Stolypin's economic reforms briefly. Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich - life and destiny

Stolypin's reforms.

agrarian reform

In short, the main goal agrarian reform Stolypin was the creation of a wide stratum of rich peasants. In contrast to the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the sole proprietor rather than the community. The former, communal form fettered the initiative of the hard-working peasants, but now, freed from the community and not looking back at the "wretched and drunk", they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 06/14/1910 stated that from now on, "every householder who owns allotment land on the basis of communal law may at any time demand the strengthening of his personal property, the part due to him from the designated land." Stolypin believed that the prosperous peasantry would become a real pillar of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landlords. Moreover, the interest rate on a loan for independent peasants was half that for communities. Through a credit bank, the peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, at the same time, measures against non-payers were tough: the land was taken from them and again went on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged them to actively work on it. Another important part of Stolypin's reform was the resettlement of peasants on free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or land surveyors to carry out land management work. But despite this, resettlement in Siberia, as well as Far East, Central Asia and the North Caucasus were gaining momentum. The move was free, and specially equipped "Stolypin" cars made it possible to transport railway cattle. The state tried to equip life in the places of resettlement: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.

Military reform

Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 clearly demonstrated the need for early reforms in the army. Three areas of military policy can be singled out: streamlining the principles of manning the armed forces, their rearmament, and building the necessary infrastructure. During the years of the Stolypin reforms, a new military charter was developed, which clearly defined the procedure for conscription into the army, the rights and obligations of draft boards, benefits for serving military service, and, finally, the possibility of appealing against decisions of the authorities. In other words, the government sought to "write" the relationship between the citizen and the armed forces into the legal space of the Russian Empire.

The state increased appropriations both for maintenance officer corps, and for the re-equipment of the army. Considerable attention was paid to the construction of the Russian linear fleet. When laying new railway tracks the military-strategic interests of the state were also taken into account. In particular, the second track of the Siberian Railway, the Amur Railway were supposed to facilitate the mobilization and transfer of forces from various parts empire and, accordingly, the very defense of the Far Eastern outskirts of Russia.

At the same time, P.A. Stolypin was a principled opponent of drawing Russia into a world war, believing that this would be an unbearable burden for the domestic economy, armed forces, and social structure. That is why he made exceptional efforts to ensure that the Bosnian crisis of 1908 did not develop into an armed clash. P.A. Stolypin was well aware that the systemic transformations he was carrying out could bear fruit only after a certain period of peaceful progressive development of Russia.

Zemstvo reform

Civil society institutions only come alive when they can participate in the decision-making process at all levels of government. Therefore, an important sign of the existence of a civil society is the developed forms local government. In the Russian Empire, beginning in 1864, there was a zemstvo, which after 1890 had many features of a class institution and whose sphere of competence was very limited. P.A. Stolypin sought to qualitatively transform the system of local self-government in the name of its democratization and increase in efficiency.

As early as 1907, the “Regulations on Village Administration” and “Regulations on Volost Administration” were submitted to the State Duma. The bills envisaged the establishment of local self-government bodies at the lowest level - in the village society and the volost. Moreover, it was about the classless organization of these institutions. Thus, it was planned that the self-governing society would show its creative activity at all levels, from the village to the state. In addition, according to the “Main principles for the transformation of zemstvo and city public administrations,” the scope of competence of county and provincial zemstvos, as well as city governments, expanded, and the property qualification for participation in the work of these institutions decreased. In other words, the government sought to expand the circle of people who in one way or another participated in government.

However, P.A. Stolypin insisted on the abolition of the posts of zemstvo chief and district marshal of the nobility, who, having power, represented narrow class interests. Instead of them, it was supposed to establish the position of a district commissioner - an agent of the government at the settlement and volost bodies of local self-government. The government authority also acquired its representative at the county level, as the position of the head of the county administration was established, which was in charge of all county government agencies and district chiefs. In turn, he himself directly reported to the governor. Thus, the government built a coherent administrative hierarchy capable of quickly responding to the challenges of the time.

P.A. Stolypin solved a twofold problem. On the one hand, he sought greater efficiency of power, eliminating everything contradictory and archaic that had accumulated over two centuries. On the other hand, this government had to be in close contact with the general public, entrusting them with many rights and powers. It was this kind of power that was supposed to become "one's own" for society.

