Scientists around the world have noted a sharp increase in volcanic activity on Earth. Many "dormant" volcanoes began to show signs of life. Of particular danger are the so-called supervolcanoes, the force of the eruption of which is equal to the explosion of several nuclear bombs at the same time. The possibility of their eruption is 12 times greater than the fall of a meteorite. The probability that this will happen in our lifetime is 0.15%, experts say. "Ytro" has compiled a rating of hidden volcanoes that can wake up at any moment.
In the list of awakening volcanoes, this one is not yet the scariest one. Located in an intermontane depression called Death Valley in the California Mojave Desert, the crater is 1 km wide and 237 m deep. The magma that accumulates in its bowels can meet with groundwater, which will cause a fairly strong explosion. The gases will escape to the surface at a speed of 320 km / h, but since the volcano is located in a deserted desert, a person will not suffer from its eruption.
Ubehebe. The volcano is located in the California Mojave Desert, so its eruption will not lead to casualties.
Much more serious will be the consequences of the eruption of the Katla volcano, which on December 2, 2011 showed signs of life. This giant, hidden in the thickness of one of the largest glaciers in Iceland, threatens Europe with serious cataclysms. The diameter of its crater is 10 km, so the eruption can cause a catastrophic flood, melting the glacier, causing hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of water to rush into the Atlantic, sweeping away everything in its path. The ash cloud will become so dense that the sun's rays will be reflected, due to which the planet will overtake a cold snap. There is no need to talk about the poisonous properties of pungent smoke - all living things will die out within a radius of several kilometers.
Katla. This giant, hidden in the thickness of one of the largest glaciers in Iceland, threatens Europe.
Uturunku
And a month earlier, in October 2011, scientists noted the activity of the Bolivian Uturunku, which inexorably quickly accumulates magma, which means it will also explode soon. And the forecasts are not encouraging at the moment. Ashes and sulfur gases, when released, can reach the stratosphere and, like a blanket, cover the globe. The gases are converted into sulfuric acid, which will fall on the Earth along with precipitation. A similar effect will be caused by an anticipated nuclear winter.
Uturunku. Ashes and sulfur gases, when released, can reach the stratosphere and, like a blanket, cover the globe.
Yellowstone caldera
One of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth is considered a supervolcano lying in the Yellowstone National Park in the US state of Wyoming. In fact, the entire park is located in the caldera, that is, in the hollow of the volcano. Its eruption will give rise to a planetary cataclysm. All living things will perish for thousands of kilometers around, lava flows can cover half of the United States, and ash will envelop the Earth. The global temperature will drop by several degrees at once.
Yellowstone Caldera. The eruption of the supervolcano on which the national park is located will cause a catastrophe of a planetary scale
The volcano from the island of Sumatra is known for the most powerful eruption in the history of mankind. About 70 - 80 thousand years ago, he threw out so much lava that it could cover the entire territory of Russia with an eight-centimeter layer. The ash column rose 50 km and reached the edge of the stratosphere. Due to the onset of a volcanic winter, the number of living beings, including humans, has sharply decreased. Because of this, evolution literally stopped for a while.
Toba. A volcano on the island of Sumatra once nearly destroyed all life on Earth, stopping evolution for several years.
Beneath a picturesque lake on New Zealand's northern island lies a dormant volcano. After a powerful explosion 26.5 thousand years ago, when about 530 cubic kilometers of magma poured onto the surface, covering 80 km around, the water filled the formed caldera. Now the volcano is calm, but the eruptions of such giants usually occur at intervals of a thousand years.
Taupo. Beneath a lake on the northern island of New Zealand is a dormant volcano that erupts powerfully once every thousand years.
Long Veli
The crater of the volcano, which is located in the state of California, next to Mount Mammoth, reaches 2600 meters. It last erupted 700 thousand years ago. Then the hot magma burned out everything for thousands of square kilometers around. Volcanic ash covered almost the entire western United States.
Long Veli. During the last eruption Then the red-hot magma burned out everything for thousands of square kilometers around.
