Odoevsky - the meaning and origin of the surname. Odoevsky - the meaning and origin of the surname Odoevsky as the correct stress

In the unfinished utopian novel "Year 4338", written in 1837, Vladimir Odoevsky, as it were, predicted the emergence of the Internet and blogs:

"Magnetic telegraphs are arranged between familiar houses, by means of which those living at long distances communicate with each other."

Odoevsky was born in 1803 in Moscow into the family of a prominent official. The Odoevskys belonged to an old princely family (the father traced his ancestry from the legendary Varangian Rurik). Their family was impoverished by the time of birth Vladimir Fedorovich. ABOUThis father died when the boy was not even five years old. The mother remarried, the child grew up in the family of the father's relatives appointed by his guardians; relations with them were difficult. In early childhood, a friendship began with a cousin - the future Decembrist Alexander Odoevsky.
In 1816, Vladimir Odoevsky entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, which gave a deep and comprehensive education. The young man studied philosophy with particular interest, in particular, was carried away by the works of Schelling. He attends literary circles, meetings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Odoyevsky began to publish already during his studies: his first works ("A Conversation about the Danger of Being Vain", "Days of Troubles") were published in the "Vestnik Evropy" magazine.

In 1822, after graduating from the boarding school with a gold medal, the young man plunged into science, literary and philosophical studies. He studies anatomy, physics, chemistry, technology, becomes a regular at the salon of Zinaida Volkonskaya. In 1823 year together with university friends:Venivitinov, Koshelev, Khomyakovcreates the Society "Wisdom" (as they translated the Greek word "philosophy" into Russian). The goal of its participants was to study ancient and German philosophers, to create an original Russian philosophy, from which a new Russian literature was to emerge. "Lubomudry" preached the necessity for literature not only of feelings, but also of thoughts, and for science - not only logic, but also imagery. Philosophy seemed to them as the almighty key to the great areas of being.

Unlike the Decembrists, members of society saw their central task in enlightenment, in gradual cultural transformations. Odoevsky and Küchelbecker begin to publish the almanac "Mnemosyne", in which Pushkin, Griboyedov, Baratynsky, Vyazemsky are printed. This publication, like the Society of Wisdom, ceases to exist after the Decembrist uprising. Fearing persecution, Odoevsky burns the minutes of the meetings.

In 1826 Odoevsky got married and moved to St. Petersburg. He enters the service of the Censorship Committee of the Ministry of the Interior. He is one of the authors of the liberal censorship charter, the first copyright laws.
All subsequent decades his name is widely known, he is in the very center of the literary and cultural life of Russia, he collaborates with Literaturnaya Gazeta, with the almanac Northern Flowers. Pushkin invites him to participate in the publication of the Sovremennik magazine, which he had conceived (it continued for some time after Pushkin's death). Odoevsky's literary salon gathers outstanding writers (Pushkin, Krylov, Griboyedov, Gogol, Lermontov, Koltsov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Ostrovsky, Goncharov), musicians (Glinka, Dargomyzhsky, Balakirev, Rubinstein), publishers, scientists, travelers.
He acts as a philosopher, prose writer, literary and music critic. In 1833, Motley Tales were published, which delighted Gogol. In 1834, "The Town in the Snuffbox" was published separately, one of the best literary tales in the entire world literature, which can be compared with Andersen's and became an indispensable reading for Russian children. "Fairy tales and stories for the children of grandfather Irenaeus" (1838) became the textbook children's reading.

Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky. Watercolor Nick. Bestuzheva (Petrovsky Plant, 1833)

Several romantic novellas with “musical” themes have appeared - “The Last Quartet of Beethoven”, “Opere del Cavaliere Giambatista Piranese”, “Sebastian Bach”; "Russian Hoffmaniana" - the stories "Segeliel", "Cosmorama" "Sylphide", "Salamander". His secular stories - "Princess Mimi" (1834) and "Princess Zizi" (1835) were also successful. Odoevsky's main experience in the field of literary literature was the philosophical novel Russian Nights, published in 1844.
As a government official and public figure, Odoevsky was actively involved in educating the people. He was one of the publishers of the collections "Rural Reading", which contained popular articles on a variety of issues - from medical and hygienic to religious and moral. He also became one of the founders of the Visiting Poor Society and for several decades played a prominent role in the development of Russian philanthropy.