Education reform

Systemic modernization without introducing the majority of the population to at least elementary knowledge about the world was impossible. Therefore, one of the most important directions of P.A. Stolypin - expansion and improvement of the education system. Thus, the Ministry of Public Education developed a draft law “On the introduction of universal primary education in the Russian Empire”, according to which it was supposed to provide elementary education for children of both sexes. The government has been developing measures aimed at creating unified system pedagogical institutions, when the gymnasium would serve as its system-forming element, and not as a separate elite institution. Large-scale projects in the field of public education required a new cadre of teachers. To do this, it was planned to create special courses for future teachers and teachers, while in Yaroslavl the government initiated the creation of a Teacher's Institute. The state spared no expense for the retraining of secondary school teachers and planned to organize study trips for them abroad. During the period of the Stolypin reforms, appropriations for the needs primary education grew almost four times: from 9 million to 35.5 million rubles.

It was supposed to reform the system of higher education. Thus, the government developed a new University Charter, which provided higher education with broad autonomy: the opportunity to choose a rector, a significant area of ​​​​competence of the University Council, etc. At the same time, clear rules were established for the functioning of student associations and organizations, which should have contributed to maintaining a healthy academic environment within the walls of educational institutions. The government considered it necessary to involve the public in the development of education. It was during the years of the Stolypin reforms that regulations were developed on the non-state Moscow Archaeological Institute, the Moscow Commercial Institute, the A.L. Shanyavsky.

At the same time, the development of the education system was understood by P.A. Stolypin in "connection" with the growth of scientific knowledge and the accumulation of cultural wealth. During the years of reforms, the government actively financed fundamental research, scientific expeditions, academic publications, restoration work, theater groups, the development of cinema, etc. During the premiership of P.A. Stolypin, a detailed “Regulation on the Protection of Antiquities” was prepared; a decision was made to create the Pushkin House in St. Petersburg; many projects were supported to organize museums in various parts of the empire.

The government created a favorable environment for the further progressive development of Russian culture and the introduction of an increasing number of Russian citizens to it. In fact, this was how a person's right to a decent life was realized, which meant the possibility of receiving a quality education and familiarizing with the cultural riches of the country.

social reform

At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. in European politics came the realization of the social responsibility of the state for the standard of living of its citizens. A conviction was formed that the right to a dignified existence is an inalienable right of everyone, which must be guaranteed by the government. Otherwise, society will never get out of a series of social conflicts that will eventually destabilize the entire political system. This motive will become one of the determining ones in the state activity of P.A. Stolypin.

His government made efforts to regulate relations between the employer and the worker in the name of protecting the interests, first of all, of the latter. Thus, it was supposed to ban the night work of women and adolescents, as well as their use in underground work. The working day of the teenager was reduced. At the same time, the employer was obliged to release him daily for 3 hours to study at school. In November 1906, the provisions of the Council of Ministers were approved, which established the necessary rest hours for employees of trade and craft establishments.

In 1908, the bills “On providing workers in case of illness” and “On insurance of workers against accidents” were submitted to the State Duma. The entrepreneur had to provide medical assistance to his employee. In the event of illness, the worker was provided with sickness funds of the workers' self-government. Payments were also established for the disabled and family members in the event of a worker's death from work-related injuries. Projects were developed to extend these norms to employees of state-owned enterprises (for example, subordinate to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Communications).

At the same time, the government considered it necessary to legally secure the ability of citizens to defend their economic interests. Thus, it was proposed to allow workers to strike economic strikes, and, accordingly, to expand opportunities for self-organization, the creation of trade unions.

The purpose of social policy P.A. Stolypin - the formation of a full-fledged partnership between the employee and the employer within the framework of the emerging legal space, where the prerogatives and responsibilities of both parties would be clearly indicated. In other words, the government created the conditions for dialogue between people engaged in the common business of production, but often speaking "different languages".

Judicial reform

Human rights only fully become rights when they are guaranteed by the state, which implements the declared principles in the daily practice of law enforcement - i.e. in judiciary. Therefore, the judicial reform was to become an important element in the system of transformations of P.A. Stolypin.

The bill “On the transformation of the local court” was supposed to make the court cheaper and more accessible to the population. He envisaged the restoration in rural areas of the institution of justices of the peace, who would be elected by zemstvo assemblies (in the city - by city dumas). They would consider a limited range of civil cases and criminal cases that did not entail particularly severe punishments. Their decisions could be challenged in higher instances. In fact, the revival of the world court meant the rejection of the "fragments" of estate legal proceedings - the peasant volost and zemstvo chief, who mainly represented the local nobility. Accordingly, the practice of passing sentences according to the norms of the usual, i.e. unwritten law based on tradition and tradition. This was supposed to contribute to the rationalization of legal proceedings, saving him from endless misunderstandings, random and illogical decisions.

