World heritage sites in my area. Project work "World Heritage of Russia"

natural heritage. General provisions

Definition 1

At the moment, the world natural heritage is understood as miraculous monuments of nature, formed under the influence of evolutionary, natural-climatic, biotic and abiotic factors and of cultural, aesthetic or scientific value to current and future generations.

Natural heritage can be forests, water bodies, mountains and mountain systems, plateaus, other geological formations, richness of biodiversity, protected areas and so on.

The study of natural ecosystems as part of the world natural heritage is studied by such sciences as general ecology, geoecology, recreational geography, geomorphology, hydrology, mineralogy, petrography and many other sciences that are integral parts of ecology and geography.

UNESCO action for the protection of the world natural heritage

Definition 2

UNESCO is an international United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization that unites $195$ of member countries.

In addition to activities in the field of education, science, ensuring human rights and freedoms, illiteracy, discrimination, this organization also deals with the conservation of natural objects of great aesthetic, scientific and other significance. In $1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. This convention entered into force after $3$ of the year. Since then, a special commission has held annual meetings at which objects are identified for inclusion in the list of cultural and natural heritage sites. In turn, natural heritage sites are selected in order to preserve them and attract a wide range of the public to the uniqueness of natural sites.

Currently, there are $197$ of objects on the list of world natural heritage around the world. In addition, $32$ of objects according to mixed natural and cultural criteria are also allocated.

Into the UNESCO list natural objects fall from $2002$ on the basis of four developed criteria:

1. The property is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
2. The object is an outstanding example of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including monuments of the past, a symbol of ongoing geological processes in the development of the relief, or a symbol of geomorphological or physiographic features;
3. The object is an outstanding example of ongoing ecological or biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, plant and animal communities;
4. The property includes the most important or significant natural habitat for the conservation of biological diversity, including endangered species of exceptional global conservation and scientific value.

Unfortunately, a number of world natural heritage sites are under constant anthropogenic pressure, are subject to destruction, the destructive effects of natural processes, armed conflicts and uncontrolled tourism. Therefore, at the moment, the protection and attraction of public attention to the conservation of natural heritage sites is a very important and urgent task.

Natural heritage of Russia

Currently, $26$ of World Heritage Sites are registered in Russia, including $10$ of World Natural Heritage Sites. In terms of world natural heritage, Russia ranks $4$ in the world, after China, the USA and Australia.

The list of natural world heritage sites in Russia includes:

1. Virgin forests of Komi. The year of inclusion in the list is $1995$. The facility area is $3.28 million hectares and includes tundra areas covered with forests, swamps and rivers.
2. Lake Baikal. The year of inclusion in the list is $1996$. The area of ​​the facility is $3.15 million hectares. Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on the planet. Its waters store almost $20%$ of all fresh water peace. The lake is home to a unique animal world characteristic only for these areas.
3. Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Year of inclusion in the list - $ 1996 $. ($2001-expansion). The site consists of $6$ of individual sections and includes a large concentration of volcanoes. The nature of Kamchatka forms an aesthetically unique landscape with significant biodiversity.
4. Golden Altai mountains. The year of inclusion in the list is $1998$. The object consists of $3$ separate sections. The area is home to such endangered animal species as the snow leopard.
5. Western Caucasus. The year of inclusion in the list is $1999$. The area of ​​the facility is $300$ thousand hectares. The area is characterized by the presence of a large number of endemic plant and animal species.
6. Central Sikhote-Alin. Year of inclusion - $2001$. The territory extends from the Sikhote-Alin Mountains to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and is a habitat for endangered animal species - the Amur tiger, the Far Eastern leopard.
7. Ubsunur basin. Year of inclusion - $2003$. The territory of the facility is $1069 thousand hectares and consists of $12$ separate plots, $7$ of which are in Russia and $5$ in Mongolia. In the Ubsunur basin, there is great amount birds and rare animal species.
8. Wrangel Island. The year of inclusion in the list is $2004$. The object includes Wrangel Island itself and Herald Island with adjacent water areas. There is a very high biodiversity here (walruses, polar bears, northern right whales, nesting places for birds, etc.).
9. Putorana Plateau. Year of inclusion - $2010$. The object is characterized by untouched tundra, forest tundra, arctic desert system. The main deer migration routes are recorded here.
10. Lena pillars. Year of inclusion - $2012$. The Lena Pillars are natural formations with a height of about $100$ meters and have aesthetic value and unique beauty.

In addition, 6 new natural objects (Daursky Reserve, Commander Islands, Magadan Reserve, Krasnoyarsk pillars, Vasyugan swamps, Ilmensky mountains), 3 repeated objects (extension of the Sikhote-Alin site, Virgin Komi Forests) were included as candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. and Western Caucasus).

Currently, another $1$ object of a mixed type (according to cultural and natural criteria) is listed as a candidate - the cultural landscape of the Cave Cities of Crimean Gothia, which is located in Crimea, however, the territory of the Crimean peninsula, in accordance with international standards, is disputed between Russia and Ukraine, therefore this site is in limbo and is unlikely to be recognized as a world heritage site in the near future, as it does not have a national reference.

There are many beautiful buildings, natural phenomena and other unique objects in the world that delight people. And the task of each generation is to preserve this wealth and pass it on to descendants. The most valuable sights fall into a special list.

About World Heritage Sites

It is terrible to think that the descendants will not see, for example, the Acropolis or, meanwhile, this can happen, if not in the near future, then in several generations. That is why one of the priority tasks of mankind is to preserve and increase the cultural and natural wealth of the planet.