From 1846 to 1861, Odoevsky was assistant director of the Imperial Public Library and head of the Rumyantsev Museum, custodian of its values, which later became the basis of the Russian State Library. In the 40s and 60s, the writer served at the court, became a chamberlain, then a chamberlain of the court, then a full state councilor, and in 1861 - a senator.
In 1862, in connection with the transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum to Moscow, Odoevsky returned to his hometown. There he continues to serve and participates in cultural and social life: he helps found the Conservatory, the Russian Musical Society, participates in meetings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and the Moscow Artistic Circle, reads popular lectures, gathers around him writers, musicians, scientists.

Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky. Lithograph by P. Borel

In the 60s, Odoevsky left literature and devoted himself to practical activities. He welcomes the abolition of serfdom, studies Russian antiquities in the vaults of monasteries near Moscow, writes articles on pedagogy, and listens to cases in the Senate.
Three years before his death, he replies to Turgenev's article "Enough!" article "Dissatisfied!", which is imbued with the ideas of enlightenment and faith in the moral development of mankind.
Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky died on February 27, 1869. Buried at the Donskoy cemetery in Moscow.

booksreader.org ›author… vladimir-fedorovich

Music theory and music practice

According to the recollections of contemporaries, Odoevsky's interest in music was awakened in his early youth. Even his small apartment on Gazetny Lane housed a small cabinet piano. He was especially attracted by musical theory. The inapplicability of the uniformly tempered chromatic scale, used in classical music, for reproducing musical modes used in folk music practice, became obvious to him when he recorded folk tunes from his voice. This discovery, made in the late 1840s, largely determined the direction of his further research and proved to him the effectiveness of the methods of experimental science of modern times.

From folk music Odoevsky moved on to the study of ancient church modes. He realized that here, too, the tradition did not fit into the framework set by equal temperament, and began to study the possibilities of enharmonic musical instruments. The results of these studies were reflected in a series of articles ("Russian and so-called general music", "On the primordial Great Russian song", speech to the opening of the Moscow Conservatory, "On the study of Russian music not only as an art, but also as a science", "Musical literacy or the foundations of music for non-musicians "," Music from an acoustical point of view ").

Odoevskypartlyembodied his ideas in the "enharmonic clavicin" he created.This instrument was ordered from the master Kampa, who lived in Moscow and maintained a piano factory in Gazetny Pereulok, which at the end of the century passed to his daughter, married to Smolyaninova. The archive contains a receipt dated February 11, 1864 on the payment of 300 rubles in silver for the manufacture of the instrument. Although Odoyevsky called it "clavicin", it was a standard hammer-action piano, with the only difference that each black key was divided in two, in addition, he had one black key where they usually do not exist - between B and C and between E and fa. Thus, instead of the usual 12 semitones in one octave, Odoevsky's instrument has 17 "microtones", which corresponds to Ogolevets' ideas about possible logical temperaments. This instrument is now kept in the Museum of Musical Culture. Glinka in Moscow.

First Moscow period

Usually the life and work of Odoevsky is divided into three periods, the boundaries between which more or less coincide with his moves from Moscow to St. Petersburg and back.

The first period refers to life in Moscow, in a small apartment in Gazetny Lane in the house of his relative, Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Odoevsky. Odoevsky then studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School (-). Friendship with his cousin A.I. Odoevsky had a great influence on the worldview. As he admitted to Student diary (-), "Alexander was an era in my life."

His name remained on the golden board of the boarding house, along with the names: Zhukovsky, Dashkova, Turgenev, Mansurov, Pisarev.

From 1823 he was in the civil service. At the apartment of V. Odoevsky, a circle "Society of Wisdom" gathered, created under the influence of Schellingian ideas of the professors of Moscow University M. Pavlov and D. M. Vellansky who taught at the boarding school. Among the permanent members of this circle were A.I. Koshelev, D.V. Venevitinov, I.V. and P.V.Kireevsky, V.K.Kyukhelbeker. AS Khomyakov and MP Pogodin regularly attended the meetings. The meetings of the circle took place in -1825 and ended with its liquidation after the Decembrist uprising.

