Verbal parts of speech. Verb rules and spelling

Any action, process, attitude or state of an animated or inanimate object in Russian is expressed through a verb. In turn, this part of speech is presented in various forms. This article describes in detail what questions the verb answers, indicates its features and examples.

What is a verb in Russian

In russian language verb is an independent part of speech, denoting process, attitude, action or state of a person, object or phenomenon.

The grammatical meaning of the verb is expressed: by the categories of type, conjugation, recurrence, transitivity, mood, voice, number, person, gender and tense. The verb as part of speech is represented by several classes of forms:

• Conjugated forms (read, going);
• Infinitive (search);
• Communions (written, sparkling);
• Gerunds (drawing).

What questions does the verb answer

The verb answers the questions "What to do?" (imperfect form), "What to do?" (perfect form). In the composition of sentences, verbs most often act as predicates, however, in Russian, constructions are used in which verbal forms are used as a subject, definition, circumstance or addition.

Examples of verbs in a sentence:

In the morning we watched an interesting film.

In the center of the city there is a monument to the great poet, about whom the guide told us.

The teacher will ask this text in the next lesson.

Verbs are underlined with a green line.

Features:

The grammatical categories of voice, type, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity are inherent in all verbs and verbal forms, while other categories depend on the speech situation in which the verb is used:

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• Mood - inherent exclusively in conjugated verbs;
• Number - not typical of the infinitive and gerunds;
• Genus - inherent in the forms of the subjunctive mood, past tense verbs and participles;
• Time - characteristic of the forms of the indicative mood;
• Face - inherent in conjugated verbal forms of the indicative mood of the present and future tense, as well as the forms of the imperative mood.

§one. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech

The verb is an independent significant changeable part of speech. The verb word combines different forms. Which one depends on the interpretation of some important concepts.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

The most significant differences relate to the interpretation of what participles and participles are. Some authors believe that participles and participles are special forms of the verb, while others believe that these are special parts of speech. As a result, the question of the number of verb forms is interpreted differently. Proponents of the first point of view teach that the verb word includes the forms:

• the initial form - the indefinite form of the verb (or, as it is also called, the infinitive),
• conjugated forms, both personal and impersonal,
• inflected form - participle,
• the unchangeable form is the verbal participle.

And supporters of the second point of view exclude the participle and participle from the verb forms. In our diagram, therefore, participles and gerunds are connected with the verb with broken lines.

All verb forms are united by common unchangeable features. Variable signs, if any, can be different.

1. Grammatical meaning: "act".
Verbs include words that answer questions: what to do?, what to do?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - kind: perfect-imperfect, transitivity, recurrence, conjugation type;
• mutable
• for conjugated forms: number, mood, time, face (in the imperative and indicative mood of the present and future tense), gender (in the conditional and indicative mood in the past tense in the singular);
• for inflected forms (participles): gender, number, case;
• for unchangeable forms (indefinite verb and gerunds) - no.

Attention:
Those who exclude participles and gerunds from verb forms do not consider the signs of participles and gerunds in this topic.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence:

Personal forms of the verb, as well as impersonal verbs, are most often predicates.

I love Petersburg.
Day is breaking.

The indefinite form of the verb is the predicate or its part, as well as the subject and, somewhat less often, the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence, addition, definition and circumstance.

I love walking around St. Petersburg.
Walking around St. Petersburg is a great pleasure.
Be rain!
The children asked us to go to Petersburg.
We had a desire to go to Petersburg.
I went for a walk in the evening Petersburg.

Attention:
The syntactic role of participles and participles is considered only by those authors who classify them as forms of the verb.

The participles are: full - by definition, short - by predicate.

Petersburg is a city founded by Peter I.

Petersburg was founded by Peter I.

Gerous participles are a circumstance in a sentence.

Having founded Petersburg, Peter I moved the capital there.

§2. Types of verbs

The species is a constant morphological feature of the verb. All verbs are either perfect or imperfect. The generally accepted designation is:

• SV - for perfect verbs,
• НСВ - for imperfective verbs.

Questions to the verb as part of speech: what to do? what to do? - reflect the division of verbs by type.

Formation of species

Most of the non-derivative Russian verbs are NSV verbs, for example: eat, live, love, jump, scream.
From them, using prefixes and suffixes, CB verbs are formed, for example:

eat → eat, finish, overeat,
live → live, live, experience,
love → love,
jump → jump,
shout → shout.

Also in the Russian language, the formation of NSV verbs from SV verbs is widespread. In this case, the NSV suffixes are used: -yva-, -va-, -a-, for example:

rewrite -\u003e rewrite,
shoot down → shoot down,
decide → decide.

Some verbs SV and NSV form species pairs, for example:

do - do,
write - write,

jump - jump,
paint - paint.

The meaning of the verbs that make up the species pair differs in only one component: the process is the result, the multiple is a single action.
Many verbs SV and NSV are not considered a species pair, because in addition to the values \u200b\u200bof the view, they also differ in some additional value, for example:

• write (NSV)
• add (SV, additional meaning: bringing the action to the end),
• rewrite (SV, additional meaning: performing the action again),
• write off (SV, additional meaning: performing an action according to the model, copying),
• write over (SV, additional meaning: write a lot, cover some surface with a letter), etc.

The verbs SV and NSV have different forms:

• nSV verbs in the indicative mood have three tense forms,eg:
  • present time: love, love, love, love, love, love,
  • future tense: i will love, you will love, you will love, we will love, you will love, you will love(future tense form formed by the verb be, called a compound form),
  • past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.
• the verbs CB in the indicative mood have only two forms: future and past tense. Present tense is impossible for SV verbs, because this contradicts their specific meaning. The future tense form for SV verbs is not composite, as in NSV verbs, but simple: love, look, recognizeetc.
  • future tense: love, love, love, love, love, love,
  • past tense: loved, loved, loved, loved.

Attention:

In Russian there is two-species verbs... These are verbs in which the meaning of the species can only be determined in context. In some contexts, they act as SV verbs, and in others as NSV, for example:

After all criminals executed (CB).
Criminals executed the whole month (НСВ).
Yesterday he promised (SV) that will come to us today.
Every day he promised (NSV) to stop by, but every time he postponed his visit.

Do not be surprised:

If a verb has different lexical meanings, then species pairs can be different.

For example:

Learn (НСВ) - learn (SV) what? (words, poem, song), i.e. learn something yourself.
Learn (НСВ) - teach (SV) who? (son, children, high school students, athletes), i.e. teach someone something.

§3. Transitivity

Transition is the property of a verb to control nouns that express the meaning of the object of action, for example:

be in love (who? what?) mother, animals, books, chocolate
watch film, magazines, photos
to read book, report, note, congratulations
there is ice cream, chicken, soup, cake
drink water, tea, coffee, juice

Remember: most often this meaning is expressed in Russian by nouns in V.p. without a pretext.

In the event that the verb has a negative particle not, the noun is more common in R. of the item This does not change the value of the object. For example:

Not to love (who? What?) Brother, animals, books, chocolate.

If the verb controls V.p. noun with the meaning of an object, then this verb is transitive. If after the verbs there are nouns in other forms, and the accusative case without a preposition is impossible, then the verb is intransitive, for example: walk around the city, jump into the water, grow up near the house, doubt the correctness, rejoice in luck and others. The use of such verbs with nouns in V. p. impossible, for example, in Russian one cannot say: walk the city, jump the water, grow the house, rejoice in luck.

Attention:

It is important that passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

§4. Returnability

Verbs are divided into reflexive and non-reflexive. The formal indicator is the formative suffix -sya (-s) at the end of a word. If the form of a reflexive verb has an ending, then the suffix -sya -s follows it, for example:

dressed, dressed, dressed, dressed.

