To keep the house warm, it is important to correctly develop a heating scheme. One of the components of its effectiveness is the connection of heating radiators. It does not matter whether you are going to install cast iron, aluminum, bimetallic or steel radiators, it is important to choose the right way to connect them.
The way the radiator is connected affects its heat transfer
Types of heating systems
The amount of heat that a heating radiator will emit depends not least on the type of heating system and the selected type of connection. To choose the best option, you must first figure out what kind of heating systems are and how they differ.
Single pipe
A single pipe heating system is the most economical option in terms of installation costs. Therefore, it is this type of wiring that is preferred in multi-storey buildings, although in private such a system is far from uncommon. With this scheme, the radiators are connected to the line in series and the coolant first passes through one heating part, then enters the inlet of the second, and so on. The output of the last radiator is connected to the inlet of the heating boiler or to the riser in high-rise buildings.
Example of a one-pipe system
The disadvantage of this wiring method is the impossibility of adjusting the heat transfer of the radiators. By installing a regulator on any of the radiators, you will regulate the rest of the system. The second significant drawback is the different temperature of the coolant for different radiators. Those that are closer to the boiler heat up very well, those farther - get colder. This is a consequence of the series connection of heating radiators.
Two-pipe wiring
The two-pipe heating system differs in that it has two pipelines - supply and return. Each radiator is connected to both, that is, it turns out that all radiators are connected to the system in parallel. This is good because a coolant of the same temperature is supplied to the input of each of them. The second positive point is that a thermostat can be installed on each of the radiators and with its help you can change the amount of heat that it emits.
Two-pipe system
The disadvantage of such a system is that the number of pipes in the wiring of the system is almost twice as large. But the system can be easily balanced.
Read more about heating systems for a private house here.
Where to install radiators
Traditionally, heating radiators are placed under windows and this is no coincidence. The rising stream of warm air cuts off the cold air that comes from the windows. In addition, warm air heats the glass, preventing condensation from forming on them. Only for this it is necessary that the radiator occupies at least 70% of the width of the window opening. This is the only way the window will not fog up. Therefore, when choosing the power of radiators, select it so that the width of the entire radiator is not less than a given value.
How to position a radiator under a window
In addition, it is necessary to correctly select the height of the radiator and the place to place it under the window. It must be placed so that the distance to the floor is in the region of 8-12 cm. If it is lowered below, it will be inconvenient to clean, if raised higher, it will be cold for the feet. Also, the distance to the window sill is regulated - it should be 10-12 cm. In this case, warm air will freely go around the barrier - the window sill - and rise along the window glass.
And the last distance that must be maintained when connecting heating radiators is the distance to the wall. It should be 3-5 cm. In this case, ascending streams of warm air will rise along the rear wall of the radiator, the heating rate of the room will improve.
Read here how to mount and connect heating radiators with your own hands.
How well the radiators will heat up depends on how the coolant is supplied to them. There are more and less effective options.
Bottom connection radiators
All heating radiators have two types of connections - side and bottom. There can be no discrepancies with the bottom connection. There are only two pipes - inlet and outlet. Accordingly, on the one hand, the coolant is supplied to the radiator, on the other, it is discharged.
Bottom connection of heating radiators with one-pipe and two-pipe heating system
Specifically, where to connect the supply, and where the reverse is written in the installation instructions, which must be available.
Heating radiators with side connection
With lateral connection, there are much more options: here the supply and return pipelines can be connected into two nozzles, respectively, there are four options.
Option number 1. Diagonal connection
Such a connection of heating radiators is considered the most effective, it is taken as a standard and this is how manufacturers test their heating devices and the data in the passport for thermal power - for such a connection. All other types of connection give off heat less efficiently.
Diagonal connection diagram of heating radiators with two-pipe and one-pipe systems
This is because when the batteries are diagonally connected, the hot coolant is supplied to the upper inlet from one side, passes through the entire radiator and exits from the opposite, lower side.
Option number 2. Unilateral
As the name implies, pipelines are connected on one side - supply from above, return - from below. This option is convenient when the riser runs on the side of the heater, which is often the case in apartments, because this type of connection usually prevails. When the coolant is supplied from below, such a scheme is rarely used - it is not very convenient to place pipes.
Side connection for two-pipe and one-pipe systems
With such a connection of radiators, the heating efficiency is only slightly lower - by 2%. But this is only if there are few sections in the radiators - no more than 10. With a longer battery, its farthest from the edge will not heat well or even remain cold. In panel radiators, to solve the problem, flow extenders are installed - tubes that bring the coolant a little further than the middle. The same devices can be installed in aluminum or bimetallic radiators, while improving heat transfer.
Option number 3. Bottom or saddle connection
Of all the options, the saddle connection of heating radiators is the least efficient. The losses are approximately 12-14%. But this option is the most inconspicuous - pipes are usually laid on the floor or under it, and this method is the most optimal from the point of view of aesthetics. And so that losses do not affect the temperature in the room, you can take a radiator a little more powerful than required.
Saddle connection of heating radiators
In systems with natural circulation, this type of connection should not be done, but if there is a pump, it works well. In some cases, it is not even worse than the lateral one. It's just that at a certain speed of movement of the coolant, vortex flows arise, the entire surface heats up, and heat transfer increases. These phenomena have not yet been fully studied, therefore it is still impossible to predict the behavior of the coolant.
stroychik.ru
Heating radiator connection diagrams: how to properly connect the battery
Its efficiency directly depends on the correctness of the selected scheme for connecting heating radiators in a particular house or room. It's good when the fuel consumption is minimal, and the house is warm on the coldest days. Correct connection of the batteries can ensure a comfortable temperature in all rooms at any time of the year.
What you need for efficient battery performance
An efficient heating system can save money on fuel costs. Therefore, when designing it, you should make a balanced decision. Indeed, sometimes the advice of a neighbor in the country or a friend who recommends such a system as his is not at all suitable.
It happens that there is no time to deal with these issues yourself. In this case, it is better to contact professionals who have been working in this field for 5 years and older and who have grateful reviews.
Having decided to independently engage in the connection of heating radiators, you need to take into account that the following indicators have a direct impact on their efficiency:
- size and heat output of heating devices;
- their location in the room;
- connection method.
The choice of heating devices amazes the imagination of the inexperienced consumer. Among the offers are wall-mounted radiators made of various materials, floor and baseboard convectors. They all have a different shape, size, level of heat transfer, type of connection. These characteristics must be taken into account when installing heaters in the system.
