The main sewerage system is a complex engineering system designed to ensure the collection and disposal of household wastewater to central treatment facilities. Main sewerage systems include both gravity and pressure pipelines, collectors, pumping stations, sewage treatment plants.
The principle of operation of the main sewer system is identical to the standard one local system removal of wastewater, the differences are only in the sizes and volumes received and treated Wastewater, as well as the diameter of the pipes - the closer the pipe is to the central collector, the correspondingly larger the diameter. As a rule, sewer pipes are laid with a slight slope towards treatment facilities so that wastewater moves through them by gravity. But when arranging a main sewer system, this is not always possible, since the requirements for the construction of buildings sometimes contradict the rules for laying sewer systems; in such cases, pipes are laid above or below the required level, and the movement of wastewater to treatment plants is carried out using a pump.
After passing through the entire sewer system, wastewater enters biological wastewater treatment systems, where main wastewater treatment is carried out through fermentation accelerated with the help of chemical reagents.
An alternative centralized systems sewers are local treatment facilities that use the method of treating household wastewater using aerobic bacteria and microorganisms. The LOK station is a large container made of high-strength fiberglass, divided into three compartments. In the first compartment, wastewater is purified from mechanical impurities by sedimentation; in the second, biological treatment with the help of aerobic bacteria, for which air is forced into the container - as a result, sludge forms in the compartment, which is periodically pumped out with a special pump. Sludge is completely safe and can be used as fertilizer for plants. From the third compartment of the tank, already purified water enters drainage ditches or used for irrigation.
Installation and installation of LOK treatment facilities does not require special skills and can be carried out independently thanks to small sizes stations.
You can buy local treatment facilities both for arranging the sewer system of a private house, and for organizing the sewer system of a small village - you just need to correctly determine the required throughput of the station.
Choosing treatment plants for country house, it is necessary to take into account the number of residents, the volume and composition of household wastewater, the type of soil, the depth of freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater.
Special permission for local installation treatment plant is not required, the main thing is to have a Rospotrebnadzor certificate for it, as well as accompanying documentation - installation instructions and operating rules.
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Sewer pipes are an integral element of any sewerage system, and their role in the functioning of the systems cannot be underestimated. Pipes have been used for sewerage since very ancient times, but even today the situation has not changed much. Of course, with the advent modern materials it has become much easier to equip the sewer system, and even more High Quality easier to achieve, but the very principle of its operation remains the same.
Returning to sewer pipes, we can ask the question: what is generally required of sewer pipes? The main requirements for sewer pipes:
- Long service life. There is nothing more unpleasant for residents than constant sewer pipe breaks. Not only will the characteristic smell escape, but also the likelihood of environmental poisoning becomes much higher.
- High throughput . A pipeline rupture is unpleasant event, but no one wants to clean the sewer regularly either. To avoid possible blockages, the choice of pipes must be carried out wisely.
- high strength;
- good wear resistance;
- smooth inner surface;
- ability to work in different temperature conditions;
- ease of installation and low weight;
- low cost.
Types of sewer systems
Sewage systems can be external and internal. The internal system is a set of pipelines that ensure the removal of wastewater from all plumbing fixtures and their delivery to the common exit from the building. As a rule, most owners install internal sewerage with their own hands - and all thanks to plastic elements that are very easy to install yourself.
An external sewer system takes wastewater from a building and carries it into the complex for storage or treatment, after which the illuminated water is discharged into a pond or other place intended for this purpose.
Exist different types sewer pipes, which especially applies to external systems: products may differ in diameter, material and even cross-sectional shape.
There are the following types of sewer pipes:
- lightweight: suitable for sewers installed at shallow depths and not subject to serious physical activity. As a rule, domestic sewerage is made from such pipes;
- medium: used on not very busy roads and under small buildings;
- heavy: laid under highways and large houses.
Materials for sewer pipes
Sewer pipes are made from the most different materials.Today the market offers pipes made of the following materials:
- ceramics;
- cast iron;
- concrete;
- asbestos cement;
- plastic.
Each sewer pipe material requires detailed consideration. Knowledge of the characteristics of types of pipes will allow you to select the most appropriate products for a particular case: length, width, thickness, performance characteristics and indicators of pipes may vary depending on the material.