Attention:

• the suffix -sya happens after consonants, for example: swam, bathes,
• suffix -s - after vowels: bathed, swam.

The meanings of reflexive verbs can be different, for example:

• Wash, dress, put on shoes (the subject's action is directed at himself),
• meet, hug, kiss(mutual actions directed at each other: you cannot meet, hug, kiss yourself),
• be surprised, happy, angry (subject's state),
• the fabric wrinkles, the dog bites, the cat scratches (a feature characterizing the properties of the subject),
• getting dark- impersonality.

Remember:

Reflexive verbs are intransitive.

§five. Conjugation

Verb conjugation is the nature of the change of the verb in the form of the present tense by persons and numbers. There are two conjugations, the assignment to one of the two types is made according to the set of endings. This means that the verbs do not change by conjugation, they refer to them. Conjugation is thus a permanent morphological feature of verbs.

Conjugation patterns

Attention:

If the endings are percussion, then determining the conjugation does not cause problems. You do not need to put verbs in an indefinite form: the endings are clearly audible, so you will not be mistaken either in spelling or in parsing.
The problem can arise only with verbs that have unstressed endings.

In order to determine the endings or the type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form. If the verb is on -it then this is verb 2 conjugation.
An exception: shave, lay and an outdated word build up... Also 2 conjugation includes

• 7 exception verbs in -net : twirl, endure, offend, depend, hate,and see,and watch,
• 4 verbs-exceptions to eat : drive, hold, hear, breathe.

The rest of the verbs with unstressed endings refer to the 1st conjugation.

Attention:

Verbs want to run and honor special. Their and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run, run across, run, run etc., refer to multi-conjugated verbs.The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of 1 conjugation, and in others - 2. We conjugate these verbs:

want - want, want, want, want, want, want (in singular endings 1 sp., in plural - 2).
run - run, run, run, run, run, run (in all forms, except for 3 liters of plural, ending with 1 word, in 3 liters of plural - ending of 2 words)
honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms, except for 3 l. plural, endings of 1 word, in 3 letters of plural - ending of 2 letters)

Attention:

Verbs there is and to give do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings.

Eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat,
Give - give, give, give, give, give, give.

Verbs that are derived from is and give also change, for example: eat, eat up, eat, transfer to, submit etc.

It is necessary to know the conjugation of verbs, since this knowledge allows you to correctly write the personal endings of the verbs, as well as the suffixes of the real and passive participles of the present tense. The ability to determine the conjugation of verbs is also necessary when performing morphological analysis.

§6. Mood

Inclination is a variable morphological feature. It expresses the relationship of action to reality. There are three inclinations in Russian:

• indicative,
• imperative,
• conditional (the term "subjunctive" is also common).

Indicative

The verbs in the indicative mood express the actions that are actually taking place and change over tenses.

There are three times in Russian: the present, the past and the future. The forms of the present and future tense can coincide. In the present and future tense, verbs are conjugated, i.e. vary by faces and numbers. The endings, therefore, serve not only as an indicator of a person and number, but also of time and mood. Verbs change in the past tense. Endings serve as indicators of number and gender, and the formative suffix -л is an indicator of time and mood.

Imperative mood

Imperative verbs express motivation. Verbs in the imperative mood have the singular and plural forms of 1, 2 and 3 persons. Examples:

• let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go - the forms of the 1st person express the urge to joint action;
• go, go - the forms of the 2nd person express the urge to action;
• let it go, go, long live - motivation refers to the 3rd person.

Imperative forms with words come on, let's, let be, let it, yes are called analytical forms. These words are involved in the formation of forms 1 and 3 of the person and are indicators of the imperative mood along with the verbs with which they are used.

Conditional mood

Conditional verbs can express:

• condition,
• action possible under any conditions.

If would you called, we would meetb. If would we met, I would return you a book.

The form of the verbs in the conditional mood is the same as in the past tense of the indicative mood *, but with a particle would... If the form is expressed in two words, then it is considered analytical. This means that the indicator of the conditional mood is the formative suffix -л and the particle would.

* Opinions about the conditional form of the verb are different. Some authors believe that this is a form of the past tense, while others consider it a homonymous form of the verb in the past tense.

§7. Time

Time is a variable feature. Time, like mood, is a verb category. They are not characteristic of other parts of speech.
The tense of the verb expresses the ratio of the time of action and the moment of speech. The forms of time differ only in the indicative mood. Three times:

• past,
• the present,
• future.

Not all verbs have all three tenses. Perfective verbs have no present tense.

Real tense and grammatical tense may not match. For example:

Yesterday he comes and is talking: - Today I came on time

(action in the past is expressed in the forms of the present).

The future tense can be expressed analytically, in two words: the verb be in the desired form and an imperfect verb in an indefinite form, for example:

For perfective verbs, only a simple future tense is formed, for example: leave, write, we will see.
In Russian you cannot say: if you write, we'll see.This is a gross violation of the morphological norm.

§8. Face

The face is a changeable feature in the present and future tense verbs of the indicative mood and the imperative verbs. The face designates the manufacturer of the action.
If the action is performed by the speaker, then the verb is put in the form of 1 person.
If the action is performed by the listener, then the verb is put in the form of the 2nd person.
If the action is performed by other persons not participating in the conversation, then the verb is put in the form of the 3rd person.

I like oranges. (1 l., Singular)
We love oranges. (1 sheet, plural)

You like oranges. (2 l., Single h.)
You love oranges. (2 l., Pl.)

He loves oranges. (3 l., Single h.)
They love oranges. (3 l., Pl.)

In Russian, verbs are possible denoting an action that has no producer. Such verbs are called impersonal.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs denote a state of nature or a person that does not depend on their will. Therefore, both nature and man are not regarded as producers of action.

It gets dark.
It was getting dark.
I'm sick.
I'm not feeling well.

Forms of a verb in an impersonal form cannot be a predicate in a two-part sentence. They are the main members of one-piece impersonal sentences.

§nine. Genus

Gender is a changeable morphological feature of a verb. Verbs have singular gender forms. last time of indicative mood and form singular conditional mood.

Lesson passed, lecture passed, interview passed, the meetings have passed (in the past time will be declared inclusive gender differs only in singular).
If a lesson passed (lecture passed, interview passed), we would have gone home (in cond. nakl. gender differs only in singular).

§ten. Number

Number is a morphological feature inherent in all verb forms, except for the indefinite form of the verb and the gerunds.

Verb forms

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true to believe that a verb is a significant part of speech?

2. What morphological features are common for all verb forms?

   • Non-permanent (changeable) signs

3. What kinds of verbs are more common among Russian derived verbs?

4. What tense forms do the SV verbs have?

   • Present
   • Of the past
   • Of the future

5. Can intransitive verbs control nouns in VP?

6. Is it true to believe that transitive verbs are irreversible?

7. What are the names of verbs that have the 1st conjugation in some forms, and the 2nd in others?

   • Impersonal
   • Transitional
   • Multi-conjugate

8. How do verbs change in the present tense?

   • By faces and numbers
   • By number and gender

9. Can impersonal verbs be predicates in two-part sentences?

10. Is tense a constant (unchangeable) feature of a verb?

11. How do verbs change in the past tense?

    • By faces and numbers
    • By numbers and singular by gender

12. Are cognate verbs with different prefixes and different meanings a species pair: rewrite - add?

Right answers:

1. Permanent (unchangeable) signs
2. Present
3. Multi-conjugate
4. By faces and numbers
5. By numbers and singular by gender

In contact with

The verb is one of the most important parts of the speech of the Russian language, which takes a huge amount of time to study in the school curriculum. And this is understandable, because the topic is actually quite voluminous. When studying it, children are explained how to determine the form, type and meaning of a particular word in a sentence, as well as how to parse verbs as parts of speech. The Russian language course assumes familiarity with this section after all the nominal parts. And this is not done by accident, because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, the verb has a conjugation form, which means that the morphological features of this part of speech are fundamentally different from other words and word forms.