In addition, the government of P.A. Stolypin introduced a number of initiatives to the State Duma aimed at strengthening the unified legal space of the Russian Empire. It was supposed to determine human rights during the preliminary investigation, establish a suspended sentence, introduce the principle of civil and criminal liability of officials who encroached on the freedoms and rights of citizens. Moreover, in this case, it was about civil servants of the highest rank - the chairman of the Council of Ministers, other ministers, members of the State Duma and the State Council, governors, etc.

In other words, it was supposed to “weave” the declared civil liberties into the fabric of the laws of the Russian Empire, providing a procedure for their upholding and making the entire state and each bureaucrat individually responsible for their implementation.

Synopsis on the history of Russia

P.A. Stolypin(1862-1911). In 1906-1911. Stolypin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior. Principles of activity: appeasement and reforms, - "Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today's Russia", "You need great upheavals, but we need great Russia." Made a bet on the bottoms. Neither the government nor the court understood Stolypin. In 1911, he was killed at a performance in the Kiev opera, where the sovereign was (the killer is Bagrov: the son of a lawyer, landowner; he was associated with the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarcho-communists, but worked for the secret police; he was hanged).

Reform of 1861- the first stage of the transition to the individualization of land ownership and land use. But the abolition of serfdom did not lead to the progress of private property. In the 1980s and 1990s, the government sought to plant communal structures in the countryside, which, in the future, contradicted free peasant property. The reforms initiated by P.A. Stolypin could overcome these difficulties. His concept offered a way for the development of a mixed, multi-structural economy, where state forms of economy had to compete with collective and private ones.

Elements of his program- the transition to farms, the use of cooperation, the development of land reclamation, the introduction of a three-stage agricultural education, the organization of cheap credit for the peasants, the formation of an agricultural party that would really represent the interests of the small landowner.

Stolypin puts forward a liberal doctrine of the management of the rural community, the development of private property in the countryside and the achievement, on this basis, of economic growth. With the progress of the market-oriented peasant economy of the farm type, in the course of the development of land purchase and sale relations, a natural reduction in the landowner's land fund should have occurred. The future agrarian system of Russia was presented to the prime minister in the form of a system of small and medium-sized farms, united by local self-governing and not numerous in size. noble estates. On this basis, the integration of two cultures - noble and peasant - was to take place.

Stolypin stakes on "strong and strong" peasants. However, it does not require universal uniformity, unification of forms of land tenure and land use. Where, due to local conditions, the community is economically viable, "it is necessary for the peasant himself to choose the method of using the land that suits him best."

The agrarian reform consisted of a complex of successively carried out and interconnected measures.

Peasant bank.

The Bank carried out the purchase of lands on a grand scale with their subsequent resale to peasants on preferential terms, intermediary operations to increase peasant land use. He increased credit to the peasants and significantly reduced its cost, and the bank paid a higher interest on its obligations than the peasants paid it. The difference in payment was covered by subsidies from the budget.

The bank actively influenced the forms of land ownership: for peasants who acquired land as sole property, payments were reduced. As a result, if until 1906 the bulk of the buyers of land were peasant collectives, then by 1913 79.7% of the buyers were individual peasants.

The destruction of the community and the development of private property.

For the transition to new economic relations, a whole system of economic and legal measures was developed to regulate the agrarian economy. The Decree of November 9, 1906 proclaimed the predominance of the fact of sole ownership of land over the legal right to use it. The peasants could now allocate the land that was in actual use from the community, regardless of its will.

Measures were taken to ensure the strength and stability of labor farms. So, in order to avoid land speculation and concentration of property, the maximum size of individual land ownership was limited by law, and the sale of land to non-peasants was allowed.

The law of June 5, 1912 allowed the issuance of a loan secured by any allotment land acquired by the peasants. Development various forms credit: mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside.

In 1907 - 1915. 25% of households declared about separation from the community, but 20% - 2008.4 thousand households actually separated. New forms of land tenure became widespread: farms and cuts. As of January 1, 1916, there were already 1221.5 thousand of them. In addition, the law of June 14, 1910 considered it unnecessary for many peasants to leave the community, who were only formally considered community members. The number of such households amounted to about one third of all communal households.