Ceramic and cast iron pipes for sewerage
- Ceramic pipes. To make such pipes, clay with small admixtures of kaolin or fireclay is used. The products themselves are produced by firing, which gives them good mechanical strength. The pipes are coated with a special glaze on top, which provides resistance to aggressive chemicals, a certain water resistance and creates a smooth surface. Both sides of the pipe are treated with polyester resins, which make it possible to connect parts without using sealant. To the disadvantages ceramic pipes can be attributed to the heavy weight and high cost. In addition, transportation and installation of products will be difficult due to their fragility.
- Cast iron pipes. Cast iron pipes are durable, high strength and resistant to temperature changes. The problem is the high weight of the products and their susceptibility to corrosion (more details: ""). Also, one cannot fail to mention the high cost cast iron pipes. The inner walls are not smooth, so the products will become clogged quite quickly. Installation is also very problematic due to the weight and complex sealing.
Concrete and asbestos-cement pipes
- Concrete pipes. The disadvantages of concrete pipes are obvious: heavy weight and, as a result, very inconvenient installation. Most often, concrete pipes are installed in external sewer systems. If you need to increase the strength of the product, you can find a reinforced concrete type of pipe.
- Asbestos cement pipes. The arsenal of advantages of such products includes: high chemical resistance, the ability to work at different temperatures, complete resistance to corrosion, low weight and low cost. The working surface of the pipes is not very smooth, and the fragility of asbestos-cement products speaks for itself. In addition, this sewer pipe material has a very bad effect on environment, so if alternatives are available, it is better to use them.
Plastic and fiberglass pipes
- Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC). The products are easy to install, transport without problems, and withstand the effects of chemicals contained in sewage drains. In addition, the surface of all types plastic pipes absolutely smooth, which indicates their maximum throughput. The disadvantage of PVC pipes is the inability to operate at temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius. Sewer marking PVC pipes looks like this: pipes for internal sewerage are marked gray, and for the outside - orange.
- Polypropylene pipes(PP). They have all the advantages described above, but can operate at high temperatures - up to 80 degrees, so they are often used to connect washing and dishwashers. Marked in grey. In addition to ordinary pipes, two-layer corrugated products are made from polypropylene, used in the construction of external sewer networks.
- Polyethylene pipes (PVP). Made from polyethylene. Advantages: high strength, low weight, good flexibility, easy installation. In terms of their ability to work at high temperatures, they are between PP and PVC pipes. To equip external systems, two-layer and corrugated products are manufactured.
- Fiberglass pipes. The main material for production is polyester resin, reinforced with fiberglass. Positive traits fiberglass pipes: high mechanical strength, easy installation, ability to withstand temperature changes, resistance to chemicals, ease of transportation. The disadvantages of these products include very high cost and considerable weight.
Conclusion
From this article you could find out what sewer pipes are made of. It is impossible to give a clear answer to the question of which sewer pipes are better, since each situation requires a completely different type of material. Only one thing can be said for sure: the characteristics of products are mainly influenced by the material of sewer pipes.
Measures for the creation or reconstruction of sewer systems place all responsibility at the time of installation on pipes that have the best performance qualities. The selection of pipes must be carried out according to the following criteria: material of manufacture, diameter, shape and type of sewerage configuration. All useful tips according to the selection, calculation and layout of pipes in this case are appropriate and justified.
We should not forget that the installation of sewerage is subject to and regulated by norms and rules, as well as mandatory sequence and phasing.
We organize sewerage
selection of pipes and fittings by type
Pipes by purpose
When organizing a sewer system yourself, it is assumed to use pipes of a certain nomenclature, special chamfers (sockets) and fittings.
Sewer pipes are divided into groups according to location and purpose:
- external sewerage with delivery of wastewater to discharge.
- For internal sewerage with the collection of wastewater and its delivery to the system.
The placement and arrangement of the external sewer pipe, while withstanding the load of transport and soil, must create resistance to dynamic influences from the outside. By current standards and rules, it is recommended to lay sewer pipes below the freezing depth of the soil.
A feature of external sewerage pipes is their increased chemical resistance to aggressive environments, mechanical rigidity due to the corrugated surface and easy installation.