Word as part of speech: verb

The definition of the verb, given in school textbooks, sounds like this: it is a part of speech that answers questions denoting an action, and can be expressed in a state (to be ill), a property (to stutter), a sign (to darken) and in an attitude (to be jealous). The initial one, which answers the questions "what to do" and "what to do", is called an infinitive, or an indefinite form, which can be any of its members in a sentence.

For example: to understand (the subject) means to feel; be (predicate) rain; friends asked him to sing (addition); she went for a walk (circumstance).

Children begin to study the topic of the section describing how to parse verbs as parts of speech already in grade 4, and in subsequent years they return to it repeatedly. However, before proceeding directly to the analysis of the verb, you should study its features. This is what will be discussed below.

Constant signs of the verb

One of the important features of this part of speech is that all words related to it may have permanent and non-permanent signs, the study of which is necessary in order to parse the verb as part of speech. The first are:

• Belonging to the species. If the process or action described by the verb is complete at the moment, or it is indicated that it will be so, this is the perfect form. For example: I left, I came, I will write, I will read, I will tell... And if the word does not imply completeness, then this is an imperfect form of the verb. For example: i live, paint, write.
• Transition and intransition. The differences between these grammatical features lie in the presence of a preposition when using a verb with a pronoun or noun. Transitive verbs can be used without prepositions with nominative parts of speech in the accusative, and with negation in the genitive case. And with intransitive forms, the presence of a preposition for the connection of words is a prerequisite. For example: read the letter, did not read the article, built a house, weaned from home, sympathize with a friend, value time.
• Recoverability. It is quite simple to determine this sign, as a rule, all verbs of this type end in -sya or -s. It is worth noting that this characteristic indicates that the verb is intransitive. For example: laughed at his sister, dissolved in water, stick to a diet.
• Conjugation is one of the most important characteristics that is involved in the formation of words and consists in changing verbs by numbers and persons. A lot of time is devoted to studying and consolidating this topic in the school course of the Russian language, and the quality of spelling depends on the ability to correctly determine the conjugation of a verb. However, you can write down the entire topic in one small summary. So, the first conjugation includes all verbs with endings - you, - you, - you, - you, - you, - you, and to the second - with endings in - you, - it, - it, - it, --at, - it... To determine the conjugation, the verb should be changed by person and followed by the change in the ending.

Irregular verb signs

The characteristic of these signs lies in their name, and they are also very important to study before parsing verbs as parts of speech. These include the following factors that affect word formation:

• Mood. The form of this feature shows the relationship of action to real time. There are three forms of mood: indicative (the action takes place now), conditional (the action is only desired) and imperative (action is possible under certain events).
• Time and date. In the Russian language there is a past, present and future tense of verbs. As a rule, there are no difficulties with the definition of this grammatical feature, as well as with the definition of the plural or singular.
• Rod. Like all significant parts of speech, verbs can change in gender, depending on the word that defines the person with which the action is associated.

How to parse verbs as parts of speech

It is the above features that should be indicated in the verb, the plan of which looks like this:

1. Specify the name of the part of speech.
2. Determine the initial shape.
3. Indicate as parts recurrence, transitivity, conjugation.
4. Indicate inconsistent signs: mood, time, face and gender (if any), as well as number.
5. Parse the sentence in which the verb is used, and determine its function, that is, indicate which member it is.

Examples of parsing a verb as part of speech

To consolidate the studied material (morphological features and signs of the verb), the school curriculum provides for numerous analyzes of this part of speech according to the scheme described above. With the help of this technique, children are taught to systematize knowledge and apply it correctly, repeating over and over again with a specific analysis all the signs of a particular part of speech.

As an example, consider the following phrase: "The sun is shining brightly in the sky."

1. Shines is a verb.
2. The initial form is to shine.
3. An imperfect verb, transient, transient, used in the second conjugation.
4. The sun is shining - the action takes place in the present tense, which means that this is the indicative form of the verb, which is used in the singular, in the third person and in the neuter.
5. On - a pretext, heaven - a circumstance, bright - a circumstance, the predicate shines, the sun is the subject.

Parsing the verb composition

No less important is the topic: "Morphemic word parsing". What does this mean and how to parse a word by composition? The verb, like all words, has a main part, on the basis of which other forms are formed. It is this part without ending, which is enclosed in a rectangle in designation, is called the base and is the main one in determining the lexical meaning. When parsed, it is indicated by a square bracket under the word.

Following the base, a suffix is \u200b\u200bdistinguished - a morpheme, which is involved in the form and word formation of one-root words. In writing, it is indicated by an angle with a vertex directed upwards.

For verbs in the indicative and conditional mood of the past tense, a zero suffix or -л- is characteristic. For example: read - read, carried - would carry.

An indefinite form is formed using the suffixes -т- and -iti-, however, in the school curriculum, these morphemes are considered endings. For example: slept - sleep and saved - save.

The prefix is \u200b\u200bone of the significant parts of the word, which stands at the beginning and participates in the formation of new word forms. It is schematically indicated by an inverted letter G.

The root is an obligatory and fundamental part, it contains the lexical meaning and the component uniting for all the same-root words. There is not a single independent lexical unit in which this morpheme would not exist, while without the rest of the elements they are quite normally used. The root in the letter is indicated by an arc.

Morpheme parsing rules

The question of how to parse a verb in composition is of interest to many schoolchildren. You can talk a lot about this, but it's better to show it in practice. But first, it should be noted that the infinitive and the masculine singular verbs used in the past tense and conditional mood have no ending. Also, these verbs do not have a suffix.

Morphemic analysis of verbs, like other words, is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Determination of the part of speech.
2. Highlighting the ending with an explanation of its meaning.
3. Selection of cognate words and determination of the root.
4. Highlighting the prefix and suffix.
5. Determination of the stem of the word, which contains the lexical meaning.

Disassemble verbs by composition

To consolidate the material, a few words should be disassembled according to the following example: suffers - initial form to suffer... This is with the ending -no, which indicates the present, third person, singular. The basis of the word is suffering-, suffix - and-. Single root words: suffering, suffering, suffering... Root - suffering with a possible replacement of the letter "d" with "g". This word has no prefix.

The Russian language is the history of the people and an important part of our culture. But, unfortunately, few people now can boast of perfect knowledge of this language. After all, it is rightfully considered the most difficult and people, fearing difficulties, abandon the learning process halfway through. But, if you take the risk and get down to business with due return, then the Russian language will not remain in debt, and the speech will become rich and saturated. Anyone who wants to achieve this must start with the basics, so in this article we will look at what constitutes a concept like a verb.

What does a verb mean?

A verb is a variable part of speech that describes an activity or a state of an object (living being).

For example: to go, acquire, become, sleep, take, call, discover, think, etc.

To find out whether a word is a verb, you need to ask one of the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?”.

Indefinite verb

All verbs in our language have an indefinite (initial or infinitive) form.

It differs from other verb forms in the following parameters:

• the infinitive is the verb specified in the dictionary;
• the initial form has formative suffixes - ti; - th; - who. Example: bake, read, fly, etc.
• an indefinite form is capable of retaining only such properties as appearance, transition and recurrence.

Types of verbs

Verbs are classified as perfect and imperfect:

• Perfect verbs (SV) - give the answer to the question: “What to do?”.

A perfect verb means that the action has already been completed and cannot be continued.

Such a verb has only two tense forms: the past, as well as the future (“What have you done?” And “What will you do?”).

• Imperfect verbs (NSV) - give an answer to the question: "What to do?"

For example, hearing, drinking, traveling, etc.

An imperfect verb is marked either by a continuous action, or by one that is constantly repeated. That is, we are not able to determine the period of completion of the action.