The third largest volcano in the world is located in Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. Teide is currently inactive, but the risk of an eruption is very high. The International Association of Volcanologists named it one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. In an explosion, a colossal boulder can break off from it, which, when falling into the ocean, will cause a powerful tsunami.
Teide. The International Association of Volcanologists has named the volcano on the island of Tenerife one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world.
The Neapolitan volcano has already shown its destructive abilities once. In the 1st century. BC. a powerful eruption destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Then 25 thousand people died. Now Vesuvius is silent, but this also raises concerns. Experts believe that the longer the resting period lasts, the stronger the imminent eruption will be. The ashes that break free can cover the entire territory of southern Europe.
Vesuvius. He has already destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum once, and now threatens the lives of several million Italians.
It is expected that this giant could wake up in 50 years. During the eruption of Elbrus, the melted snow will lead to the descent of a volcanogenic mudflow from the eastern slope, which will spread for 50 kilometers. The flow rate will be up to 20 m / s. This can cause a real disaster, since the city of Tyrnyauz is located nearby, where more than 20 thousand people live.
Elbrus. It is expected that he could wake up in the next 50 years and destroy the neighboring city of Tyrnyauz.
Volcanologists sometimes compare volcanoes with living things that are born, develop and, in the end, die. Volcanoes are hundreds of thousands and even millions of years old. With such a “lifespan”, one eruption per century corresponds to a rather vigorous rhythm. Some volcanoes are content with one eruption in about a millennium. It happens that the resting phases last for 4000-5000 years. As a rule, active volcanoes are those that erupted in historical time or showed other signs of activity (emission of gases and steam).
An active volcano is a volcano that periodically erupts at the present time or at least once in the last 10,000 years.
Etna volcano (Sicily island) 1999 eruption
It is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. From 1500 BC e. More than 150 eruptions have been recorded.
The highest volcano in Russia. One of the young volcanoes, its age is 5000-7000 years. One of the most active, it has erupted more than 30 times over the past 300 years.
volcano tectonics crack extinct
Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Kamchatka.
Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii, Pacific Ocean.
The tallest volcano in the world, its height is more than 10,000 m, if you count from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
The youngest volcano in Hawaii, and the most active in the world. From one crater on its eastern slope, lava has been flowing continuously since 1983.
Kilauea volcano. Hawaii.
There are about 1,300 active volcanoes on Earth. An active volcano is a volcano that periodically erupts at the present time or in the memory of mankind.
During volcanic eruptions, a large amount of solid substances is supplied to the earth's surface in the form of solidified lava, pumice, and volcanic ash.
Volcanoes bring to the surface deep matter from the bowels of the Earth. During the eruption, a large amount of water vapor and gas is also released. Currently, scientists have come to the conclusion that volcanic water vapor formed a significant part of the Earth's water envelope, and gases - the atmosphere, which was subsequently enriched with oxygen. Volcanic ash enriches the soil. Eruption products: pumice, obsidian, basalt are used in construction. Mineral deposits such as sulfur are formed near volcanoes.
The volcano, which has never erupted in 10,000 years, is called dormant. In this state, the volcano can remain up to 25,000 years.
Maly Semachik volcano. Kamchatka.
Often, lakes are formed in the craters of dormant volcanoes.
Dormant volcanoes often take action. In 1991, the strongest in the twentieth century. The eruption threw 8 cubic meters into the atmosphere. km of ash and 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide. A haze formed that enveloped the entire planet. By lowering the illumination of its surface by the Sun, this led to a drop in the world average temperature by 0.50 C.
Volcano Pinatubo. Philippines.
Volcano Elbrus. Caucasus. Russia.
The highest volcano in Russia, erupted over 1500 years ago.
Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes that have been dormant for many thousands of years. Volcanologists consider a volcano to be extinct if it has not erupted for at least 50,000 years.
Kilimanjaro volcano. Africa.
When volcanic activity finally ceases, the volcano gradually collapses under the influence of weathering - precipitation, temperature fluctuations, wind - and over time it becomes equal to the ground.
In areas of ancient volcanic activity, there are highly destroyed and eroded volcanoes. Some extinct volcanoes have retained the shape of a regular cone. In our country, the remains of ancient volcanoes can be seen in the Crimea, Transbaikalia and other places.