For this purpose, a special list was created, which includes World Heritage sites located on the territory of various countries and regions. There are many, they are diverse, and each is unique in its own way.

General information about the list

The idea of ​​a list of the most valuable objects in the world was first implemented in 1978, after the UN Convention was adopted six years earlier, declaring a common responsibility for the preservation of the most significant cultural and natural monuments.

At the end of 2014, the list contains 1007 titles. In the top ten in terms of the number of World Heritage sites are Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, the United Kingdom, Russia and the United States. In total, there are 359 items included in the list on their territory.

There are a number of criteria according to which the list is expanded. They include the uniqueness or exclusivity of a particular place or building from different points of view: its inhabitants, construction, evidence of milestone development of civilizations, etc. Therefore, sometimes in the list you can find objects that are quite unexpected for someone.

Categories and examples

All the diversity of the World Heritage is divided into three conditional groups: cultural, natural and cultural-natural. The first category is the most numerous, it includes 779 items, for example, the building of the Opera House in Sydney. The second group contains 197 objects, including Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Grand Canyon. The last category is the smallest - only 31 monuments, but they combine both natural beauty and human intervention: Machu Picchu, Meteora monasteries, etc.

For some reason, people are used to first of all admiring the buildings and creations of their own efforts, forgetting about natural beauties. And in vain, because in fact it is also a World Cultural Heritage.

In Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 26 monuments included in the UNESCO list. Of these, 15 are classified as cultural, and the remaining 11 are natural. They are located all over the country and include truly unique UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia.

For the first time, the Russian Federation added to the list of countries on whose territory there are monuments to human and natural genius, in 1990, when the list was replenished with the Kizhi churchyard and the historical center of St. Petersburg. In the future, the World Heritage of Russia has been regularly updated and still continues to expand. The list includes reserves, monasteries, geological monuments and many other objects. So, in 2014, the Bulgar historical and archaeological complex, which is located in Tatarstan, was included in the World Heritage List of Russia.

Full list

The World Heritage Sites of Russia are mostly known to many citizens. But someone will find for themselves unfamiliar points that they may want to visit, so it is better to give a complete list:

• the historical center and monuments of St. Petersburg;
• Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow;
• Kizhi churchyard;
• Veliky Novgorod and its environs;
• white monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
• Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye;
• Trinity-Sergius Lavra;
• Komi forests;
• lake Baikal;
• Kamchatka volcanoes;
• natural reserve Sikhote-Alin;
• golden Altai mountains;
• Ubsu-Nur lake basin;
• Western Caucasus;
• Kazan Kremlin;
• Ferapontov Monastery;
• Curonian Spit;
• Old city Derbent;
• Wrangel Island;
• Novodevichy Convent;
• historical center of Yaroslavl;
• Struve arc;
• the Putorana plateau;
• Lena Pillars;
• complex "Bulgar".

Another point is related to the political events of 2014 - on the Crimean peninsula is located ancient city Chersonese, which is also included in the World Cultural Heritage. Russia actually has something to strive for, because there are many more unique objects on the territory of the country, and each of them can eventually enter the UNESCO list. In the meantime, it is still worth learning more about those monuments that are already on this list. After all, it’s not for nothing that they were included there?

Natural

Russia is a huge country, the largest on the planet in terms of territory. 9 time zones, 4 climatic and a huge number of different zones. It is not surprising that the World Natural Heritage of Russia is quite numerous and diverse - 11 objects. There are huge forests, clean and deep lakes, natural phenomena of amazing beauty.

• Virgin forests of Komi. They are considered the largest untouched forests in Europe. They were included in the World Heritage of Russia in 1995. Many species of rare representatives of flora and fauna grow and live on their territory.
• Lake Baikal. It is the deepest on the planet. Listed in 1996. Many species living in the lake are endemic.
• Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. They are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Included in the World Heritage Sites of Russia in 1996.
• Altai. Listed since 1998. Includes habitats of rare representatives of flora and fauna.
• Caucasian reserve. It is located in three constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea. Listed since 1999.
• Central Sikhote-Alin. A natural reserve located in the Primorsky Territory. Many rare species of animals live on its territory. Entered the UNESCO list in 2001.
• Curonian spit. This unique object is a sand body stretching across the Baltic Sea for almost 100 kilometers. On the territory of the spit is located a large number of interesting places, such as the famous "Dancing Forest", also through it lies the seasonal migration route of many birds. Listed in 2000.
• Ubsu-Nur basin. Located on the border of the Russian Federation and Mongolia. The hollow was included in the list in 2003 according to the criteria of international scientific importance and the conservation of biological and landscape diversity.
• Wrangel Island. It is divided into almost equal halves between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. Most its territory is occupied by mountains. grow here rare plants, which, among other things, caused the object to be included in the UNESCO list in 2004 under the number 1023.
• It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2010. Here are the migration routes large populations reindeer, as well as a unique combination of ecosystems.
• Lena pillars. At the moment, the last World Natural Heritage site in Russia. Was listed in 2012. In addition to its aesthetic importance, this object is valuable for the uniqueness of the geological processes taking place here.

man-made

The objects of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia, of course, include not only natural monuments, but the results of human labor.

