Today, like many years ago, the tree does not lose its relevance. Joinery, furniture manufacturing, construction - wherever wood is used! And this happens for a reason:
- The tree is one hundred percent natural material, products from it are made without the use of chemicals.
- Wood that has been properly selected and processed serves long time, no matter what will be made of it: furniture, parquet or scaffolding.
- Wood products have a measure of aesthetic appeal, neither MDF nor chipboard can be compared with wood.
It is not difficult to buy a joinery board, it is important that it is of high quality. Therefore, our company carefully monitors all stages of the harvesting and processing of wood, so that the material meets all the requirements in various fields of use.
How to choose wood for carpentry work
When choosing tree species for future work, you should focus on their availability in the region. On the initial stage pine, cedar, linden and alder lumber are well suited.
Characteristics of tree species
By the pine softwood with dark veins in a light solid, it is easily processed and is popular as a joinery and among carpenters.
Cedar is easier to polish and less resinous than pine or spruce, but due to its rarity it is not often used.
From coniferous spruce least of all corresponds to the qualities of wood for joinery. She has a lot of knots and a tendency to warp.
Larch is good for its resistance to decay, it is used in the construction of log cabins, but it is more carpentry than joinery wood: excess resin interferes.
The oak has high decorative properties wood and excellent hardness, but for processing you need quality tool, and drying of oak products is very long.
Ash is good in hardness, products made from it serve for a long time. But it is difficult to process it.
The beech has an excellent pattern, especially when cutting logs radially. It is easy to process and durable, but it absorbs moisture from the air.
Birch wood has almost White color and therefore is often colored. It is easy to bend and cut, but it warps easily when dried.
Alder can mimic mahogany, but untreated joinery can darken.
Linden, poplar and fresh aspen are easy to cut and do not crack when dried.
The Twilight forest mod adds a new dimension to us, which is filled with adventure, the world is huge, like the ordinary world, and almost all covered with trees. This world is more mysterious and fantastic than the usual one. It is constantly dark here, which gives this world a unique, dark atmosphere. Large trees cover the Dusk Forest from the sun's rays with their crown, forming a kind of dome. It is only occasionally pierced by huge trees, so huge that they stretch up to the sky. The terrain is flatter than in the normal world, but sometimes you can find hills containing caves full of valuable ores, treasures and dangerous monsters.
How to build a portal to the twilight forest:
In order to get into this world, we need to create a portal. For the portal, we need to dig a 2x2 hole and fill it with water. Any plants (dandelions, poppies, reeds, seedlings) are suitable to surround this hole with plants. Next, we throw one diamond into the hole and lightning should get into our portal. Ready! Our portal is activated!
Since version 1.7.10, the author has added a progress system to us. What does it mean? And this means that we need to reach this or that boss or dungeon by completing achievements. That is, we will not be able to immediately kill the Hydra or the Snow Queen. Locations that we have not yet opened will not be available to us. In them negative effects will be superimposed on us. And around us there will be so called barriers (Visuals)
Bosses and Adventures:
The first thing we need to do is kill any creature. 
We can find Naga in the Nagi Arena. Arena Nagi - The area where the boss Naga spawns.
This place is surrounded by a fence made of Nagi stone, mossy cobblestone and stone bricks different types... Naga is the most easy boss... She drops 6-12 hearts of Nagi, as well as a large amount of experience. In order to complete the Naga Assassin achievement we need to pick up the Naga trophy.
The next task will be to kill the Lich.
The lich looks like a tall skeleton (about three blocks in height), dressed in a purple robe and with a golden crown on its head. Also, he has different eyes: one red, the other burgundy. After spawning, five shields revolve around him; holding a Twilight Staff, emitting blue bubbles.
After the death of the Lich, one of three staves drops out: Twilight Staff, Zombie Staff or Death Staff.
The same drops out: a golden sword, a golden cuirass, golden leggings, or all of them; two bones and pearls of the End. After we have picked up the Lich trophy, the achievement "Killer of the Dead" is fulfilled. In order to open the next task, we need to pick up the staff of the dead. 
After that we need to find the Labyrinth of the Minotaur. He is in the swamp.