The NSV verbs have all three temporal forms: past, present and future (“What did you do?”, “What are you doing?”, “What will you do?”).

Transitive verb

In addition to the listed properties, the verb has such an attribute as transitivity (intransitivity).

A transitive verb is a verb indicating an action that is transferred to a subject. From such verbs, you can ask a question to a noun or pronoun in the accusative (vp), or in the genitive case (rp) (without a preposition).

For example: put (what?) A pen (vp); did not bring (what?) milk (r.p.), etc.

All other verbs that do not match this parameter are referred to as intransitive.

Reflexivity of a verb

Reflexive verbs are those verbs that have the suffix ending - sya (сь).

Example: dry, wash, bathe, hold out, etc.

All those verbs that do not have - sya (s) in the ending are irrevocable.

Among reflexive verbs, there are non-derivative verbs that are not used at all without a suffix ending, for example, laugh, fight, etc.

Noun

Noun - the part of speech that denotes the subject and answers the questions who? what?

Note.

A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about who is it? what is it?

By meaning, nouns are divided into own and common nouns, animate and inanimate.
Nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Note.
Nouns by gender do not change.

Nouns change by case and number.
The initial form of the noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as an inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of a compound predicate.

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns - these are the names of individuals, single objects.
Proper nouns include:

1. surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), names, patronymics of people, as well as animal names.
2. geographical names
3. astronomical names
4. names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.

Note.
It is necessary to distinguish proper nouns from proper names.

Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere is a French scientist, ampere is a unit of electric current

Common nouns is a general name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can turn into proper ones (for example: earth - land, Earth - planet of the solar system).

Nouns animate and inanimate

Animated nouns are the names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world, and answer the question what?
The inanimate also includes nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.

The number of nouns.

Nouns are used in the singular when referring to one subject, and in the plural when referring to several items.
Some nouns are used only in the singular, or only in the plural.

Nouns that are singular only:

1. The names of many identical persons, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
2. Item names with real values: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
3. Quality or attribute names: whiteness, anger, dexterity, youth, freshness, blue, darkness, blackness and etc.
4. Action or state names: mowing, felling, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
5. Proper names as names for single items: Moscow, Volga and etc.
6. The words: burden, udder, flame, crown

Nouns that are only plural:

1. The names of compound and paired items: pants, scales, railing, vice, tongs, rake, scissors, pitchfork, swing and etc.
2. Names of materials or their waste, residues: whitewash, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
3. Names of time intervals, games: hide and seek, hide and seek, chess, holidays, days, weekdays and etc.
4. Names of actions and states of nature: chores, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
5. Some place names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.

Cases of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. The case is determined by questions.

Nominative - who? or what?
Genitive - whom? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or what?

To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:

1. find the word that the given noun refers to;
2. put a question from this word to the noun.

Declination of nouns

Changing words by case is called declension.
Exist three declensions nouns.

First declension.

The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people, with the same endings (boy, uncle).

Second declension.

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with the endings -о, -е (house, house) and neuter with the endings -о, -е in the nominative singular (word, building ).

Third declension.

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.

Diversified nouns.

Ten neuter nouns na -name (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun path in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have endings of nouns of the 3rd declension -и, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).

Non-declining nouns.

Non-declining nouns are those that have the same form for all cases.
Among them are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).

Morphological parsing of a noun

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1.
2. Persistent signs:
a) own or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) genus,
d) declination.
3. Irregular signs:
a) case,
b) number.
III. Syntactic role.

Adjective

The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective

Adjective - a part of speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers which questions? what? what? whose?

Note.
Under a feature in grammar it is customary to understand properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.

By meaning and form, adjectives are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives depending on nouns are consistent with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they belong.
The initial form of adjectives is the masculine nominative singular. Adjectives are in complete and in brief form (only high quality).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are consistent definitions, sometimes they are the nominal part of a compound predicate.
Short adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlatives.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives designate a feature (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent.

Qualitative adjectives denote a feature of a subject by:

• form (straight, angular)
• size (narrow, low)
• color (red, lemon)
• property (strong, tough)
• taste (bitter, salty)
• weight (heavy, weightless)
• smell (odorous, aromatic)
• temperature (warm, cool)
• the sound (loud, quiet)
• overall assessment (important, harmful)
• and etc.

Most quality adjectives have full and short forms.
Full the form changes in cases, numbers and gender.
Adjectives in brief form change in numbers and genders. Short adjectives are not inflected; in the sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have an appropriate short form: adjectives with suffixes, denoting a high degree of a feature, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear).

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb highly, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degree of comparison... In form, each degree can be plain (consists of one word) and composite (consists of two words): harder, quietest.

comparative

comparative shows that in one or another object the sign appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.

Superlative degree

Superlative degree shows that this or that object is superior to other objects in some way.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives designate a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb highlydo not have antonyms.

Relative adjectives change in cases, numbers and gender (in the singular).

Relative adjectives mean:

• material (wooden spoon, clay pot)
• quantity (five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
• location (river port, steppe wind)
• time (last year's plan, January frosts)
• appointment (washing machine, passenger train)
• weight, length, measure (meter stick, quarter plan)
• and etc.

Possessive adjectives designate the belonging of something to a person and answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives vary in case, number and gender.

Morphological analysis of an adjective

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2. Permanent traits: qualitative, relative, or possessive.
3. Irregular signs:
1) quality:
a) the degree of comparison,
b) short and full form;
2) All adjectives:
a) case,
b) number,
c) genus.
III. Syntactic role.

Numeral

The meaning and grammatical features of the numeral name.

Numeral - a part of speech that denotes the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
By meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
Quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects when counting and answer the questions what? what? what? what kind?

Note.

Other parts of speech can also be used. Numbers can be written in words and numbers, and other parts of speech - only in words: three horses - three horses.

Numeral names change in cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, circumstance of time.
A numeral denoting quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of a sentence.

Simple and compound numbers

By the number of words, numbers are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.

Cardinal numbers.

Cardinal numbers are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.

Ordinals.

Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numbers denoting whole numbers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.

Note.

Ordinal numbers first, second are non-derivatives (original words).

Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change in cases, numbers and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.

Morphological parsing of a numeral name

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. Initial form (nominative).
2. Persistent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3. Irregular signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) genus (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Pronoun

The meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.

Pronoun - a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used in the role of a subject, definition, addition, less often - circumstances, and a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.

Ranks of pronouns by meaning

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• personal (I you he she)
• returnable (yourself)
• interrogative (who, what, what)
• relative (who, what, than, which)
• undefined (someone, something, some)
• negative (nobody, nothing, some)
• possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours)
• indicative (that, this, such, such, so much)
• determinative (all, everyone, different)

Personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns i and you indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate a subject that is being spoken of, spoken earlier, or will be spoken of. They serve to link independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun you can point to one person. The verb is a predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles is used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed as an adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular.

Reflexive pronoun myself.

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about.
Pronoun myself has no face shape, number, gender. It can be attributed to any person, singular and plural, of any gender.
Reflexive pronoun myself there is a sentence addition, sometimes - a circumstance.

Interrogative and relative pronouns.

Words that are answered by nouns (who? What?), Adjectives (what? Whose? What?), Numerals (how many?), Make up a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without question, as well as the pronoun which the serve to connect simple sentences in complex ones. It - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what how much - interrogative. In complex sentences, union words which, what, how much - relative pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantities.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by attaching prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -some (some, some, etc.) and -not (someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes something, something, something (someone, someone, someone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronouns from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subjects, additions, definitions.

Negative pronouns.

Negative pronouns (no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix nor- (nobody, nobody, nobody) and a shock console not- (no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.

Note.

Pronouns with a prefix are not often used in impersonal sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, additions, definitions.

