Long and short vowel sounds. Long and short vowels Short vowels

In English, as in Russian, there are open and closed syllables. Closed is a syllable ending with a consonant sound: "so", "shaft". A syllable ending with a vowel sound is called open: "pa", "ro". In English, syllables ending in a vowel are also conventionally ranked among open syllables ewhich is unreadable. This "mute" letter only shows that the syllable should be conventionally considered open. This circumstance is important to remember because the reading of English vowels depends on the type of syllable they enter. In closed syllables, vowels usually represent a short sound, and in open ones, a long sound. Long sounds match the name of a given letter in the alphabet.

The longitude of sounds is much more important in English than in Russian. In Russian we can say briefly Drink!or stretch Pi-and-th!This will change only the shade of the statement, but not the meaning of the word itself drink.In English, the length of a sound changes the meaning of a word.

For example, the word bin, which sounds approximately like a Russian syllable [BIN] (with a very short and) means bunker,and the word bean [BI-IN] (with a lingering vowel sound) means bean.Therefore, the length of the sound must be carefully monitored. In phonetic transcription, signs denoting long (lingering) sounds are accompanied by a colon [:] .

Vowel Her.Letter combination her.Sounds,[e]

Letter Her has two readings: long in open syllables, i.e. ending in a vowel, and a short [e] in closed syllables.

- the sound is long, similar to the drawn out initial sound of the Russian word willow [I-IVA].

[e] - the sound is short, similar to short [Uh]in a word this.

At the end of a word a letter Her is read only if it is the only vowel in this word: me , he ... Otherwise, the letter Her at the end of a word only means that the syllable should be conditionally considered open: eve , mete .

Letter combination her transmits sound .

AN EXERCISE

Read the syllables aloud:

: be, bee, me, fee, deem, pete

[e]: met, men, hen, tent, tell, bend

Final consonants

The basic rule for pronouncing English consonants at the end of a word is that voiced consonants must remain voiced. In Russian, we turn them into voiceless at the end of words. So, we write cold,but we say [LOAD], we write without words,talking [BESSLOF]... This cannot be done in English. For example, if you read let instead of led, then instead of ledit will turn out allowed.Therefore, all final voiced consonants must be pronounced loudly, not replacing them with voiceless ones.

EXERCISES

1. Read aloud the syllables with the letter Her,denoting sounds or [e]:

: eve, peeve, mete, feed, be, he

[e]: ben, pen, fed, bed, bet, let, led

2. Read syllables with a vowel sound [e]carefully monitoring the pronunciation of the final consonant:

bed, bet; led, let; fed, fet; met, med; ned, net

Vowel A, a

Letter A, a has two readings: [x] in closed syllables and in the open.

Sound [x] is a cross between Russians [A]and [Uh]... Open your mouth as if you were about to say [A]but say [Uh]... You get the sound [x]: man, pan, fan.

Sound represents a diphthong, i.e. a combination of two vowel sounds pronounced SLOTLY. He looks like Russian [HEY] with emphasis on the first element: [Hey]... Found in open syllables, i.e. in syllables ending in a vowel, including "mute" e: take, pale.

AN EXERCISE

Read the syllables aloud:

[x]: bad, pan, an, lad, hat

: bade, pane, lane, lake, hate

Accent in the word. Sound [q]

In English words, stress can fall on any syllable of a word, but most often the first syllable is stressed. Attachments are usually unstressed. In phonetic transcription, stress is indicated by the icon ["] before the stressed syllable.

Polysyllabic words can have two stresses - primary and secondary (secondary). This minor, weaker stress is indicated by the same sign, but below: ["] . For example: mathematics ["mxTI" mxtIks] maths.

An indefinite vowel sound is often heard in unstressed syllables [q]... It is also found in Russian. Speak a sentence fluently: Take the map from the wall in my room.

In a word the roomletter a you pronounce it as a vague, vague sound. You will get the same sound in the preposition with.This is the sound [q]found in unstressed syllables.

AN EXERCISE

Read the following names:

Helen ["helqn] Elena, Peter ["pi: tq] Peter, Ann Anna

Letter combination th.Sounds

Letter combination th denotes sounds and Sch.These are some of the most difficult sounds in English speech for us. We will learn to pronounce them. Pull out the flat tip of your tongue between your teeth and pronounce Russian [FROM]... You get the sound [T].

