The anti-Hitler coalition is an alliance of states and peoples, formed during the Second World War against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites.
USA + USSR + Great Britain + France + China + Poland + Czechoslovakia + Yugoslavia
Folding steps:
-12 July 1941 Soviet-British agreement, signed in Moscow, on joint actions in the war against Germany. The main principles of activity are formulated: mutual assistance and support in the war against Germany and refusal to negotiate or conclude an armistice with the enemy without the mutual consent of the allies.
-August 14, 1941 - "Atlantic Charter" Anglo-American Declaration. Contained calls for the formation of an anti-Hitler coalition.
-24 September 1941 - London Conference. The Atlantic Charter was approved and became the first joint statement of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain on the goals of the struggle against the aggressor.
-29 September - 1 October 1941 - Moscow Conference... USA, USSR, Great Britain. A number of specific agreements have been adopted aimed at mobilizing the resources of the allied countries. (After December 7, 1941 - Pearl Harbor, the United States became a belligerent state).
The beginning of supplies to the USSR under Lend-Lease from the USA
January 1, 1942 - signing of the United Nations Declaration (Washington Declaration), which formalized the alliance of states of the anti-Hitler coalition. The first in it wills: the USA, the USSR, Great Britain, China, then 22 more states.
- June 11, 1942 Washington- Soviet-American agreement on the principles of mutual assistance in the conduct of the war against aggression
Problem: opening a second front, pulling troops away from the first front (first of all, the interest of the USSR).
Reasons for delaying the opening of the second front: the policy of attrition of the USSR and Germany, ideological contradictions. Opened July 6, 1944.
Conferences:
1943 Tehran conference.
Yalta conference
Role: - uniting efforts of states
The defeat of Germany and Japan, the withdrawal of Italy from the war (1943)
The main role in the defeat of Hitler - the USSR
The contribution of the members of the anti-Hitler coalition to the fight against fascism is extremely uneven: some participants waged active hostilities with Germany and its allies, others helped them with the supply of military products, and others participated in the war only nominally.
On June 22, 1941, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, and on June 24, US President F.D. Roosevelt announced the intention of their countries to provide assistance to the Soviet Union in the struggle against Germany.
On July 12, 1941, the Anglo-Soviet agreement on joint action in the war against Germany was signed. In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill, having met in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Canada, signed a charter that set out the official goals of the United States and Great Britain in the war and became one of the program documents of the anti-Hitler coalition. The Atlantic Charter stated that the United States and Great Britain did not seek territorial or other transformations and respected the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government. The charter was formulated in a democratic spirit. But it indicated the ways of eliminating the fascist order. To fulfill these mutual obligations, there were three forms of cooperation, coalition states: military, material and political.
The victory of the Red Army near Moscow in December 1941 contributed to the final formation of the anti-Hitler coalition. On January 1, 1942, in Washington, twenty-six states, including the Soviet Union, the USA, and Great Britain, signed the Declaration of the United Nations. They pledged to use their resources to fight the aggressors, to cooperate in the war and not to conclude a separative peace.
On May 26, 1942, an agreement was signed in London between the USSR and Great Britain on an alliance in the war against Nazi Germany and her accomplices in Europe. The treaty also provided for cooperation and mutual assistance after the war. In May-June 1942, Soviet-American negotiations took place in Washington, which ended on June 11 with the signing of an agreement on the principles applicable to mutual assistance in the war against aggression. Both sides pledged to supply each other with defense materials, information and develop trade and economic commonwealth. The conclusion of these documents showed that the differences in social structure and ideology are surmountable.
In general, the idea of assistance to countries opposing Nazi Germany arose in the US Treasury Department in the fall of 1940, when the US Treasury's legal advisers E. Foley and O. Cox discovered in the archives a law of 1892, adopted under President Benjamin Harrison. Blowing the dust off him, they read that the US Secretary of War, "when at his discretion it is in the interests of the state, can lease the property of the army for a period of no more than five years, if the country does not need it." Based on their findings, Foley and Cox prepared a bill, that is, a bill on lend-lease (English lend - to lend and lease - to lease). March 11
1941 it was signed by the president. Lend-Lease deliveries were carried out by the United States to allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War. Assistance was provided to the governments of 42 countries (including Great Britain, the USSR, China, Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, etc.) and by the end of the war amounted to approximately $ 48 billion.
Officially, negotiations on Lend-Lease with the USSR began on September 29, 1941.The first deliveries to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease began in October 1941. USA, Canada and UK. The first consignments of cars arrived in the USSR in the fall of 1941. In 1942, the Red Army lost 66,200 vehicles and received 152,900, while the domestic industry produced only 35,000 new cars and the USSR received 79,000 under Lend-Lease. In 1943-1945. 387,300 vehicles were sent to the army, and 398,785 were received under Lend-Lease. The vast majority of imported vehicles were sent directly to the front.