Indoor sewer pipes are designed to transport wastewater heated to a certain temperature under pressure.
Let us add that strict requirements are not imposed on the sewer pipe of an internal installation due to the insignificant load of the internal sewerage system.
Selection of pipes by material
Sewage pipes are divided into types according to the material of manufacture:
- cast iron and steel
- ceramic
- polymer plastic (PVC, PVC-np, PP).
Let us make a reservation that cast iron, steel and ceramic sewer pipes are rarely used due to their high cost. Budget option Sewage installations are made of polymer pipes. Where and which pipes are preferable to use?
It is known that PVC pipes are successfully used for internal gravity sewerage as central risers and connections. Pipes made of PVC-np are used in any type of pressure and non-pressure sewerage.
PP pipes, which are highly flexible and amorphous, are used exclusively in internal sewerage.
Useful tips
Let us tell you that external sewerage pipes are divided into strength classes: light, medium and heavy, marked SN2, SN4 and SN8, respectively. For example, pipes SN2-SN4 are intended for areas with low vehicle traffic.
Detailed information for each class can be borrowed from the sewer pipe catalog. For local external sewerage, corrugated pipes ø 250-280 mm, laid to a depth of 10-15 m, are in demand.
External pipes are painted orange or gray.
Fitting
Installation of sewer pipes involves the use of devices for connecting pipes to each other (fittings).
In accordance with the installation method, sewer fittings can be: threaded, flanged and self-locking.
Let us add that PVC pipes and fittings are connected using O-rings.
diagrams and calculations
The simplest external sewerage diagram is an executive axonometric diagram from design specialists. Enlarged, such a sewerage scheme consists of external and internal networks, including a common riser, a pipeline with sewerage elements and external pipeline to the collection tank.
The internal sewer network is presented plastic pipeline, external network - a similar pipeline made of PVC pipes of a different diameter, a collector and a septic tank.
It will be necessary to calculate the diameter of the pipes of both networks.
Useful tips
Calculation of the diameter of external sewer pipes
Components outdoor installation sewer pipes are based on calculated data: the diameter of the pipes entering and forming sewage system. According to the norms and rules, this parameter is calculated based on the average daily discharge volumes, according to which the consumption limit is intended for pipes ø 150 and 200 mm. In addition to the estimated diameter of the underground pipes, it is recommended to take into account the slope for placing pipes in the trench at the rate of 2.5 cm per 1 linear meter. pipeline.
Calculation of the diameter of internal sewerage pipes
According to experts, pipes of ø 50 mm (sink, sink and bathtub connections) and 100 mm for sewer and drain risers, as well as toilet connections, are recommended for laying internal sewerage. The internal sewage system is installed with a slope of 3°.
Installation of sewer pipes
The technology for installing sewer pipes for external installation and internal network installation is identical: sections of the required size are assembled into a main or riser by simply screwing them in according to the “pipe” - “tee” - “bend” - “plug” principle.
The tightness of the connection is ensured by a special chamfer and a sealing rubber coupling.
But the complexity of installation manifests itself at the point of release sewer riser and connection with the underground.
For the installation of risers and main lines of internal sewerage, the following will be used:
- bends with connecting pipes
- inspection hatches and fastening units
- interfloor compensators
- pipes.
The stages of installation are: preparation and gluing of pipes, their subsequent fastening according to markings, crimping.
preparation and gluing
Installation of sewerage pipes begins with adjusting the connecting parts in accordance with the diagram. Let us remind you that sewerage assembly begins from top to bottom - from the septic tank to the house and plumbing fixtures. The next step is to mark the pipes from the socket and fitting to the next element. The surface to be bonded is cleaned of burrs. Then, to ensure sealing of the joints, the elements are glued together. Let us tell you that the pipe should fit 2/3 freely into the socket.
fastening
The sewer pipes are fastened to stops located under the base of the socket. On horizontal sections Maintain a distance between stops of up to 40 cm on highways, and up to 1 m on vertical ones. Gaskets are placed at the junctions of pipes and thrust clamps, and the fasteners are tightened.
The final stage of installation of external and internal sewerage is crimping, the purpose of which is to check the tightness of the system.
Useful tips for laying external sewerage are shown in the video.