If, with the same position of the tongue, pronounce Russian [Z], you get a clear English sound [D].

Remember that these sounds are very important as they appear in a number of the most common words, for example: that the onethen then.

Do not replace sounds [T] and [D] the sounds [s] and [z] - this may change the meaning of the word. For example, instead of thin thinit turns out sin sin.

AN EXERCISE

Read the words in which vowels are read according to the rules outlined above:

[T]: theme, thin, tenth, teeth

[D]: them, than, that, then

GRAMMAR

ARTICLE

In English, as in many other languages, the article is usually placed before the noun. An article is a special service word, one of the signs of a noun.

There is no article in Russian. In English, the rules for using the article are simpler than in German or French, since it does not change by gender, or by number, or by case. There are two kinds of articles - indefinite and definite.

Indefinite article a(an) [q],

Article a (an) is historically derived from a word meaning one,and is used only with a noun in the singular. This article means one, some, someand is used where we are talking about one (any) of a number of similar objects. For example: Take a map. Take a geographic map.In saying this, you are asking to take any geographic map, one of the maps, any court.

Before consonants, the indefinite article has the form a, before the vowels - an: an apple apple,a table table.

Article a (an) has no stress in the sentence and is pronounced with the following word: an apple , a table .

Definite article the

Article the came from a word meaning this.Therefore, it is used mainly with the name of the objects that have already been discussed. He distinguishes this object from a number of similar objects. This article is used with singular and plural nouns.

Article the has no stress in the sentence and is read together with the word following it: the pen a pen(with feather) Before vowels the pronounced : the apple .

The article itself is not translated into Russian, but it introduces a tone to the sentence that sometimes needs to be taken into account when translating. It is similar in function to a pronoun this(this).

Take a pen. Take a pen (any, any).

Take the pen. Take thispen.

We will return to the question of the use of the article in more detail in lesson 12.

Similar information.

In English, as in Russian, there are open and closed syllables.

Closed consonant: trust│, bond│, cash│, dis│gust│.

Open called a syllable ending vowel: by│, A│be│, ba│by│... In English, syllables ending in a vowel are also conventionally ranked among open syllables e,which is not readable. This "mute" letter only shows that the syllable is needed conditionally count open... For example, na│me│... This circumstance is important to remember, since the reading of English vowels depends on the type of syllable they enter. IN closed syllables vowels usually depict short soundand in open – long or diphthong... Long sounds can be longitude or coincide with the name of a given letter in the alphabet.

The longitude of sounds has in english much more meaning than in Russian. In Russian we can say briefly Sheeps!or stretch O-sheep !.This will change only the shade of the statement, but not the meaning of the word itself sheeps.In English, the length of a sound changes the meaning of the word itself.

For example, the word sheepwith a long vowel [J], means sheep, sheep, and the word ship with very short [I] means ship... Therefore, the length of the sound must be carefully monitored.

The basic rule of pronunciation of English consonants is that they are not softened (pronounced firmly in front of all vowels) and are not stunned or voiced at the end of a word: for example, in Russian we speak /pillar/, but we write pillar, we say /rock/, but we write horn... This cannot be done in English, since replacing a voiced sound with a dull sound and vice versa changes the meaning of the statement: for example, if instead of ledyou say let, then instead of ledit will turn out allowed.

THE SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR PRONUNCIATION

Vowel sounds. Monophthongs.

[J] Close to lingering and:or ui.

[I] Close to a short vowel and in a word needle.

[e] Close to sound eh in words this, chain.

[x] The sound is long and tense, in between a and eh... The tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth and pushes the lower jaw downward. This English sound is a bit like i in words five, meat.

[R] Reminds of a long sound ah: ha-a-lka.

[P] / [O] Reminds of a short sound about in a word that one.

[L] Reminds of a drawn out oh in a word go-ol.

[W] /A long sound that is somewhat similar to the Russian sound / s: /... Pull the Russian sound / s: /, then without changing the position of the lips, lower the back of the tongue, you will get the correct English sound .