Among the models of heating devices on the market, it is better to choose, focusing on the material and thermal power specified by the manufacturer. For each room, the number of radiators and their size will be different. It all depends on the area of the room, the level of insulation of the external walls of the building, the connection diagram, the heat output indicated by the manufacturer in the product passport.
The locations of the batteries are under the window, between the windows located at a rather long distance from each other, along a blank wall or in the corner of the room, in the hallway, storage room, bathroom, in the entrances of apartment buildings.
Depending on the place and method of installation of the heater, there will be different heat losses. The worst option is a radiator completely covered by a screen It is recommended to install a heat-reflecting screen between the wall and the heater. It can be made by hand using one of the materials that reflect heat - penofol, isospan or another foil analogue. Also, you should adhere to the following basic rules for installing the battery under the window:
- all radiators in one room are located on the same level;
- convector ribs in vertical position;
- the center of the heating equipment coincides with the center of the window or is located 2 cm to the right (to the left);
- the length of the battery is not less than 75% of the length of the window itself;
- the distance to the windowsill is not less than 5 cm, to the floor - not less than 6 cm. The optimal distance is 10-12 cm.
The level of heat transfer from devices and heat loss depends on the correct connection of radiators to the heating system in the house.
Having adhered to the basic norms for the placement of radiators, it is possible to prevent the penetration of cold into the room through the window as much as possible. It happens that the owner of the home is guided by the advice of a friend, but the result is not at all the same as expected. Everything is done as he does, but the batteries do not want to warm up. This means that the chosen connection scheme did not fit specifically for this house, the area of the premises, the thermal power of the heating devices were not taken into account, or annoying mistakes were made during installation.
Features of connection diagrams
There is a fundamental difference in the diagrams for connecting heating devices, depending on the type of pipe routing. It can be one-pipe and two-pipe. Each of these types is subdivided into a system with horizontal lines or vertical risers.
Depending on the type of wiring chosen, the battery connection option will differ. For one-pipe and two-pipe systems, it is possible to use side, bottom, diagonal connection of heating devices. The main task is to choose the best option that can satisfy the needs of a particular dwelling in the required amount of heat.
These two types of wiring refer to the T-piece pipe connection system. In addition to it, collector circuits are distinguished. They are also called ray wiring. Its main feature is to lay the pipeline separately to each heating device. The disadvantage is that the pipes pass directly through the premises of the entire floor and a lot of them will be required. This will affect the cost of the system. A significant plus - they are most often mounted on the floor, without affecting the design of the room.
The collector or beam diagram for connecting radiators does not violate the general concept of the design of the room, and is also used for the installation of a "warm floor" system This option, which significantly increases the flow rate of pipes, has recently been actively used in the design of heating schemes. The collector connection of heating devices is used in the "warm floor" system. Depending on the type of project, it can serve as an additional source of heating or as the main one.
Features of the one-pipe system
The type of heating in which all batteries are connected to one pipeline is called one-pipe. The heated and cooled coolant moves along one pipe, alternately entering all devices. It is important for her to choose the right diameter, otherwise the pipe will not cope with its duties and there will be no effect from such heating.
The one-pipe system has its advantages and disadvantages. Many novice craftsmen believe that by choosing this type of wiring, you can save a lot on the installation of heating devices and pipes. But this is a delusion. Indeed, for high-quality operation of the system, you will need to connect everything correctly, taking into account a lot of nuances. Otherwise, the rooms will be cold.
A one-pipe system can really save money when using a supply riser. This is true for 5-storey buildings, where it is beneficial to install one pipe in order to reduce the consumption of materials. With this option, heated water flows up the main riser, distributing further along the rest of the risers. Alternately, the coolant enters the heating devices of each floor, starting from the uppermost.
With a one-pipe coolant circulation system, warm water enters the radiator and returns back to the same pipe. Therefore, the area of the last device should be larger The lower the water falls, following the riser, the lower its temperature becomes. This problem is solved by increasing the area of the radiators on the lower floors. It is advisable to equip radiators of a one-pipe system with bypasses. This will make it possible to dismantle the heater without any problems, for example, for repairs, without disrupting the performance of the entire system.
In a one-pipe system of horizontal distribution, you can use the associated or dead-end movement of the coolant. It works well for pipelines with a total length of up to 30 m. The optimal number of connected heating devices in this case is 4-5 pcs.
Two-pipe wiring: the main differences
Two-pipe wiring involves the use of 2 pipelines: one for the passage of the heated coolant (supply), the second for the cooled one, heading back to the heating tank (return). As a result, each battery receives water at approximately the same temperature, which allows all rooms to be heated evenly.
The use of a two-pipe wiring is considered to be the most desirable. With such a connection of heating devices, the least heat loss occurs. Water circulation can be associated and dead-end.
This service system for radiators is characterized by a convenient adjustment of their thermal performance.
When choosing a two-pipe battery connection scheme with forced circulation, it is imperative to install an air release valve Many craftsmen who independently mount the heating system of their home speak disapprovingly of the two-pipe. The main argument is the high consumption of pipes, which significantly increases the cost of the project.
Upon closer examination of this statement, it turns out that with the correct connection of devices and the use of optimal pipe diameters in a private house, the system will not cost much more than a one-pipe system. Indeed, for the device of the latter, a larger diameter of pipes and a large area of devices are needed. The final price will be influenced by the cost of pipes of a smaller diameter, better circulation of the coolant and minimal heat loss.
The connection of devices for heating in a two-pipe system can be carried out diagonally, from the side, from below. It is permissible to use horizontal and vertical risers. The most efficient option is a diagonal connection. It allows you to maximize the use of heat, evenly distributing it across all heating devices.
Lateral battery connection
Lateral connection is used in two- and one-pipe installations. It is also called one-sided. The main feature is that the supply and return pipes are mounted on one side of the battery.
Such a system is used in multi-storey buildings with a vertical coolant supply. The main condition is to install a jumper before connecting to the pipeline, called a bypass, and taps, so that it is possible to remove the radiator without disrupting the entire system.
Installing valves on the pipe connecting the radiator with the main pipeline will facilitate future maintenance. If you need to paint or rinse the heating device, it can be removed without problems without disturbing the overall system One-sided connection works most efficiently with a small heater length - 5-6 sections. Connecting long radiators in this way will have large heat losses.