• Historical center of St. Petersburg. Red Square and the Kremlin in Moscow. The hearts of both capitals entered the list at the same time - in 1990 - and immediately according to four criteria.
• Kizhi. This unique ensemble of wooden buildings was also included in the UNESCO list in 1990. This real wonder of the world not only demonstrates the genius of mankind, but also surprisingly harmonizes with the surrounding nature.
• In 1992, UNESCO added 3 more sights to its list: the monuments of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir, as well as
• The Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, listed in 1993 and 1994 respectively, are known for their beauty to everyone - many residents of Moscow and the Moscow region regularly visit there.
• entered the list in 2000, as well as
• Monuments of the city of Derbent in Dagestan - 2003.
• in Moscow - 2004.
• The historical center of Yaroslavl - 2005.
• (2 points), which helped to establish the shape, size and some other parameters of the planet - 2005.
• Architectural and historical complex Bulgar - 2014.

As can be seen, the objects of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia are mostly concentrated in the European part, which is due to the peculiarities of the development of the territory.

Applicants

Russia's World Heritage List may expand significantly in the coming years. The Government of the Russian Federation regularly offers the UN new applicants, unique and beautiful in their own way. Now there are 24 more objects that can be included in the main list of UNESCO.

Endangered

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to preserve the World Heritage. Fortunately, this does not threaten Russia yet, all of its monuments included in the list are in relative safety. UNESCO regularly edits and publishes a special list of unique sites in danger. Now it consists of 38 items. Natural and cultural monuments fall into this “alarming” list according to different reasons: poaching, deforestation, construction and reconstruction projects that violate the historical appearance, climate change, etc. In addition, the worst enemy of World Heritage is time, which cannot be defeated. And yet, from time to time, monuments are removed from this list, most often due to an improvement in the situation. But there are also sad examples when the situation has deteriorated so much that the objects simply ceased to be included in the World Heritage. Russia has nothing to fear yet, although the ecological situation in some parts of the country may affect many natural monuments. And then, perhaps, for the Russian Federation, the “alarming” list will become relevant.

UNESCO action

Inclusion in the list is not only and not so much prestige, but first of all, increased attention to the safety and condition of certain objects on the part of a larger number of organizations. UNESCO also stimulates the development of eco-tourism and increases people's awareness of the uniqueness of monuments. Among other things, there is a special fund that finances the maintenance of facilities.

Ten natural objects of the Russian Federation are on the UNESCO World Heritage List (4 of them are recognized as natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance), and this is not counting another 15 objects that are cultural objects of protection. This is not at all surprising, because Russia is a truly vast country, with a huge territory, with incredibly beautiful and diverse nature, with a rich cultural heritage.

If you want to see the virgin nature of Russia in its original form, then it will not be difficult for Russians (and foreign tourists too) to go to one of the nature reserves or national parks of the country, on the territory of which these ten objects are located that need constant protection at the international level. level...

1. Forests of the Komi Republic

The area of ​​these forests is more than 3 million hectares, on which is located national park and a state biosphere reserve. This object opened for Russia new page in protection environment at the global level.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They cover an area of ​​32,600 square kilometers in the north Ural mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and national park Yugyd Va. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. The western part of the forests falls on the foothills, the eastern - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of ​​Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. Over two hundred live here. bird species, 40 species of rare mammals, and 16 species of fish that are considered valuable for fishing, preserved since the Ice Age, live in the reservoirs. For example, Siberian grayling and palia char belong to such fish species. Many inhabitants of the virgin forests of Komi are listed in the Red Book of the planet. This natural object of the Russian Federation was included in the UNESCO list in 1995 - the very first in the list.

2. Lake Baikal

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water in terms of volume. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is distinguished by a high content of oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.

The oldest and deepest (approximately 1700 meters) on Earth, Lake Baikal covers an area of ​​over three million hectares. The reservoir that appeared about 25 million years ago was in almost complete isolation, due to which an amazing ecosystem was formed in its fresh waters, the study of which allows obtaining information about the evolutionary processes taking place on the planet.

Unique even on a global scale, the lake is about 20% of all the reserves of such necessary fresh water on Earth, as well as a delightful sight that inspires beauty and enchants with the luxury of amazing landscapes.

Lake Baikal was named a beautiful pearl by UNESCO in 1996 and included in the list of priceless heritage of the planet.

3. Kamchatka volcanoes .

This site was also included in the World Heritage List in 1996. Five years later (in 2001), the territory of the object subject to international protection expanded due to the movement lithospheric plates Pacific volcanic ring. Today, the territory of the state biosphere reserve is about 4 million hectares. This area is called the "natural museum of volcanology." Both long-extinct and active volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula can serve as exhibits. Moreover, each of the "exhibits" is an individual object, for the study of which life is not enough.

In total, there are currently about 300 extinct volcanoes and 30 active ones, but the number of the latter changes every year. The most interesting tourist attraction of this region is the Valley of Geysers in the Konotsky Biosphere Reserve. The mountain rivers of Kamchatka abound with huge numbers of salmon fish, and coastal waters are home to many species of whales and dolphins.

4. Altai Mountains

These mountains are called "Golden", as each species of animals, birds and fish is unique here. Altai cedar forests and mammals with the most valuable commercial fur, which can be equated in value with gold, have been preserved here. The object covers an area of ​​more than 1.5 million hectares, was included in the UNESCO list in 1998. The "golden" Altai mountains are located at the intersection of the mountain system of Siberia and Central Asia.

The vegetation of this region is unique, there is an abundance of alpine meadows, there are steppes, semi-deserts and tundra. Absolutely everything is unique here, from snow leopards to mountainous landforms. The pearl of the Altai Territory is called Teletskoye Lake, which is also called "Small Baikal".

5. Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

fabulous beautiful landscapes The park is formed by hundred-meter rock formations that pacify the waters of the beautiful Lena River. The Lena Pillars are located in the very heart of Sakha (Republic of Yakutia).

Such an amazing natural phenomenon owes its appearance to the continental climate, within which temperature fluctuations reach about one hundred degrees (+40 degrees in summer and -60 degrees in winter). The pillars are separated by deep ravines with steep slopes. Their formation took place under the influence of water, which contributes to the freezing of the soil and its weathering. Similar processes led to the fact that the ravines deepened and expanded. Water in this case plays the role of a destroyer, representing a danger to the pillars.

Introduced in 2012 into the list of heritage of the planet, the Lena Pillars are of interest not only from the point of view of an aesthetic spectacle, but also a unique archaeological zone, on the territory of which the remains of ancient animals of the Cambrian period were found.

This natural site has an area of ​​1.27 million hectares. If we take into account the geological structure of the soil in the park, then this land can “tell” a lot about the history of the planet, about living organisms and vegetation.

Many remains of mammoths, bison, woolly rhinos, Lena horses, reindeer and other remains of ancient mammals have been found in the Lena Pillars. Today, 12 representatives of animals and birds listed in the Red Book of the planet live on the territory of the complex. It is believed that the Lena Pillars have a huge "aesthetic influence" on a person due to their unique beauty of landscapes, the quaintness of the relief with huge caves, fabulous-looking stone sculptures, rocky spiers, niches and "towers".

6. Sikhote-Alin Reserve

This territory, included in the UNESCO list in 2001, covers an area of ​​about 0.4 million hectares. The object is valuable because unique broad-leaved forests and ancient coniferous forests have been preserved on its territory. There is also an incredible mixture of different types of flora and fauna, among which there are many rare species.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. It is currently the most comfortable spot observation of the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. More than a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - fungi.

Local fauna represented big amount birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. lemongrass chinese,ginseng,Fori rhododendron and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black crane and stork, Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon, fish owl and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.

7. Natural complex of the Wrangel Island Reserve

The protected area, which in 2004 added to the list of UNESCO treasures, is located beyond the Arctic Circle. It includes the relief landscapes of Wrangel Island, whose area is over 7 thousand square meters. kilometers, and Herald Island, whose area is 11 thousand square meters. kilometers, as well as the coastal waters of the East Siberian Sea and the waters of the Chukchi Sea.

This region managed to avoid glaciation, thanks to which the area is distinguished by amazing biological diversity. The harsh climate of the protected area appealed to the walruses, who have formed here the largest rookery in the Arctic. The picturesque land was also chosen by polar bears, the density of their ancestral dens in this region is considered the highest on the planet.

More than fifty species of birds nest here, including both endemics and endangered ones. Gray whales rush here, choosing this place for feeding. Surprisingly, over four hundred species of vascular plants are found on the island, among which there are also endemics.

Here tourists can see the largest "bird colonies" in the Eastern Arctic. Pleistocene relics predominate among plant forms. The landscape of the island is unusual, as well as its water area. Many travelers dream of visiting here.

8. Ubsunur basin

The area of ​​this unique biosphere reserve is 0.8 million hectares. The object was included in the UNESCO list in 2003. A salt lake with a large area is located on the border of Mongolia and the Russian Republic of Tuva. By the way, only seven sections of the intermountain basin with a shallow lake (up to 15 meters) are located on the territory of Russia, the remaining five parts of the Transboundary Facility are located in Mongolia. Each of the seven sections of the basin on our territory is individual in its own way. appearance and the plants that grow there depending on the landscapes.

Inhabitant of the Ubsunur Hollow

Where you can see the foothills with eternal sections snow-capped peaks, there are also areas of mountain taiga, alpine meadows, wetlands, mountain tundra and even sandy deserts. The remnant mountains with bright vegetation and contrasting landscapes give a special picturesqueness to the Ubsunur basin. Endangered animal species are found here - mountain sheep - argali, snow leopard, as well as many rare species of birds - geese, herons, terns, gulls, waders, etc. During the excavation of ancient burial mounds on the territory of the basin, unique rock paintings, burials and stone sculptures were discovered .

9. Putorana Plateau

Included in the World Heritage List in 2010, this natural site of the Russian Federation is total area over 1.8 million hectares. This virgin basalt plateau in the north of Eastern Siberia, almost at the Arctic Circle, is invaluable in terms of study by geologists and geomorphologists. The mountainous terrain has a stepped landscape, flat-topped massifs are intersected by deep canyons. The plateau was formed at the turn of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic as a result of volcanic activity. Forty-layer deposits allow us to study the structure of the planet.

Deep cracks in the plateau were formed by glaciers, which subsequently filled with water, forming lakes with a unique appearance and a depth of up to 400 meters. There are many beautiful waterfalls on the territory of the plateau, one of which (in the valley of the Kanda River) has a height of 108 meters. In total, there are 25 thousand small and large lakes with a huge supply of fresh water on the territory of the Putorana Plateau. There are more than 30 species of mammals in this northern reserve, and all of them are rare or relict.

Vegetation is represented by 400 species - mainly woodlands, mountain tundra and larch taiga. The plateau serves as a resting place for thousands of species of migratory birds.

The picturesque landscapes of the beautiful plateau coincide with the boundaries of the reserve of the same name located beyond the Arctic Circle, which adorns the territory of Central Siberia. The special charm of the area is betrayed by the successive zones: the virgin taiga, the richest forest tundra, the colorful landscapes of the tundra and the fabulous beauty of the icy Arctic deserts. A real decoration of the plateau: winding ribbons of rivers and a crystal saucer of a lake filled with clear cold water. Through the inhospitable lands of the plateau, a road stretches along which deer migrate. This is an incredible sight, which in nature can be observed less and less.