Resettlement of peasants in Siberia.

By decree of March 10, 1906, the right to resettle peasants was granted to everyone without restrictions. The government allocated considerable funds for the costs of settling settlers in new places, for their medical care and public needs, and for laying roads. In 1906-1913, 2792.8 thousand people moved beyond the Urals. The scale of this event also led to difficulties in its implementation. The number of peasants who failed to adapt to new conditions and were forced to return was 12% of total number settlers.

The results of the resettlement campaign were as follows. First, during this period, a huge leap was made in the economic and social development Siberia. The population of this region increased by 153% during the years of colonization. If before resettlement to Siberia there was a reduction in sown areas, then in 1906-1913 they were expanded by 80%, while in the European part of Russia by 6.2%. In terms of the rate of development of animal husbandry, Siberia also overtook European part Russia.

cooperative movement.

The loans of the peasant bank could not fully satisfy the demand of the peasant for money goods. Therefore, credit cooperation, which has gone through two stages in its movement, has received significant distribution. At the first stage, administrative forms of regulation of small credit relations prevailed. By creating a qualified cadre of small credit inspectors, and by allocating substantial loans through state banks for initial loans to credit partnerships and for subsequent loans, the government stimulated the cooperative movement. At the second stage, rural credit associations, accumulating their own capital, developed independently.

As a result, a wide network of institutions of small peasant credit, loan and savings banks and credit associations was created that served the money circulation of peasant farms. By January 1, 1914, the number of such institutions exceeded 13,000.

Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives. Peasants created artels, agricultural societies, consumer shops, etc. on a cooperative basis.

agricultural activities.

One of the main obstacles to the economic progress of the countryside was the low culture of agriculture and the illiteracy of the vast majority of producers who were accustomed to working according to the general custom. During the years of the reform, large-scale agro-economic assistance was provided to the peasants. Agro-industrial services were specially created for the peasants, who organized training courses on cattle breeding and dairy production, democratization and introduction of progressive forms of agricultural production. Much attention was paid to the progress of the system of out-of-school agricultural education. If in 1905 the number of students in agricultural courses was 2 thousand people, then in 1912 - 58 thousand, and in agricultural readings - 31.6 thousand and 1046 thousand people, respectively.

The results of the reforms.

The results of the reform were characterized by a rapid growth in agricultural production, an increase in the capacity of the domestic market, an increase in the export of agricultural products, and the trade balance of Russia became more and more active. As a result, it was possible not only to Agriculture out of the crisis, but also turn it into a dominant economic development Russia.

The gross income of all agriculture in 1913 amounted to 52.6% of the total GDP. The income of the entire national economy, due to the increase in the value of products created in agriculture, increased in comparable prices from 1900 to 1913 by 33.8%.

The differentiation of types of agricultural production by regions has led to an increase in the marketability of agriculture. Three-quarters of all raw materials processed by industry came from agriculture. The turnover of agricultural products increased by 46% during the reform period.

Even more, by 61% compared with 1901-1905, the export of agricultural products increased in the prewar years. Russia was the largest producer and exporter of bread and flax, a number of livestock products. So, in 1910, the export of Russian wheat amounted to 36.4% of the total world export.

Stolypin's reforms (briefly)

Stolypin carried out his reforms from 1906, when he was appointed prime minister until his death on September 5, which came from the bullets of assassins.

agrarian reform

In short, the main goal of Stolypin's agrarian reform was to create a wide stratum of wealthy peasants. In contrast to the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the sole proprietor rather than the community. The former, communal form fettered the initiative of the hard-working peasants, but now, freed from the community and not looking back at the "wretched and drunk", they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 06/14/1910 stated that from now on, "every householder who owns allotment land on the basis of communal law may at any time demand the strengthening of his personal property, the part due to him from the designated land." Stolypin believed that the prosperous peasantry would become a real pillar of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landlords. And interest rate on credit for independent peasants was half that for communities. Through a credit bank, the peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, at the same time, measures against non-payers were tough: the land was taken from them and again went on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged them to actively work on it. Another important part of Stolypin's reform was the resettlement of peasants on free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or land surveyors to carry out land management work. But despite this, resettlement in Siberia, as well as the Far East, Central Asia and North Caucasus picked up pace. The move was free, and specially equipped "Stolypin" cars made it possible to transport livestock by rail. The state tried to equip life in the places of resettlement: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.