[q] Short, indistinct, unstressed sound. In Russian, it is heard in unstressed syllables in words hut, five rooms.

[A] Looks like a Russian percussion a in give, closer in pronunciation to the Russian unstressed sound a in the word k amouse. In English, it is a stressed vowel.

[u]Close to sound at in a word here.

[H] Close to sound ooh, pronounced lingeringly: y-angle.

Vowel sounds. Diphthongs.

Close to Russian ah in a word Baikal.

Close to Russian to her in a word neck.

Close to Russian oh in a word tight.

Close to Russian ay in a word kauchuk.

Close to Russian oU in a word clown or - close to Russian eu.

Close to Russian ua with donation for and.

Close to Russian ya with emphasis on at.

The combination is pronounced like ea with emphasis on eh.

Consonant sounds

Match Russian

[p] as paspirated, that is, with a loud exhalation before the stressed vowel, for example, parch. Transmitted by the letter Pp.

[b]as b in a word berg. Transmitted by the letter Bb.

[m]as m in a word more; when pronouncing an English consonant [m]the lips close together more tightly than when pronouncing the corresponding Russian sound. Transmitted by the letter Mm.

[k]as towith aspiration, that is, a loud exhalation, especially before a stressed vowel and at the end of a word sounds more distinct, for example, toart. *

[g]as r in a word rodd, but less tense. *

[f]as f in a word faprica, but more tense than in Russian. Transmitted by the letter Ff.

[v]as in in a word inoh yeah. Transmitted by the letter Vv.

[s] as from in a word fromhell, but more intense than in Russian. *

[z]as s in a word savuch. Transmitted by the letter Zz.

[t]as t in a word tok, aspirated, that is, with a loud exhalation before the stressed vowel; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli * Reported by the letter Tt.

[d]as d in a word dohm; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Dd.

[n]as n in a word nogs; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Nn.

[l] something like l in a word forest;always pronounced somewhat softer than hard Russian lbut harder than soft eh; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Ll.

[S]as w in a word wthere is.*

[Z]as f in a word fthere is*

[C]as h in a word hek; the sound is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, with one pronunciation effort. *

[G]as j in combination “same whosewould "/ zhe j "would /; the sound is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, with one pronunciation effort. *

[r] p without vibration as in a word zhrebiy; the tip of the tongue is located behind the alveolar bulge, forming a gap with it. The tongue is tense, and its tip is motionless. Transmitted by the letter Rr.

[h]strong exhalation, reminiscent of sound x.It is conveyed by the letter Hh.

[j]reminds weak Russian thbefore vowels: eif. *

long yu in a word yumouth. *

ein a word ehut. *

e in a word ekat. *

I in a word igel.*

* See Attachment 1.

The following consonants do not even have an approximate match in Russian:

[w] When pronouncing this sonorous sound, the lips are rounded and significantly pushed forward. A jet of exhaled air with force passes through the gap formed between the lips. The lips move vigorously.

[N] In order to learn how to pronounce this nasal sound correctly, you need to inhale through your nose. mouth wide open, while neither the tip of the tongue, nor its front and middle parts should touch the palate. The back of the tongue closes with the soft palate, approximately the same as when pronouncing Russian / g /. Breathe out the air from your lungs through your nose.

[T]There is no such sound in Russian. The sound is muffled, when pronouncing it, the tongue is spread out and relaxed, the tip of the tongue forms a narrow flat slit with the entire cutting edge of the upper teeth, loosely pressing against it. A stream of air is forced into this gap. The tip of the tongue should not protrude too far beyond the upper teeth or press too tightly against the teeth (otherwise / t / will turn out). The teeth should be exposed, especially the lower ones, so that the lower lip does not touch the upper teeth and does not come close to them (otherwise it will turn out / f /). The sound resembles a lisping Russian / s /.

[D] There is no such sound in Russian. The sound is sonorous, when pronouncing it, the tongue is spread out and not tense, the tip of the tongue forms a narrow flat slit with the entire cutting edge of the upper teeth, loosely pressing against it. A stream of air passes into this slot. The tip of the tongue should not protrude too far beyond the upper teeth or press too tightly against the teeth (otherwise / d / will turn out). The teeth should be exposed, especially the lower ones, so that the lower lip does not touch the upper teeth and does not come close to them (otherwise it will turn out / in /). The sound resembles a lisping Russian / s /.