In the maze, we need to kill the mushroom centaur. This is a mini-boss. It is a hybrid of a common minotaur and a mushroom cow. It spawns on the second level of the minotaur maze in a room with large mushrooms. It deals damage with a powerful ax that drops when this boss dies. This ax can be repaired with diamonds on an anvil. Most the best way battles with this boss break the block of the big mushroom and just beat it. After we get the soup from the Minotaur, we carry out the "Mighty Stroganov" quest. 
Hydra. This boss can be found near a large cave with many ores. 
Hydra represents a three-headed blue dragon. Damage only takes on the head, the greatest damage can be inflicted on her by shooting her mouth when she opens it. The Hydra is in a hollow cut hill in a fiery swamp. If you kill her, you will receive several bubbles of fiery blood and a Hydra trophy. You also get two achievements! 
Now we can go to the Dark Forest!
To enter the main part of the fortress, you will need a trophy - the head of the Hydra, Naga, Lich or Gast, dropped from the corresponding bosses. Six ghostly knights who got out of their graves and are now trying to escape from their tomb, which is located in Underground city goblins to take revenge on your enemies. They wear Phantom Armor and throw themselves with iron weapons. From phantoms we get a royal pickaxe, ax, helmet and phantom cuirass. All these things will be enchanted with a pretty good enchantment. Together with these things, we get an achievement. 
After the battle with the phantoms, we can go to the ghast tower!
The High Gast is the leader of all the carminite ghasts in the Dark Tower. He is 8x8x8 blocks in size and has several additional tentacles on the sides. Shoots 3 giant fireballs at a time. Constantly spawns cubs of carmine ghasts, and when a large number received damage can go into "Tantrum" - a state when this boss will cry giant ghast tears, it will rain, the boss will take 3/4 less damage and will continuously create cubs. Fortunately, in Tantrum, the Supreme Ghast cannot attack. After death, a chest spawns with fiery blood, carminite and a trophy - a smaller copy of the boss itself. For the victory over him we get an achievement.
In order to complete the next achievement, we need to kill Almo-Yetti and get his fur.
The formidable Almo Yeti is much stronger than his fellows. After killing this boss, a warm yeti fur falls out, which protects the player from enchantments Snow Queen... Yetty will pick you up and knock you back causing damage. Also, when he is angry, icicles start to fall from the ceiling, beware of them!
After the death of Almo Yeti, we complete the achievement. 
After killing the Yettie, we need to go to Aurora Castle, where the snow queen lives.
Killing drops a head, a triple bow, and several stacks of snowballs. Congratulations! We got another achievement. 
To get the final achievement, we need to find a lamp of fire. She is in a cave in this biome:
But before you go to the cave you need to find the giants! They are located above the same biome on a floating island.
Kills the giant with a huge pickaxe and go to the cave.
I will say right away that this mountain has many caves to find the one we need, it will be quite difficult. But with the cave mode on our map, it's easy to calculate. In the cave we find a huge masonry with a giant obsidian. We break it with a giant pickaxe and we see two chests. One of these chests will contain our lamp. And the achievement is done.
- Magic feather. The item is needed to create a magic card. Craft a raven feather, glowing dust, and a torch.
- Magic core. Item found in the minotaur maze. Needed to craft anti-workbench and maze map
- The metal of the ancients. Can be found in Treasure Vaults in Duskwood. You can also craft from iron ingot, gold nugget and mossy root. Used to craft armor and tools from ancient metal. In this case, things will be automatically enchanted.
- Fiery blood and tears. Awarded for killing Hydra and High Ghast. Used to create fire ingots from which you can make armor and tools. In this case, things will be automatically enchanted.
- The staff of the dead. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM spawns a zombie minion Green colour, he is stronger than his fellows and attacks hostile mobs. Burns in the sun and dies a minute after spawning, to recharge, put the scepter in the crafting grid along with rotten flesh and a rage potion.
- The staff of death. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM takes health away from the mob the cursor is hovering over and adds it to the player. To recharge, place it in the crafting grid along with a prepared Spider Eye.
- Twilight Staff. Dropped by Lich when pressed PKM fires Ender pearl-like projectiles that deal 5 damage each. It can fire 99 of these projectiles, then requires reloading by placing it in the crafting grid along with the Ender pearls.
- Nagi's heart. Used to craft armor. It can be found in Duskwood Dungeons and can be obtained as a reward for killing Naga.
- Fan of flight. When used, it gives the player a jumping effect for a few seconds. Also, if used on creatures, the fan will repel them by several blocks. The fan can be found in the treasures in the Duskwood.