We are so accustomed to living in comfort and coziness that we cannot even imagine a house or other building without engineering systems, and even more so without sewer system. If you have the intention to build your own house or make major renovation, then without information about what they are types and types of sewer pipes you can’t do without, because this is one of the fundamental issues when arranging a home. Properly selected sewer pipes will relieve you of unpleasant sounds and odors during the drainage process and minimize the likelihood of an emergency leak. In addition, there will be no need to repair and clean sewer pipeline equipment. To calculate the weight of a pipe or the length of a pipe, you can use a pipe calculator.
The first question that will appear before you is which pipes to choose and what is the difference between them. Nowadays pipes are made from different materials and according to different technologies, which entails its own advantages and disadvantages.
So, about 15 years ago, cast iron pipes were widespread; due to their properties, they continue to be used to this day. There are two types of cast iron pipes:
Gray cast iron pipes- have relatively poor and insufficient resistance to dynamic loads;
Ductile iron pipes- have more wide range applications due to its remarkable plastic properties and withstanding heavy loads.
Advantages of cast iron pipes:
- Strength;
- Service life 75-85 years;
- Good plastic properties;
- Ability to withstand high loads;
- Metal consumption.
Disadvantages of cast iron pipes:
- Roughness of the inner surface of the tubes, impeding the movement of wastewater;
- Difficulties in transportation, installation and assembly cause certain troubles due to the large mass of this type of pipe;
- Relatively expensive.
It is worth paying attention to the fact that cast iron pipes should not be used in areas of saline soil and areas with weak soil.
This type of pipe is gradually and confidently replacing cast iron pipes from use, but it is not possible to use such pipes widely and everywhere, and therefore their design needs to be modified.
Modifications of plastic sewer pipes.
- PVC pipes;
- Polypropylene pipes;
- Corrugated polyethylene pipes.
PVC sewer pipes(PVC) - for use in external sewer systems. They have mechanical and chemical strength, are highly resistant to temperature changes, can be orange and gray. But even with good heat resistance, it should be remembered that heat destroys this material. During continuous operation, the upper permissible limit of the working fluid should not exceed 40 degrees. If used improperly, the service life of this type of pipe is sharply reduced. PVC pipes are divided according to strength: SN2 - light, SN4 - medium, SN8 - heavy.
Polypropylene sewer pipes(PP) are gray pipes, the most common of plastic pipes. They are superior to PVC pipes in terms of heat resistance and rigidity. However, it is not recommended to use PP pipes for external sewerage.
Sewer corrugated pipes made of polyethylene— used in local sewer systems (construction of cottages, city sewerage), widely used for external water supply systems. This type of pipe is characterized by large sizes, with diameters ranging from 250 to 850 mm. The recommended mounting depth is about 15 meters. Due to the presence of corrugated walls, they are strong and rigid, with a smooth inner side.
Main characteristics of plastic pipes.
Advantages of plastic pipes:
- High throughput due to the fact that the inner surface of the pipes is smooth;
- The light weight of such pipes, which greatly facilitates transportation and installation;
- Possibility of using trenchless technology due to easy installation;
- Relatively long lifespan of 50-60 years;
- Plastic is still a highly durable material;
- Plastic pipes do not corrode.
Disadvantages of plastic pipes:
- Heat resistance, it is impossible to use plastic pipes at liquid temperatures exceeding 65-70 degrees.
- These are auxiliary and connecting elements of pipes. Used for turning pipelines, joining external pipes, when changing the diameter of the outlet device. When installing sewer pipes made of different materials, the use of certain types of fittings is required.
Fittings classification:
- Threaded,
- Flanged,
- Compression,
- Self-locking...
PVC pipes and fittings characterized by a fixed diameter, which is strictly established by GOST. When constructing sewers in apartment buildings and private buildings, the following diameters are used: 22, 32, 40, 50, 110, 150 mm. Fittings are external and internal. Threaded fittings designed specifically for installation of external sewage systems, they are often painted red. Flange fittings are used for installation and assembly inside the house and have a characteristic gray color.
To sum up, we can say that the choice sewer pipes depends on you, but at the same time take into account the main aspects of their operation. Pay special attention to the type of soil in which the pipe will be installed, for internal or external sewerage, as well as how they will be assembled.