In those same years, Odoevsky tried his hand at the literary field: together with Kuchelbecker he published the almanac "Mnemosyne" and wrote the novel "Jerome Bruno and Pietro Aretino", which remained incomplete. In 1826 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he married and entered the service in the 2nd department of His Majesty's own chancellery, under the command of Count Bludov.

Creativity of the Petersburg period

The second period of Odoevsky's work is characterized by a fascination with mystical teachings, primarily the mystical philosophy of Saint-Martin, medieval natural magic and alchemy. He is actively involved in literary creation. He writes romantic and didactic stories, fairy tales, publicistic articles, collaborates with Pushkin's Sovremennik and Vestnik Evropy, several encyclopedias. He edited the "Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs".

The best, admittedly, of his works - a collection of philosophical essays and stories under the general title "Russian Nights" (1844), given in the form of a philosophical conversation between several young people, belongs to the same time. Weaved here, for example, the stories "The Last Suicide" and "The City without a Name", describing the fantastic consequences to which the implementation of Malthus's law of population growth in geometric progression leads, and the works of nature - in arithmetic, and Bentham's theory, which puts all human actions are exclusively the beginning of what is useful, as a goal and as a driving force. Devoid of inner content, secular life, locked in a hypocritical convention, finds itself a vivid and vivid assessment in "Dead Man's Mockery" and especially in the pathetic pages of "The Ball" and the description of the horror of death experienced by the audience gathered at the ball.

Around the same time, Odoevsky's participation in Belinsky's circle belongs, the preparation of a three-volume collection of works, which also saw the light of day in 1844 and has not yet been republished.

This instrument was ordered from the master of German origin A. Kampe, who lived in Moscow and maintained a piano factory in Gazetny Lane, which at the end of the century passed to his daughter (married to Smolyaninova). The archive contains a receipt dated February 11, 1864 about the payment of 300 rubles in silver for making the instrument. Although Odoevsky called him clavicin (i.e. harpsichord), it was a standard hammer piano, with the only difference that each of its black keys was divided in two, in addition, it had one black key where they usually do not exist - between si and before and between mi and f; thus, in each octave of Odoevsky's instrument, 19 keys were formed instead of the usual 12. The mentioned difference includes all the features that an enharmonic keyboard should have. This naming extended keyboard not accepted in either German (enharmonische Tastatur), or Italian (tastatura enarmonica), or Russian lexicography.

Since there is no work by Odoevsky, in which he mathematically accurate would set out the principles of tuning his instrument, modern musicological conclusions about his intentions are largely hypothetical. Now enharmonic clavicin kept in the Museum of Musical Culture. Glinka in Moscow.

Social activity

In addition to the tireless activity of collecting, preserving and restoring the Russian musical heritage, primarily in regard to Orthodox church music, Odoevsky spared no effort in some other fields. One of the outstanding aspects of his literary activity was his concern for the education of the people, in whose abilities and good spiritual qualities he passionately believed. For many years he was the editor of the Rural Review, published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs; Together with his friend, A.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky, he published the books "Rural Reading", in 20 thousand copies, under the titles: "What the peasant Naum told his children about potatoes", "What is a drawing of the land and what it is suitable ”(history, meaning and methods of land surveying), etc .; wrote for the public reading a number of "Grandfather Irenaeus's Letters" - about gas, railways, gunpowder, general diseases, about "what is around a person and what is in him", and, finally, he published "Colorful fairy tales of Irenaeus Gameoseika" language, which Dal, an expert in Russian speech, admired, who found that some of the sayings and proverbs invented by Odoyevsky could be attributed to a purely national origin (for example, “together, not heavy, but at least throw them apart”; “two smut and smoke in an open field, and one goes out on the pole ”...). Otechestvennye zapiski owed their efforts to his efforts.

Welcoming the easing of censorship rules in 1865, Odoevsky insistently spoke out against the warning system taken from Napoleonic France and advocated the abolition of the unconditional prohibition on the import of books hostile to Russia into Russia.

After his death, the widow transferred her husband's book archives to the Imperial Public Library, the musical (sheet music, manuscripts about music, enharmonic clavicin) to the Moscow Conservatory.