10. Territories of the Western Caucasus

The nature reserve with an area of ​​0.3 million hectares has been included in the UNESCO list since 1999. These territories are almost untouched by human civilization. Today they are protected not only by UNESCO, but also by other all-Russian and international organizations - Greenpeace, the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, NABU, Dresden Technical University, the North Caucasus working group, etc. The territory of the reserve covers areas that stretch from the upper reaches of the river Kuban to the Belaya and Malaya Laba rivers..

Caucasus. Blooming rhododendron in the Upper Mzymta valley

The vegetation in this protected region is represented by conifers and deciduous forests, crooked forests, mountain meadows, nival belt. Every third plant here is considered relic. Rare species of birds of prey nest here - ospreys, bearded vultures, golden eagles, griffon vultures, etc. Among the large animals in the reserve, you can see West Caucasian tigers, brown bears, wolves, Caucasian red deer, bison, etc. Tourists will be interested to see beautiful karst formations in this natural area with deep gorges, waterfalls, underground rivers, tarns, moraines, cirques and valleys formed by mountain glaciers.

11. Curonian Spit

The Curonian Spit is a sandy spit located on the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. The Curonian Spit is a narrow and long saber-shaped strip of land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea and extends from the city of Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Region, to the city of Klaipeda (Smiltyne) (Lithuania).

Length - 98 kilometers, width ranges from 400 meters (near the village of Lesnoy) to 3.8 kilometers (near Cape Bulviko, just north of Nida).

The Curonian Spit is a unique natural-anthropogenic landscape and a territory of exceptional aesthetic value: The Curonian Spit is the largest sand body that is part of the Baltic sand spits complex, which has no analogues in the world. The high level of biological diversity due to the combination of different landscapes - from desert (dunes) to tundra (raised bog) - gives an idea of ​​important and long-term ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, river, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. The location of the spit and its relief are unique.

The most significant element of the relief of the spit is a continuous strip of white sand dunes 0.3-1.0 km wide, partly approaching the highest in the world (up to 68 m).

The Curonian Spit contains natural areas that are the most representative and important for the conservation of biological diversity, including those where endangered species are preserved, which are of outstanding world significance in terms of science and nature conservation: due to its geographical position and orientation from northeast to south west it serves as a corridor for migratory birds of many species flying from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year, in spring and autumn, 10 to 20 million birds fly over the spit, most of which stop here for rest and feeding.

In the last entry, I posted not all the architectural objects of Russia, marked by UNESCO for their uniqueness and historical value. Today I will add to this list...

12. Citadel, old city and fortifications of Derbent .

The citadel, the old town and fortifications of Derbent is the collective name under which in 2003 UNESCO inscribed the medieval architectural heritage of the city of Derbent on the World Heritage List.

The history of ancient Derbent, located off the coast of the Caspian Sea, on the territory of modern Dagestan, has, according to archaeologists, five thousand years. This one of the oldest cities in Russia was at first a small settlement founded at the foot of the spurs of the Caucasus Mountains, which later acquired city fortifications of impressive size.

However, the first documentary evidence of this place as a large city dates back to the 5th century. At this time here rules Persian king Yazdegerd II, who appreciated its strategic location. This, by the way, is reflected in the name, because Derbent in Iranian means “mountain outpost” or “mountain pass”. Approximately 100 years later, another king on the remains of the former protective structures erected a fortified city, which is called the Old, with an impregnable fortress and powerful fortifications. Between these fortifications, stretching deep into the Caucasus Mountains for more than 40 kilometers, a city has developed that still retains a medieval character.

Citadel of Nara-kala

It continued to be a strategically important site well into the 19th century. Derbent has experienced many dramatic events throughout its history: wars, assaults, periods of decline and prosperity, times of independence and subjugation to other peoples. But still, this place has preserved many monuments of all these turbulent periods.

This: the citadel of Naryn-kala, with thick and high walls, the ruins of the palace of the Derbent Khan, baths and a guardhouse;

13. Struve geodesic arc

The Struve arc is a network of 265 triangulation points, which were stone cubes buried in the ground with an edge length of 2 meters, with a length of more than 2820 kilometers. It was created to determine the parameters of the Earth, its shape and size. It is named after the creator - the Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (Vasily Yakovlevich Struve).

The Struve geodetic arc was measured by Struve and employees of the Derpt (Tartu) and Pulkovo observatories (whose director was Struve) for 40 years, from 1816 to 1855, over 2820 km from Fuglenes near the North Cape in Norway (latitude 70 ° 40′11″ N) to the village of Staraya Nekrasovka, Odessa region, near the Danube (latitude 45° 20′03″ N), which formed a meridian arc with an amplitude of 25° 20′08″.

Struve geodesic arc, "Point Z", o. Gogland, Leningrad region

Currently, arc points can be found on the territory of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia (on the island of Gogland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova (Rud village) and Ukraine. On January 28, 2004, these countries applied to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee with a proposal to approve the remaining 34 points of the Struve Arc as a World Heritage Site. In 2005, this proposal was accepted.

A story about other architectural monuments of Russia included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, Around the world

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Project work"World Heritage of Russia"

Prepared by the teacher primary school
Tagibekova Faiza Tagirovna

Research objectives:

- introduce the objects of natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

-show all the greatness and beauty of the natural and cultural heritage of Russia;

- to instill love for the Motherland and the environment.