Hello dear reader!
Back in 1270, the French king Ludwig IX issued a law that prohibited residents of the upper floors from pouring sewage on the heads of passers-by. Instead, they had to go outside and carefully dump all the waste at their feet. The French tried to mask the unbearable stench with perfume.
Can you imagine the amber that permeated the air of medieval Paris?
It is not surprising that the average life expectancy then was about 35-40 years. And there was no need for any poisoned gloves or other cunning methods - people in such an atmosphere were already dying like flies.
Therefore, this is not only convenience, but also one of the most important factors healthy atmosphere at home.
In today's article I will talk in detail about sewer pipes. We will find out what modern pipelines are made of and try to calculate the sewerage parameters ourselves.
Requirements for the sewerage system of an apartment and individual residential building are established by SNIP 2.04.01-85. 2.04.03-85 and SNiP 31-02.
I will list the most important ones:
- For sewage systems, the following types of pipes must be used:
- for gravity systems - concrete, cast iron, reinforced concrete, plastic, glass;
- for pressure - cast iron, plastic, reinforced concrete, asbestos-cement;
- Laying sewerage in the floor is not allowed living rooms, under the ceiling, in hospital wards and children's institutions, canteens, classrooms, libraries, electrical panels, transformer rooms;
- It is not allowed to connect the exhaust part of sewer risers with chimneys and ventilation systems and the intersection of sewerage and gas pipelines.
- The diameter of the outlet hole is determined by calculation. It cannot be smaller than the diameter of the largest drain;
- Pipelines located outside the house must have a diameter of at least 150mm;
- Wells must be installed;
- Issues join external network at an angle of at least 90 degrees;
- The length of the pipeline from the plumbing fixture to the riser should not exceed 12 m;
- Diameter of all engineering communications should be calculated based on their special formulas and standards, according to the planned volume of sewerage and the operating conditions of the sewerage system.
Sewage pipes, regardless of material, must be:
- Durable;
- With a long service life;
- Resistant to external climate and temperatures of transported liquids;
- Frost-resistant;
- With smooth walls;
- Wear-resistant;
What types of sewer pipes are there?
The choice of material for pipelines should be based on the type of sewage disposal installed in the room - gravity or pressure. Moreover. Let's look at the most popular:
Cast iron
Despite the increasing popularity of plastic, cast iron products are still in demand. Durable and unpretentious material has long become the standard of reliability. Cast iron products are suitable for both types of systems. They are made from material grade SCh (gray cast iron). IN pure form Gray cast iron is brittle and brittle. For improvement operational properties Various impurities are added to the metal. It is by the presence and type of impurities that cast iron pipelines are classified.
Types of cast iron pipes:
- VChShG - high-strength cast iron with the addition of granite granules. The product made from it is frost-resistant and is as strong as carbon steel. Ductile iron pipes are commonly used in industrial systems and are reliable and durable. They are produced only with a socket (technological expansion at one end of the pipe).
- CHK - non-pressure pipes. Flake graphite is added to gray cast iron. They are fragile and only suitable for lightly loaded networks. Due to low ductility, you should not install pipes with your own hands. After dismantling it can be used again.
- ChNR - cast iron pressure products. Suitable for transporting wastewater under pressure. They are used in the same places as ductile iron; they are less durable, but also have a long service life.
- SML - cast pipes made of cast iron and graphite. They have an anti-corrosion coating made of epoxy resins. Available without bell. They are connected using clamps, and such connections do not require additional protection. Sewage from SML pipes is very reliable, can withstand heavy loads and will serve you for many years.
Polypropylene
Polypropylene parts for drainage systems are produced by extrusion. The advantages of this product include light weight, smooth surface, non-corrosion, resistance to sudden changes temperatures, increased wear resistance and low cost. Pipes are white, orange, black.
The pipe is marked with the abbreviation PNxx, where XX is the value of the maximum permissible pressure in kg per cm2.
Classification of polypropylene pipes:
- PN 25 - fiberglass reinforced or aluminum foil. These products have high strength, resistance to mechanical stress and low coefficient of thermal expansion. Used for external networks.
- PN20 - products with increased impact strength. Used in internal sewer networks;
- PN16 - for internal gravity pipelines;
- PN10 - the most inexpensive and popular products. Suitable for indoor systems.