Internet predictions

• Vladimir Odoevsky, in his unfinished utopian novel "Year 4338", written in 1837, seems to have been the first to predict the emergence of modern blogs and the Internet: the text of the novel contains lines "between familiar houses, magnetic telegraphs are arranged, through which people living at a distance communicate with each other. friend. "

Addresses in Moscow

and it came true ... In all likelihood, Odoevsky was a wise man.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• - - Lansky's house - Moshkov lane, 1;
• - - House of the Serebryanikovs - river embankment Fontanka, 35;
• - - Schlipenbach's house - Liteiny prospect, 36;
• - - A. V. Starchevsky's tenement house - English Embankment, 44.

Odoevsky's works on music

• Beethoven's last quartet // Northern Flowers for 1831. SPb., 1830
• Sebastian Bach // Moscow Observer, 1835, part 2, [May, book. one]
• Letter to a music lover about Glinka's opera "A Life for the Tsar" // Northern Bee, 1836, No. 280
• The second letter to a music lover about Glinka's opera "A Life for the Tsar", or "Susanin" // ibid, 1836, no. 287-88
• New Russian opera: "Life for the Tsar" // Literary additions to "Russian invalid" (1837); reprint: Glinka. Creative way. Volume 22. Ed. T.N. Livanova and V.V. Protopopov.
• About a new scene in the opera "A Life for the Tsar". Composition by M.I.Glinka (1837) // reprinted in the same place
• "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1842) // in the same place
• Notes for my great-great-grandson about the literature of our time and so on. Letter from Bichev - "Ruslan and Lyudmila", opera by Glinka (1842) // Otechestvennye zapiski, 1843, v. 26, no. 2
• Supplement to the biography of M. I. Glinka [written by V. V. Stasov]
• On the study of Russian music not only as an art, but also as a science (speech for the opening of the Moscow Conservatory on September 1, 1866)
• Letter to Prince V.F.Odoevsky to the publisher about the original Great Russian music // Kaliki perekhozhny. Sat. poems and research by P. Bessonov, part 2, no. 5, 1863
• Wagner in Moscow // Modern Chronicle. Sunday additions to "Moskovskie vedomosti", 1863, no. 8
• Richard Wagner and his music // ibid, 1863, no. 11
• A note on singing in parish churches // Day, 1864, No. 4
• On the question of Old Russian singing // Day, 1864, No. 4, 17
• To the case of church singing // Home conversation, 1866, no. 27 and 28
• Russian and so-called general music // Russian (Pogodina), 1867, No. 11-12
• Musical Certificate, or the Foundations of Music for Non-Musicians. Issue 1.M., 1868
• Brief Notes on the Characteristics of Russian Church Orthodox Singing // Proceedings of the First Archaeological Congress in Moscow. M., 1871
• The difference between frets (Tonarten, tons) and voices (Кirchen-tonarten, tons d "église) // in the same place
• A worldly song written in eight voices with hooks with cinnabar marks // in the same place
• An experience of the theory of fine arts, with particular application of it to music (not completed)
• Gnomes of the 19th century (not completed)

Editions of essays

• Musical and literary heritage. General ed.<…> G.B. Bernandt, M., 1956;
• Odoevsky V.F. Russian nights / Published by B.F. Egorov, E.A. Maymin, M.I. Honey. - L .: Nauka, 1975 .-- 319 p. (Literary monuments);
• Odoevsky V.F. Compositions. In 2 volumes - M .: Art. lit., 1981. (T. 1: Russian nights; Articles. T. 2: Stories);
• V.F. Odoevsky. Beethoven's last quartet. Stories, stories, essays. Odoevsky in life. M .: Moscow worker, 1982 (also contains a selection of memoir sketches);
• Odoevsky V.F. Colorful fairy tales / Published by M.A. Turyan. SPb .: Nauka, 1996 .-- 204 p. (Literary monuments);
• Prince Vladimir Odoevsky. To the 200th anniversary of his birth. Compositions for organ // Proceedings of the State Center for Metallurgy M.I. Glinka. M., 2003;
• Odoevsky V.F. Diaries. Correspondence. Materials. Ed. M.V. Esipova. M: GTsMMK im. Glinka, 2005.

see also

• A box with a secret - a cartoon on the theme of V. Odoevsky's fairy tale "Town in a Snuffbox".