- Queen of caterpillars. When you press PKM she puts a caterpillar on the block that will light up. The Queen of the Caterpillars can be found in treasures in the Duskwood.
- Attracts ore if you press and hold PKM.
- Triple bow. The bow shoots 3 arrows at once. You can get it by killing the Snow Queen. Deals 10 damage.
- Ice bow. Obtained from Castle Aurora. Freezes its target dealing a little damage to it.
- Ender bow. If you shoot a mob from it, the player will swap places with the mob. In this case, the bow does 8-10 damage.
- Seeker's Bow. Deals 8-10 damage to the victim. Has the property of homing.
- Pickaxe of the labyrinth. This is a special pickaxe that can only be found in the mazes added by the Twilight Forest mod. main feature this pickaxe is that only it can quickly destroy the stones of the labyrinth; other pickaxes destroy the maze stones very slowly, and their durability decreases 16 times faster than usual. It is also worth noting that this pickaxe is not found in ordinary chests in the labyrinth, it can only be found in a secret room on the second level of the labyrinth.
- Fire set does not poor defense, sets a creature on fire during an attack. The fiery pickaxe has the ability to auto-smelt ores. The fire sword sets the creature on fire during the attack.
- Anti workbench. A block similar to a regular workbench, but allows you to collect and disassemble things; the latter requires experience. If a disassembled tool has been used, then some of the ingredients will be unavailable for crafting.
Has an easy craft.
Other biomes:
The main biome of the Twilight Forest mod. In it, as in many others, you can find special trees, new mobs, structures and much more. There are also mushrooms, ferns, high grass, several passive mobs (rams, wild boars, deer). Not to be confused with the Illuminated Forest! In the Duskwood biome, flowers are not generated in such quantities, and there are no "lanterns" from the fence and glowstone on the trees.
Deer, rams and wild boars can often be found in the biome. These are ordinary pigs, cows and sheep. They can be turned into prototypes by clicking on them with transformation powder, which can be found in chests.
Also in this biome you can find a druid's house. It is a house made of cobblestone, mossy cobblestone, with brick chimney and wooden roof... The house houses the Skeleton Druid spawner.
Druids spawn in the Druid's House, or the Dark Forest (there are sometimes found riding spiders). They are very difficult to spot in the forest because of their clothing. They have 20 units of health, do 3-5 units of damage. As a drop, you can get: 0-2 bones, 0-2 torch and as a rare drop a golden hoe.
Illuminated forest- a new biome in the Twilight Forest modification since version 1.7.2. In general, the biome is similar to the twilight forest, but unlike it, this biome has many flowers, including the flowers from version 1.7.2, as well as cans of fireflies hanging from fences that are attached to trees.
Monsters in this beautiful biome practically do not spawn, because it is always light there, but friendly mobs like the rams from the Twilight Forest spawn. There are also a lot of pumpkins in this biome.
Dark forest is one of the biomes that the Twilight Forest mod adds.
The dark forest is pretty creepy place, since it is absolutely dark there: a dense hat does not let light through. In this regard, going there without torches or a potion of night vision, or the Queen of caterpillars and any preparation is practically pointless, and constantly flickering and densely growing trees can confuse. Recently, this biome exudes a special blinding aura, which makes it very difficult to be there even on foliage; closer to the heart of the forest, the foliage becomes fiery red.
The blindness effect will disappear when you kill Hydra.
You can walk on the cap of this biome and not be afraid that you can fall through - there are no gaps in it. Also sometimes there are lakes with water, sometimes - lakes with lava; perhaps this is a bug, perhaps a joke from the developer. An interesting fact is that the foliage of the trees in this forest does not burn in fire and lava.
In the biome of the dark forest, two unique mobs spawn - the king of wolves and the king of spiders. Both of them are about twice as large as their prototypes, and in absolute darkness they will deliver a fair amount of trouble if they notice.
The king of wolves has 30 health units and deals 6 hp damage to the player. The drop does not have. Twice the size of its counterpart from the ordinary world. The misty wolf itself has a scarlet color, but in the darkness of its native biome it is transparent. Sometimes casts blindness on the player
The Spider King is a huge yellow-brown spider. In the pitch darkness of the Dark Forest biome, it can be distinguished by its glowing red eyes.