Zemstvo

Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

Industry reform

The main stage in resolving the labor issue during the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects of labor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).

national question

Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the unification, and not the disunity of the peoples of the country. He suggested creating a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to be counteracting the internal and external enemies of the country, who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.

The beginning of the 20th century in Russia is a time of colossal changes: the time of the collapse of the old system (Autocracy) and the formation of a new one (Soviet Power), the time of bloody wars, the time of successful and failed reforms, the successful implementation of which, perhaps, would radically change the fate of Russia. The reforms carried out at that time by Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, as well as his personality, are controversially assessed by historians. Some consider him a cruel tyrant, whose name should be associated only with terrible concepts, such as "Stolypin's reaction", "Stolypin's carriage" or "Stolypin's tie", others evaluate him reform activities as "a failed attempt to save imperial Russia", and Stolypin himself is called a "brilliant reformer."

However, if you look at the facts soberly, without ideological prejudices, then you can fairly objectively assess both the activity and personality of P.A. Stolypin.

Stolypin's contribution to the development of Russia

Stolypin

Pyotr Stolypin entered the Russian and world history as a committed reformer. His name is associated with the land reform carried out at the beginning of the 20th century, reforms in the sphere of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the formation of the foundations of the rule of law, power structures and judiciary, local government and self-government, economics, finance, infrastructure, social policy, education, science and culture, military affairs and countering terror. In short, this politician has contributed to almost all spheres of the Russian state.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin ( April 2 (14) 1862 , Dresden , Saxony - 5 (18) September 1911 , Kyiv ) - statesman Russian Empire . From an old noble family. He graduated from St. Petersburg University and since 1884 served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1902, the governor of Grodno, in 1903-1906 - the Saratov province. Received the Emperor's Commendation Nicholas II for the suppression of the peasant movement in the Saratov province.

In 1906, the emperor offered Stolypin the post of Minister of the Interior. Soon with State Duma I convocation was dissolved and the government. Stolypin was appointed as the new prime minister.

V different years held posts county marshal of the nobility vKovno, Grodno governor , Saratov governor , Minister of the Interior , prime minister .

In a new position, which he held until his death, Stolypin spent whole line bills.

Once at the head of the government, Stolypin demanded from all departments those top-priority projects that had long been developed, but were not implemented. As a result, on August 24, 1906, Stolypin managed to draw up a more or less coherent program of moderate reforms.

He divided the proposed reforms into two parts:

1.Immediately implement (without waiting for the convocation of a new Duma)

• SolutionO sa land and land management
• Some urgent actions in the field of civil equality
• freedom of religion
• Activities related to the Jewish question

2. It is necessary to prepare and submit for discussion to the State Duma.

• On the improvement of the life of workers and, in particular, on their state insurance;
• On the improvement of peasant land ownership;
• On the reform of local government;
• On the introduction of zemstvo self-government in the Baltic, as well as the North- and South-Western Territories;
• On the introduction of zemstvo and city self-government in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland;
• On the transformation of local courts;
• On the reform of secondary and higher education;
• About income tax;
• About police reform

agrarian reform.

It is well known that Stolypin put changes at the forefront of his transformations.in the field of economics. The Prime Minister was convinced, and his speeches testify to this, that it is necessary to start with agrarian reform.

Stolypin Agrarian Reform started life in 1906. That year, a decree was adopted that made it easier for all peasants to leave the community. Leaving the peasant community, a former member of it could demand from it that a piece of land assigned to him be secured in personal ownership. Moreover, this land was given to the peasant not according to the principle of "strips", as before, but was tied to one place. By 1916, 2.5 million peasants left the community.

During Stolypin's agrarian reform , the activities of the Peasants' Bank, established in 1882, intensified. The bank served as an intermediary between landlords who wanted to sell their land and peasants who wanted to buy it.

Second direction Stolypin agrarian reform was the policy of resettlement of peasants. Due to the resettlement, Peter Arkadievich hoped to reduce the land hunger in the central provinces, and to populate the deserted lands of Siberia. To some extent, this policy paid off. Settlers were given large land and many benefits, but the process itself was poorly debugged. It is worth noting that the first settlers gave a significant increase in the wheat harvest in Russia.

Stolypin's agrarian reform was a great project, the completion of which was prevented by the death of its author.