* Alveoli - an arch-shaped or horseshoe-shaped tubercle at the base of the upper teeth.

ENGLISH ALPHABET

In the press	Letter name	In the press	Letter name
A a		N n
B b		O o
C c		P p
D d		Q q
E e		R r
F f		S s
G g		T t
H h		U u
I i		V v
J j		W w	["dÙblju:]
K k		X x
L l		Y y
M m		Z z

RULES FOR READING VOICE LETTERS

The reading of vowels depends on a number of factors:

1.from the type of syllable in which it stands (open, closed, etc.);

2. on whether it is shock or unstressed;

3. from its position among other letters, i.e. how many and which letters follow or precede it.

Accent longitude and brevity

Differences in the duration of vowels can be due to their position in stressed or unstressed syllables in those languages \u200b\u200bin which duration is one of the components of stress. Such differences are characteristic of the vocalism of languages, in which duration can be both relevant and irrelevant for the phoneme system. So, for example, in English and Russian languages, a quantitative feature (duration) is one of the important components of stress, therefore a stressed vowel is always longer than an unstressed one, while in Russian the strongest reduction in the duration of vowels is noted in the second pre-stressed syllable. For native Russian speakers who perceive long vowels as stressed, Czech words with a second long syllable like motýl "Butterfly" sounds like the stress on the second syllable, although in reality the stress in the Czech language always falls on the first syllable. In languages \u200b\u200bwith the opposition of long and short vowels, as, for example, in ancient Greek, the sign of duration, not being a component of stress, can influence the formation of its varieties.

In the languages \u200b\u200bof the world

In Slavic languages

Long and short vowels were characteristic of the Proto-Slavic language.

In the process of the formation of independent Slavic languages \u200b\u200bbased on Proto-Slavic dialects, in most of them the opposition of vowels in longitude / brevity was lost with the exception of Czech, Slovak and Serbo-Croatian languages. In these languages, five pairs of long and short vowels are opposed: / ā /, /ē /, /ī /, /ō /, /ū / - /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/. In writing, long vowels are indicated mainly by the accent diacritic mark: in Czech - á , é , í (ý ), ó , ú (in a number of positions in a word like ů ); in Slovak - í , é , á , ó , ú ; in Serbo-Croatian, long vowels are not displayed in writing.

In other Slavic languages, short vowels were formed in place of the long ones. For example, in the Polish language, the opposition of vowel phonemes in longitude-shortness by the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century was transformed as a result of the reduction of long vowels and a change in their timbre into the opposition of pure and narrowed (formerly long) short vowels. Subsequently, the narrowed vowels gradually coincided with the rest (clean) short vowels. Letter ó , which denoted the corresponding narrowed vowel, which arose in the place of the old longitude, has been preserved in the Polish alphabet to the present day.

In Romance languages

The opposition of long and short vowels is characteristic of the proto-language of the Romance group - Latin. In modern Romance languages, this opposition is noted only in Friulian and in some northern Italian dialects. As a relic, it persists in French dialects, as well as in Belgian and Canadian French. In all other Romance languages, the quantitative oppositions of vowels are not phonologized. So, in Italian, the longitude and shortness of vowels is determined by the nature of the syllable (long allophones are pronounced in open syllables, shorter allophones in closed syllables), in French, longitude is assigned to certain phonemes (for example, / ɑ / - always long) or determined by positional compatibility (realized in position before consonants / r/, /v/, /z/, /ʒ /) .