Memory

Notes

1. V.F.Odoevsky: biography, works
2. V. F. Odoevsky on the pages of the "White City"
3. Memoirs of M. Pogodin 04.13.1869 - "In memory of Prince V. F. Odoevsky"
4. Biography of V. F. Odoevsky in the "Krugosvet" Encyclopedia
5. V. A. Panaev From "memories". From chapter XXIII ... Saturdays at II Panaev's ... // VG Belinsky in the memoirs of contemporaries / compilation, preparation of the text and notes by AA Kozlovsky and KI Tyunkin; introductory article by K. I. Tyunkin. - 2nd edition. - M., 1977 .-- 736 p. - (Series of literary memoirs). - 50,000 copies
6. See numerous Sat. folk songs, ranging from the famous collection of N.A. Lvov and I. Prach (1790) to N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and M.A. Balakirev. The title of one of Odoevsky's articles is characteristic: “Genuine tunes. The experience of harmonizing and processing versions of the Russian folk song "Ay we sowed millet" "(1863). Likewise, composers of the 19th century en masse. old Russian church chants were also harmonized.
7. Odoevsky, VF ["Russian commoner ..."]. Quoted from V.F.Odoevsky's collection. Musical and literary heritage. State Music Publishing House, Moscow, 1956, pp. 481-482
8. English-speaking musicology calls this type of keyboard the Enharmonic keyboard.
9. Thus, the English musicologist K. Cambridge, during his lecture on the history of musical temperaments (Glinka Museum, May 30, 2005), suggested that Odoyevsky's instrument was tuned in one of the mid-tone temperaments (in professional jargon, it is called "mesotonic").
10. Tukhmanova Z. The enharmonic piano of Prince V. F. Odoevsky // Early Music, 2005, no. 3-4, pp. 23-26
11. Don Cemetery (Retrieved November 14, 2009)
12. Prince V. F. Odoevsky in criticism and memoirs
13. City register of real estate of the city of Moscow
14. Children's Music School. V.F.Odoevsky. Official site.

Literature

• In memory of Prince V.F. Odoevsky.M., 1869.
• Pyatkovsky A.P. Prince V.F. Odoevsky. - SPb., 1870.
• A trait in the character of Prince V.F. Odoevsky / Publ. N. Putyaty // Russian Archive, 1870. - Ed. 2nd. - M., 1871. - Stb. 927-931.
• Sumtsov N.F. Prince V.F. Odoevsky. Kharkov, 1884.
• Yanchuk N.A. Prince V.F. Odoevsky and his significance in the history of Russian church and folk music // Proceedings of the Musical and Ethnographic Commission. T. 1.M., 1906, pp. 411-427.
• Sakulin P.N. From the history of Russian idealism. Prince V.F. Odoevsky. M., 1913.
• Bernandt G.B. V.F. Odoevsky and Beethoven. A page from the history of Russian Beethoveniana. - M .: Soviet composer, 1971. - 51 p.
• Virginsky V.S. V.F.Odoevsky. 1804-1869. Natural science views. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
• Stupel A. Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky. L .: Music, 1985.
• Gavryushin N.K. On the border of philosophy and theology: Schelling - Odoevsky - Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov) // Theological Bulletin. - 1998. - No. 2. - S. 82-95.
• Bayuk D.A. Mathematical theory of temperament. Prince Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky and his "enharmonic harpsichord" (Russian) // Historical and mathematical research : magazine. - M .: Janus-K, 1999. - V. 4. - No. 39. - S. 288-302. - ISBN 5-8037-0037-1.
• Koyre A. Philosophy and the national problem in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. - M., 2003.
• Tukhmanova Z. Enharmonic piano of Prince V.F.Odoevsky (Russian) // Early music : magazine. - M., 2005. - No. 3-4. - S. 23-26.
• Saponov M. Fürst Vladimir Odojevskij, Richard Wagner und die Orgel "Sebastianon" // Musikinstrumentenbau im interkulturellen Diskurs, hrsg. v. E. Fischer. Bd. 1. Stuttgart, 2006.

Links

20.04.2011 - 16:43

More than 1,300 streets, lanes, driveways, avenues and boulevards, dozens of names of neighborhoods, metro stations, parks and squares are registered in Minsk. Dozens of new names are added to the city namebook every year. And the old ones acquire a folk color, new accents, and sometimes turn into slang.