The king of spiders is twice the size, faster and stronger than a regular spider, however, if he envies the player, he will bypass the water if it serves as an obstacle.
This spider spawns with a druid skeleton as a rider, which makes it pretty strong adversary since the skeleton druid uses the Poison effect. Drop: Thread (1-2)
Spider Eye (0-2)
Skeleton Druid:
Bone (0-2)
Torch (1-2)
It's worth noting that the Dark Forest is a place where you can definitely find the Dark Tower, with the boss mob High Gast, and where there are guaranteed to be 3-4 goblin cities.
Snowy forest- one of the biomes of the Duskwood, similar to the taiga biome from the ordinary world. Consists mainly of snow-covered spruce trees; flowers, grass and fern grow. There is always a glacier in the center of this biome; only here can a yeti cave be generated. This biome is also home to snow wolves and yeti.
The prototype of the penguin is a chicken. She can be transformed into a penguin by using transformation powder. The snow wolf is an inhabitant of the snowy forest. Has 30 hp of health when killed, and drops Arctic fur.
On the glacier Aurora Castle can be found. In the castle, we can meet a snow guard, a stable and unstable core. An unstable core will explode on death. Snowflakes drop from each of these mobs. All have 20 health points.
Twilight mountains - This is a biome in which large spruces grow. They are full of deer and wild boars. They are covered with podzol. Instead of flowers, there are light fish and ferns. Tolstein can be found in the caves. Above the Twilight Mountains, the Island of Giants can be found. They live on a cloud in a giant cobblestone and oak house.
You will find two giants in the house. By default they will have your skin. They have 80 hit points of health, after killing them drop a giant sword and a pickaxe.
After the twilight mountains we find ourselves in the Thorns biome... Do not lean against them, you will be hurt. Do not break them the same way. This can worsen everything, the fact is that if you break them, then they grow even more.
After the thorns, you can climb the central mountains. They are covered with wet stone. Above you can find druid houses and a castle. Unfortunately, the castle with the final boss has not been finalized yet.
Fiery swamp- this is one of the biomes of the world of Twilight Forest; is a 100% Hydra spawn location. The terrain of this place is somewhat reminiscent of the Lower World: there is lava here, the grass and foliage of the trees have a scarlet hue, the water is colored purple, and smoke and fire pouring out of the ground only complement the image of not the most favorable place for both life and exploration ... It makes sense to go here just to kill Hydra and dig up two unique blocks: smoke and flame generators.
You cannot get to the fiery swamps without passing the twilight ones - therefore it is not recommended to go here at the beginning of the game: the twilight swamps impose the effect of hunger, and the fiery ones set on fire (until you kill the Lich).
Mysterious forest (enchanted forest)- Biome with unique trees - colorful trees, beautiful grass and a wonderful atmosphere. The chance for this biome to spawn is extremely low! Sometimes you need to walk in front for hours to find it, and sometimes it happens that the portal spawns already in it.
Also, here you can find Rama's Quest. This is a unique mob that lives in ruins. If you give him all 16 types of wool, he will give you gold, iron, diamond, emerald blocks in return. It will also give you a Horn, but it is prohibited on our servers.
Interesting fact. In this biome, the grass is blue in color. It is painted in a circle, the circles shrink closer to the ruins.
Still very rarely you can meet in the mysterious forest unique trees, there are four types of them.
You can also find treasures in the forests:
Hedge maze- is the easiest labyrinth, which will not be difficult to pass. It consists of a barbed fence, breaking or walking along it, the player takes damage, which makes the passage of such a maze from above rather difficult and dangerous.
Also in this not hospitable place there are spawners of wild wolves, swamp and labyrinth spiders, located on small wastelands near 1-2 chests. The entire labyrinth is lit by Jack's fireflies and lamps, that is, no additional lighting is required. On the borders, exits and in the labyrinth itself, spreading trees are often found, and the terrain is additionally cleared for a flat area.
Chests often contain some kind of food, as well as weapons and sometimes rare items, which makes them somewhat easier to loot in the early stages of life in Twilight Forest; if you wish, you can arrange a mob farm from the labyrinth.
Walking through the twilight forest, you can sometimes stumble upon destroyed houses, of which only the walls and the wooden floor were left oak planks, and even then some of the blocks have already become grass. They are composed of mossy and common cobblestones, which can serve as a place where you can dig up mossy cobblestones so rare in the ordinary world.