In the Uralic languages

In Turkic languages

Most modern Turkic languages \u200b\u200bhave eight short phonemes: / a/, /e/, /about/, /ө /, /at/, /ү /, /s/, /and/. The corresponding long vowels have been lost in almost all Turkic languages \u200b\u200bwith the exception of Yakut, Turkmen and Khalaj. Relics of long vowels are found in the Chulym-Turkic and Uyghur languages, in the dialects of the Karakalpak and Uzbek languages, as well as in some other Turkic languages \u200b\u200band dialects.

see also

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Notes

1. L. Bondarko // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
2. Vinogradov V.A. // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
3. (English). The International Phonetic Assosiation. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
4. Schenker A. M. Proto-Slavonic // The Slavonic Languages \u200b\u200b/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 72. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
5. Short D. Czech // The Slavonic Languages \u200b\u200b/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 456. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
6. Short D. Slovak // The Slavonic Languages \u200b\u200b/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 534. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
7. Krechmer A.G., Neveklovsky G. // Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005 .-- S. 11. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2.
8. Priestly T. M. S. Slovene // The Slavonic Languages \u200b\u200b/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 389-390. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
9. Tikhomirova T.S. Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005 .-- S. 6-7. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
10. Walczak B. Zarys dziejów języka polskiego. - II. - Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999 .-- S. 79-87. - ISBN 83-229-1867-4.
11. Tikhomirova T.S. // Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005 .-- S. 7-8. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
12. Alisova T.B., Chelysheva I.I. Romance languages \u200b\u200b// Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Romance languages. - M .: Academia, 2001. - S. 31. - ISBN 5-87444-016-X.
13. Haidu P. Uralic languages \u200b\u200b// Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Uralic languages. - M .: Nauka, 1993 .-- S. 9-10. - ISBN 5-02-011069-8.
14. Pall V.I. // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
15. E.R. Tenishev Altai languages \u200b\u200b// Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Turkic languages. - Bishkek: Publishing House Kyrgyzstan, 1997. - S. 8-9. - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.
16. Gadzhieva N.Z. Turkic languages \u200b\u200b// Languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Turkic languages. - Bishkek: Publishing House Kyrgyzstan, 1997 .-- P. 24 .-- ISBN 5-655-01214-6.

Excerpt characterizing Long and short vowels

- Yes, I never called them, - said the princess. “You must have conveyed it to them wrong. I just told you to give them the bread.
The drone sighed without answering.
“If you tell them they will leave,” he said.
- No, no, I'll go to them, - said Princess Mary
Despite Dunyasha and the nurse's dissuasion, Princess Marya went out onto the porch. Drone, Dunyasha, nanny and Mikhail Ivanovich followed her. “They probably think that I am offering them bread so that they remain in their places, and I myself will leave, leaving them to the mercy of the French,” thought Princess Mary. - I will promise them a month in an apartment near Moscow; I am sure that Andre would have done even more in my place, ”she thought, walking in the twilight to the crowd standing on the pasture near the barn.
The crowd stirred, crowding, and the hats were quickly removed. Princess Marya, drooping her eyes and tangling her legs in her dress, came close to them. So many diverse old and young eyes were fixed on her and there were so many different faces that Princess Marya did not see a single face and, feeling the need to speak suddenly with everyone, did not know what to do. But again the knowledge that she was the representative of her father and brother gave her strength, and she boldly began her speech.
“I’m very glad that you came,” Princess Marya began, without looking up and feeling how quickly and strongly her heart was beating. - Dronushka told me that the war ruined you. This is our common grief, and I will spare nothing to help you. I myself am going, because it is already dangerous here and the enemy is close ... because ... I give you everything, my friends, and I ask you to take everything, all our bread so that you do not need it. And if you were told that I am giving you bread so that you stay here, then that is not true. On the contrary, I ask you to leave with all your belongings to our Moscow region, and there I take it upon myself and promise you that you will not need it. You will be given both houses and bread. The princess stopped. There were only sighs in the crowd.
“I’m not doing this on my own,” the princess continued, “I am doing this in the name of my late father, who was a good master for you, and for my brother and his son.
She stopped again. No one broke her silence.
- Our common grief, and we will divide everything in half. All that is mine is yours, ”she said, looking around the faces in front of her.
All eyes looked at her with the same expression, the meaning of which she could not understand. Whether it was curiosity, devotion, gratitude, or fear and disbelief, the expression on all faces was the same.
“Many are satisfied with your grace, only we don’t have to take the master’s bread,” said a voice from behind.
- But why? - said the princess.
No one answered, and Princess Marya, looking around the crowd, noticed that now all the eyes with which she met immediately dropped.
- Why don't you want? She asked again.
Nobody answered.
Princess Marya felt heavy from this silence; she tried to catch someone's gaze.
- Why don't you speak? - the princess turned to the old old man, who, leaning on a stick, stood in front of her. - Tell me if you think you need anything else. I'll do anything, ”she said, catching his gaze. But he, as if angry for this, dropped his head completely and said:
- Why agree, we do not need bread.
- Well, shall we give it all up? Do not agree. Disagree ... We do not agree. We feel sorry for you, but our consent is not. Go on your own, alone ... - was heard in the crowd from different directions. And again the same expression appeared on all the faces of this crowd, and now it was probably no longer an expression of curiosity and gratitude, but an expression of embittered resolve.
“You don’t understand, you’re right,” Princess Marya said with a sad smile. - Why don't you want to go? I promise to lodge you, feed you. And here the enemy will ruin you ...
But her voice was drowned out by the voices of the crowd.
- There is no our consent, let it ruin! We do not take your bread, there is no our consent!
Princess Marya tried to catch again someone's glance from the crowd, but not a single glance was fixed on her; the eyes were obviously avoiding her. She felt strange and embarrassed.
- See, she taught skillfully, follow her to the fortress! Bust your houses and go into bondage. How! I’ll give the bread, they say! - heard voices in the crowd.
Princess Marya, bowing her head, left the circle and went into the house. After repeating to Drona the order that there were horses tomorrow for departure, she went to her room and was left alone with her thoughts.