In addition to weapons, ammunition and a variety of military equipment, the United States, Great Britain and Canada supplied the Soviet Union, which is fighting Nazi Germany, a huge amount of industrial and agricultural goods. One of the weakest points of the Soviet economy on the eve of a war of great magnitude was the production of aviation and, to a somewhat lesser extent, automobile gasoline. Aviation gasoline supplied under Lend-Lease, together with light gasoline fractions, accounted for 46.7% of Soviet production in 1941-1945.
An extremely important contribution of the Western Allies in the Anti-Hitler Coalition to our common victory was their Lend-Lease supplies for the needs of Soviet railway transport. Under Lend-Lease, 622.1 thousand tons of railroad rails, 11,075 cars were delivered to the USSR (10.2 times more than Soviet production in 1942-1945).
American supplies also played a significant role in the supply of tires to the USSR. Under Lend-Lease, 3,606 thousand tires were supplied to the Soviet Union, while Soviet production in 1941-1945. amounted to 8 368 thousand pieces.
Lend-lease supplies of food were extremely important for the Soviet Union in general, for the Red Army in particular. The most acute food crisis broke out in 1943, when the already extremely meager food distribution rates were tacitly reduced by almost a third. Therefore, food supplies by the middle of 1944 had grown significantly, displacing metals and even some types of weapons in Soviet applications.
The supply of communications equipment and fire control systems by the Western allies was truly exceptional for the conduct of the armed struggle. By the end of the war, the proportion of allied communications property in the Red Army and in the navy was 80%. A large amount of imported communications property was sent to the national economy.
In a letter from I. Stalin to US President H. Truman on June 11, 1945, it was noted that “the agreement on the basis of which the United States supplied strategic materials and foodstuffs to the USSR through Lend-Lease throughout the war in Europe, played an important role in contributed significantly to the successful completion of the war against the common enemy - Nazi Germany. "
In the matter of military cooperation, the opening of a second front in Europe was of particular importance. In the summer of 1942, the martial law of the USSR deteriorated sharply. The German offensive in the south put the Soviet Union in the most difficult position in the entire year of the war. On August 12-16, Churchill held talks with Stalin, during which Stalin strengthened his belief that the Allies were waiting for Germany to be exhausted in the fight against the Soviet Union, in order to then enter the war on the European continent at the last stage.
The second front was opened only on June 6, 1944 with the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy (Northern France) and American troops in southern France on August 15. By this time, the Germans had in France, Belgium, Holland the Army Group West, consisting of 50 divisions, against the USSR there were more than 200 divisions and the overwhelming majority of enemy tanks and aircraft. The opening of the second front had little effect on the position of the Eastern Front, since the Allies immediately switched to a protracted nature of combat operations. The activity of the Anglo-American troops increased only after they realized that the USSR would soon independently defeat Nazi Germany, take Berlin and liberate the countries of Western Europe. The Anglo-Americans began to urgently occupy Austria, West and South Germany, but by the beginning of the Berlin operation of the Soviet troops, they did not even reach
went to the river. Rhine.
The conferences of the great powers held in 1943-1945 were devoted to the coordination of military action plans and the policy of the allies in relation to the future Europe. Of particular importance was the first meeting of the heads of the three great powers - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill - in Tehran on November 28 - December 1, 1943. At the insistence of the Soviet delegation, the Tehran conference decided to open a second front in France during May 1944. The Tehran conference also adopted note the statement of I. Stalin that the Soviet
troops will launch an offensive at about the same time to prevent the transfer of German forces from the Eastern to the Western Front. In Tehran, the Soviet delegation, meeting the requests of the governments of the United States and Great Britain, declared the USSR's readiness to enter the war against Japan after the end of hostilities in Europe. At the Tehran Conference, an agreement was reached on the establishment of the borders of Poland. On the whole, the overall result of the Tehran conference was positive.
Once again, the "Big Three" (Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill) gathered on February 4-11, 1945 in the Livadia Palace near Yalta at a time when the war against Nazi Germany entered its final stage. At the Yalta Conference, plans for the final defeat of Germany were agreed, the attitude towards Germany after its unconditional surrender was determined, the basic principles of the general policy in relation to the post-war world order were outlined, and a number of other issues were discussed. The decisions of the Yalta Conference largely predetermined the post-war structure of Europe and the world for almost fifty years, right up to the collapse of the socialist system in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
On May 8, 1945, in the Berlin suburb of Karlshorst, the Act of Germany's unconditional surrender was signed. And from July 17 to August 2, the third conference of the great powers was held at the Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam. The Soviet delegation was headed
J. Stalin, American - G. Truman, British - W. Churchill, and since July 28, K. Attlee, who replaced him as Prime Minister. The German question occupied a decisive place on the agenda of the Potsdam conference. The heads of the three powers agreed to implement a coordinated policy during the occupation of Germany. Its essence was formulated in the form of the principles of demilitarization, democratization and denazification of the country. The Three Powers affirmed that "German militarism and Nazism will be rooted out" so that Germany will never again threaten its neighbors or the maintenance of world peace. An agreement was reached on the complete demilitarization and disarmament of Germany. Concrete measures were outlined to restructure political life in Germany on a democratic basis. A sharp struggle was fought at the Potsdam Conference on the question of reparations. The delegations decided that all four powers would receive reparations from their zones of occupation and from German investments abroad; In addition to this, the USSR 25% of all industrial equipment withdrawn from the western zones, of which 15% in exchange for equivalent supplies of coal, food and other materials. The Potsdam Conference agreed with the Soviet proposal for the transfer of the city of Konigsberg to the USSR with the area adjacent to it. An agreed decision was also made to bring the main German war criminals to justice. By the decision of the Potsdam Conference, the eastern borders of Germany were moved west to the Oder-Neisse line, which reduced its territory by 25% compared to 1937. In Potsdam, many contradictions between the allies emerged, which soon led to the Cold War.