Project objectives:

- to cultivate feelings of respect for nature and pride in their homeland;

- to develop cognitive activity among students, to form a persistent interest in the subject;

- to form a careful attitude to the natural and cultural heritage.

Fundamental question:

Can humanity learn lessons?

Problem questions:

What is World Heritage?

What was the origin of the World Heritage Organization?

What do people do to save these objects for posterity?

When did Russia join this organization?

What objects of Russia are included in the World Heritage List?

Project result:

Strong knowledge on the topic "World Heritage of Russia".

People realized that due to ill-conceived economic activity the whole world may lose priceless treasures. The idea arose to announce the most

outstanding sights of nature and culture as a World Heritage Site subject to mandatory protection. This is how the World Heritage List was born. It is led by an authoritative international organization UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

In 1972, the UNESCO organization adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). The USSR ratified the convention on March 9, 1988. The main purpose of World Heritage is to make known and protect properties that are unique in their kind. The states in whose territory the World Heritage sites are located assume the responsibility for their conservation.

Like most countries of the world, Russia supported the idea of ​​creating a World Heritage List. Now it's included whole line objects of nature and culture of our country. Every year the UNESCO World Heritage List is replenished.

UNESCO attractions in Russia

Russia is a unique country. In terms of territorial area, it ranks first in the world, in terms of population - ninth. As of 2012, there are 25 specially protected objects in Russia. Fifteen of them have the status of a cultural landmark, the remaining ten are of a natural nature. Six out of fifteen UNESCO cultural sites in Russia are labeled "i", that is, they belong to the masterpieces of human civilization. Four out of ten natural sites have the highest aesthetic criterion "vii".
UNESCO sites in Russia
The nature of the country is distinguished by a variety of plant and animal forms: northern mosses and lichens coexist in it with southern palm trees and magnolias, the coniferous forests of the taiga make up a striking contrast with the steppe crops of wheat and sunflower. The climatic, natural and cultural diversity of Russia has led to interest in it both on the part of its own and foreign citizens. Natural and man-made attractions, river cruises and rail travel, beach and health, sports and extreme tourism make the country attractive for all categories of tourists. The main sights of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Anyone who wants to discover a great country can start by familiarizing themselves with twenty-five natural and man-made objects that have a cultural, historical or ecological degree of world significance. UNESCO List and is compiled in order to preserve and show modern man the entire depth of our common civilizational heritage.

1. Historic center of St. Petersburg

The northern capital of Russia was included in the UNESCO List as part of 36 monuments located not only in St. Petersburg itself, but also in its neighboring cities - Pushkin and Shlisselburg. The palace and park ensembles of the villages of Gatchina and Strelna, the Koltuvskaya and Yukkovskaya uplands, the Lindulovskaya grove and the Komarovskoye village cemetery - all this makes up one huge cultural and natural formation, territorially and historically connected with the northern capital of Russia. St. Petersburg itself is represented on the UNESCO List by the historical center and the old part of the city of Kronstadt, the Pulkovo Observatory and the palace and park ensembles of Peterhof, the Shuvalovsky Park and the Vyazemsky estate, local fairways and numerous city highways.

2. The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Built in the 18th-19th centuries in Kizhi, two wooden churches and a bell tower were included in the UNESCO List in 1990. The cultural heritage of Karelia is known throughout the world for the Church of the Transfiguration, built, according to legend, without a single nail. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum has been functioning on the basis of the Kizhi Pogost. Along with the ancient primordial buildings, it includes objects of wooden religious architecture brought in and erected in the immediate vicinity - for example, the eight-winged windmill built in 1928. wooden fence ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard was reconstructed in 1959 in accordance with the principles of organizing traditional churchyard fences.

3. Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Symbols whole country and eras - the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square - are among the most significant cultural attractions of Russia and the whole world. It seems that there is no person on Earth who does not know what they look like. Most foreigners visiting Russia first go to Red Square. The Moscow Kremlin is one of the oldest architectural monuments in Russia. Its majestic walls and numerous towers, its Orthodox cathedrals and palace buildings, its squares and gardens, the Armory and Kremlin Palace Congresses reflect in themselves centuries of history country. Adjacent to the northeastern wall of the Kremlin, Red Square is known not only for the Mausoleum and the Eternal Flame, but also for the numerous events organized on it in Lately. Victory parades, concerts dedicated to the Independence Day of Russia, New Year's skating rinks - all this can be afforded by one of the largest pedestrian areas in Moscow.

4.Novgorod historical monuments

Veliky Novgorod and its surroundings were included in the UNESCO list with more than ten cultural sites of a predominantly religious nature. Znamensky, Zverin, Anthony and Yuriev Monastery, the Church of the Nativity on the Red Field, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, St. John the Merciful and the Annunciation on Myachina and many other Orthodox buildings belong to the ancient periods of Russian history and are unique architectural complexes. The Novgorod citadel (that is, the Kremlin) and the part of the city related to it are interesting from the point of view of historical and architectural heritage.

5. Solovetsky Islands

The Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was built in the 20-30s of the 15th century. It is spread over four islands of the Solovetsky archipelago. The cultural and historical ensemble "Solovki Islands" includes the main monastery, Voznesensky and Savvatievsky skete, St. Isaac's, Makarievsky and Filippovskaya hermitages on Bolshoi Solovetsky Island, Sergius skete on the island of Bolshaya Muksalma, Trinity and Golgotha-Crucifixion skete and Eleazar's hermitage on Anzer and Andreevskaya deserts and stone labyrinths on the Big Zayatsky Island. IN Soviet time on the territory of the monastery operated the largest in the USSR corrective labor Solovetsky camp special purpose. Monastic life became possible here only at the end of 1990.