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns my, your, our, your, your indicate to which person the item belongs.
Pronoun my indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself. Your indicates that the item belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun your Indicates the belonging of the object to the speaker, or to his interlocutor, or to a third party, which are subjects in the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed definitions.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns this, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to highlight among others any specific object, attribute, quantity.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case, they are indicative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, they usually correspond to the relative pronouns that are in it union words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be a subject, an object, a definition, a predicate.

Definitive pronouns.

Definitive pronouns - all, every, every, every, himself, himself, any, different, different.
Pronouns everyone, everyone, the most indicate one object from a series of similar ones.
Pronoun any indicates any object of many similar ones.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something inseparable.
Pronoun myself indicates a person or object that performs an action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the above meaning, can denote the degree of a feature, serves to form the superlative degree of adjectives.

Morphological parsing of the pronoun

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Persistent signs:
a) discharge,
b) face (for personal pronouns).
3. Irregular signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) genus (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Verb

Verb - a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions of what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect kind.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change in mood.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor face, nor gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an addition, a definition, a circumstance.

Indefinite verb (or infinitive)

Verbs in indefinite (infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in an indefinite form have a form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Infinite verbs have endings -ty, -ty or zero.

Types of verbs

Verbs imperfect answer the question what to do ?, and the verbs perfect kind - what to do?
Imperfect verbs do not indicate the completeness of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one kind from verbs of another kind, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb species can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transient.
Transitive verbs denote an action that goes to another subject.
A noun or pronoun in a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitiveif the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitives include verbs with the suffix -sia (-s).

Reflexive verbs

Suffixed verbs -sia (-s) are called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (without the suffix -sya they are not used).

Inclination of the verb

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that actually occur or will occur.
The indicative verbs change in tenses. In the present and future tense, the vowel of the end of the stem of the indefinite form is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix -l- and particles would (b)... This particle can appear after the verb and before it, it can be separated from the verb in other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change in numbers and in the singular - in gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express a motivation for action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tensely.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the base of the present or future simple tense using the suffix -and- or a zero suffix. The imperative verbs have a zero ending in the singular and the plural -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.

Verb tense

Present time.

Present tense verbs indicate that the action takes place at the moment of speech.
Present tense verbs can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Present tense verbs change by person and number.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense indicate that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present is often used instead of the past tense.
Past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Infinite verbs in -ch, -ty, -thread (imperfect) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change in numbers, and in the singular - in gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.

Future tense.

Future tense verbs indicate that the action will occur after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and complex. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite imperfective verb. Future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.

Morphological parsing of the verb

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. Initial form (undefined form).
2. Persistent signs:
a) view,
b) conjugation,
c) transitivity.
3. Irregular signs:
a) inclination,
b) number,
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) genus (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Participle

Participle - a special form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of the subject by action and answers the questions which? what? what? what kind?

Note.

Some scholars consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

As forms of the verb, participles have some of it grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present and past; returnable and irrevocable.
The participle does not have a future tense.
Communions are real and passive.

Designating a feature of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns to which they belong.
The participles change by case, by number, by gender. The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form. Initial participle - the nominative singular masculine. All verbal signs of a participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
The participles in the short form are used only as the nominal part of the compound predicate.

Real and Passive participles

Valid participles designate a sign of an object that itself produces an action. Passionate participles denote a sign of an object that is experiencing action from another object.

Formation of participles

When forming participles, the following verb features are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb (from transitive verbs, both real and passive participles are formed; from intransitives - only real participles).
2. Verb type (from the perfective verbs the present participles are not formed. The real present and past participles are formed from the imperfective verbs, the passive past participles are not formed from the majority of the imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of the present passive participles).
3. Verb conjugations (both real and present passive participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or irreversibility of a verb (from reflexive verbs of the passive participle are not formed). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya in all tenses, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the end of the participle.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -sch- (-sch-), -sch- (-sch-), -em-, -im- and past tense -wsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular ( -th, -th, -th, -ee) or plural ending ( -th, -th).
A number of verbs form not all varieties of participles.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have the form of the passive past participles.

Morphological analysis of the participle

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.

II. Morphological signs:
1. The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2. Persistent signs:
{!LANG-90980e3486dda07afb2ea93836900b9d!}
{!LANG-44060bee4c985d0dbfcee97061c5f9ec!}
{!LANG-8f4a1e64af8458a4908356c23c4cb351!}
3. Irregular signs:
{!LANG-377aae34bd4e15579df873161edeb9d6!}
{!LANG-8e6ab2c17e62cb7a77a72b7144bef26c!}
{!LANG-ab58a88cbb3628916e197940dab11c7e!}
{!LANG-94b25391f187f917d66cab5074d0db90!}

III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-d14e332bd9b0bedaee083674bc9d33ff!}

{!LANG-dca7ceba7932617a3fdd805bc86cc6f6!}{!LANG-1ccb64942297a42787dc47017ea0a5f8!}

{!LANG-81fc6675164e8284c325f0d813e5c471!}
{!LANG-107782550f06f9cc41823a7ee92f85e2!} {!LANG-63a8c5802396aba6c6626cafce9fb83e!}

Note.

{!LANG-58862ebb854dc8be4f7900e1ea950587!} {!LANG-b8f7aa267dc6e18a8f78cdfdc12ef80a!}

{!LANG-f10663bde6ba5a440f726c0abcb55eae!}
{!LANG-3be85626d5207b42d3fa7fe556d49023!}

Note.

{!LANG-c0e2441f144f8b24beb5ed4af96a1e72!}

{!LANG-a07292656add74855278c13d2c650a53!}

{!LANG-c1e1ed2dd5a37dcb777125c1cfa46457!} {!LANG-c263a891f339d819b60dbf43019b4f38!}{!LANG-d5d855b1c17a7674994f1f27e70a8aae!}
{!LANG-b70839875d48fbd563b8ceb6cac80b3f!} {!LANG-33390413e050f6ffe80b6fe2492e989b!}{!LANG-a13399084fbf5f39d982b390eeb96b86!} {!LANG-fc23a1cdc7c771b34348e177c3f8fac1!}.
{!LANG-159a4f4191e3af5190dfcecb4cf2c55d!} {!LANG-bf733f7009b0ea04f81ee11605d06b5d!}{!LANG-3357bb53cf7789cd17e37b7193c06039!} {!LANG-45e27a3f886c30a713a3f9dffebaa24f!}
{!LANG-7c6c3f76e679c8bafccea6adf91f79ab!} {!LANG-77edb708e32f73ba7d4a1d80a26b456f!}.

{!LANG-c6e522951193de14aa3075315c617a15!}

1. {!LANG-a7a5ef37b72e036935d38e69c9bcf609!} {!LANG-f3800eb33c59b0b21ade6b8a08fc035c!}{!LANG-96991be0cfa287b2b96ed6468a57bec4!}
2. {!LANG-e9c7022a588e81992dcc5181b1344cf9!}
   • {!LANG-71ceac07bf17ad2284dcfa8e7583dbbb!}
     {!LANG-7de83bd34d5710271129eb711e42144a!}
     {!LANG-9e29e71f04a37de47bc3b20cece9a43a!}
     {!LANG-192acce39dc554fcc6c903cff28b4652!}
   • {!LANG-1c01565b0c82f29581c7aaa0d0d279de!} {!LANG-fded080641702d9c2450cf823269d32d!}{!LANG-a570a3aa96e455d6eb615faf723849fd!}
   • {!LANG-5ebfb7dc6534d6654b396ac0b46cf8ac!}
   • {!LANG-649a0b05e6a52344efa86df20db13114!} {!LANG-6062b2808959d997aeff8049a107e269!}{!LANG-dd37fd444ebec4f6ce9b1cd8bdefd04f!}