In general, the anti-Hitler coalition made a great contribution to the defeat of fascism, although the contribution of its members to the fight against fascism is extremely uneven: some participants waged active hostilities with Germany and its allies, others helped them with the supply of military products, and others participated in the war only nominally. So the military units of some countries - Poland, Yugoslavia, as well as Australia, Belgium, India, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, Ethiopia and others - took part in hostilities. Individual states of the anti-Hitler coalition (for example, Mexico) helped its main participants mainly by supplying military raw materials. The number of coalition members increased during the war; by the time the war with Japan ended, 53 states of the world were at war with Germany and its allies.
Anti-Hitler Coalition- the unification of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War of 1939-45 against the countries of the Nazi bloc, also called Axis countries: Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites.
During the war years, the term "United Nations", proposed by Roosevelt and first found in the Declaration of the United Nations, became synonymous with the anti-Hitler coalition.
1942 (Washington Declaration Twenty-Six). The influence of the coalition on the military and post-war political alignment is enormous; the United Nations Organization (UN) was created on its basis.
In September 1939, Poland, France, Great Britain and its dominions were at war with Germany (the Anglo-Polish military alliance in 1939 and the Franco-Polish alliance in 1921). During 1941, the Soviet Union, the United States and China joined the coalition. As of January 1942, the anti-Hitler coalition consisted of 26 states: the so-called Big Four (USA, Great Britain, USSR, China), British dominions (Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa), countries of Central and Latin America and the Caribbean, and also governments in exile of occupied European countries. The number of coalition members increased during the war; by the time the war with Japan ended, 53 states of the world were at war with Germany and its allies.
Unification history, actions
The forerunner of the anti-Hitler coalition - the coalition of the "Western Allies" emerged after the invasion of Nazi Germany in Poland in 1939, when Great Britain, France and some other countries, connected with the latter and among themselves, allied agreements on mutual assistance, entered the war.
Before the German attack in 1941, the USSR was not part of the anti-Hitler coalition.
The broad anti-Hitler coalition was formed first in spirit after the statements of the governments of the United States and Great Britain on support of the Soviet Union after the German attack on it, and then on bilateral and multilateral documents as a result of lengthy negotiations between the governments of the three powers on mutual support and joint actions.
At the same time, the United States until the end of 1941 (before the Japanese attack) was not formally in a state of war, but was a "non-belligerent ally" of the anti-Hitler coalition, providing military and economic assistance to the belligerent countries.
The most significant events in the course of the coalition: the Moscow Conference (1941), the Atlantic Charter (August 1941), the Declaration of the United Nations (January 1942), the Tehran Conference (1943), the Bretton Woods Conference (1944), the Yalta Conference (February 1945), Potsdam conference.
The contribution of the members of the anti-Hitler coalition to the fight against the enemy is extremely uneven: some participants waged active hostilities with Germany and its allies, others helped them with the supply of military products, and others participated in the war only nominally. Thus, military units of some countries - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, as well as Australia, Belgium, India, Canada, New Zealand, Philippines, Ethiopia and others - took part in hostilities. Individual states of the anti-Hitler coalition (for example, Mexico
) helped its main participants mainly by supplying military raw materials.
The assistance received by the Soviet Union from participation in the anti-Hitler coalition, in contrast to that for other countries, can be assessed by various sources as significant or insignificant (see. lend-lease).
The main stages of formation
§ Soviet-British agreement on joint actions in the war against Germany July 12, 1941 Moscow
§ Atlantic Charter USA and Great Britain on August 14, 1941, joined by the USSR on September 24, 1941
§ Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, England, USA September 29 - October 1, 1941
§ Start of supplies to the USSR under Lend-Lease from the USA
§ Signing of the Washington Declaration by 26 states ( United Nations Declaration) on the goals of the war against fascism on January 1, 1942.