For a long time that night, Princess Marya sat at the open window in her room, listening to the sounds of the peasants' dialects coming from the village, but she did not think about them. She felt that no matter how much she thought about them, she could not understand them. She thought all about one thing - about her grief, which now, after a break, produced by worries about the present, had already become past for her. She could now remember, she could cry and she could pray. As the sun went down, the wind died down. The night was calm and crisp. At twelve o'clock the voices began to subside, a rooster crowed, a full moon began to emerge from behind the lindens, a fresh white mist of dew rose, and silence reigned over the village and over the house.
One after another, she saw pictures of a close past - illness and the last moments of her father. And with sad joy she now stopped at these images, driving away from herself with horror only one last representation of his death, which - she felt - she was not able to contemplate even in her imagination at this quiet and mysterious hour of the night. And these pictures appeared to her with such clarity and with such details that they seemed to her now reality, now past, now future.
Then she vividly imagined the moment when he received a blow and was dragged from the garden in the Bald Mountains under the arms and he muttered something with his impotent tongue, twitched his gray eyebrows and looked at her uneasily and timidly.
“Even then he wanted to tell me what he told me on the day of his death,” she thought. "He always thought what he told me." And so she remembered with all the details that night in the Bald Mountains on the eve of the blow that struck him, when Princess Marya, anticipating trouble, remained with him against his will. She did not sleep, and at night she tiptoed downstairs and, going up to the door to the flower room in which her father slept that night, she listened to his voice. He was saying something to Tikhon in an exhausted, tired voice. He evidently wanted to talk. “And why didn't he call me? Why didn't he let me be here in Tikhon's place? - thought then and now Princess Marya. - He will never tell anyone now all that was in his soul. This minute will never come back for him and for me, when he would say everything that he wanted to express, and I, and not Tikhon, would listen and understand him. Why didn't I enter the room then? She thought. “Maybe he would then have told me what he said on the day of his death. Even then, in a conversation with Tikhon, he asked twice about me. He wanted to see me, and I was standing there, outside the door. He was sad, hard to talk to Tikhon, who did not understand him. I remember how he started talking to him about Liza as alive - he forgot that she was dead, and Tikhon reminded him that she was no longer there, and he shouted: "Fool." It was hard for him. I heard from behind the door how he, groaning, lay down on the bed and shouted loudly: "My God! Why didn't I come up then?" What would he do to me? What would I have lost? Or maybe then he would have consoled himself, he would have said this word to me. " And Princess Marya spoke out loud that kind word that he said to her on the day of his death. “Du she n ka! - Princess Marya repeated this word and sobbed with tears relieving her soul. She now saw his face before her. And not the face that she knew from the time she remembered herself, and which she always saw from afar; and that face - timid and weak, which she on the last day, bending down to his mouth to hear what he was saying, for the first time examined closely with all his wrinkles and details.
"Darling," she repeated.
“What was he thinking when he said that word? What is he thinking now? - suddenly a question came to her, and in response to this she saw him in front of her with the expression on his face that he had in the coffin on his face tied with a white kerchief. And the horror that gripped her when she touched him and made sure that it was not only not him, but something mysterious and repulsive, seized her now. She wanted to think about something else, wanted to pray and could do nothing. She gazed at the moonlight and shadows with large open eyes, waited every second to see his dead face and felt that the silence that stood above the house and in the house was shackling her.
- Dunyasha! She whispered. - Dunyasha! She cried out in a wild voice and, breaking free from the silence, ran to the girl's, towards the nanny and girls running towards her.