These ruins are of two types: large and small - a kind of basement with treasures can be generated under them, regardless of size, with a 50% probability at a depth of two blocks under the floor.
This structure may have been used by an ancient people of the Duskwood, which for no apparent reason disappeared. Perhaps they were driven out by hostile mobs and bosses.
This is a natural texture added by the Twilight Forest mod.
Hollow hills are quite common on the surface of Duskwood in the form of domed mountains that stand out strongly from the general smooth landscape; This is especially noticeable in the Dark Forest, where the cap of dense foliage goes in an even layer. Also, the hills rise slightly at the base by 2-3 blocks, as a result of which, without having a magic card in hand, we can say that there is a hollow hill in front of you (not to be confused with the Highlands).
It is worth noting that in the hollow hills - absolutely in all - there are chests with various treasures (if other modifications are installed, things may appear from them), and their total number depends on the size of the hill. Since these structures contain rare and valuable things (ore magnet, fan of flight, conservation charms, and others), the hills become not only a valuable source of resources, but also an opportunity to find any equally valuable tools and materials. On magic maps, hollow hills are indicated by white slides, and the size of such a slide corresponds to the size of the hill. The larger the hill, the more ore, chests, spawners and mobs it contains. Hills are divided into three types: small, medium and large.
Great twilight oak- you probably saw big oaks, as the rules they have from 1 to 2 treasuries, you need to climb the very verse of the oak and break leaves and blocks, or listen - hear spiders break blocks where you heard.
Many items can be found in these treasuries, but the rarest and most valuable are the seedlings of unique trees.
Guide editor: MissZymochka
Best regards, Youvipas World Administration.
The general principle of the development of material processing technology from prehistoric times to the present day is how to make parts on inaccurate equipment for more accurate parts. And it all began with a workbench, its prototypes are found during excavations of settlements of the Stone Age. It is quite possible to build a workbench, and a full-fledged one, with your own hands, and this will not only save a significant amount, but also simplify, facilitate the work and improve its result.
Three mistakes
Amateurs, sometimes, judging by their designs, are very experienced, knowledgeable and diligent, sometimes make themselves workbenches, on which, figuratively speaking, you can smash a tank with a sledgehammer. They take a lot of time and labor, and hardly less money than a good branded amateur workbench. Repetition in the design for own use of industrial prototypes, designed for intensive work in 3 shifts and a static load of more than a ton, with a service life of 20 years - one of the typical mistakes development of workbenches of our own design.
The second is vibration neglect. Not a clearly felt "game" or "recoil", but a small tremor that significantly complicates the work and reduces its quality. Vibrations are especially strong in workbenches on a metal bed.
The third - repeat the carpentry or locksmith's workbenches; perhaps with some modifications to suit your hand. Meanwhile, there are many designs of workbenches for home / amateur work of a different nature. There are more or less specialized workbenches, or, conversely, universal, temporary from scrap materials, etc.
In this article, we will figure out how to make a workbench taking into account these errors, firstly, it is simpler and cheaper in accordance with the range of needs and / or hobbies of the craftsman. Secondly, how to make a general-purpose or universal workbench for special conditions of use - in a cramped garage, for carpentry at a construction site from improvised trash, home for fine precision work, for children.
About universal workbenches
Among the branded products, sometimes very expensive, you can find "universal" workbenches in the form of a carpenter's with a lid without a tray, complete locksmith's vice on a wooden pillow, and a clamp for their installation, like the one in the photo:
Prefabricated “universal” workbench
This is the wrong decision, not only because wooden table top from carpentry work is spoiled. The main thing that is bad here is the technological liquids used in metal processing - oil, kerosene, etc. The wood impregnated with them becomes much more flammable. Self-ignition is also possible; remember, it is strictly forbidden to accumulate oily rags in production. The approach to designing a table top (board, lid) of a universal workbench needs a different one based on what kind of work it is mainly used for - fine or rough, see below.
Work bench
In the West, amateur / home workbenches with a type-setting tabletop framed by a rim are widespread. Drawings of such a "work bench" are shown in Fig. Under the locksmith, the lid is covered with a sheet of steel 1.5-2 mm thick and a vice is placed on the pillow.