§ Soviet-American Agreement on the Principles of Mutual Assistance in Waging the War against Aggression June 11, 1942 Washington
24. Conferences of the heads of the anti-Hitler coalition in Tehran (1943) and in Yalta (1945):
Policy towards Germany and the problems of the post-war settlement
TEHERAN CONFERENCE 1943, conference of the heads of government of the three allied powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II 1939-1945 (USSR, USA and Great Britain): Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR J.V. Stalin, US President F.D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill. At the conference, which was held from November 28 to December 1, 1943, for the first time the "Big Three" - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill - gathered in full force.
At the conference, the desire of Roosevelt and Stalin to come to an agreement was clearly indicated. Churchill initially adhered to the old strategy of isolating the Russians. Roosevelt suggested that the Soviet representative be present at all Anglo-American meetings before the general conversation. The idea of global regulation of international relations equally appealed to Roosevelt and Stalin. Churchill was conservative in this regard, did not particularly believe in post-war cooperation with the USSR, doubted the effectiveness of the future new international United Nations Organization (UN) and saw behind this idea a plan to push Great Britain to the periphery of international politics.
The main place in the work of the Tehran conference was occupied by the coordination of the plans of military actions of the allies. Despite the decisions of the previous Allied conferences, Churchill again raised the question of postponing the landing of Anglo-American troops in France and instead carrying out a number of operations in the Balkans (hoping to prevent the expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence). However, Stalin and Roosevelt opposed this, considering the north of France the only suitable place for opening a second front. It was agreed that a second front would be opened in northern France in May 1944. Stalin promised that Soviet troops would launch an offensive at about the same time in order to prevent the transfer of German forces from the Eastern to the Western Front.
The Big Three agreed to try to force Turkey to enter the war on the side of the Allies.
The conference discussed the question of the future of Germany. Roosevelt and Stalin spoke in favor of splitting Germany into small states in order to exclude the revival of German expansionism. Roosevelt proposed to divide Germany into five parts and transfer Kiel, Hamburg, Ruhr and Saar to the control of the United Nations. Stalin made special emphasis on the fact that the unification of Germany must be prevented at all costs. The final decision on this issue, however, was not taken.
The question of Poland was painful at the conference and controversial for Soviet-British relations. By this time, Stalin had broken off relations with the Polish government-in-exile based in London. The issue of the execution of Polish servicemen in the Katyn forest near Smolensk, put forward with the support of the British, was viewed by the Kremlin as blackmail in order to force Moscow to make territorial concessions.
In Tehran, Stalin confirmed that the eastern Soviet-Polish border should follow the line established in September 1939, and proposed to move the western Polish border to the Oder. Realizing that Moscow would fight to the death in this matter, Churchill agreed with this proposal, noting that the land received by Poland was much better than the land it was giving away. Stalin also said that the USSR expects to get Konigsberg and move the border with Finland further from Leningrad.
The conference clearly indicated the consent of the Western allies to meet Stalin halfway on the territorial issue. Here, a claim was made that the post-war world would be governed by four powers (USSR, USA, England, France) operating under the auspices of a new international organization. For the USSR, this was a colossal breakthrough; The US also took over global functions for the first time since Wilson; Great Britain, whose role was relatively diminishing, had to be content with the fact that it did not fall out of the Big Three.
The conference adopted the "Declaration on Iran", in which the participants declared "their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial inviolability of Iran."
In conclusion, Stalin promised that the USSR would enter the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany.
The Tehran conference strengthened the cooperation of the main powers of the anti-fascist coalition and agreed on plans for military action against Germany. In October, taking advantage of the delay of Soviet troops on the border of East Prussia, on the Vistula and near Budapest, as well as the lull in the West, the Germans decided to counterstrike the Allies. Having gathered significant tank forces in the Ardennes area, they threw them against the Anglo-Americans in mid-December. After a two-day battle, the German offensive was halted. Fearing a second German strike, Churchill asked Stalin to launch an offensive on the eastern front. Stalin promised to launch a broad offensive in the second half of January. A more detailed agreement on this issue was reached at the Yalta conference.
Yalta conference
In early February 1945 in Livadia (near Yalta), in the former royal palace, the heads of three powers gathered: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. After the approval of the plan for a general, decisive offensive, decisions were made on a number of pressing issues. The war was drawing to a close, so it was necessary to decide the fate of post-war Germany and the countries liberated from its occupation. First of all, it was decided to destroy German militarism and Nazism so that Germany could never break the peace. To do this, it must be divided into four zones. (American, English, French and Soviet) and is temporarily occupied by allied forces. All questions concerning the allied policy should be decided by a control commission, consisting of four commanders of the occupation forces. The implementation of the planned program should be entrusted to the occupation authorities of the respective zone. The Control Commission should also deal with the distribution of reparations between the West and the USSR. The Soviet Union was granted the right to temporarily occupy, in addition to the eastern part of Germany, the Balkan states (except Greece), Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania, in which, after liberation, governments should be created in accordance with the will of the people, through free elections. The Provisional Government of Poland, created in the USSR, should be expanded to include members of the “Polish government in exile”. This coalition government must hold free elections as soon as possible, based on universal, equal and secret suffrage. Yugoslavia should get a government similar to the Polish one. Since Roosevelt and Churchill were not sure of the decisive power of the atomic bomb, they obliged Stalin, within 90 days after the end of the war in Europe, to oppose Japan, hoping in this way to accelerate the victory of the Allies. In the form of compensation for the assistance provided to the USSR, the southern part of Sakhalin (lost by Russia in the Portsmouth Peace) and the Kuril Islands were promised. After lengthy negotiations between representatives of the USSR, the USA and England, it was decided to repatriate the prisoners of war and workers taken to Germany and all Soviet citizens in general as soon as possible. The Soviet side insisted on this. The Americans and the British gave their consent. It should be noted here that this agreement did not mention forced repatriation. In conclusion, the Allies decided in the near future to convene in San Francisco representatives of all nations who fought against the Axis, to create (instead of the dead League of Nations) a new international organization whose task will be to maintain and strengthen peace.