Over the past 15 years, capital streets have changed their names or received new ones more than 120 times. In the 90s, historical names returned to many. In the 2000s, new ones appeared due to the fact that a part of the suburb was annexed to the capital, and those streets with the same names were renamed. Microdistricts appear - and new streets on the map of the capital. Of course, it is not complete without incidents.

Famous Belarusian writer and statesman - Dmitry Zhilunovich (Zmitser Zhylunovich) - was awarded to Zhilunovich Street, which is located near the Belarus department store (former Zhdanov Street) and the streetTishki Gartny. A Tsishka Gartny is a pseudothe same Zhilunovich.

A special commission of the Minsk City Executive Committee on the naming and renaming of avenues, streets, squares and other constituent parts of the city is called upon to monitor all changes in the street nomenclature. It consists of 15 people - deputies of the Minsk City Council, representatives of city structures, doctors of philological sciences, scientists, historians, archivists. The latter's opinion is especially important.

And if the Commission copes with street names and historically correct names, then it is difficult to fight against popular mistakes. Changing the stress in the names of streets and microdistricts is a lively, very long-term and incessant process. So, at times, it is very difficult to find errors and eradicate them.

Sergey Vecher, director of the National Historical Museum:
There was a village B esninka - now it has become part of the city and has actually become a microdistrict. But people stubbornly call her Vesn inka, and what will take root more is difficult to say now.

Aude street aboutevsky often sounds like Odo evskogo. But historians can still struggle with this mistake.

Sergey Vecher, director of the National Historical Museum:
In general, the Odoevsky family comes from the city of Aude aboutev, which is in Russia - there is their family estate.

The situation is the same with Vasily T street ipinsky. Humanist-educator was born on the estate T ipinot. Therefore, street T ipinskiy, but not Tyap andnskogo.

Some discrepancies are so ingrained in the urban environment that they already have the right to claim the correct pronunciation. For example, Bir street yucall - named in honor of the military leader, marshal, Hero of the Soviet Union - Biryuz Street has long been firmly established aboutwah. Same story by the street Azgura.

Olga Bogomolova, chief curator of the museum-workshop of Z. Azgur:
A zgur is not entirely historically accurate, because we, museum workers, consider it more as the creative surname of Azgur. However, there is also a historically accurate surname, which is pronounced Azgatr: Zaire himself, and his family, and the creative intelligentsia - pre-war and post-war - put emphasis on the second syllable.

Errors occur not only in pronunciation, but also in the spelling of street names. The most offensive for the townspeople are incorrect translations of names into Belarusian and thoughtless abbreviations.

Sergey Vecher, director of the National Historical Museum:
A person's pseudonym can neither be reduced nor modified - it is given in full. You go - turn to Tanka street. Which tank? A person's pseudonym is Maxim Tank - not M. Tank, not Tank, but completely. The same is Kupala Street.

A guide would help to get rid of most of the mistakes, which would indicate the origin of the capital street, the correct spelling and pronunciation of its name. This will require a lot of work - but the city will certainly thank you.

People in the material:

"Total dictation" was written in Minsk: which text was used to test literacy and who participated

News of Belarus. On April 13, "Total Dictation" was written by about a thousand people, according to the News program "24 Hours" on STV. This educational action is being held in Minsk for the fourth time.

You could test your knowledge at several sites at once. The largest audience was gathered in the National Library - 500 people came there. The text was traditionally performed by media personalities.

Maria Malich, coordinator of "Total Dictation" at the site of the Belarusian State Medical University:
The text is written specially by the authors, mostly. This year Pavel Basinsky is a modern author. One of the goals of the dictation is to acquaint with modern authors, contemporary prose, to increase the public's interest in contemporary literature.

Alexandra Sivkova, participant of "Total Dictation":
This is my second visit to Total Dictation to find out if I can pass well or not.

Zinaida Ilyina, participant of "Total Dictation":
This is my professional attachment, I am a teacher of the Russian language and literature. It's just very interesting to me. These dictations are relatively complex.

By the way, in order to take part in the action, there was no need for a personal presence. The dictation was broadcast online.

The organizers promise that the results will be known after April 17th. On April 20, the traditional dictation honors award ceremony will take place.