Bottom connection specifics
The scheme, in which the bottom connection is used, is most often used to solve design problems. When you need to hide pipes by installing them in a wall or floor.
Heating appliance manufacturers offer various models and variations of bottom connection radiators. The product passport indicates how to correctly connect a specific heating battery model. Inside the radiator connection unit there are ball valves built in by the manufacturer, allowing it to be dismantled if necessary. Such information allows you to install devices into the system with your own hands.
In many modern battery models, the bottom connection assumes the circulation of water as with a diagonal connection. For this, a special obstacle is installed inside the radiator, which guarantees the movement of water completely throughout the entire device. Only then the coolant enters the return line Diagonal connection diagram
The diagonal connection is characterized by minimal heat loss. Its peculiarity is that heat is supplied from one side of the device, passes through all sections and exits through the hole on the other side. It is used for one- and two-pipe systems.
This battery connection option can be implemented in two ways:
- The coolant enters the upper opening of the device, circulates through it and flows out of the lower side opening on the other side.
- Water enters the lower hole from one side and, having passed through the entire radiator, exits from its upper opposite hole.
The diagonal circuit works effectively when connecting long batteries, with a total of 12 sections or more.
The use of a diagonal connection scheme allows you to effectively use rather long devices. They warm up equally well, providing good room heating Natural or forced movement of water
The battery connection option depends on what type of movement of water or antifreeze is supposed to be used for the functioning of the system. There are only 2 options: natural circulation and forced circulation.
The first option involves the use of physical laws without buying and installing additional devices. Suitable when water acts as a coolant. Any non-freeze will make it worse to circulate through the system.
The system consists of a boiler that heats water, an expansion tank, supply and return pipelines, batteries. As the water heats up, it expands and begins to move along the riser, visiting the installed radiators in turn. The cooled water from the system goes back to the boiler by gravity.
With this type of circulation, the horizontal pipeline is installed with a slight slope towards the direction of movement of the coolant. This system is self-regulating, because depending on the temperature of the water, its quantity also changes. The circulation head is increased, allowing the water to heat the room evenly.
With natural circulation, two-pipe and one-pipe schemes with an upper wiring are used, two-pipe with a lower one. Such methods of connecting radiators to the heating system are beneficial to use for small rooms.
It is important to equip the batteries with air drains to remove excess air or install automatic air vents on the risers. It is best to locate the boiler in a basement, so that it is lower than the heated room.
Connection diagrams for radiators with natural circulation of the coolant should provide for a slight slope in the direction of water movement For houses with an area of 100 m2 or more, the coolant circulation system will have to be changed. In this case, you will need a special device that stimulates the movement of water or antifreeze through the pipes. It is about installing a circulation pump. Its capacity depends on the area of the heated room.
The pump is installed on the supply or return pipeline. To remove excess air from the system, it will be necessary to install automatic drains at the highest point of the pipeline or use batteries with Mayevsky taps for manual bleeding.
The use of a pump for forced circulation allows the use of antifreeze as a heat carrier. In this case, you need to install a closed-type expansion tank so that the fumes do not harm the health of the inhabitants of the house. The circulation pump is used in two- and one-pipe circuits with horizontal and vertical heating devices connection system.
Heating radiators: we connect correctly
Regardless of the type of radiators chosen and the connection diagram suitable for them, it is important to calculate and mount everything correctly.
In each specific case, its own system will be optimal. For expensive houses of a large area, it is advisable to contact specialists who can offer an optimal project. This is not an issue to economize on.
In order to correctly install and connect heating devices in a complex design scheme, it is better to use the services of professionals For small residential houses, you can independently choose a suitable scheme and install heating devices. It is imperative to take into account the peculiarities of your home, the rules for installing batteries and the advisability of using a particular scheme.
When installing radiators, one must not forget that the type of material for the battery itself and the pipes must be the same. Plastic pipes connected to cast iron heaters will bring a lot of problems, ruining the heating system.
Being engaged in self-installation of heating batteries, one should not forget from the installation of ball valves for bleeding air and a regulator at the inlet Video on schemes for connecting heating batteries
A video about the difference between the natural and forced circulation of the coolant in the heating system:
A video clearly demonstrating the differences between different schemes of the heating system:
Scheme of effective connection of heating batteries with a two-pipe system:
The heating efficiency directly depends on the choice of the battery connection scheme for your home. With the right option, heat loss is minimized. This allows you to get the maximum effect with the least fuel consumption. Installation of batteries can be done by hand. It is important to take into account the peculiarities of your home so that cold batteries do not interfere with a comfortable life in a cozy home.
sovet-ingenera.com
Connection diagrams for heating radiators in a private house - installation rules and regulations
In order for an autonomous heating system to work as efficiently and efficiently as possible, it is important not only to choose the right heating devices included in its design, but also to connect them accordingly, using the optimal connection diagrams for heating radiators in a private house.
The comfort of living in the house directly depends on how competently and professionally it will be done, therefore it is best to entrust the calculations and installation of the system to specialists. But, if necessary, you can perform the installation work yourself, paying attention to the following points:
- Correct installation of the wiring.
- The sequence of connection of all elements of the system, including pipelines, shut-off and control valves, boiler and pumping equipment.
- Selection of the optimal heating equipment and components.
Choice of connection point and installation standards
Before connecting a heating radiator in a private house, you must familiarize yourself with the following installation and placement standards for these devices:
- The distance from the bottom of the battery to the floor is 10-12 cm.
- The gap from the top of the radiator to the window sill is at least 8-10 cm.
- The distance from the rear panel of the device to the wall is at least 2 cm.
Important: Failure to comply with the above standards can lead to a decrease in the level of heat transfer from heating devices and incorrect operation of the entire heating system.
Installing heating radiators in a private house in a niche or using a screen affects heat loss Another important point that should be taken into account before installing heating radiators in a private house: their location in the premises. It is considered optimal when they are installed under windows. In this case, they create additional protection from the cold entering the house through the window openings.
Please note that in rooms with several windows, it is better to install radiators under each of them, connecting them in sequential order. It is also necessary to install several heating sources in corner rooms.
Radiators connected to the system must have an automatic or manual heating control function. For this purpose, they are equipped with special thermostats designed to select the optimal temperature regime depending on the operating conditions of these devices.
Types of pipe routing
Heating radiators in a private house can be connected according to a one-pipe or two-pipe scheme.