The military-political union of states and peoples headed by the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, directed against the Axis countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) and their satellites, which existed during the Second World War.
At the origins of the coalition
The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR on June 22, 1941 led to a radical change in the international situation. In the evening of the same day, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, speaking on the radio, stressed that, despite his rejection of communist ideas, Great Britain was ready to support the USSR in its struggle against German aggression. At the beginning of the war between the USSR and Germany, the government of the United States remained neutral and in the first days of June 1941 did not express its unequivocal attitude towards the German aggression against the Soviet Union. However, after the visit of the Soviet military delegation to Great Britain and the United States and the return visit of Roosevelt's aide G. Hopkins to Moscow, Washington became convinced of the USSR's determination to wage the war to a victorious end. An agreement was reached between Moscow, London and Washington to hold a meeting on the issue of military supplies.
August 14, 1941 on about. Newfoundland hosted the first meeting of W. Churchill during the war years, which strengthened the allied relationship between the two powers. The meeting resulted in the adoption of a document called the Atlantic Charter. The document proclaimed the absence of the intentions of Great Britain and the United States to carry out any territorial seizures contrary to the will of the peoples living in these territories, the right of these peoples to determine their fate, their access to world natural resources and international trade, and the need for general disarmament after the war were recognized. Moscow expressed its support for the principles laid down in the charter.
The first joint actions of the allies. Strengthening inter-allied relations
On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed in Moscow between the USSR and Great Britain, which enshrined the obligations of both sides on mutual assistance in the fight against Germany and on the rejection of the idea of a separate peace with Berlin. As well as, this agreement served as a legal basis for the further formation of the allied coalition against Germany. In addition, in August of the same year, Great Britain began to provide the Soviet side with financial support, providing the USSR with a 3% loan of 10 million pounds sterling for a period of 5 years. In turn, the United States provided the USSR with a loan of $ 10 million.
One of the first joint military actions of the allies was the introduction of Soviet and British troops into Iran. One of the important strategic routes ran through this country, along which military supplies could be delivered to the USSR through the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. But during this period, German propaganda intensified in Iran, using the sympathies of the Iranian Shah Reza Pahlavi for Hitler. After diplomatic measures to influence the Shah failed, the USSR and Great Britain decided to temporarily send troops to Iran. On August 25, 1941, Soviet and British troops entered the territory of Iran. In September, an agreement was signed with the Iranian government, which determined the number of allied forces of the allies in Iran and the obligations of the Iranian side to ensure the transit of military cargo.
The Soviet Union strengthened interaction not only with Great Britain and the United States, but also with other forces in Europe that fought against Nazism. The leader of the "Fighting France" movement, the general, immediately after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, declared that the French were "unconditionally together with the Russians" in this war. In September 1941, de Gaulle received official recognition from Moscow as "the leader of all free Frenchmen." The USSR concluded an agreement on mutual support in the war with the governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland in exile. These governments granted their permission for the formation of Czechoslovak and Polish military units on Soviet territory for their subsequent participation in battles on the Soviet-German front.
The issue of military supplies (Lend-Lease)
On September 29 - October 1, 1941, a conference of representatives of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain on the provision of mutual military-economic assistance was held in Moscow. This was the first trilateral meeting of the Allies during the war years. The USA was the main supplier. The cargo intended for the USSR was supposed to be delivered by several routes: through Iran, along the Black Sea, across the Pacific Ocean and with the help of Arctic convoys to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. On November 7, 1941, the US Congress positively resolved the issue of extending the program to the USSR.
However, for a long time, the assistance of the Western allies of the USSR was insignificant, supplies were carried out in insufficient volumes. The first delivery protocol (there were four of them) was fulfilled by only 40%. In the fall and winter of 1941, when the fate of Moscow and the Soviet state as a whole was being decided, only 541 thousand dollars worth of supplies came from the United States under Lend-Lease. Problems with the fulfillment of allied obligations arose for the United States and Great Britain in the future. In 1942, as the German armies were advancing towards the Volga and the Caucasus, the British and American governments completely cut off lend-lease supplies to the Soviet Union via Arctic convoys. Western deliveries of goods to the USSR began to grow and be carried out in full only in 1944-1945, when a radical turning point in the war had already taken place.