{!LANG-a0e23a1fd9c67997d1ef5f76caebb416!}

{!LANG-e7f00ab88eac2d98a998743777c79014!} {!LANG-e16a71b1803db8709b38a9098876d439!}{!LANG-931451f5db6ce738b0111f3492be0def!} {!LANG-3756e4aea511eed77353acec09b278c4!}

{!LANG-39c97cc56a9596f22fd0912201058cff!} {!LANG-6d8b094fedddd92d78608275ffa24724!}{!LANG-1dc5affa03e3d732a7b63fa5e797adb0!} {!LANG-e767069d8c25072c780f4dca7fe94a58!}{!LANG-c6d6378df7a85731cc62764322c3d89e!} {!LANG-e27a8e64049676d2ac747aba71018bb1!}

{!LANG-c6e522951193de14aa3075315c617a15!}

1. {!LANG-a43d790e74f8a09a858861479ca22071!}
2. {!LANG-2a308fdde5b6c792165ed7a00e1f3533!} -sya{!LANG-c64e8a2d8254fbcac5df41cc77d46e7f!}
   {!LANG-189dab8318bc03ad19e42bb95c1d029d!} {!LANG-fc23a1cdc7c771b34348e177c3f8fac1!}{!LANG-21af5c7001b584c227c53cec26c36f63!}

{!LANG-c6e522951193de14aa3075315c617a15!}

1. {!LANG-4391f7659bded40c6743e315da777816!} {!LANG-e5070fd77aece83a1b9266230ea5e794!}{!LANG-783a79e7ca037943bad6fbe5a97a64f3!} {!LANG-fc23a1cdc7c771b34348e177c3f8fac1!}{!LANG-246876b5480e26e62e1d5da37c884ca9!}
2. {!LANG-761e45f9712df424fbe18a9cfc8d2e5f!} {!LANG-553c239bc9065bf102e7c1bb8427dca9!}{!LANG-42a9bf09ba514b21007c67cf55886894!}

{!LANG-c347c4df9f3b937fcd7d9b7d44d5aecc!}

I.{!LANG-90f660bb24a1145314de2b50bdb6a1f1!}
II. Morphological signs:
1. {!LANG-c2e16c6e45e2d2d9adde3f32bc4088e6!}
2. {!LANG-1e45e955277a4ab03e076276ef7312ba!}
3. {!LANG-dcb96ca76913a3c47237464036b41e73!}
III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-a6d21f51552b0b5db8cc5c77a3c4212b!}

{!LANG-b9916a50f5f26f2dc95d68e49a3e5c36!}{!LANG-f1481043bd8e3cdcdbcbb37597fca949!}
{!LANG-46f123a3ff6e1fb50104ebd9fb7d3e17!}
{!LANG-c62cca108d749737f9ce7bf98c6a4ae3!} {!LANG-c4b8b666e09b65c0923010291078471a!}{!LANG-35b96c553b773ee45d4cedb383add35d!}
{!LANG-c62cca108d749737f9ce7bf98c6a4ae3!} {!LANG-4a73618529d940f58938806c8c2605b0!}{!LANG-45bac17d26d6b6775e6c4b5a76219a79!}
{!LANG-c62cca108d749737f9ce7bf98c6a4ae3!} {!LANG-5c72d921ef172afe5c3303f9fa6fe743!}{!LANG-25b7333dc0e818983a17b738aa739467!}
{!LANG-3ddc50047456cdb3caa0967ea2e91340!}
{!LANG-4e7b81db51f18b098387058e5be7f06a!}

Note.

{!LANG-23f882a6c1945bd2f2fc934a466933f7!}

{!LANG-e1fb96e62ac343c5ed865f034eae80ef!}

• {!LANG-2abcf61b77d62ad1a3fe2f9ecf506772!}{!LANG-50b1db74b5bc8ebcc2871fcf92bcb9a6!}
• {!LANG-2a642c77f84ea38ef95d6f1869cdd4de!}{!LANG-db9785ffd4d04f02a5ea78ff9f70bef2!}
• {!LANG-afcbc879d3c0eee97d07f1cf98ef1b45!}{!LANG-6f1d847067f4fcf0a46dcc8498125aaa!}
• {!LANG-40b0183ecf8a7059136c1088266b70f8!}{!LANG-b9005725165d3e9e8ba3fa64b2cd6789!}
• {!LANG-0ea36950260c6e95b249bae01047bbf8!}{!LANG-c362ee8a08f4587b50283486c63b3d1a!}
• {!LANG-843ded22b84f5ba806d4d1575ceb001b!}{!LANG-08a4e2737e8873f5ac1a1fc5ba7e7af8!}

{!LANG-5108f250d39de364c6307645f623b53a!}

• {!LANG-43d0d1a0adbbc5e54ae55fe2edf13f3c!}{!LANG-5672040066c72f0377e54ab3e6146a20!}
• {!LANG-41bff426989af1d47667df08dc279792!}{!LANG-cac8e59bce1d41799a85e95b733e6ea8!}
• {!LANG-d0a9bd2838e1f6b6212d62865458405e!}{!LANG-d834644175ddbe89511a090ccce322d0!}
• {!LANG-a6eb7b4f90cd4ae602c22b85c0f5b7f7!}{!LANG-0d35e5ce83ecd1aaa82e968bc5815588!}

{!LANG-20ca20201dcff1e7d4099b494c70203e!}

{!LANG-53a503d83b7e2919538f6ed59fbca488!} {!LANG-2d172e2cb1612f877c9255cf47140fb4!}{!LANG-8a65eec0687764f5523ff42218cf5df6!} {!LANG-8df42ebe564e370814eba173147b4a79!}
{!LANG-953368dc39a8869052c0f00fc73dcc65!} simple and complex.{!LANG-ca8b40d82275dd0b1503ef94361ae6ff!} {!LANG-bfa66b18cfd05a472a975608c12d68da!}{!LANG-38f183213ff22ec503e123ae110b1cdf!} {!LANG-11a25b81e69819a55f0aebdb75f6217d!}{!LANG-cc04d6695b559b923f9f7890ac0d476f!} {!LANG-d5b42f94ea47596848a9c8cac93b5917!}.
{!LANG-f015b99f3da756478dffb414027e2446!} {!LANG-4bc50681d76eea0d0fec5c2452eaf719!}.

{!LANG-ab8542d5a4fd87ab9ec1c4186b88ba00!}

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. {!LANG-851c06689bde4356b635bc9f0f452ed9!}
2. {!LANG-53376813e22dd084f89a22bd1c8eef2a!}
III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-e2e6b685021e5341276c98a393243e69!}

{!LANG-7dd59cdbf5813a5a37b1925cbc54a5ed!}

{!LANG-bb0b42f71aa0a21d58b3ebc61f68b428!}{!LANG-2f3f49852b91bab40e5df177122ea65d!}
{!LANG-83b614dbda4b92c1b147999d0faa9ecd!}
{!LANG-2488636bbba78617eeb8eef72de0b436!}

1. {!LANG-ddf5d4d4c146b0a55319b617d125f8bc!}
2. {!LANG-ad31d366c3a47131ddb1b34b618946de!}
3. {!LANG-86763ad3b907aed012f7fe7cecc557ac!}

{!LANG-56a6a28b45124a67c9339b8a51b272f8!}

{!LANG-ef71ebba24a1703df0171551a157d41f!} {!LANG-d1c2a1603b49ae61c6db42c3975a6661!}
{!LANG-7dffcbf216b8c511dac80ace384150b9!}{!LANG-4d16c50f2b65e18e7911ed582abd8aa2!}
{!LANG-507234ec932c3783c5d0bc02bb0db014!}{!LANG-1947a05b82fdf1dae2b68dc5c5aae9dd!}