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21.08.2013
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There are many volcanoes on Earth that have long ceased their explosive and fire-breathing activity. Throughout the history of mankind, not a single eruption has been recorded. They adorn the planet with a picturesque presence and are not a nuisance. But is it worth trusting this magnificent peace?
The western coast of Italy is washed by the gentle Tyrrhenian Sea. It is framed by fabulously beautiful islands: Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia. From the southeast, near Sicily, the Aeolian or Aeolian Islands are scattered in a small archipelago. In their group there is a small island called Vulcano.
From time immemorial, the islanders watched how clouds of black smoke, fire escaped from the top of the mountain, and red-hot stones and ashes flew out to a great height. The ancient Italians considered this island the gateway to hell and the home of the almighty Vulcan, the god of fire and blacksmithing. In honor of the god of the fire-breathing monastery, all such mountains began to be called volcanoes.
Active volcanoes, periodically showing their temper throughout the history of mankind, are considered active. But there are others.
Sleeping, extinct. Or maybe hidden?
There are many volcanoes on Earth that have long ceased their explosive and fire-breathing activity. Throughout the history of mankind, not a single eruption has been recorded. They adorn the planet with a picturesque presence and are not a nuisance. But is it worth trusting this magnificent peace?
There were cases when peacefully sleeping, considered extinct volcanoes suddenly revived and began to erupt violently. After hundreds of years of sleep, they brought grief and destruction. A striking example can be considered Vesuvius, who, after more than 600 years of rest, arranged the "last day of Pompeii." Even now, every 100 years, he reminds of himself and shows his explosive character.
Vesuvius
And the famous Ararat? He suspiciously subsided only in the fifteenth century. He has two relatives in the Caucasus - Kazbek and Elbrus... They are considered extinct volcanoes. But by geological standards, these are young foci of volcanic activity. Well, what does it mean for the history of the Earth some 1.5-2 million years? Is this age? The geological clock runs at a different rhythm. They are just boys. From the Caucasus.
Kazbek
Elbrus is distinguished by a special temperament. It is located at the headwaters of the Kuban River, with a base diameter of about 15-18 km. This is 2 times less than the area of Moscow within the ring road. And its height is more than 5.5 thousand meters. This is 10 times more than that of the Ostankino TV tower. More precisely 5642 m, this is the highest point in Europe.
Elbrus
Let his last activity took place thousands of years ago. And the volcanic chamber from which magma once erupted is at a depth of several kilometers. Let his "papakha" thinned out of the frozen streams of basalt and tuffs, worn on ancient crystalline rocks. Hot springs continue to beat around Elbrus.
In the saddle between the two peaks of the eminent giant, there are outlets to the surface of hot gases. So you have to keep your hand on his mighty pulse. Elbrus is still a dormant volcano, or dozed off for a while. And who knows what he is dreaming ...
Not all volcanoes were destined to take place
There are also losers in geological history. These include stillborn volcanoes. These will definitely never come to life. But even in this capacity, they are of great interest.
An entire company of failed geological units is concentrated in the North Caucasus in the region of the world famous resorts of the Caucasian mineral waters. Against the backdrop of a sloping plain, they rise above the earth, like lonely islands in a green ocean. In the only place on Earth, so many failed volcanoes are collected.
These lonely mountains are called laccoliths. About 4 million years ago, tectonic activity in the region was quite active. Magma from the bowels of the Earth was torn to the surface. Where she succeeded, real volcanoes appeared: Ararat, Kazbek, Elbrus. But in some cases, the internal forces of the earth were not enough to push out the lava. She and froze in the earth's layers, not coming to the surface.
Over the millions of years that have passed, sedimentary rocks that once blocked the path of magma have collapsed. And the frozen volcanic fossils were exposed. They had the strength to withstand the external forces of nature: water, wind, sun. Today, failed volcanoes rise majestically against the backdrop of the foothills of the Caucasus, making this territory unusually picturesque. There are 17 of them in total.