In total, 1941-1945. The USSR received from its Western allies 18 million tons of cargo for various purposes, including over 4.5 million tons of food products, metals for aircraft construction and rails (3.6 million tons). From Great Britain and the USA, 22,206 aircraft of various types, 12,980 tanks, 14,000 guns, 427,386 trucks and 51,000 jeeps, 6,135,638 rifles and machine guns, 8,000 tractors and tractors, 345,000 vehicles were delivered to the USSR. tons of ammunition, as well as a significant amount of industrial equipment, fuels and lubricants, explosives and chemical raw materials. Under the Lend-Lease program, the United States received from the USSR during the entire war period 300 tons of chrome ore, 32 thousand tons of manganese ore, a significant amount of platinum, gold and other precious metals totaling $ 2.2 million.
Further interaction of the allied powers. The problem of opening a second front in 1941-1943.
One of the most painful issues in the relationship between the Western allies and the USSR was the opening of a second front in Europe. It could have been created with the help of the landing of Anglo-American troops on the coast of France, which would significantly complicate the position of Nazi Germany and ease the position of the USSR, which bore the brunt of the war on its shoulders. Back in the summer of 1941, the Soviet government put before London the question of opening a second front, but did not find understanding among the British. At the first stage, this issue was discussed only between the USSR and Great Britain, President F. Roosevelt began to take an active part in the discussion of this topic only after the United States entered the war in December 1941. Long negotiations that took place during 1941 and the exchange of messages between I. Stalin and W. Churchill led nowhere.
At the beginning of 1942, the diplomatic activity of all states that fought against the Axis countries intensified. On January 1, 1942, in Washington, diplomats from 26 countries signed the Declaration of the United Nations, which developed the provisions of the Atlantic Charter. During the visit of the USSR People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. Molotov to London in May 1942, a Soviet-British union treaty was signed, and in June, in Washington, a Soviet-American agreement was signed. In the communiqués of both meetings, the United States and Britain made a public pledge to open a second front in Europe as soon as possible. But in 1942 the second front was not opened. Instead, Anglo-American forces landed in North Africa, which was part of Britain's traditional zone of interest.
Moscow and Tehran conferences. Opening of the second front and the liberation of eastern Europe
A radical change on the Eastern Front, the victory of Soviet troops at Stalingrad and the Kursk Bulge, the surrender of fascist Italy in the summer of 1943 raised the question of the need to discuss the post-war reconstruction of the world before the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. On October 19-30, 1943, the Foreign Ministers of the USSR, USA and Great Britain took place. In particular, the issue of the post-war reconstruction of Germany and the idea of the dismemberment of the German state put forward by W. Churchill, as well as the post-war destinies of Italy, France and Austria were discussed there. An important result of the conference was the signing of a protocol by the United States and Great Britain, according to which the Americans and the British confirmed (albeit with reservations) their intentions to carry out an offensive in Northern France in the spring of 1944.
The Moscow conference became the basis for the meeting of the leaders of the three allied powers in Tehran from November 28 to December 1, 1943. The question of opening a second front became the main one at. W. Churchill put forward a proposal to land allied troops not in France, but in the Balkans. Thus, the Anglo-American troops would earlier have occupied the countries of Eastern Europe, to the borders of which Soviet troops were advancing. However, the position of the Soviet delegation was supported by F. Roosevelt. As a result, the decision to open a second front in Northern France in 1944 was finally made.
The second front in France was opened on June 6, 1944. Anglo-American troops under the command of D. Eisenhower landed in Normandy and on August 25, together with the French partisans, entered Paris. At the same time, the liberation of the southern part of France took place, where the Allied troops also landed. The German counteroffensive in the Ardennes in December 1944 ended in failure. By the beginning of 1945, the Allied troops were already at the borders of Germany. In parallel, the liberation of Eastern Europe by Soviet troops proceeded. The Soviet command attracted foreign military units created on the territory of the USSR (the French squadron Normandie-Niemen, the Polish division named after Tadeusz Kosciuszko, and others) to combat operations. The result of the offensive of the Red Army was the complete collapse of the fascist bloc in Eastern Europe.
Yalta conference. Defeat of Germany.
At the meeting of I. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill on February 4-11, 1945 in Yalta, the discussion was not so much about military cooperation as about the further reorganization of Europe. It was decided to establish the United Nations and hold its founding conference in April in San Francisco. The contradictions between the allies were caused by the question of the political structure of the liberated countries: if the United States and Great Britain advocated the restoration of pre-war regimes, the USSR relied on the anti-fascist movements in these countries and their leaders. The Declaration on a Liberated Europe enshrined the right of the peoples of Europe to decide their own destiny and get rid of the legacy of fascism and Nazism. It was decided on the post-war occupation of Germany by the Allied forces. The USSR committed itself to entering the war with militarist Japan.