{!LANG-70553c4f8ad62b6b1a969e1c254976ba!}

1. {!LANG-8f12363c9eaa9640266f0e809857d558!}
   • {!LANG-0e6d428d0cf4e305d63324c1b8e78a2e!}{!LANG-bc2b2dc7b86d8b2cf6b121ceb96d1368!} {!LANG-b3ad036bb67d7c7a3e5ce443cb599f6b!}{!LANG-915b4c4790c494ce9bba8e5666421bb9!} {!LANG-faaf5a90c2c01eab11076a493013a744!}{!LANG-b4569abbec4a04fb76708d7b2f5a8893!} {!LANG-41a8550fec7f62d8f7b3862f09e0f86c!}{!LANG-80c342a8b005d1e8e0a51d1860b3a5b9!} {!LANG-26204d2c39ad818b46779572b97c3a2a!}{!LANG-51e555ba953dfa5853d049e10a9ea0c0!} {!LANG-61cdb1b2161eaff9068105b2dbca40a3!}{!LANG-3ac69624da9ecb664ba8e39780bfb992!} {!LANG-898ed1691a4d9a8249537a596f583329!}{!LANG-ad40f14039fdbba3767ad8752e058020!} {!LANG-fb31c1d3eb4e3e3a30e83160a5728859!}{!LANG-7323cfc7f7bb7f51fb137d747a81338c!}
   • {!LANG-9222cdf703091f6763abb22cd305d34c!}{!LANG-d87cdeb533f13c9d9f63cfe229d5e0f3!} {!LANG-057c73e3bf39e68ca70775df3e4a6cae!}{!LANG-8621e33ca0797f8e247c429b3b93bbd0!} {!LANG-9cc1d13c24eb7bfd5deb488df5a13b14!}{!LANG-e5d439bffa2c6a2d11508eb72bd66828!} {!LANG-73357163bc8ef63556c8f55b745238bc!}{!LANG-3faa046815a62129d1c6933a528b804f!} {!LANG-2ffa52214ad3cc82ab3de2a79b5ac4a7!}{!LANG-eba6198fa04fb1718a84e5f32b5d3760!} {!LANG-ff17b4f713aee81ff636b0f7ed62097c!}{!LANG-0aee970c47721ed7e2beb0f9627378a6!} {!LANG-8f13d4d28d793b22772375c60bdaa3b2!}, {!LANG-9f361e0b6761a92954a93746ff4ae5cd!}{!LANG-c9a516450a2463553d6f002f671f3e4f!}
   • {!LANG-1b52f5e563d8b6745e31532df98d33f4!}{!LANG-ff2c1878b9e4f2be3b64208fa8f3d34e!} {!LANG-71cfc772b51d43785d6009af8ffe9646!}{!LANG-e4766f77d2c2cf7204a7fbdca89b83c1!}
2. {!LANG-205346d26b9e55f5edda9ba145d915b7!}
   • {!LANG-0063a9829569d940fa72a489ae3dc53f!}
     {!LANG-878ed8a6f41b9aa00fff5183d9e85c2a!} {!LANG-0e6d428d0cf4e305d63324c1b8e78a2e!}{!LANG-3beb4a2c135d06517fd47709bb1c5ec5!} {!LANG-b3ad036bb67d7c7a3e5ce443cb599f6b!}{!LANG-9aa8af3a3b19c7f1cf48da6f01c2fa5a!} {!LANG-faaf5a90c2c01eab11076a493013a744!}{!LANG-db67f44e5351599df42a07b9c61d4005!} {!LANG-41a8550fec7f62d8f7b3862f09e0f86c!}{!LANG-1bc8d3726fef1442b40f79c88e98ca3a!} {!LANG-26204d2c39ad818b46779572b97c3a2a!}{!LANG-a2ec4145cc5574b0a6786cc87813613d!} {!LANG-61cdb1b2161eaff9068105b2dbca40a3!}{!LANG-0b07a4bf7ff8344ef902da26f43f063c!} {!LANG-898ed1691a4d9a8249537a596f583329!}{!LANG-9d10223fd56b4dae6579c3477fc8b0df!} {!LANG-fb31c1d3eb4e3e3a30e83160a5728859!}{!LANG-73da4c48f7a642cc96aecaa10a51bf61!} {!LANG-9222cdf703091f6763abb22cd305d34c!}{!LANG-029a44bf4613de1bc76ce7b0ce3d9008!} {!LANG-1ebda51128d7804d2da3e69a51b50d8c!}
   • {!LANG-12bca3f4e63300385750ccabb4be0a10!}
     {!LANG-4d2b4279678b06db1c3ba2694046ae1d!} {!LANG-6999b6e4d135b96cd7514ef1b563b0ec!}{!LANG-8de11730972e16fa6ec5defba0f99995!} {!LANG-3b7f481f8d3378d87b6edd8d3c6f802e!}{!LANG-5542bd0b5ca7f8f6118bcd95fa5cac48!} {!LANG-257177a02e128794f9bf3bac88cac509!}{!LANG-b4569abbec4a04fb76708d7b2f5a8893!} {!LANG-21bf93eee3fd3205b6de57731083173d!}{!LANG-1911faeb489aced2fedab34f11b61812!} {!LANG-4d3eff4b6877300fded50367310f383c!}{!LANG-1db664bf96c5c18850c41250016b7650!} {!LANG-9f361e0b6761a92954a93746ff4ae5cd!}.
   • {!LANG-aef97f008f43cfc27c764fc47a4d9b88!}
     {!LANG-1b52f5e563d8b6745e31532df98d33f4!}{!LANG-bccb37e0b2d665acbdaa6bf78ed7d624!} {!LANG-4735cde1f8615a5ef844eebb4819d032!}{!LANG-b796c83e238da5d00c94f384a5663785!}

{!LANG-5df971949359a32f448142d0ff413b08!}

Note.
{!LANG-e695f6fc94068047d1deb36621702729!} {!LANG-febb4dc8eb447a2e6e31d06cdc4d840d!} ({!LANG-c5c55f476d1c52c2dc205ce332718494!}{!LANG-016f575d4ad6a86510290b898eb2f986!} {!LANG-26d2043c65efa6f61fe3fa6318eaccca!} ({!LANG-648223d61baf4ad5438ff5d780d361aa!}{!LANG-4a262d7a07fc91822bf9491c999cc4ff!}

{!LANG-7df6bd8a25a6bb0f0985f11bfd24f6ec!}

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II.{!LANG-e59c17e5d9a2499edaeaeab5ea0b54bb!}
{!LANG-bb0127835d7d49bb4d5606232b53aee1!}
III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-2b7eb0c40f8f9e330ec0f0b45b292c14!}

{!LANG-dc6f2ef74bc7585f32f0b409d391fafb!}{!LANG-4d365cad03ef2e4d2c3668781e16131d!}
{!LANG-327b05e63056707f05a54608955d920f!} {!LANG-69aa749a362432953bfd4919d867f92c!}

{!LANG-b7504fafcd94e1746b8b5785490c01cb!}{!LANG-564fa2fd4c5da02d885d7cc5b61f4d8a!}

{!LANG-da8a4c725607a992f845bc672dba9635!}{!LANG-783a8bb5ac1d12c1fc143cca265868b0!}
{!LANG-a62a8448c3b3ad7b7e05b55bebb4d1a5!} {!LANG-047c2fe01e8184ec3ea61d20693459b9!} {!LANG-2e67b0504f5fa477807b546029d90dbb!}{!LANG-b5c3eed3726eea71fdff324688f4d996!} {!LANG-a134ae25d313339676a16a33f629abb2!} {!LANG-c5b542c21c98cbb0aa997ba15aa713a0!} and etc.