The largest laccolith in the Caucasus is a handsome man Beshtau(1400 m). The resort town of Pyatigorsk is comfortably located at its foot. All the cities of the Caucasian mineral waters owe their mineral springs to the failed volcanoes. From their underground phase of development, healing mineral springs have survived to our time.
Beshtau
Magnificent volcano Mashuk(993 m) is not offended by the attention. It was sung by M.Yu. Lermontov. The great poet finished his life on its slope. Thousands of people daily admire the beauty of the mountain, walk along the picturesque slopes.
Mashuk
The traditional meeting place for hang gliders is the unique mountain laccolith Yutsa(973 m). The combination of comfortable natural conditions allows you to fly a glider or hang glider with the least risk. Not far away there is one similar to her Jutsa(1190 m). Both are conical in shape and are very similar to classic volcanoes held.
Yutsa
Jutsa
Almost all KMV laccoliths have original names that have their own legend. Let's list the main giants by height:
Snake (994 m),
Breakup (993 m),
Camel (885 m),
Golden mound (884 m),
Sharp (881 m),
Mangy (874 m),
Iron (851 m),
Bull (817 m),
Dumb (772 m),
Bald (739 m),
Medovaya (721 m).
An amazing and incomprehensible natural force created these volcanoes, albeit failed, but nevertheless called by a proud "divine" name. For a long time they still stand on Earth, reminding us, mortal creatures, of the eternity and inviolability of Nature.
Photo sources:
Http://golodranec.ru/index.php?article=86
http://www.risk.ru/users/wowa/194462/
http://www.stavinfo.net/photo/pyatigorsk/gora_beshtau_119674935249693.html
http://www.geocaching.su/photos/areas/18297.jpg
http://www.glide.ru/Study/Juca2010.htm
Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface of the crust of the Earth or another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs and pyroclastic flows).
The word "volcano" comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire, Vulcan.
The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology, geomorphology.
Volcanoes are classified by shape (thyroid, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, domed), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater), etc.
Volcanoes are divided, depending on the degree of volcanic activity, into active, dormant and extinct. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted in a historical period of time or in the Holocene. The concept of "active" is rather imprecise, since a volcano with active fumaroles is considered by some scientists to be active, and some to extinct. Inactive volcanoes are considered dormant, on which eruptions are possible, and extinct - on which they are unlikely.
At the same time, among volcanologists there is no consensus on how to define an active volcano. The period of activity of a volcano can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibited volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but are currently not considered active.
Astrophysicists, historically, believe that volcanic activity, caused, in turn, by the tidal effects of other celestial bodies, can contribute to the emergence of life. In particular, it was volcanoes that contributed to the formation of the earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere, emitting significant amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Scientists also note that too active volcanism, such as on Jupiter's moon Io, can make the planet's surface uninhabitable. At the same time, weak tectonic activity leads to the disappearance of carbon dioxide and sterilization of the planet. “These two cases represent the potential boundaries of planetary habitability and exist along with the traditional parameters of the zones of life for systems of low-mass main sequence stars,” the scientists write.
Volcanoes, for all their danger, represent one of the most beautiful and majestic wonders of nature. Active volcanoes look especially beautiful at night. But this beauty brings death to everything around. Lava, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flows consisting of hot volcanic gases, ash and stones can wipe out even large cities from the face of the earth. Humanity managed to become convinced of the incredible power of volcanoes during the infamous eruption of Vesuvius, which killed the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabia. And there are many such examples in history. The largest volcanoes in the world - let's talk today about these dangerous but beautiful giants. Our list includes volcanoes of varying degrees of activity - from conditionally dormant to active. The main selection criterion was their size.
10 Sangay Height 5 230 meters
The ranking of the largest volcanoes on Earth is opened by the active stratovolcano Sangay, located in Ecuador. Its height is 5230 meters. The top of the volcano consists of three craters with a diameter of 50 to 100 meters. Sangay is one of the youngest and most restless volcanoes in South America. Its first eruption took place in 1628. The last one took place in 2007. Now the volcanic activity of the giant from the Equator is estimated as moderate. Tourists who have visited the Sangay National Park, on the territory of which the volcano is located, can climb its summit.