On August 17, Rostov and Ilyin, accompanied by Lavrushka and the messenger hussar, who had just returned from captivity, from their camp at Yankovo, fifteen miles from Bogucharov, went for a ride - to try a new horse bought by Ilyin and find out if there was any hay in the villages.
Bogucharovo was the last three days between the two enemy armies, so that the Russian rearguard could just as easily enter there as the French avant-garde, and therefore Rostov, as a caring squadron commander, wanted before the French to use the provisions that remained in Bogucharov.
Rostov and Ilyin were in the most cheerful frame of mind. On their way to Bogucharovo, to the prince's estate with an estate, where they hoped to find a large courtyard and pretty girls, they sometimes asked Lavrushka about Napoleon and laughed at his stories, then they drove off, trying Ilyin's horse.
Rostov neither knew nor thought that this village to which he was traveling was the estate of that very Bolkonsky, who was his sister's fiancé.
Rostov and Ilyin were released for the last time to drive the horses into a drag in front of Bogucharov, and Rostov, who overtook Ilyin, was the first to jump into the street of the village of Bogucharov.
“You took it ahead,” said Ilyin, flushed.
- Yes, everything forward, and forward in the meadow, and here, - answered Rostov, stroking his soaked bottom with his hand.
“And I’m in French, your Excellency,” Lavrushka said from behind, calling his harness nag French, “I would surpass it, but I just didn’t want to shame.
They walked up to the barn, which was surrounded by a large crowd of men.

The phonetic system of many European languages \u200b\u200bis generally of the same type, has a certain structure.

Of course, intonation plays a big role in the pronunciation of vowels in English words. There are certain rules for running it up and down, as well as for individual turns, for example, there is and there are.

However, in the phonology of the English language, the presentation of the English letters and their corresponding phonemes is in order.

Let's try to process and structure the existing extensive material for compact and easy assimilation, applying the principle of comparative studies - comparison with the phonetics of the Russian language where possible.

There are 6 vowels in English:

If you look closely at the uppercase and uppercase variants of the same, you will notice that vowels such as O and U have identical spellings.

Vowel transcription in English

Absolutely everyone who has come across the study of English phonetics has difficulty in correctly understanding the transcription of vowel sounds.

The fact is that in the transcriptional embodiment, the pronunciation of English vowels does not look like, for example, identical Russian vowels. This circumstance is primarily due to the different history of origin.

So, the system of English vowel phonemes goes back to diphthongic combinations of sounds.

Graphically transcribed sound is indicated by enclosing it either in square brackets () or in oblique brackets (/ /)

Consider the transcription of English letters:

Letter	The designated sound
- A a
- E e	*
- I i
- O o
- U u
- Y y

The sign ":" after the vowel is the so-called longitude. This means that the sound needs to be pronounced continued somewhat lingeringly.

Read also

Rules for reading vowels in English

However, the table above does not yet indicate that all sounds denoted by five English letters are transcribed in the same way.

As you know, there are only six vowels, but the sounds that can graphically represent these letters are much more - about 24.

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Long vowels in English, examples

There are much more long vowels in the language. For the most part, they are pronounced in monophthongs - the articulation does not change during the entire duration of the sound.

As already mentioned, in transcription, such vowels are denoted by the ":" sign.

For example:

• Good
• Arduous