The first method is widely used in multi-storey houses, in which hot water is first supplied through the supply pipe to the upper floors, after which, passing through the radiators from top to bottom, it enters the heating boiler, gradually cooling down. Most often, in such a scheme, there is a natural circulation of the coolant.
The photo shows a one-pipe radiator connection diagram in an apartment with a bypass (jumper) Its main advantages:
- Low cost and material consumption.
- Relative ease of installation.
- Compatible with underfloor heating systems and various types of radiators.
- Possibility of installation in rooms with different layouts.
- Aesthetic appearance due to the use of only one pipe.
- The complexity of the hydro and heat calculation.
- The inability to adjust the heat supply on a separate radiator, without affecting the rest.
- High level of heat loss.
- Increased pressure of the heat carrier is required.
Please note: During the operation of a one-pipe heating system, difficulties may arise with the circulation of the coolant through the pipeline. However, they can be solved by installing pumping equipment.
Installation of heating radiators in a private house with one-pipe wiring using a circulation pump
The two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries in a private house is based on a parallel method for connecting heating devices. That is, the branch supplying the coolant is supplied to the system, in this case it is not connected with the branch through which it returns, but their connection is carried out at the end point of the system.
Advantages:
- Possibility of using automatic temperature controllers.
- Serviceability. If necessary, flaws and mistakes made during installation can be corrected without damaging the system.
Disadvantages:
- Higher cost of installation work.
- Longer installation time in comparison with one-pipe type of wiring.
The diagram shows an example of a two-pipe heating distribution Radiator connection options
To know how to properly connect the heating battery, you need to take into account that in addition to the types of piping, there are several schemes for connecting batteries to the heating system. These include the following options for connecting heating radiators in a private house:
In this case, the connection of the outlet and supply pipes is made from one side of the radiator. This method of connection allows you to achieve uniform heating of each section with minimal equipment costs and a small amount of coolant. Most often used in multi-storey buildings with a large number of radiators.
Useful information: If a battery connected to the heating system according to a one-sided scheme has a large number of sections, the efficiency of its heat transfer will significantly decrease due to poor heating of its remote sections. It is better to ensure that the number of sections does not exceed 12 pieces. or use a different connection method.
- Diagonal (cross).
Used when connecting heating devices with a large number of sections to the system. In this case, the supply pipe, as in the previous connection option, is at the top, and the return pipe is at the bottom, but they are located on opposite sides of the radiator. Thus, heating of the maximum area of the battery is achieved, which increases heat transfer and improves the efficiency of heating the room.
This connection scheme, otherwise called "Leningrad", is used in systems with a hidden pipeline laid under the floor. In this case, the connection of the supply and discharge pipes is made to the lower branch pipes of the sections located at opposite ends of the battery.
The disadvantage of this scheme is heat loss, reaching 12-14%, which can be compensated by the installation of air valves designed to remove air from the system and increase the battery power.
Heat loss depends on the choice of the method of connecting the radiator
For quick dismantling and repair of the radiator, its outlet and supply pipes are equipped with special valves. To adjust the power, it is equipped with a temperature control device that is installed on the supply pipe.
What technical characteristics aluminum radiators have, you can find out from a separate article. In it you will also find a list of popular manufacturing companies.
And about what constitutes an expansion tank for closed-type heating, read another article. Volume calculation, installation.
Tips for choosing an instantaneous water heater for a tap are here. Device, popular models.
Installation
As a rule, the installation of the heating system and the installation of heating radiators are carried out by invited specialists. However, using the batteries listed in a private house, you can install the batteries yourself, strictly observing the technological sequence of this process.
If you perform these works accurately and competently, ensuring the tightness of all connections in the system, there will be no problems with it during operation, and installation costs will be minimal.
The photo shows an example of a diagonal method of installing a radiator in a country house The procedure for this will be as follows:
- We dismantle the old radiator (if necessary), having previously blocked the heating main.
- We mark the installation site. The radiators are fixed to brackets that must be attached to the walls, taking into account the regulatory requirements described earlier. This must be taken into account when marking up.
- We fix the brackets.
- We collect the battery. To do this, we install adapters on the mounting holes in it (come with the device).
Attention: Usually two adapters have a left-hand thread, and two - a right-hand one!
- To plug unused collectors, we use Mayevsky taps and locking caps. To seal the connections, we use sanitary flax, winding it counterclockwise on the left thread, clockwise on the right thread.
- We fasten the ball valves to the joints with the pipeline.
- We hang the radiator in place and connect it to the pipeline with the obligatory sealing of the joints.
- We carry out pressure testing and trial run of water.
Thus, before connecting a heating battery in a private house, it is necessary to determine the type of wiring in the system and its connection diagram. In this case, installation work can be performed independently, taking into account the established norms and process technology.
How the installation of heating batteries in a private house is carried out will demonstrate to you clearly.
okanalizacii.ru
Heat transfer efficiency - how best to connect heating radiators
Heating of a private house »Heating radiators
Ways to connect heating radiators
Comfort, comfort and more comfort. This thought accompanies us all the time when it comes to living in a house. Agree - who doesn't want the house to be always cozy and comfortable? There are no such people. And now the second question - what does the quality of accommodation depend on? There are many criteria, but one we are primarily interested in is the warmth in the house. It is provided by a well-designed heating system, where the connection of radiators plays an important role.
- One-pipe.
- Two-pipe.
How do they differ from each other? The number of contours, and, accordingly, the volume of materials used.
One-pipe scheme
In fact, it is a ring of pipes, where the heating boiler is the center. This is the simplest wiring diagram that is best used in single-storey buildings where a natural circulation system is used. Or in multi-storey buildings with forced circulation.
Let's face it - this scheme is not the best, although it is very economical in terms of the materials used for its construction. But she has one big drawback - the inability to regulate the supply of heat. Installing some kind of control partings in such a scheme is problematic. Therefore, in houses where a single-pipe decoupling scheme is installed, the heat output is equal to the projected one. That is why it is so important to correctly calculate this indicator.
Attention! Single-pipe heating allows only a series connection of radiators. That is, the coolant passes through all the radiators one after the other, giving off heat. And the further the device is located in the chain, the less heat it gets.
Two-pipe scheme
In this scheme, there are two circuits - supply and return. Through the first circuit, the coolant enters the heating radiators (aluminum, bimetallic, cast iron or steel), and along the second it is directed to the boiler. But surprisingly, the coolant is evenly distributed over all batteries, which is a huge plus of this connection scheme.