In early March 1945, Anglo-American troops began to fight in Germany. In April, a historic meeting of the troops of the USSR and the United States took place on the Elbe. At the same time, a large-scale Berlin operation began, which culminated in the capture of the capital of Nazi Germany. On May 2, the Berlin garrison surrendered. On May 7, 1945, a preliminary protocol on the surrender of the German armed forces was signed at D. Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims. The act of signing the surrender was repeated in Karlshorst in a solemn atmosphere on the night of May 8-9, 1945.
Potsdam conference. Defeat of Japan.
The last meeting of the “big three” took place in the United States, represented by the new president, H. Truman (F. Roosevelt died in April 1945), and Britain, who replaced Churchill as prime minister, K. Attlee. The goal of the unity of Germany was proclaimed, which was subjected to occupation by the Allies, and parts of its territory were transferred to Poland and the USSR. The question of Germany's reparations to the peoples affected by the war was resolved, and the preparation of peace treaties with Germany's former allies in Eastern Europe.
The USSR, fulfilling its allied obligations, on August 9, 1945, began military operations against militaristic Japan. During the military operation, the southern part of Sakhalin was liberated, the territory of the Kuril Islands and Manchuria was occupied. At the same time, the United States carried out the first ever atomic bombing, destroying the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. The Second World War is over.
The calculations of Hitler, who unleashed a war against the USSR, on the international isolation of the Soviet state were not justified. On the day the fascist aggression began, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, despite his anti-communism, declared: “Everyone who fights against Hitler is a friend of England; anyone who fights on his side is an enemy of England. " The begun Soviet-British negotiations on joint actions in the war against Germany ended with the signing of an agreement on July 12, 1941 in Moscow. Both sides pledged not to conclude a separate peace with Germany. Later, an agreement on trade and loans was signed. The statement that his country will render "all possible assistance to the Soviet Union" in the fight against Hitlerism was also made by US President F. Roosevelt. He, in accordance with the law on lend-lease, agreed to provide the USSR with the first interest-free loan of $ 1 billion. The general principles of the national policy of the United States and Great Britain during the Second World War were set forth in the Atlantic Charter (August 1941). This Anglo-American declaration, developed at the meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill, defined the goals of the Allies in the Royne. On September 24, 1941, the Soviet Union also joined this charter, expressing its agreement with its basic principles. The formation of the anti-Hitler coalition was facilitated by the holding in the autumn of 1941 of a Moscow conference with the participation of representatives of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain on the issue of military supplies. A tripartite agreement was signed on the supply of weapons, military equipment and foodstuffs to the USSR. A significant role in the development of military-political cooperation was played by the United Nations Declaration signed in Washington in January 1942, which was joined by 26 states that were at war with Germany. The process of creating a coalition ended with the signing of the Soviet-British treaty of May 26 and the Soviet-American agreement of June 1942 on an alliance in the war against Germany and on cooperation and mutual assistance after the war. The first joint actions of the allies were the occupation of Iran, as well as putting pressure on Turkey in order to achieve its benevolent neutrality. The important role of allied supplies under Lend-Lease should be especially noted. It was no less important that the Soviet people knew that they were not alone in the mortal struggle against Nazi Germany. Albeit with a long delay, the Allies complied with the USSR's demand for a second front. In the course of the 1945 winter campaign, coordination of the actions of the armed forces of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition developed. When the Anglo-American troops found themselves in a difficult situation in the Ardennes, the Soviet armies, at Churchill's request earlier than planned, launched an offensive on a wide front from the Baltic to the Carpathians, thereby providing effective assistance to the Allies. As the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, the USSR, the USA and Great Britain resolved the issues of the fate of defeated Germany, the punishment of Nazi criminals and the post-war world order at conferences in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. However, during the implementation of a number of these agreements after the war, during the development of the conditions for a post-war settlement in Europe, disagreements arose that led to the confrontation between the USSR and the former allies, the bipolarization of the world and the Cold War.
International conferences of the heads of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition and their decisions.
ANTIGITLER COALITION, a military-political alliance led by the USSR, the USA and Great Britain against the Hoshi countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) during the Second World War.
The anti-Hitler coalition was officially formed on January 1, 1942, when 26 states that declared war on Germany or its allies, issued the Washington Declaration of the United Nations, announcing their intention to direct all their efforts to the fight against the Kosi countries.
The activities of the anti-Hitler coalition were determined by the decisions of the main participating countries. The general political and military strategy was developed at the meetings of their leaders J.V. Stalin, F.D. Roosevelt (from April 1945 - G.Trumen), W. Churchill and the foreign ministers in Moscow (October 19-30, 1943), Tehran ( November 28 - December 1, 1943), Yalta (February 4-11, 1945) and Potsdam (July 17 - August 2, 1945).