Education reform.

As part of the school reform, approved by the law of May 3, 1908, it was supposed to introduce compulsory primary free education for children from 8 to 12 years old. From 1908 to 1914, the public education budget was tripled, and 50,000 new schools were opened. It should be noted that Stolypin set the third condition for the country's modernization (apart from agrarian reform and industrial development) to achieve universal literacy in the amount of a four-year elementary school compulsory for all. Still, being the leader of the nobility in Kovno, he wrote on this occasion that only literacy would help spread agricultural knowledge, without which a class of real farmers could not appear. Summing up the school reform, let us say that there really was not enough time for it: it took at least 20 more years to implement the plan for universal primary education at such a pace as in 1908-1914.

Industry reform.

The main stage in resolving the working issue of the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspectslabor in industrial plants. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).

Working question.

It must be admitted that no significant progress has been made in this area.

The Stolypin government made an attempt to solve, at least in part, the labor issue, and left a special commission, consisting of representatives of the government and entrepreneurs, to consider the draft labor legislation. The government proposal was very moderate - limiting the working day to 10.5 hours (at that time - 11.5), the abolition of mandatory overtime work, the right to create government-controlled trade unions, the introduction of workers' insurance, the creation of sickness funds at the joint expense of workers and the owner. However, this categorically did not suit the entrepreneurs, who believed that it was impossible to make concessions to the workers, it was necessary to observe “freedom labor agreement”, complained about the low profitability of pro mindset. In reality, they sought to maintain high profits and defended their own class interests. Despite the exhortations of the government and the most conscientious representatives of entrepreneurship, the government was forced to give in to pressure; the draft law reached the Duma in a greatly curtailed form and with a long delay.

It can be concluded that the government work program collapsed because of the intransigence and greed of the bourgeoisie.

Judicial reform.

It is also worth mentioning briefly the transformations in the sphere of the judiciary. Their essence boiled down to the fact that, in accordance with Stolypin's plan, in the most general terms, the local court, distorted by the reactionary reforms of Emperor Alexander III, was to return to its original appearance.

The bill “On the transformation of the local court” was supposed to make the court cheaper and more accessible to the population. He envisioned a restoration countryside the institution of justices of the peace, who would be elected by zemstvo assemblies (in the city - by city dumas). They would consider a limited range of civil cases and criminal cases that did not entail particularly severe punishments. Their decisions could be challenged in higher instances. In fact, the revival of the world court meant the rejection of the "fragments" of estate legal proceedings - the peasant volost and zemstvo chief, who mainly represented the local nobility. Accordingly, the practice of passing sentences according to the norms of the usual, i.e. unwritten law based on tradition and tradition. This was supposed to contribute to the rationalization of legal proceedings, saving him from endless misunderstandings, random and illogical decisions.

Zemstvo.

Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

national question.

Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the unification, and not the disunity of the peoples of the country. He suggested creating a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to be counteracting the internal and external enemies of the country, who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.

Analysis of the causes of the collapse of the Stolypin reforms.

Despite favorable economic, ideological and politicalcircumstances, Stolypincommittedallsame series of mistakes that put his reforms underthe threat of failure. First mistakeStolypin was the lack of a well-thought-out policy towards workers, forgood luckholdingconservativepolicy needsIt wascombinetoughrepressiononrelationto the revolutionary parties with simultaneous efforts in the field ofsocial securityworkers.VRussiasame,despite the general economic recovery, over the years, not only the standard of living of workersnot at allrisen,butandsociallegislation took its first steps. 1906 law onalmost no ten-hour workdayapplied, as well as the 1903 law on insurance of workers injuredat the enterprise.Meanwhile, the quantityworkers constantlyand noticeablygrew.The new generation turned outverysupportiveToacceptance of socialist ideas. Obviously,Stolypinnotgave awayyourselfreportvmeaninglabor question, which arose with renewed vigor in 1912.

SecondmistakeStolypinbecamethen,whathenotforesaw the consequences of intenseRussification of non-Russianspeoples. Stolypin made no secret of his nationalist convictions. Heopencarried out a nationalistGreat Russianpoliticsand,naturally rebuilt againstmyselfandroyalregimeallnationalminorities.