An important point - with a two-pipe connection, it becomes possible to regulate the temperature in each individual radiator by opening or closing the passage to it. A conventional shut-off valve is installed here, which allows you to increase or decrease the volume of the coolant in each battery.
Place of installation
Installation of heating radiators
It would seem that the installation location of the heating radiator has long been determined. After all, its main function is heat transfer. But let's look more broadly at the task at hand. Installing radiators is a serious business. With their help, it is necessary to create certain temperature norms that will affect the optimal regime in the apartment. This means that they are best installed under windows, from where cold air enters, or near front doors. That is, cutting off the cold air zone is another of their tasks.
And again there is a "BUT". Just taking and installing a heating radiator under the window is half the battle. There are certain rules that need to be taken into account. The correct connection of the heating radiator depends largely on these standards.
What do they include?
- Firstly, any batteries - aluminum, bimetallic, steel or cast iron - must be mounted horizontally. A slight deviation of 1 degree is acceptable, but it is better to set the fixtures exactly horizontally.
- Secondly, the distance from the radiator to the window sill should be within 10-15 cm.
- Almost the same distance should be from the floor to the battery.
- From the wall to the radiator, it should not exceed 5 cm.
It is these standards that determine the most correct and effective heat transfer of heating devices. Therefore, take them as a guide to action.
Ways to connect heating radiators
Now you can move on to the main topic and consider directly the connection of heating radiators. There are three ways how to properly connect heating batteries.
Method number 1 - side connection
Side connection of radiators
The most common type of connection when it comes to the heating system in a city apartment. In apartment buildings, a pipe junction is constructed vertically from apartment to apartment by floor. Therefore, the vertical supply and return circuits are called risers.
Batteries are connected to them from the side, hence the name. Most often, the connection is carried out according to the scheme:
- Supply - to the upper branch pipe.
- The return is to the bottom.
Although this is not so important, if the question concerns a scheme with forced circulation of the coolant. True, experts say that this scheme was not chosen in vain. If you swap the pipes on the batteries, then the efficiency and efficiency of the heater decreases by 7%. This is a significant indicator, so it will have to be taken into account when turning on radiators in the heating system of the house. There are no unimportant indicators or moments in the heating system at all. A small deviation from the norm can lead to quite serious losses in heat and fuel, and, accordingly, in money.
And one moment. If the number of sections in the RIFAR battery does not exceed 12 pieces, then the lateral connection to the heating system is optimal. If the number of sections is greater, then a diagonal connection is used, which is also called cross.
Method number 2 - diagonal connection
Diagonal connection
Experts believe that the diagonal connection is ideal. For this, the heating circuits are connected as follows:
- Supply - to the upper branch pipe of the battery.
- Return - to the bottom, but on the opposite side of the device.
That is, both circuits are connected to each other through the radiator along its diagonal. Hence the name. The advantage of this connection is that the coolant inside the radiator is evenly distributed, due to which the heat is transferred over the entire area of the device. It is in this way that significant fuel savings are achieved.
Method number 3 - bottom connection
This method of connecting RIFAR radiators to the heating system is extremely rare. There are many problems with the bottom connection, and especially this concerns the uniform distribution of the coolant over all radiators. This type is used in a one-pipe connection scheme, where radiators are installed in series, and the coolant moves along a chain from one to another.
Lower radiator connection
By the way, the "Leningradka" scheme is one of the most common when it comes to heating a one-story house. In fact, this is a looped pipe into which radiators are embedded. It is quite simple to connect them - for this, pipes are diverted from the lower nozzles, which cut into the circuit itself. It turns out that the coolant, moving in a loop in a closed cycle, enters each radiator. But at the same time, the further the heater is located in the direction of hot water movement, the less heat it gets.
What to do? There are two solutions to this problem:
- Increase the number of radiator sections located in rooms farthest from the boiler.
- Install a circulation pump that will create a slight pressure inside the heating. It is this that will allow you to evenly distribute hot water throughout the premises.
By the way, the circulation pump immediately makes the system volatile. This has its downside. The thing is that power outages in many suburban settlements are commonplace. So the problem with the bottom connection remains. But in order for the movement of the coolant to be effective even when the pump is off, care must be taken to install a bypass.
Conclusion on the topic
So, you were able to make sure that connecting radiators (RIFAR and other types) is not an easy and very serious matter. It is believed that in city apartments the best option is a side connection. If it comes to private housing construction, then a diagonal scheme is best suited. There are too many problems with the bottom connection. In addition, practice and testing have shown that this option, with the wrong approach to the organization of the installation process, is characterized by too large heat losses - up to 40%.
The heating system for a private house by means of radiators and boiler equipment has two main connection methods: one-pipe and two-pipe.
Both schemes have their own advantages and disadvantages.
When choosing it, one should take into account the area of the room, the number of residential floors and the region of residence.
The choice of pipe routing depends on the connection system: one-pipe and two-pipe, and the method of water circulation in the pipes: natural and forced (using a circulation pump).
Single pipe- based on serial connection of radiators. Hot water heated by the boiler passes through one pipe through all heating sections and goes back into the boiler. Wiring types for one-pipe scheme: horizontal(with forced water circulation) and vertical(with natural or mechanical circulation).
With horizontal wiring, the pipe is installed parallel to the floor, the radiators should be located at the same level. The liquid is supplied from below, it is withdrawn in the same way. Water circulation is carried out using a pump.
With vertical wiring, pipes are located perpendicular to the floor(vertically), heated water is supplied upward, and then goes down the riser to the radiators. Water circulates independently, under the influence of high temperatures.
Two-pipe the system is based on the parallel connection of radiators to the circuit, that is, hot water is individually supplied to each battery through one pipe, and the water is discharged through the second. Layout types - horizontal or vertical. Horizontal wiring is carried out according to three schemes: flow-through, dead-end, collector.
The convectors are connected to the heating system by the following methods: bottom, top, one-sided and diagonal (cross). The circulation of the liquid inside it depends on the battery installation plan.
For one-pipe and two-pipe systems, vertical routing is mainly used for houses containing two or more floors.
Single pipe
The principle of operation of a one-pipe heating system- circular circulation of liquid along one line. The heated heat carrier leaves the boiler and passes in series through each connected convector.
Each subsequent one receives water from the previous one, as it passes, part of the heat is lost as a result of cooling. The further the battery is from the boiler, the lower its temperature. If one element fails, the operation of the entire circuit is disrupted.