{!LANG-0c93a0f982056be097524e26884d6b6f!}

{!LANG-d75f17798be17112e4d419f15e1b8e32!}

1. {!LANG-f443d5a0d5ad38a2e646c091dfc28700!}{!LANG-2eef8d18ea5316a089d61c661426ad8e!}
2. {!LANG-1a5e872bf3a1c173fe2a89fe8cc560b8!}{!LANG-e8fd38db9a17cfca24b4549e0797ada1!}
3. {!LANG-10b304858421e57783962cd4f1178092!}{!LANG-47b45d89689c457d765b1a61c435ee3f!}

{!LANG-eab899f5798bf9f7320af037e0182987!} {!LANG-b2c0fa58e0fa4abe716f0ab0021f3dc7!}{!LANG-c3bdd63fe3dae210edb9a8beed945ce8!}

{!LANG-32836279c670d29bd0383998ca9d7ac7!}

{!LANG-0ea15027bd3e53fbfa3127c789e9ccf4!}

1. {!LANG-c50d375e4ed2267f37e7f64696602a38!}{!LANG-31559c9eadeb80a46f3918fde9551cc3!}
2. {!LANG-9908536f0e4501b3db97721725f21dd5!}{!LANG-677c8ad6b962996e42631f835d3b6c33!}
3. {!LANG-d7d3251e5290b92cb7c103846d6f2b29!}{!LANG-7368b4168f09f78a93270a62901ce11c!}
4. {!LANG-3fe938cecd238aa9249f5efc37d69d37!}{!LANG-322879cb81a2bb1e24126f9dc46fb877!}
5. {!LANG-30978781d2c69be61c7ed7b8e85100a6!}{!LANG-f49ebb177e1d4cdb0d7854cc9d32e704!}
6. {!LANG-93aa72ecdbb338b6775508efeda74540!}{!LANG-8aba962c39658bfb2ad704e2df8b8685!}
7. {!LANG-995675e865ea8c1464ca7245b3be26f1!}{!LANG-9c2a791b9a6448137456c9448fe02db9!}

{!LANG-4ecf06bb3c93e692c727ccf839b25b0c!}

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1) {!LANG-d002435bd44ce58b2c54bbf6c4fb4ee1!}
2) {!LANG-851c06689bde4356b635bc9f0f452ed9!}
III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-b25fd7dcb10f6285062efbecf170e148!}

{!LANG-67dc31ab238ca70cff6a6caf63dcfbe3!}{!LANG-cb813da327723b151ba8614ec42a5b6f!}
{!LANG-f1d822e83ef428e11d18e2227cce8a84!}
{!LANG-c4e58de101e160acd6c08168d13217dd!}

{!LANG-89f0dc975abe6fef40bcd670ae95d673!}

{!LANG-5fbf2fa3036d0c65e447deec9e497b58!}
{!LANG-018278aedae9b2f198fa4268867c642b!} would (b){!LANG-6e7e891158d75fdac23fd664f2bcb63b!}

{!LANG-eda5811978904abf25c34fb715e630db!}

{!LANG-12a6319af5f4109ea45fade5d34219de!} not and {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}.
{!LANG-018278aedae9b2f198fa4268867c642b!} not{!LANG-6ac1ba5bee18a439d6d3eb17cf5d1b37!}

{!LANG-3dbedebcb0d85b71e9090455e4b5ad16!}

1. {!LANG-b15c599a4e8cdda0b694f99360b5d4c6!}
   • {!LANG-a69081492090c62623d929490ebdb68f!} {!LANG-077441fe3873dd33fe865ae2e3ae0a6e!}{!LANG-69c62697b1f3502300b18a726da3f75c!} {!LANG-077441fe3873dd33fe865ae2e3ae0a6e!}{!LANG-74ea696d66cdc4aa0fe51a7d8714240a!}
   • {!LANG-ee53dcf7a647f4aa45e27e3b9141bdb8!} not{!LANG-c6b3e7cc20ac72ba7529e60f63987036!}
2. {!LANG-282ecc29b7225f152faf6180e6370ac6!}
   • {!LANG-dc03fb1e2ed48c2b5d2a3f44372c7cc4!} not{!LANG-7afd916a9d45690975b3736890c8f3d4!} not{!LANG-bfb1cbc1aef97990401067867aff9400!}

{!LANG-d0aa2f93dd980d82fb696fa68d7fa26f!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}{!LANG-85259fddf599cdfa50c967c2f7cedc3a!}

{!LANG-e563a7c4c5a1d382f1a30d8b2da997c9!}

1. {!LANG-a8ab5cd33da993407a7e0e9f0abb4ab8!}
   {!LANG-3b8b9606828e4415b163e2b0a9a387fb!}{!LANG-07d268aaf3d44e5acaf98a268343e661!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}{!LANG-d80dda0628a2e6c94ef5c4168561dcc5!}
2. {!LANG-1623755455c81bda65fd1e4f49bfb631!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}{!LANG-4616e07d1d335a237238635807beba0b!} {!LANG-945604e5121de0dd87762679813cba8b!}.
   {!LANG-5a50c59ffbcb33e94557c41c8fdcf396!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}{!LANG-2c59177938a820760cdb8fc27b493ae7!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!}{!LANG-9f4ab977f6dfe483a6d86883cb4b3953!}
3. {!LANG-d401719ea20fb99b70bf89dafa52a9be!}
   {!LANG-734f5529ef00a69e222157924d7dba41!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!} ({!LANG-c7034dd551431ca9bd2650fbae0cd63d!}{!LANG-69bea121da2c190f9aed4f9ccbd64a33!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!} ({!LANG-055bf45aa36bde451eaeacbeed7ddaef!}{!LANG-c307a0218fe76941ca4ee4eefa975e75!}

{!LANG-f4f610345fe6e06a2cd150c64ebea09a!}

{!LANG-9853fd9925c3376146eba53eef548f2f!}

{!LANG-7fe5aa51667d166f2df948d1423a4147!}

1. {!LANG-57c9c757772eaab74e3fdd10f3ef6351!}{!LANG-0b385b76652fab9530c9f3d48e981446!}
2. {!LANG-e1b7a381325ebc7c7797927e577ec9ce!}{!LANG-f52eea9c2d34817b975724a694765752!}
3. {!LANG-cae783ad8f5e0c168ac62e7f65f7bd44!}{!LANG-cf967925ce58102d7bca70d454e97210!}
4. {!LANG-d78a310f89eae276c6428ba4f08b2fe5!}{!LANG-12adcf1ef422a974f35474a1018df42e!}

{!LANG-64e78c692a7ef55d7e963ac4f124de2b!}

1. {!LANG-02cc3b85da86d135ed77a68bc91505bd!}{!LANG-07fccaf4eabd4907de68578b3bb72dff!}
2. {!LANG-6936f13ad2513150bce4caa8c5817786!}{!LANG-ae7732c9cb633eb1d6b2b713cefa8ec4!}
3. {!LANG-8df58bb2aa5010263e2b187b8ea1297d!}{!LANG-4380df1392c096bb9062d8f2c0bfefad!}
4. {!LANG-447a390d4cd06f38fef95481eee5b010!}{!LANG-53c942b99b964c04c4580162f1ed53c4!}

{!LANG-54e68e8e1f8b99ec507297141952c522!}

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1) {!LANG-eeaa3bcf1e773fa5b79c4f5b9a6ab887!}
2) {!LANG-851c06689bde4356b635bc9f0f452ed9!}
III. Syntactic role.

{!LANG-7fe9d6cb88b53e364bb584dc453ce6b8!}

{!LANG-7dab6471f15f0e3e271d5bc6894a0ad0!}{!LANG-9452be08b881d0f842d225abac2b4656!}
{!LANG-540e4495e03924dd8c8d97b18812be8c!}
{!LANG-d775e0de7db30687f2f5c3862bc95915!}

{!LANG-89b5ca97ee8e5f9283ad37bcd6682902!}