9 Popocatepetl Height 5,455 meters
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On the 9th place among the largest volcanoes in the world - Popocatepetl. It is located in the Mexican Highlands. The height of the volcano is 5455 meters. Even in a calm state, the volcano is constantly shrouded in a cloud of gases and ash. Its danger lies in the fact that there are densely populated areas around the volcano, and Mexico City is located 60 kilometers from it. The last eruption of the giant happened quite recently - on March 27, 2016, it threw out a kilometer-long column of ash. The next day Popocatepetl calmed down. In the event of a violent eruption of the Mexican giant, it would threaten the safety of several million people.
8 Elbrus Height 5 642 meters
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There are also large volcanoes in Europe. In the North Caucasus, the Elbrus stratovolcano is located, the height of which is 5642 meters. This is the highest peak in Russia. Elbrus is one of the seven highest mountain peaks on the planet. Scientists differ on the activity of the giant. Some consider it an extinct volcano, while others consider it a dying volcano. Sometimes Elbrus becomes the center of small earthquakes. Here and there on its surface, sulphurous gases come out of cracks. Scientists, who believe that Elbrus may wake up in the future, are of the opinion that the nature of its eruption will be explosive.
7 Orizaba Height 5,675 meters
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The seventh largest volcano on Earth is Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. The height of the volcano is 5675 meters. It last erupted in 1687. Orizaba is now considered a dormant volcano. From its top, stunning panoramic views open up. In order to protect the volcano, a nature reserve was created.
6 Misty Height 5 822 meters
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On the 6th place in the list of the largest volcanoes is Misty, located in the south of Peru. Its height is 5822 meters. Misty belongs to active volcanoes. It last erupted in 1985. In January 2016, an increase in fumarolic activity was observed on the volcano - steam and gas holes appeared. This is one of the signs of an impending eruption. In 1998, six Inca mummies were found near the inner crater of the volcano. An interesting fact - many buildings in the city of Arequipa, located 17 kilometers from the volcano, are built from white deposits of the Misti pyroclastic flows. Therefore, Arequipa is called the "White City".
5 Kilimanjaro Height 5,895 meters
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The fifth largest volcano on the planet is occupied by the highest point of the African continent - Kilimanjaro. Scientists have concluded that this giant stratovolcano, 5895 meters high, is potentially active. Now it periodically emits gases and there is a possibility that the volcano's crater will collapse, which could trigger its eruption. There is no documentary evidence of the activity of Kilimanjaro, but there are legends of local residents, which speak of an eruption that occurred about 200 years ago.
4 Cotopaxi Height 5,897 meters
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In fourth place on the list of the largest volcanoes on Earth is Cotopaxi - the second largest peak in Ecuador. It is an active volcano with a height of 5897 meters. The first time its activity was recorded in 1534. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than 50 times. The last violent eruption of Kotpakhi happened in August 2015.
3 San Pedro Height 6 145 meters
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The active stratovolcano San Pedro, located in Chile, ranks 3rd among the largest volcanoes in the world. Its height is 6145 meters. The last volcanic eruption occurred in 1960.
2 Mauna Loa Height 4 205 meters
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The second largest volcano in the world is the Mauna Loa volcano, located in the Hawaiian Islands. In terms of volume, it is the largest volcano on Earth, containing over 32 cubic kilometers of magma. The giant was formed more than 700 thousand years ago. Mauna Loa is an active volcano. In 1984, its eruption lasted almost a month and caused enormous damage to local residents and the area surrounding the volcano.