Installation is carried out horizontally or vertically, in the second case, it is optimal to install the boiler at the lower level in order to ensure the natural circulation of the liquid.
The advantages of a one-pipe scheme: ease of installation, low consumption of consumables, aesthetics (with horizontal wiring, the pipe can be hidden, for example, mounted under the floor).
Disadvantages:
- Interconnection of circuit elements- failure of one radiator leads to disruption of the entire system;
- High heat loss;
- Inability to control heating individual elements of the system;
- Limited heating area(up to 150 m 2).
Nevertheless, for a one-story house with a small area, it is more rational to choose this type of heating.
Two-pipe
In this system, the liquid circulates through two dedicated lines: supply (coolant outlet from the boiler) and return (to the boiler). Two pipes are connected to a water heater. Installation is carried out vertically or horizontally. Horizontal - performed in three schemes: flow, dead-end, collector.
With a flow-through scheme, the movement of water occurs sequentially, first, the liquid leaves the first convector, then the second and subsequent elements are connected to the line, then the water returns to the boiler. The heat carrier in the supply and return pipes, in this case, moves in the same direction.
Dead-end wiring is characterized by the opposite direction of water in the pipes, that is, water comes out of the first battery and rushes to the boiler in the opposite direction, similarly from other heaters.
With radial or collector wiring, the heated liquid is supplied to the collector, from which pipes extend to the convectors. This option is more expensive, but differs in the ability to accurately adjust the water pressure.
Advantages:
- Parallel connection of convectors, the failure of one element does not affect the operation of the entire circuit;
- Possibility installation of thermostats;
- Minimal heat loss;
- System operation in rooms of any size.
The disadvantages of this scheme are a more complex installation system, high consumption of materials.
Connection options
Ways to connect the radiator to the pipeline:
- Upper... The coolant enters the heater from above and exits in the same way. This type of installation is characterized by uneven heating, since the coolant does not warm the bottom of the device, therefore, using this method in houses is irrational.
- Lower. The coolant enters and exits at the bottom, it has a small heat loss (up to 15%). The advantage of this method is the ability to mount the pipe under the floor.
- One-way or side... The supply and return pipes are connected to one side of the convector (top and bottom). At the same time, good circulation is ensured, which reduces heat loss. This type of installation is not suitable for convectors with a large number of sections (more than 15), since in this case the far part will not heat up well.
- Cross (diagonal). The supply and return pipes are connected diagonally from different sides of the radiator (top and bottom). Advantages: minimal heat loss (up to 2%) and the ability to connect a device with a large number of sections.
The way the radiators are connected to the pipeline affects the quality of room heating.
Installation of radiators
radiator installation
Radiators should be installed in places with the greatest temperature difference, that is, near windows and doors. It is necessary to place the heater under the window in such a way that their centers coincide. The distance from the device to the floor must be at least 120 mm, to the window sill - 100 mm, to the wall - 20-50 mm.
Installation of the battery to the pipeline is carried out using fittings(angle, coupling combined with thread) and ball valve "American", by soldering or welding. An air outlet (Mayevsky tap) is installed on one of the other holes, the remaining hole is closed with a plug.
Before filling the system, carry out the first test run. to clean it and check for leaks. The water should be left for several hours, then drained. After that, refill the system, increase the pressure with the pump and release the air from the radiator until water appears, then turn on the boiler and start heating the room.
Common installation errors: incorrect placement of the convector (close location to the floor and wall), inconsistency between the number of heater sections and the type of connection (side connection type for batteries with more than 15 sections) - in this case, the room will be heated with less heat transfer.
Splashing liquid from the tank indicates an excess of it, noises in the circulation pump about the presence of air - these problems are eliminated using the Mayevsky crane.
Equipment price
Approximate calculation of equipment for the heating system of a house with an area of 100 m 2.
The cost of installation work by a master will cost approximately 50,000 - 60,000 rubles.
Results and conclusions
The choice of the radiator connection scheme is influenced by the area of the room and the number of floors. For a small one-story house, the best option would be to install a single-pipe horizontal system. For houses with an area of more than 150 m 2 with two or more floors, it is preferable to install a two-pipe vertical wiring with a diagonal connection.
There are three schemes for connecting heating radiators to the heating system. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages and is used depending on the general heating scheme.
Side circuit or side connection
When connected to the side, the supply and return pipes are located on the same side of the radiator. In this case, it is possible to supply the feed from the top (with the upper distribution) or from the bottom (with the lower distribution).
It is believed that side connection is less efficient compared to other radiator connection schemes. With its implementation, the power loss of the heater is possible from 5 to 15%.
Side circuits for connecting heating devices are successfully implemented in houses with a high speed of movement of the coolant and with a high, more than 4 atm, pressure in the heating system. Due to the high pressure and high speed of movement, the coolant completely fills the volume of the radiator. As a rule, these are multi-apartment high-rise buildings.
In private houses with a relatively low speed of movement of the coolant, it is better not to use the side connection, and in houses with natural circulation, this piping scheme for the heating device is simply not acceptable.
Bottom connection
When the radiators are connected at the bottom, the supply pipe is connected to the lower side hole of the heating device, and the coolant is removed from the lower hole located on the opposite side of the radiator. Thanks to natural convection, the heat coming from below rises up and completely heats the heating device. However, with this connection, stagnant cold zones are formed in the upper corners of the radiator, the presence of which reduces the efficiency of the heating device by an average of 5%.
Despite this drawback, the lower radiator piping is widespread in private houses, especially when using a one-pipe heating system. As a rule, the main argument in its favor is the low material consumption - the pipes for the lower connection scheme will require a little less than when implementing a diagonal connection scheme.
When the radiators are diagonally connected, the supply pipe fits on one side of the heating device, and the coolant exits through the hole located diagonally opposite the radiator. In this case, the feed can be connected to the upper corner, then the output will be the lower hole on the opposite side.
If the supply is connected to the lower corner, then the outlet will be the upper hole located on the opposite side of the heating device.
The diagonal connection diagram of radiators is considered the most effective, and the most correct connection option is considered to be the supply of the coolant to the upper corner, and its exit through the opposite lower hole. With this connection, the radiators work with maximum heat transfer.
How to choose a radiator connection diagram?
Which radiator connection scheme to give preference largely depends on the heating wiring diagram.
There are several heating schemes:
- one-pipe
- two-pipe
- collector
The choice of a heating scheme largely depends on the way the coolant moves: by gravity or forcibly, using a circulation pump.