Stolypincommittedmistakeandvquestionon the establishment of zemstvos in the western provinces (1911), as a result of which he lost the support of the Octobrists. Casevvolume,that the western provinces economically continueddependfromPolishgentry.To strengthenvthem positionBelarusian and Russianpopulation,made up the majority,Stolypindecidedestablishthereland form of government. Thoughtwillinglyhissupportedbutstateadviceoccupied the reverseposition - classthe sensessolidaritycogentry turned out to bestrongernational.StolypinaddressedWithrequestto Nicholas II to interrupt the work of both chambers for three days, in order togovernment timeurgentlyaccepted new law. Council meetings were suspendedandlawaccepted.butgivenprocedure that has shownneglectstate power to their owninstitutions, ledTosplitbetween government andmostmoderateliberals.Autocracydeliveredyourself in isolationhenceforthhissupportedrepresentativesextremelyright-wing nationalists.Stolypin lost the support of NikolaiII, to whomclearlydisgustedto have such an enterprising minister accused of extremelyright-wing opponentsinfluential at the court, in desire to "expropriate all landowners in general" through agrarian reform.

From the top today's historical experience, the main root cause of Stolypin's bankruptcy is now especially clearly visible.

The organic defect of his course was that that he wanted to carry out his reforms outside of democracy and in spite of her. First, he believed that it was necessary to provide economic conditions, and then to exercise "freedom".

After Stolypin, the activities of the government in 1912-1914. showed that all large-scale reforms would be curtailed. Nicholas II refused to cooperate with politicians he surrounded himself with mediocre people, but those who shared his views on the historical path of Russia.

According to G. Popov, there is a constant paradox, consisting in the following: on the one hand, the reform of Russia involves the creation and development of representative power, and on the other hand, in the endless debates of all branches of this power, starting with the Duma, the most necessary measures “sink” for many months. This process is natural, it is due to the very nature of representative power: it is designed to ensure a peaceful settlement of the interests of various groups of society, and therefore, this process cannot but be full of compromises and lengthy. In a country where the social situation is quite prosperous, these democratic parliamentary procedures play a generally progressive and positive role. But in an era of decisive, fundamental reforms (especially in the base!), When delay is “tantamount to death,” these processes threaten to slow down everything altogether.

Both Stolypin and the government realized that the land reform would not pass through the Duma in some acceptable timeframe, or even “sink” altogether.

The collapse of the Stolypin reform, the inability to merge totalitarianism and authoritarianism with independence, the collapse of the course towards the peasant farmer became a lesson for the Bolsheviks, who preferred to rely on the collective farms.

The path of Stolypin, the path of reforms, the path of preventing October 17, was rejected by both those who did not want the revolution and those who aspired to it. Stolypin understood and believed in his reforms. He was their ideologue. This is Stolypin's forte. On the other hand, Stolypin, like any other person, was prone to make mistakes. When correlating various aspects of the Stolypin reforms with contemporary Russian reality, one should keep in mind both the benefits that can be derived from this historical experience and those mistakes that prevented the successful implementation of Stolypin's reforms.

P.A. Stolypin first served as Minister of the Interior, after which he was appointed Prime Minister. His reforms were aimed at the development of the country. The revolution that took place in 1905-1907 showed the problems that did not allow Russia to become a strong power. ruling class could not decide which way to develop the country, faith in the monarchy was undermined. Stolypin wanted to see Russia as a modern, developed and strong country. That is why he carried out his reforms, which in a few years should have yielded results and changed the country for the better.

During Stolypin's lifetime, his reforms were criticized and his proposals met with resistance in ruling circles. Debate about his policies took place during the life of the reformer and for many years after his death. Modern historians consider the course of his actions to be correct. Several assassination attempts were made on Pyotr Arkadyevich. As a result of the assassination attempt in 1906, the children of the Prime Minister, especially the daughter, suffered a severe leg injury. He changed a lot after this assassination attempt. When he was told that earlier he seemed to have reasoned differently, he replied: “Yes, that was before the bombing of Aptekarsky Island. Now I am a different person."

We bring to your attention a table of Stolypin's reforms, which displays their essence and results.

Pyotr Arkadyevich died as a result of an assassination attempt in September 1911. Shortly before his death, he said the following: "After my death, one leg will be pulled out of the swamp - the other will get stuck." The assessment of Stolypin's reforms is ambiguous; they did not materialize, as they were conceived. Someone considers only negative aspects, someone believes that he really could make Russia a powerful, developed state and protect it from subsequent wars. The class of smallholders was never created, but agriculture developed.