with a noun in the accusative case. Or, as a last resort, with a pronoun. In this case, there should be no pretext. An example is the word "read". The special form built from it will sound like “reading”. It's simple.
This scheme says that we are considering precisely the special form of the available part of speech. Although here are two opposite points of view due to the controversial nature of this subject in scientific circles. Well, we move on.
The participle, as a special form of the verb, retains some of its features, which makes it not quite a separate part of speech. After all, even a noun and an adjective have their own characteristics, features, and not a mixture of the two... Moreover, it does not change in the same way as an adverb. In general, this is a debatable question.
Adverb rules
It is necessary to form these special forms in different ways, depending on the situation. Consider two cases:
In addition, it is impossible to form a special shape from some other words, like wanting, singing, climbing, and so on.
What is the meaning of this part in human speech?
The verbal participles in speech play a very important role. They indicate how the action was performed with the additional action. This sounds complicated enough. But on the example, everything will become clear "Seeing her, he was delighted." The main action is indicated by the word “delighted”. But why did he do it? And this is indicated by the participle "seeing". That is, in order for him to be delighted, it was necessary to see her. And if he had not seen, then he would have walked gloomy.
To describe the same sentence without any special tricks, you need much more words, which negatively affects the brevity. For example "when he saw her, he was delighted"... This sentence, of course, is not very cumbersome, but all the same, there are more words needed to express the same idea. However, the essence remains the same, so there are disputes about the meaning of this form.
- The verbal participle is a subject of discussion among linguists in all aspects, starting with its belonging to the verb and pumping in general with the need to use it. After all, what it means can be expressed in other words. However, the ability to convey the same idea in different ways has always characterized a person from the good side.
- Even native speakers of the Russian language often avoid such complex forms in their opinion. (although some consider the verbal participle part of speech, which, on the contrary, simplifies speech).
Thus, a lot of ambiguities revolve around the verbal participle and it is not known whether such a part of speech or a verb form will be in 100 years due to how quickly languages \u200b\u200bhave changed recently.