Gravity heating system and a scheme for its implementation
Until a certain time, a gravity heating system in private houses was the only possible one. Probably, it was its wide distribution that created the myth about the simplicity and cheapness of gravity heating. In fact, it is the heating scheme based on the natural movement of the coolant that is the most difficult to implement and material-intensive.
Moreover, gravity heating works effectively only in one-story houses. In two-storey buildings, overheating of the second floor inevitably occurs, to eliminate which it is necessary to install additional bypasses, which will also lead to an increase in the cost of the heating system.
In houses with a higher number of storeys, the gravity heating system is not used.
Another important condition for the successful implementation of a gravity heating system is the presence of an attic, where a heating expansion tank must be installed and supply collectors (shoulders) must be laid.
If there is no attic, but a house with an attic, the expansion tank must be installed in the living room, connecting it to the sewage system to discharge excess coolant if necessary. It should be remembered that in a gravity system, the expansion tank is open and its location inside the house is possible only when water is used as a heat carrier. If antifreeze is poured into the heating system, the vapors of which are dangerous to humans, an open expansion tank cannot be installed in the room.
Another condition for the normal operation of gravity heating is the installation of the boiler below the return level, for which the boiler is placed in a special recess or in the basement. And finally, the installation of pipes of such a system should be performed with a slope, which ensures the free directed movement of the coolant towards the boiler.
As you can see, the scheme of a gravity heating system cannot be called simple. She has too many shortcomings, and only one advantage - uninterrupted operation of the heating system in the absence of electricity.
One-pipe heating system
With a one-pipe heating system, the coolant enters the radiator, passes through it and returns again to the same pipe. In this case, the temperature of the coolant gradually decreases when moving from one heating device to another. As a result, the first radiator is the warmest and operates with full heat dissipation.
To ensure the calculated heating power, the second radiator must be of greater power, and the third heating device must be even more powerful.
In private houses, it is difficult to accurately calculate the required power of heating devices when connected to a one-pipe system. As a rule, the selection of radiators occurs "by eye", which leads to uneven heating of the room: in one room, close to the boiler, it will be hot, and in the other, on the contrary, it will be cold.
It remains to add that it is also not possible to obtain real savings on pipes when installing a one-pipe heating system.
With a collector heating circuit, the coolant from the boiler first enters the distribution manifold, and then from it to the radiators. At the same time, a supply pipe and a return pipe go to each heating device.
For the efficient operation of such a heating system, an important condition is equal pipe lengths to each radiator. This can be achieved only when the collector is located in the center of the heated house, which is not always possible.
If it is not possible to create a heating system with equal pipe lengths to each heating device, it is necessary to balance the system, creating artificial obstacles to the movement of the coolant (opening and pressing down the shut-off valves), which leads to the need to use a more powerful circulation pump and can cause uneven heating of the premises.
With a passing heating scheme, the sum of the lengths of the supply and return pipes of each radiator is equal, which means that the hydraulic resistances of each heating device are equal. Balancing is not needed for such a heating scheme.
The associated heating scheme is implemented quite simply: a supply pipe fits to each heating device, and the return flow moves in the same direction to the boiler. As a result, the closer the radiator is to the boiler, the shorter its supply pipe, and the longer the return pipe. Conversely, the farthest radiator has the longest supply pipe and the shortest return pipe.
Let's sum up
Despite the variety of radiator connection schemes for a private house, the most effective is a passing heating scheme with diagonal connection of radiators.
Heating systems are used to maintain heat in buildings. Most include radiators, which are mounted in several ways. The options depend on the structure of the piping and the batteries used.
At first glance, there are not many differences in the schemes, but the choice is best left to a professional... A specialist will help you draw up a competent project that will not only take into account the wishes of the owner, but will also work efficiently.
How to connect radiators to a one-pipe heating system
Widespread due to low cost and ease of installation... In most apartment buildings, the strapping is done in this way. In private buildings, it is less common. Radiators included in the wiring sequentially... The coolant makes a circle from the boiler, visiting each battery in turn. From the extreme section of the chain, the liquid returns to the return inlet.
Such a system has a couple of disadvantages:
- Inability to adjust individual radiators. Installation of the controller is possible, but only the complete circuit can be controlled.
- Serial connection leads to a deterioration in warming up in distant areas piping, as the working fluid loses heat along the way.
The best and worst features of a two-pipe system
Unlike a partner, has straight and return pipes, the purpose of which, respectively: to serve hot, return cooled water. Each battery in the system connected in parallel... it increases heating of distant areas chains. Two pipes allow regulators to be installed in front of each radiator, with the help of which the required temperature is set.
The disadvantage is the complexity of installation and increased costs.
Reference. Price almost doubled, in comparison with a one-pipe heating system.
What is the most efficient battery wiring diagram?
Distinguish three ways radiator installation.
Diagonal
It is considered the most effective and is used in most cases.
Photo 1. Four options for diagonal connection of the radiator to heating, for one-pipe and two-pipe systems.
it associated with high efficiency:
- The coolant enters the battery from the upper corner.
- The liquid disperses throughout the available volume.
- It flows out at the opposite point.
According to this scheme, testing systems in factories.
Lower
It is less common than others, because it has lower efficiency. Both pipes are connected to the bottom of the battery. Average losses are 15%.
Photo 2. One-pipe and two-pipe method of bottom connection of the heating battery. In the second case, more materials are needed.
Of the pluses the possibility of installation in the floor should be highlighted, which hides the strapping. And to compensate for the low efficiency, it is recommended to install a more powerful radiator.
Should not use a similar scheme in piping without pump, since the vortex phenomenon arises. The flow heats up the surface of the pipes, increasing heat transfer during the natural circulation of water. The phenomenon has not yet been studied, so the possible consequences are unclear.
Side or one-sided
True to the name, pipes include from one side: at the upper and lower corners. A similar installation option is used in houses with vertical highways, for example, in multi-apartment buildings. This scheme does not apply when the coolant is supplied from below, since installation is much more complicated.
Photo 3. Both one-pipe and two-pipe systems allow side connection of the battery. In the first case, a bypass is required.
Possesses high efficiency slightly smaller than the diagonal pattern. This applies to radiators with 10 or less sections. Long batteries heat up worse, since the working fluid has to make a long way to one side.
Important! This factor does not affect panel heat exchangers, in which they put special rods that improve the feed.
Useful video
The video examines the features of various popular radiator connection schemes.