To increase strength and wear resistance, various impurities and additives are often added to polypropylene.
Polyethylene
Polyethylene pipes are produced by extruding molten plastic through round shape followed by calibration.
Types of products:
- LDPE - polyethylene high pressure. They are characterized by high mechanical stability and elasticity. Consist of three layers. Used for pressure sewerage;
- HDPE - polyethylene low pressure, durable, withstands temperatures down to −50C.
- Corrugated. Produced from material grade PE-80 and PE-10. They are highly resistant to chemical influences.
Polyvinyl chloride
Made from PVC thermoplastic. They are used for both internal and external sewer networks. Wear-resistant, inexpensive and accessible.
Corrugated
Popular products for sewerage and drainage systems
Classification:
- Lungs. They have low resistance to mechanical stress. Used for laying external sewer systems;
- Heavy. Average level of mechanical stability. Are used ;
- Super heavy. They are used for laying communications under highways and railway tracks.
Corrugated plastic pipes can be single-layer or double-layer. Made from PVC, polypropylene, and low-density polyethylene. They combine the advantages of the above materials with increased flexibility and ease of installation. Can transport liquids with high and low temperatures.
Other materials
In addition to metal and plastic, they are ceramic, reinforced concrete, asbestos-cement and fiberglass.
- Ceramics is a material that is resistant to abrasion, but very fragile. It must be installed with extreme caution.
- Reinforced concrete is durable, waterproof, frost-resistant, but very heavy.
- Asbestos cement is a cheap, but fragile and inconvenient material to work with;
- Fiberglass is plastic with the addition of fiberglass. More expensive than regular plastic sewer pipes, but not much better.
Size tables and pipe specifications
After selecting the material, it is necessary Special attention size of communications.
We summarize the diameters for internal and external gaskets in a general table:
| Network type | Outer diameter, mm | Inner diameter with minimum thickness walls, mm | Minimum wall thickness, mm | Inner diameter at maximum wall thickness, mm | Maximum wall thickness, mm |
| Internal | 32 | 30 | 1,0 | 28,40 | 1,80 |
| 40 | 38 | 1,0 | 36,40 | 1,80 | |
| 50 | 47,4 | 1,30 | 46,40 | 1,80 | |
| 75 | 71,2 | 1,90 | 70,40 | 2,30 | |
| 90 | 85,6 | 2,20 | 84,40 | 2,80 | |
| 110 | 104,6 | 2,70 | 103,20 | 3,40 | |
| Outdoor | 125 | 118,6 | 3,20 | 117,20 | 3,90 |
| 160 | 153,6 | 3,20 | 150,20 | 4,90 | |
| 200 | 192,2 | 3,90 | 187,60 | 6,20 | |
| 250 | 240,2 | 4,90 | 234,60 | 7,70 | |
| 315 | 302,6 | 6,20 | 295,60 | 9,70 | |
| 400 | 384,6 | 7,70 | 375,40 | 12,30 | |
| 500 | 480,4 | 9,80 | 469,40 | 15,30 | |
| 630 | 605,4 | 12,30 | 591,40 | 19,30 | |
| 800 | 769,2 | 15,40 | 751,0 | 24,50 | |
| 1000 | 960,8 | 19,60 | 938,80 | 30,60 | |
| 1200 | 1151 | 24,50 | 1126,80 | 36,60 |
For external sewer networks, the optimal diameter is from 160 to 500 mm, for internal sewer networks - from 32 to 110 mm.
- GOST 22689.2-89 -polyethylene pipes and fittings;
- GOST 18599, GOST 32413, 51613 - PVC pipes;
- GOST 6942-98 - cast iron products;
- GOST 32414-2013 - polypropylene.
How to choose the right diameter?
But now it’s time to figure out the most important thing - how to choose the right diameters for the external and internal networks?
There are 2 methods - non-calculated (according to SNiP) and calculated.
- Non-settlement method:
According to GOST No. 21.604 “Water supply and sewerage”, for laying internal sewerage it is necessary to use the following sizes of plastic pipes:
- bathtub drain pipe - diameter (d) = 40 mm;
- shower - d=40 mm;
- toilet -d=110-150mm mm;
- sink -d=40 mm;
- bidet -d=40 mm;
- sink, washbasin -d=40 mm;
- combined drain for shower, sink and bathtub - d=50 mm (
- central riser - d= 110 mm;
- bends from the central riser d=60 mm.