6.White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Eight architectural monuments of ancient Russian architecture, mostly of a white stone character, were included in the UNESCO list in 1992. All of them are located on the territory of the Vladimir region and belong to the Orthodox culture of Russia. There are three UNESCO-protected sites in Vladimir: the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals erected in the 12th century, as well as the Golden Gates. In Suzdal, there is the 12th-century Kremlin with the Nativity Cathedral and the Spaso-Efimievsky Monastery built in the 16th-17th centuries. The village of Bogolyubovo is known to Orthodox pilgrims for the Palace of Andrei Bogolyubsky and the magnificent Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha is the first white stone building in northeastern Russia.

7. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

Built in the 16th century, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is the first stone Orthodox church to use a tent instead of a classic dome. According to legend, it was erected on the occasion of the birth of Ivan the Terrible. The place for the temple was chosen on the right bank of the Moskva River, famous for its miraculous key. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord has the appearance of a centric tower temple, rising above the ground to a height of 62 meters. IN architectural design Church traced features of the early Renaissance. In a circle, the temple is surrounded by a two-tiered gallery-gullbishche.

8. Trinity - Sergius Lavra.

Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra was founded Reverend Sergius Radonezhsky in 1337. It is currently the largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra is located in the center of Sergiyev Posad, a city in the Moscow region. The designation "lavra" indicates the crowdedness, multi-population of the monastery. The architectural ensemble of the monastery consists of fifty buildings of various functional purpose. Among them there are Orthodox cathedrals, and numerous bell towers, and royal palaces. In the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Boris Godunov and members of his family found their last shelter.

9. Komi Forest.

The virgin forests of Komi are known as the largest untouched forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of ​​32,600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pechero-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park. According to their composition, the Komi forests belong to the taiga ecosystem. They are dominated by coniferous trees. The western part of the forests falls on the foothills, the eastern part - on the mountains themselves. The forest area of ​​Komi is distinguished by the diversity of not only flora, but also fauna. More than two hundred species of birds live here, rare species of fish are found. Many forest plants are protected.

10. Lake Baikal.

For the whole world, Baikal is a lake, for the people of Russia, who are in love with a unique natural object, Baikal is a sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake on the planet and, at the same time, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water in terms of volume. The shape of Baikal has the shape of a crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters with an average depth of 744. Baikal contains 19 percent of all fresh water on the planet. The lake is fed by more than three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is distinguished by a high content of oxygen. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer near the surface. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent that it allows you to see in depth at a distance of up to forty meters.

11. Kamchatka volcanoes.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific volcanic ring of fire - a large chain of the main active volcanoes of the planet. Unique natural sites were included in the UNESCO List in 1996, along with adjacent territories, characterized by scenic views and biological diversity. The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula is unknown. Scientists talk about several hundred and even thousands of objects. About thirty of them are classified as active. The most famous Kamchatka volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest volcano in Eurasia and the most active on the peninsula. The volcanoes of Kamchatka are of different volcanic origin and are divided into two superimposed belts - Sredinny and East Kamchatka.

12. Sikhote - Alinsky reserve.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the sable population. At present, it is the most convenient place for observing the life of the Amur tiger. A huge number of plants grow on the territory of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve. More than a thousand higher species, more than a hundred - mosses, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - fungi. The local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects are among the protected objects. Chinese lemongrass and Palibina edelweiss, spotted deer and Himalayan bear, black kite and Japanese starling, Sakhalin sturgeon and Swallowtail butterfly - all of them found shelter in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve.

13. Golden mountains of Altai.

The three most significant areas of the Altai Mountains - the Altai and Katunsky Reserve and the Ukok plateau - were included in 1998 in the UNESCO list under the name "Golden Mountains of Altai". Among the protected geographical objects Belukha Mountain and Lake Teletskoye also fell. The Altai Mountains received the natural criterion "x" for the most complete picture of alpine vegetation. In this area, one after another, in turn, five belts follow: steppe, forest-steppe, mixed, subalpine and alpine. On the territory of the golden mountains of Altai, rare species of animals live - the snow leopard, the Siberian mountain goat and others.

14. Ubsunur basin.

The Ubsu-Nur lake basin, located in the Tyva Republic, belongs to both Russia and Mongolia. On the part of the Russian Federation, it is represented by the Ubsunur Hollow biosphere natural reserve, which includes both the waters of the lake itself and the land areas adjacent to it. On the latter, there is a unique and, in many respects, diverse ecosystem of the region - here you can find both glaciers and the northernmost deserts in Eurasia. On the territory of the Ubsunur basin there are taiga zones, forest and classical steppes, alpine tundra and meadows. The area of ​​the reserve is replete with several tens of thousands of unexcavated mounds of ancient nomadic tribes.

15. Caucasian reserve.

The natural biosphere reserve located in the Western Caucasus belongs to the category of state ones. It is a large natural formation belonging to two climatic zones - temperate and subtropical. More than 900 species of vascular plants and 700 species of mushrooms grow on the territory of the reserve. Initially, the Caucasian Reserve was called the bison. Nowadays, it was decided to abandon this definition, since, in addition to bison, a large number of other mammals live in the Western Caucasus, each of which needs state protection. Today on the territory of the reserve you can meet wild boars and roe deer, the West Caucasian tur and brown bear, Caucasian mink and bison.