The workbench-bench dampens vibrations well; you can make it from pine or spruce. But the design is complicated, with long materials and furniture it is inconvenient to work on such a workbench. Therefore, we will first see how to make the most common carpentry workbench, then garage and locksmith. Next, we will try to combine them into a universal workbench and see what we can think of on this basis for special needs.
Workbench composition
A workbench of "our" type (conditionally, since it is impossible to establish its origin precisely) consists of:
- Understand (in carpentry workbenches), or a bed (in locksmiths), which ensures the stability of the entire unit and the ergonomics of the workplace.
- Lids, box-shaped or in the form of a tray, attaching work area the required rigidity.
- Shelves; possibly with a tray, sockets, and stops on which working operations are performed.
- The apron on which the tool is hung. The apron is not an obligatory accessory of the workbench, it can be hung on the wall or be replaced by a cabinet, a rack, etc.
Note: workbench dimensions in height approx. 900 mm. The length and width are selected according to the place of installation and the type of work in the range of 1200-2500 and 350-1000 mm, respectively.
A lid with a shelf is most often performed at the same time, one-piece, and is simply called a lid, workbench or table top. To damp vibrations, the shelf is always made on the basis (bed, substrate) of wood. In a locksmith's workbench, the bed is covered with a steel sheet from 2 mm thick and can be made of softwood... Its overall strength is sufficient, and the steel tire protects the tree from local damage and the ingress of technical fluids. In a carpentry workbench, a bed made of high-quality (without knots, twigs, and other defects) solid fine-grained wood (oak, beech, hornbeam, elm, walnut) serves simultaneously as a shelf; -layer construction, see below.
The traditional construction of the pedestal, on the contrary, is collapsible from the same wood as the joinery's shelf. This comes from the master shabashniks of the past, who transported their equipment from customer to customer on a cart. It is from the bed / pedestal that you should start developing your workbench, no worse, but simpler than traditional ones.
Bed: metal or wood?
Stationary wooden workbench has advantages over that on a steel bed not only in lower cost and labor intensity. First of all, wood is not plastic. Workbench on wooden base can be broken, but if the wood is used seasoned and impregnated, it will never bend. Secondly, the wood perfectly dampens vibrations. The foundations of your buildings are not reinforced vibration-damping, like the shops at a factory? And the general strength and stability of the bed of a home workbench will be fully provided by coniferous commercial wood of ordinary quality.
The structure of the wooden frame of the workbench made of 120x40 boards is shown on the left in Fig. Permissible static load - 150 kgf; dynamic vertical downward for 1 s - 600 kgf. Corner posts (legs) are assembled on self-tapping screws 6x70 in a zigzag (snake) with an indent from the edge of 30 mm and a pitch of 100-120 mm. Fastening two-sided; snakes on both sides of the package are mirrored. Intermediate support beams fastened with steel corners on self-tapping screws; edge - in pairs of self-tapping screws at the studs of the racks and, outside, with corners.
If there is a 150x50 or (180 ... 200) x60 timber available, the structure can be simplified, as shown in the center in fig. Load bearing capacity will rise to 200/750 kgf. And from a bar of 150x150, 150x75 and (180 ... 200) x60, you can build a bed that can carry 450 kgf in statics and 1200 in dynamics, on the right in Fig.
Note: any of these beds are suitable for both carpentry and locksmith's workbenches. A box-shaped lid is placed on it under the joinery (see below), and under the locksmith, a tray from a 60x60x4 corner with welded 4-mm strips over the intermediate beams. A wooden pillow is placed in the tray and covered with steel, see also below.
If there is no welding
A solid wood workbench, without the need for welding work for its manufacture, can be made according to the scheme on the trail. rice. The "trick" is here in the countertop, assembled with glue from a 75x50 bar and fastened with ties. If the timber is oak, then permissible load- 400/1300 kgf. Corner posts - timber 150x150; the rest is a bar 150x75.
Metal
It happens the other way around: metal more accessible than a tree, and there is welding. Then a workbench table for a load of 100/300 kgf can be assembled according to the drawing on the left in Fig. Materials - corner 35x35x3 and 20x20x2. The boxes are galvanized. The disadvantage is that you cannot make an opening at the bottom for the legs, the structure will lose its ability to carry a dynamic load.
A more convenient metal workbench is suitable for a load of 200/600 according to the scheme at the top right from a 50x50 professional pipe (corner posts), 30x30 (other vertical parts) and a 30x30x3 corner. The board cushion of both workbenches is laid only across (bottom right) of grooved boards (120 ... 150) x40.