In addition to the pipe diameter, it is necessary to select the correct slope.
- Calculation method:
SNiP 2.04.01-85 describes methods for calculating diameters for sewerage in an apartment and a private house. They are complex, taking into account the slope of the pipeline on horizontal sections of the main line, the angle of connection of the leads and other nuances.
To calculate the outer diameter of a sewer pipe, there is a special formula:
D = V (√ h / d) ≥ K, where:
- D - outer diameter of the pipe
- V is the speed of movement of wastewater (must be at least 0.7 m/s);
- K - coefficient depending on the type of material (selected according to SNiP);
- h/d - pipeline filling indicator - the ratio of the flow height h (maximum) to the internal diameter is less than 0.6. If clean wastewater moves through the pipeline, this value can reach 0.8
Advice: You should not do the calculations yourself, the probability of error is too high. Use the services of a professional.
Smallest permissible pipe diameters:
- For external networks inside the block −150mm;
- For external street network - 200mm;
- For external outlet network storm water−220mm;
- For pressure networks - 150mm.
During the construction of a private residential building internal diameters taken from SNiPs or calculated based on all the parameters listed above. For an external network, in any case, a pipe of 150mm-200mm will be sufficient.
Correspondence between the diameter of the pipe and the plumbing fixture (toilet, sink, etc.)
The size of the sewer pipe does not always correspond to the size of the pipes of the plumbing fixtures. For example, the sink corrugation usually has a diameter of 30mm, and the waste pipe has a diameter of 50mm. What to do?
The answer is simple - you need to use connecting fittings.
Connecting elements
The range of fittings is very wide. They are made of cast iron, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, as well as the pipes themselves.
When installing pressure systems, turns, pipes, sockets (double and single), O-rings, saddles.
They are distinguished by their light weight, long service life, resistance to temperature fluctuations and a wide range of species.
Let's look at some types of shaped products:
- Tee - used to connect 2 or more pipes at an angle of 45, 60, 90 degrees;
- Coupling - connects two parallel sections of the pipeline;
- Retraction - allows you to rotate 90 degrees when laying;
- Reduction - connects two different diameters and materials;
- Cross - performs perpendicular branches;
- Branch pipe - used when replacing a damaged or cut section of a pipeline;
- Plug - blocks the movement of fluid during repairs.
Connection methods
Depending on the type of sewer pipe selected and connecting fittings, the following connections are classified:
- Bell-shaped - the pipe socket is put on a fitting or other part. Fixed with an O-ring. For socket joints of cast iron pipes, cement is used instead of an O-ring;
- For gluing (usually used for assemblies made of plastic pipes). The installation adhesive is made from a mixture of PVC and tetrahydrofuran;
- Using clamps and levers. This method allows you to increase the mechanical force;
- Threaded. Quite rarely used to connect cast iron parts.
The connection method should be carefully considered - the operation of the entire network depends on the correct connection of the nodes.
Installation nuances
There are a number of nuances in the installation of sewerage systems, which, if ignored, can result in not a good drainage and drainage system, but, in Russian speaking, large hemorrhoids. So I will list as much as possible:
- When cutting pipes, the cut must be strictly perpendicular to the axis and must be processed with sandpaper;
- The elements to be glued must be degreased;
- Fittings with rubber seal need to be covered with silicone sealant;
- The cross-section of the horizontal pipeline should not exceed the diameter of the sewer riser;
- In places where the pipeline turns, it is necessary to install revisions - cleaning holes with a cover;
- Horizontal connections must be made from angles and oblique tees;
- Sewerage is secured at intervals equal to 10 x pipe diameter;
- The slope of horizontal sections should not exceed 1-2cm/1m;9. The bell is positioned towards the moving liquid.
Manufacturers of plastic and cast iron pipes
Nowadays there are a great many manufacturers of sewer pipes, both in Russia and abroad. The most famous manufacturers of plastic products include the companies Rehau, Corsis, Pragma, Ostendorf, Wavin, Polytron and Polytek.