Installing batteries
If the house is beautiful, but cold, it will not be very comfortable to live in it. Therefore, the assembly of utilities is a very responsible business. If it is carried out independently, experts recommend first studying all the installation features in maximum detail. We will talk about how to connect a radiator and which circuit to choose for maximum heat transfer.
Before talking about the options for connecting radiators, it is worth dwelling on the existing heating schemes, choosing the most successful place for installing the radiator, as well as describing the ways of circulating the coolant
Heating schemes
To service apartment buildings and private houses, two heating systems are actively used today - one-pipe and two-pipe.
The one-pipe scheme assumes the supply of hot coolant from the top of the house, and then its distribution among the heating devices installed in each apartment. This system has one major drawback. It does not allow you to regulate the temperature created by heating devices without additional installation of special devices. And one more significant minus - having reached the lower floors, the coolant noticeably cools down, so there is not enough heat in the apartments.
The two-pipe system is completely devoid of such moments. This is a more efficient scheme from existing heating systems. Indeed, in it, hot water is supplied to the battery through one riser, and then through the other - the return line - goes back into the general circuit. Separate batteries are connected to the system in parallel, therefore, in each heater, the coolant temperature is approximately the same. It can be adjusted by installing a thermostat on the radiator. And this is another advantage of such a heating organization.
What is important to consider when choosing a place to install a radiator?
When choosing a place for connecting the battery, it is important to take into account that the functions of this device are not only to provide heat, but also to protect the room from the penetration of cold from the outside. That is why radiators are installed in places that are weakest from this point of view - under windowsills. So they cut off the flow of cold air that enters the room through a window or balcony block.
There is a ready-made layout of heating batteries. Mounting distances are determined in accordance with existing SNiP standards. As a result, they allow you to get maximum heat transfer. Therefore, it is worth mentioning them.
Note! Place batteries at a distance of 12 cm from the floor, 10 cm from the windowsill and 2 cm from the wall. It is not recommended to violate these norms.
Additional equipment and methods of circulation of the coolant in the heating system
How to connect the heating correctly
Before proceeding to the description of heating connection schemes, it is worth talking about the equipment that will be needed at the time of its implementation.
The water inside the system can circulate in a natural and forced way. The second option involves connecting a circulation pump. He pushes hot water, helping her to get to the most inaccessible places. In order to do this, the pump must be installed in the general system, choosing a place directly at the boiler.
Note! By connecting a circulation pump, we make the heating system volatile. In the event of a power outage, it will not work.
But engineers have long come up with a device that allows you to reconfigure the forced circulation of the coolant to the natural one. This device is called a bypass. In fact, such equipment is a conventional jumper that is installed between the supply pipe and the return pipe. For the system to work without interruption, the diameter of the bypass must be less than the diameter of the main wiring.
Radiator connection diagrams
There are several heating schemes that allow you to connect the batteries to the central line. It:
- Side one-way connection.
- Lower.
- Diagonal.
The first option provides maximum heat transfer, so many people prefer it. When choosing such a scheme, the batteries are connected to the wiring as follows. The supply pipe is connected to the upper side pipe, and the outlet pipe is connected to the lower one on the same side.
Installing radiators
This scheme contributes to an even distribution of the volume of the coolant inside the battery. The latter heats up completely, which means that it gives off heat in greater quantities. Experts strongly recommend choosing this option when the radiator consists of a large number of sections - up to 15 units. It should also be used when all heating devices in a house or apartment are connected in parallel into a single network.
The bottom connection allows the piping to be hidden in the floor. With it, both the inlet and outlet pipes are connected to the lower outlets of the batteries. The system works effectively only at constant maximum water pressure. As soon as it falls, the radiator is half-empty inside, and the heat transfer is reduced by 15%. With this option, the batteries heat up unevenly - their bottom is hotter than the top. And this must be taken into account when choosing a similar connection method.
The diagonal connection assumes the supply of the supply pipe to the upper branch pipe of the battery, and the return branch to the lower one, located on the opposite side. With this option, the battery inside is also filled completely, so the loss of heat transfer is no more than 2%.
How to connect correctly?
Installation of heating radiators
After choosing the wiring diagram, you must install the batteries correctly:
- It is better to hang the radiator from the wall using brackets. In this case, two are attached from above, taking on the main weight load, and two from below, supporting a heavy heater. Note! If a radiator consisting of 12 sections or more is used, an additional bracket is required, which is attached from above exactly in the center of the heaters.
- When fastening, it is advisable to arm yourself with a building level and set the batteries horizontally and vertically. Any misalignment, even the smallest, will lead to the formation of an air lock inside the radiator. It will not allow the device to demonstrate its maximum capabilities.
- The number of sections is calculated not only taking into account the capacities. Models are selected whose width completely covers the space under the windowsill.
- When connecting, it is necessary not to allow the upper supply pipe to bend downwards and the lower discharge pipe upwards. This will also lead to the formation of air jams, but not in the battery itself, but in the pipes. Moreover, it will be extremely problematic to eliminate them.
- If radiators with more than 12 sections are installed, it is better to choose a diagonal connection. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to fill the entire volume of the heater with a coolant.
- To achieve maximum heat transfer, experts recommend using a foil shield, which is attached from the back of the device directly to the wall. If this is not done, a significant amount of heat goes to heating the wall, and not the room.
What material to choose for connecting batteries?
Complete heating system diagram
Today, in 90% of cases, metal-plastic pipes are used to connect radiators. The bends are attached to the devices by metal welding, and then the wiring is installed using the soldering method. The result is a very strong and reliable connection that looks very aesthetically pleasing.
For greater safety, all necessary shut-off equipment is immediately installed. Instead of ball valves, experts recommend paying attention to valves with thermostatic heads. They will make it possible to carry out all the necessary adjustments in automatic mode.
When buying modern radiators, you do not need to think about choosing a kit for a competent connection. The package already includes brackets, radiator fittings, an air vent, and American taps, several connectors, tees, elbows and clamps. Therefore, it will be very easy to make a high-quality connection, taking into account the recommendations given.
Conclusion on the topic
Heating batteries are connected in three ways. The choice of a particular option depends on many factors. It is important to consider the number of radiator sections and the characteristics of heating systems.
So, for example, in the presence of forced circulation, any of three types of connection can be used - both bottom, and diagonal, and one-sided lateral. With natural circulation, pressure surges of the coolant often occur, and the bottom connection in this case is not always effective.