Shelf - steel 2 mm. The shelf is attached to the pillow with 4x self-tapping screws (30 ... 35) in pairs from each edge of each board, and along the outer boards - with a step of (60 ... 70) mm. Only in this version will the workbench show the given bearing capacity.
These workbenches are already universal: they turn the lid under the carpentry wooden side up or adjust as described below. The locksmith vice is installed on a wooden cushion, but not with a clamp. A collet anchor is driven into the vise cushion from below under the M10-M14 bolt, and a through hole is drilled under it in the cover. A washer from 60x2 is placed under the bolt head. This solution is convenient in that it is possible to use inexpensive non-rotating vices.
For carpentry
The lid of the joiner's workbench, in contrast to the locksmith's, is attached to the sub-stitch tightly and is box-shaped, for overall rigidity. The best mounting option for a non-separable workbench is steel corners and self-tapping screws. The pedestal can also be a steel bed from those described above.
How the carpenter's workbench works traditional type, shown in pos. And rice; belonging to it in pos. B. A bench board (in this case, it is a separate device) is used to work with a long gauge. The emphasis in its groove is made from a wedged trim board, see below. It is advisable to drill a longitudinal row of holes in the board and fix it in the slots with cone-headed bolts in a recessed position. The traditional construction of the joinery is shown in pos. D, but - see above.
It is possible to reduce the cost of the joiner's workbench cover by performing a 2-layer, pos. B. Then quality boards solid wood will only be needed on the shelf. It is laid by laying the boards in "humps" of annual layers alternately up and down, in order to avoid warping. The flooring of the shelf is first rallied with PVA glue or carpentry, squeezed tightly with a clamp or wrapped with a cord; put on a pillow with the same glue. The skirt of the lid is assembled separately with glue and through thorns (inset at pos. B) and attached to the pillow-shelf package with self-tapping screws.
Vise for joinery
All-wood joinery vices, front and chair vices, are now almost completely superseded by the vise with a metal screw clamp, pos. D; their device is shown in pos. E. Some comments are needed here.
First, 2-3 steel washers must be placed under the head of the clamping screw, otherwise it will quickly go through the pillow (4x4x1 cm piece of wood). Second - if the nut is not custom-made and not a purchased shaped one, then get at least for a while a set of taps for the thread used. In this case, do not try to use a screw that is too thick for evenness and smoothness of the clamp; M12-M16 is enough.
The nut of a homemade clamping pair is welded onto a base with a diameter of 60 mm or, square, from 70x70 mm. It is not necessary to sink it into the clamping pad, so it is less likely that the nut will break off when clamping. But the thread will be ugly away from welding, you can't drive it away with a bolt. The thread of the welded nut will need to be passed with taps according to the complete scheme, as when cutting: the first tap - the second - the third (if included in the kit).
Note: the nut welded onto the base must be allowed to rest for at least 2 hours before passing the thread, so that the residual deformations "settle down".
Vise and joinery for locksmith
A vise on a locksmith's workbench is installed in the corner (see the sidebar in the figure), so that as much as possible most of dynamic loads during metal processing fell vertically on the corner post. Arrangement of cross beams and intermediate vertical posts a workbench with a stationary vise, it is advisable to make it a little asymmetrical, placing them with smaller gaps towards the corner with the vise. The vise is also installed starting from the corner:
- A collet anchor is driven into a wooden corner post under the installation bolt, and a high nut or threaded bushing is welded into the metal one (attachment point 1 at the bottom left in the figure);
- If the fastener is welded, they are threaded with taps, as in a homemade joiner's vise nut, see above;
- They put a vice temporarily on 1 bolt and mark holes in place for fastening points 2, 3 and 4;
- The vice is removed and drilled through holes 2, 3 and 4;
- Place a vice on bolts 1, 2 and 3;
- For fastening to the bolt 4, put a jib U from timber from 60x60 or professional pipes from 40x40. It is not necessary to fasten the jib, but it should rest from underneath to the upper frame (strapping) of the bed, but not to the table top!
- The vice is finally fastened to the bolt 4.
Note: a stationary power tool is also attached in the same way, for example. emery.