1 Llullaillaco Height 6,739 meters
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In the first place among the largest volcanoes in the world is the active starting volcano Llullaillaco. It is located on the border of Argentina and Chile. Its height is 6739 meters. The last eruption of the giant took place in 1877. Now it is in the solfatara stage - from time to time the volcano emits sulfurous gases and water vapor. In 1952, during the first ascent of Llullaillaco, an ancient Inca sanctuary was found. Later, on the slopes of the volcano, archaeologists discovered three baby mummies. Most likely they were sacrificed. It is interesting. The Yellowstone caldera, which is about 55 km by 72 km in size, is called a supervolcano. It is located in the US Yellowstone National Park. The volcano has not been active for 640 thousand years. Under its crater there is a magma bubble more than 8 thousand meters deep. During its existence, the supervolcano has erupted three times. Each time this caused major cataclysms that change the face of the Earth at the site of the eruption. When the supervolcano wakes up again, it is impossible to predict. Only one thing can be said with certainty - a cataclysm of this magnitude is capable of bringing our civilization to the brink of existence.
The average person does not see much difference between "extinct" and "dormant" volcanoes. In fact, the differences are very significant, because a conditionally "dormant" volcanic formation can suddenly awaken, and then no one will seem little.
Another thing is that they are completely safe, which is actively used by travel companies and outdoor enthusiasts. What are the main features of extinct volcanoes?
Physics of a volcanic eruption - how it becomes extinct
The eruption occurs due to the presence in magma not only of water vapor, but also of various gases: hydrogen chloride and fluoride, sulfur oxides and, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.
In a "dormant" volcano, the concentration of gases dissolved in magma corresponds to the pressure level under which the magma is located at a certain depth. In this way, a state of equilibrium is maintained.
However, due to earthquakes that shift parts of the crust, a decrease in pressure may occur, for example, in the region of a magma chamber. The state of equilibrium is violated and the gases immediately increase in volume due to the transition to a gaseous state.
The foamed magma begins to move upward, which leads to an even greater drop in pressure, and therefore to the acceleration of the process of gas release from the magma.
Accordingly, the probability of his awakening tends to zero.
List of famous extinct volcanoes in the world
Volcanoes, which do not pose any threat, are located on all seven continents: in the Americas, Asia, Africa, Europe, Antarctica and Australia.
Today there are over two hundred extinct volcanoes in the world. The most typical representatives of this type are presented below.
Rocky
This extinct volcano is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the very center of the Sredinny Range. The highest point of the volcano is 1759 meters above sea level.
According to geologists, Stony was last active about two and a half million years ago. The volcano was formed by lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. The volcanic shape in the form of a gentle cone ends not in a crater destroyed due to erosion, but a steep summit.
Arayat
Located in Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. The highest point is 1025 meters.
The last eruption most likely occurred about 10 thousand years ago. Despite the erosion that hit the northern and western parts of the crater, it still survived at the summit.
Damavand
It is located in the Iranian province of Mazandiran and is the highest point of the Elburz mountain range (5620 meters above sea level). The last eruption was recorded around 5350 BC.
Demavend has the shape of a gentle cone and rises one and a half kilometers above Elburs. The volcanic cone was created by andesitic lava, but glaciers are also present on the slopes.
Sajama
Located in Bolivia, in the Central Andes. The highest point above sea level is 6542 meters. Sahama is part of the National Park of the same name, located near the Chilean border.
The exact date of the last activity is not known for certain, but many scientists insist on the era of the Quaternary Holocene, i.e. about 12 thousand years ago.
Sahama is a classic cone-shaped stratovolcano composed of solidified lava and its fragments. At an altitude of over 6,000 meters, it is covered with never-melting snow and ice.
Aconcagua
It is considered the highest extinct volcano located in the same Andes, but on Argentine territory. The summit is located at 6961 meters above sea level.
Aconcagua, he is considered not only the record holder among his fellows, but also the highest point of the southern and western hemispheres. For these merits, he even got into the list of the highest peaks of the six parts of the world "Seven Summits".
Aconcagua is also one of the oldest volcanic formations on the planet.
The exact date is unknown, but many scientists conclude that it originated about 150 million years ago.
Excursions to extinct volcanoes
A traditional excursion lasts 1-2 days and involves either ascent to the peaks by helicopter, or on foot.
Some volcanoes are even equipped with special areas where tourists can take a break and enjoy the natural views from high altitudes.
Extinct volcanoes are not only a living reminder of the great power of nature.
Thanks to their large number anywhere in the world, anyone can organize an appropriate tour and get an unforgettable experience.