Until mid-1943, there was no unity on the question of the opening of a second front by the United States and Great Britain in Western Europe, and the Red Army had to bear the burden of the war on the European continent alone. The British strategy involved the creation and gradual contraction of the ring around Germany by striking in secondary directions (North Africa, the Middle East) and the destruction of its military and economic potential by systematic bombing of German cities and industrial facilities. The Americans considered it necessary to land in France already in 1942, however, under pressure from W. Churchill, they abandoned these plans and agreed to an operation to seize French North Africa. It was only at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 that F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill finally made the decision on the landing operation in France in May 1944 and confirmed it at the Tehran Conference; for its part, Moscow pledged to launch an offensive on the Eastern Front to facilitate the Allied landings.
At the same time, the Soviet Union in 1941-1943 invariably rejected the demand of the United States and Great Britain to declare war on Japan. At the Tehran conference, JV Stalin promised to enter the war in it, but only after Germany's surrender. At the Yalta conference, he obtained from the allies, as a condition for the start of hostilities, their consent to the return to the USSR of the territories lost by Russia in the Peace of Portsmouth in 1905, and the transfer of the Kuril Islands to him.
From the end of 1943, the problems of post-war settlement came to the fore in inter-allied relations. At the Moscow and Tehran conferences, it was decided to create, after the end of the war, an international organization with the participation of all countries to preserve general peace and security.
An important place was occupied by the question of the political future of Germany. In Tehran, J.V. Stalin rejected F.D. Roosevelt's proposal to partition it into five autonomous states and the project developed by W. Churchill to separate North Germany (Prussia) from South and to include the latter in the Danube Federation together with Austria and Hungary. The Yalta and Potsdam conferences agreed on the principles of the post-war structure of Germany (demilitarization, denazification, democratization, economic decentralization) and decided to divide it into four occupation zones (Soviet, American, British and French) with a single governing body (Control Council), on the amount and procedure for paying reparations by it, on the establishment of its eastern border along the Oder and Neisse rivers, on the division of East Prussia between the USSR and Poland and the transfer of the last Danzig (Gdansk), on the resettlement of the Germans who lived in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary , to Germany.
Other important political decisions of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition were decisions on the restoration of Austria's independence and the democratic reorganization of Italy (Moscow Conference), on the preservation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and on large-scale assistance to the partisan movement in Yugoslavia (Tehran Conference), on the creation of an interim Yugoslav government on the basis of the National the Liberation Committee headed by I. Broz Tito and the transfer of all Soviet citizens liberated by the allies to the USSR (Yalta Conference).
The anti-Hitler coalition played an important role in achieving victory over Germany and its allies and became the backbone of the United Nations.
The begun Soviet-British negotiations on joint actions in the war against Germany ended with the signing on July 12, 1941 ᴦ. in Moscow agreements. Both sides pledged not to conclude a separate peace with Germany.
Later, an agreement on trade and loans was signed. The statement that his country will render "all possible assistance to the Soviet Union" in the fight against Hitlerism was also made by US President F. Roosevelt. He, in accordance with the law on lend-lease, agreed to provide the USSR with the first interest-free loan of $ 1 billion. The general principles of the national policy of the United States and Great Britain during the Second World War were set forth in the Atlantic Charter (August 1941). This Anglo-American declaration, developed at the meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill, defined the goals of the Allies in the Royne. September 24, 1941 ᴦ. the Soviet Union also joined this charter, expressing its agreement with its basic principles.
The formation of the anti-Hitler coalition was facilitated by the autumn of 1941. Moscow conference with the participation of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the issue of military supplies. A tripartite agreement was signed on the supply of weapons, military equipment and foodstuffs to the USSR. Signed in Washington in January 1942 ᴦ played a significant role in the development of military-political cooperation. “Declaration of the United Nations”, which was joined by 26 states that were at war with Germany.
The process of creating a coalition ended with the signing of the Soviet-British treaty of May 26 and the Soviet-American agreement of June 1942 ᴦ. about alliance in the war against Germany and about cooperation and mutual assistance after the war. During the 1945 winter campaign ᴦ. the coordination of actions of the armed forces of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition was developed. When the Anglo-American troops found themselves in a difficult situation in the Ardennes, the Soviet armies, at Churchill's request earlier than planned, launched an offensive on a wide front from the Baltic to the Carpathians, thereby providing effective assistance to the Allies. As the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, the USSR, the USA and Great Britain resolved the issues of the fate of defeated Germany, the punishment of Nazi criminals and the post-war world order at conferences in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam.
At the same time, during the implementation of a number of these agreements after the war, during the development of the conditions for a post-war settlement in Europe, disagreements arose that led to the confrontation between the USSR and the former allies, the bipolarization of the world and the Cold War.
International conferences of the heads of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition and their decisions. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "International conferences of the heads of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition and their decisions." 2017, 2018.