For carpentry
A locksmith's workbench can also be adapted for carpentry work, if you drill 2-4 pairs of holes in the tabletop for fixing the carpentry stop (on the right and in the center in the figure). In this case, round bosses are screwed to the lower surface of the stop with self-tapping screws; plugs from plastic bottles, they withstand tight landing many times.
Garage workbench
It is impossible to make the workbench in the garage optimal in terms of the ergonomics of the workplace - the dimensions of a standard box of 4x7 m with a car standing in it do not allow. For a long time already, by trial and error, the width of the garage workbench was determined at 510 mm: it is quite convenient to turn between it and the hood, and it is more or less possible to work. A narrow workbench under a heavy load (for example, a motor taken out for bulkhead) turns out to be unstable, so it is made attached to the wall. Often - angular, this increases stability, but any wall-mounted workbench "calls back" stronger than a workbench-table of the same design
A diagram of the device of one section of a garage workbench is shown in Fig. In this design, an ingenious method of additional damping of vibrations is used: the cells of the frames of the cover and the bottom shelf of the edge far from the corner different sizes... Accuracy of installation of crossbars +/– 1 cm. For the same purpose, the cover and the bottom shelf are made of Chipboard thickness 32 mm and covered with linoleum instead of steel. For garage work, its durability is sufficient; can be easily replaced.
Fastening to walls - self-tapping screws from 8 mm or bolts from M8 with a pitch of 250-350 mm. Depth into a stone wall 70-80 mm; in wood 120-130 mm. Propylene dowels are placed under the self-tapping screws in the stone wall; for bolts - collet anchors.
More for the garage
Another version of the garage workbench is already on the wall, and wall-mounted, on the left in Fig. It can only be mounted on stone walls... 2-layer folding workbench; each layer of plywood 10-12 mm. Opening for the machine with a stepped inner edge. In this case, a "milling cutter" means a mini-drilling machine with a movable turntable and a clamp for the part. The design is convenient in that the chips are poured directly onto the floor.
If your car is something like Daewoo or Chery with a 3-cylinder engine, and the garage is very small, then you can put a folding mini workbench-cabinet with a lifting table in it, on the right in the pic; he will fit into the house for fine work(electronics, precision mechanics). The table top is suspended on a piano hinge, the legs are on cards. For folding, the legs are tucked under the table top (it would be useful to tie them with a projectile), and the table top is lowered.
Note: for a cramped garage with an ordinary city car, a folding workbench box may be optimal, see the video below.
Video: folding workbench drawer
Home station wagon
Houses are engaged in smaller, but painstaking technical creativity: soldering, modeling, watchmaking, art cutting plywood, etc. A universal workbench is suitable for fine fine work, the drawings of which and accessories are given in Fig. The durability of the working surface and its vibration absorption in this case are not as important as evenness, smoothness and some adhesion ("stickiness" of parts), therefore the tabletop is covered with linoleum. Locksmith vices for this workbench need small ones, with screw clamping.
More about plywood
In general, it is undesirable to work with metal "roughly" on plywood, because she “calls back” well. If the pillow of the plank workbench is still made of plywood, then a frame (framing) also made of plywood must be glued to its underside on the PVA, see fig. Upper ( working side) then it is advisable to first cover with linoleum without lining, and then lay steel on it.
The growing shift
Another case when it is justified to make a workbench out of plywood is a student's workbench for a child. Here pedagogical considerations play a role: let him learn to feel the material and not beat in vain, but work carefully. For the same purpose, the masters of the past deliberately gave their students a bad instrument.
Workbenches at the dacha
When country house or other lung wooden structure it is still under construction, there is no time for bench wisdom, you need at least something on which you can perform simple carpentry work. For such a case on hastily you can put together a joiner's workbench for giving from scrap materials, on the left in Fig. The design is remarkable in that it clearly and fully embodies the principle: we do good things on bad equipment.
For subsequent work on the arrangement of the summer cottage, a mini-workbench will come in handy, on the right in Fig. At minimum consumption material and extremely simple design, it is sufficient for ordinary carpentry work in all respects, because the middle of the workbench is supported by a pair of struts. If you put them on the bolts, the workbench will be foldable and stand in the closet from weekends to weekends. For disassembly, after releasing the struts, the spacer is removed with them, and the legs are tucked under the board. Finally, for a summer cottage, inhabited all the time or all summer, with an artisan owner, by the way, you will need a more complex, but fully functional folding workbench, see the video below.