16 Kazan Kremlin.

Not only the Moscow and Novgorod Kremlin are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Kazan Kremlin was also among the culturally significant objects of world significance. Its historical and architectural complex, consisting of a white-stone Kremlin, temples and other buildings, is a monument of three historical periods: XII-XIII, XIV-XV and XV-XVI centuries. The Kremlin territory of Kazan has the shape of an irregular polygon, coinciding in outline with the hill on which the ancient settlement is located. Initially, the Kazan Kremlin was a Bulgar fortress. Then he came under the rule of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the first Orthodox churches. In 2005, in honor of the millennium of Kazan, the main mosque of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kul Sharif - was built within the Kazan Kremlin.

17. Ferapontov monastery.

Currently, the Ferapontov Monastery is one of the inactive. The Ferapontovsky branch of the Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Reserve located in it and the unique Dionysius Frescoes Museum became a stumbling block between the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2000, the Ferapontov Monastery was included in the UNESCO List, which finally gave it the status of not so much a religious as a cultural heritage of mankind. The architectural ensemble of the monastery is represented by the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, painted by the famous Moscow icon painter of the XV-XVI centuries - Dionysius, the monumental Church of the Annunciation, the state chamber and outbuildings.

18. Curonian Spit.

The Curonian Spit is a long, narrow strip of sandy land that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. According to its geographical status, this natural object is sometimes referred to as peninsulas. The Curonian Spit is 98 kilometers long and 400 to 4 kilometers wide. The saber-shaped strip of land belongs half to Russia, half to Lithuania. On Russian territory, the Curonian Spit contains the national park of the same name. The original peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to its biological diversity. Numerous landscapes, ranging from deserts to tundra, a large number of flora and fauna, as well as the ancient migratory route of birds, make the Curonian Spit a unique natural complex that needs protection.

19. Derbent.

Derbent, the southernmost city in Russia, located in the Republic of Dagestan, is one of the oldest cities in the world. The first settlements on its territory arose at the end of the 4th millennium BC. The city acquired its modern look in 438. In those distant times, Derbent was a Persian fortress, consisting of the Naryn-Kala citadel and double walls descending to the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortress, the old city and fortifications of Derbent were included in the UNESCO List in 2003. Naryn-kala has survived to this day in the form of ruins, an ancient temple of fire worshipers, a mosque, baths and water reservoirs located on its territory.

20. Wrangel Island.

Located in the Arctic Ocean, Wrangel Island was discovered in 1849. In 1926, the first polar station was established on it, in 1948, the island was inhabited by domestic reindeer, and in 1975, by musk oxen. The last event led to the fact that the authorities of the Magadan region decided to establish a nature reserve on Wrangel Island, which also included the neighboring Herald Island. At the end of the 20th century, the adjacent water areas joined the Wrangel Island Reserve. The flora of the island consists mainly of ancient plant species. The fauna of the area is poorly developed: most often, birds and walruses are found here, which have set up their main Russian rookery on Wrangel Island.

21. Novodevichy Convent.

The Novodevichy Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery was founded in 1524 in honor of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria. The location of the women's Orthodox monastery is the Maiden's Field of Moscow. In the center of the monastery is the five-domed Smolensk Cathedral, from which the creation of the entire architectural ensemble of the religious monument of the Russian capital began. In the 17th century, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a bell tower, a refectory, Lopukhinsky, Mariinsky and Burial Chambers were built around it.

22. Historical center of Yaroslavl.

The historical center of Yaroslavl, consisting of the Chopped City (the local Kremlin) and the Earthen City, was awarded by UNESCO in 2005 as an outstanding architectural example of the urban reform carried out under Catherine II. The buildings of the classicism period were carried out near the parish church of Elijah the Prophet, in front of which there was a semicircular square. Streets-beams were drawn to it, each of which ended with an architectural monument earlier in time of construction - the Assumption Cathedral on the Strelka, the Znamenskaya and Uglich towers, the church of Simeon the Stylite.

23. Struve geodesic arc.

A network of 265 reference geodetic points, created in the first half of the 19th century to study terrestrial parameters, is currently found in many European cities. On the Russian territory, it is represented by two points - "Point Mäkipyallus" and "Point Z", located on the island of Gogland. Of the more than two hundred objects of the Struve arc, only 34 have survived to this day, which served as the basis for the inclusion of a unique scientific monument of mankind in the List of Especially Valuable Cultural Objects of Our Time.

24. Putarana Plateau.

Like many natural objects of Russia included in the UNESCO List, the Putarana Plateau was included in it because of the unique combination of different ecological systems. Located within an isolated mountain range, the Putorana State Nature Reserve combines the subarctic and arctic belts, taiga, forest tundra and the arctic desert within its territory. The Putoran subspecies of the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book of Russia, lives on the territory of the reserve. Winters on the plateau and the world's largest population of wild reindeer.

25. Lena Pillars.

Located on the territory of the Republic of Sakha, the Lena Pillars are the latest Russian site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. The geological formation, located on the banks of the Lena, is a multi-kilometer complex of vertically elongated rocks. The unique natural monument is based on Cambrian limestone. Scientists attribute the beginning of the formation of the Lena Pillars to the early Cambrian - a time removed from ours by 560 million years. The relief form of the Lena Pillars was formed much later - only 400 thousand years ago. Near the Lena Pillars there is a natural park of the same name. On its territory there are fluttering sands and the site of an ancient man. There are also fossilized remains of mammoths.

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