But the surname of the great French scientist Pasteur is pronounced by many in the "German" way: "Pasteur".

As for Russian surnames, we should first of all dwell on the most common surname "Ivanov", which is pronounced in two ways: "Ivanov" and "Ivanov".

Which is more correct? It seems to me that there is nothing to argue about; it is necessary to pronounce "Ivanov".

Why? Yes, if only because we put such an emphasis in all similar surnames: “Stepanov”, “Romanov”, “Selifanov”, “Ulyanov”, “Demyanov”, “Kasianov”. After all, it would never occur to anyone to say “Stepanov,” “Romanov,” etc.?

Note also that the names of all the famous "Ivanovs" are pronounced correctly: the artist Alexander Ivanov, the composer Ippolitov-Ivanov, the writer Vsevolod Ivanov. Finally, no one will say Ivanov, Chekhov's play Ivanov. It seems that there is no reason to distort the name of all the other numerous Ivanovs.

It should be noted that the pronunciation of surnames sometimes changes dramatically. So, for example, in my childhood, that is, fifty years ago, everyone always pronounced "Musorgsky", just like "Tchaikovsky", "Zhukovsky", "Zagorsky", "Maslovsky", "Smirnovsky", etc. Now all - and first of all, radio announcers - pronounce "Musorgsky". It seems to me that it is still preferable to say "Musorgsky", if only because it is more harmonious ...

Sometimes the question of the correct pronunciation of a surname is solved very simply.

How, for example, should one say: "Odoevsky" or "Odoevsky"?

It is more correct, of course, "Odoevsky", since this surname comes from the city of the Tula region, which is called "Odoev" ...

About names

Well, if the conversation turned to surnames, let's talk about names.

Here the conversation about "incorrectness" is quite special: every person of our era, of course, is free to have any name, regardless of the priest's "saints", but if we approach this issue from the historical and philological point of view, then something curious and having relevant to the topic of this book.

The overwhelming majority of our names are of Greek origin: they came to us from Byzantium along with Christianity. There are significantly fewer Latin (Roman), Jewish names, and already very few - Slavic, which stand out sharply from others for their semantic clarity (Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov, Vladimir, Vladislav, Vsevolod, Bogdan, Lyudmila, etc.). There are separate names of Arabic, Indian, Persian, Syrian, Chaldean, Gothic and Germanic origin.

All of them were included in the so-called "calendar" of the Russian Orthodox Church. Each name signified something in the language from which it was taken - mainly something positive, virtuous and worthy of Praise.

So, for example, Akaki means "gentle", Irenaeus - "peaceful", Modest - "modest", Astion - "friendly".

Dignities of another kind were not forgotten: Paramon - "firm", Andrey - "brave", Nikita - "winner", Kalistrat - "good warrior", Pakhomiy - "broad-shouldered".

Of the female names, we note: Agnia - "pure", Anfisa - "blooming", Agathia - "kind", Glyceria - "sweet", Glafira - "smooth", Eutropia - "well-behaved."

One should not, however, think that all the names concerned only virtues and positive qualities. Among the names consecrated by the church there were many who could hardly find a use for themselves if the parents knew what, in fact, these names mean.

Suffice it to mention such names included in the calendar: Azat - "eunuch", Pamphamir - "deprived of everything", Caesar - "cut out", Ardalion - "soiled", Ekdit - "undressed", Maruf - "hairless", Ireny (not to be confused with Irenaeus!) - "crying", Filoktimon - "covetous man", Foka - "sea dog", Agave - "locust", Vianor - "rapist", Psoy - "meat on the loins" ...

Such female names are no better: Barbara - "rough", Priscilla - "old", Claudia - "lame", Vassa - "desert", Syrah - "noose", Xantippa - "red horse" ...

Each name had its own "boss", that is, some "saint", whose memory was annually celebrated by the church on the same day; this day was called "name day" in everyday life. Some of the more common names either had several "saints" or were celebrated several times a year. So, John (Ivan) was celebrated 70 (!) Times a year, Peter - 33 times, Pavel - 20, Maria - 11 times. (Note, by the way, that Anthony (Anton) had 16 "birthday days" in a year, so the Gogol mayor should not have celebrated his name day on "Onufriya", which had only 3 "birthday days"!)