FIRST AID FOR ELECTRIC SHOCK

Defeat electric shock occurs when a current of 0.06 A or more passes through the human body. A current of 0.1 A is fatal for a person.
A person's resistance to an electric current is a variable value and depends on many factors, including a person's fatigue, his mental state. The average value of this resistance is in the range of 20-100 kOhm. Under particularly unfavorable circumstances, it can drop to 1 kΩ. In this case, a voltage of 100 V and below will be dangerous to human life.
The amount of current passing through a person depends on the resistance of his body. At low voltages, the resistance mainly depends on the condition of the skin. In the CIS, the resistance equal to 1.0 kOhm is taken as the calculated value of the electrical resistance of the human body.
The resistance of the human body also depends on the frequency of the current. It is the smallest at current frequencies of 6-15 kHz.
Especially dangerous is the passage of current through the heart. A significant part of it passes through the heart in the following ways: right hand- legs - 6.7%; left hand- legs - 3.7; hand - hand - 3.3; leg - leg 0.4% of the total damaging current.
Direct current is less dangerous than alternating current. So, D.C. up to 6 mA is almost not noticeable. At a current of 20 mA, cramps appear in the muscles of the forearm. Alternating current begins to be felt already at 0.8 mA. A current of 15 mA causes contraction of the arm muscles.
The danger of direct and alternating current changes with increasing voltage. At voltages up to 220 V, alternating current is more dangerous, and at voltages above 500 V, direct current is more dangerous.
The more current flows, the less electrical resistance bodies and more current. If the action of the current is not quickly interrupted, death may occur.
The degree of damage is also significantly affected by the resistance at the point of contact of a person with the ground. In the case of the passage of current through the victim from the hand to the feet, the material and quality of the shoes are essential.
Electric current can cause severe damage, up to cardiac arrest and cessation of breathing. Therefore, you need to be able to provide assistance to the victim before the arrival of the doctor.

Releasing the victim from the current.

First of all, it is necessary to quickly release the victim from the action of electric current, i.e. disconnect the current circuit using the nearest plug connector, switch (knife switch) or by unscrewing the plugs on the shield.
If the switch is far from the scene of the incident, you can cut the wires or cut them (each wire separately) with an ax or other cutting tool with dry handle made of insulating material.
If it is impossible to quickly break the chain, it is necessary to pull the victim away from the wire or throw the broken end of the wire away from the victim with a dry stick.
It must be remembered that the victim himself is a conductor of electric current. Therefore, when releasing the victim from the current, the assisting person must take precautions so as not to be energized himself: put on galoshes, rubber gloves or wrap your hands with a dry cloth, put an insulating object under your feet - a dry board, rubber mat or, in extreme cases, folded dry clothes.
The victim should be pulled away from the wire by the ends of his clothes; you should not touch open parts of the body. When releasing the victim from the current, it is recommended to operate with one hand.
If it is on a stepladder, stand or any other device, care must be taken to prevent bruises or fractures when falling.
If a person is exposed to voltages above 1000 V, such precautions are insufficient. It is necessary to contact specialists who will immediately relieve stress.

First aid to the victim

First aid measures depend on the condition of the victim after release from the current.
To determine this state, you must:
- immediately lay the victim on his back;
- unfasten clothing that restricts breathing;
- check by lifting the chest, whether he is breathing;
- check for a pulse (on the radial artery at the wrist or on the carotid artery in the neck;
- check the condition of the pupil (narrow or wide).
A wide fixed pupil indicates a lack of blood circulation to the brain.
Determining the state of the victim should be carried out quickly, within 15 - 20 seconds.
1. If the victim is conscious, but before that he was in a faint or was under electric shock for a long time, then he must be provided with complete rest until the arrival of a doctor and further observation for 2-3 hours.
2. If it is impossible to quickly call a doctor, it is necessary to urgently deliver the victim to a medical institution.
3. In a serious condition or lack of consciousness, you need to call a doctor (Ambulance) to the scene.
4. In no case should the victim be allowed to move: the absence of severe symptoms after the injury does not exclude the possibility of a subsequent deterioration in his condition.
5. In the absence of consciousness, but preserved breathing, the victim should be comfortably laid down, create an inflow fresh air, give ammonia to sniff, sprinkle with water, rub and warm the body. If the victim is breathing poorly, very rarely, superficially, or, conversely, convulsively, like a dying person, artificial respiration should be done.
6. In the absence of signs of life (respiration, heartbeat, pulse), the victim cannot be considered dead. Death in the first minutes after the defeat is apparent and reversible in the provision of assistance. The affected person is threatened with the onset of irreversible death if he is not immediately provided with assistance in the form of artificial respiration with simultaneous heart massage. This event must be carried out continuously at the scene until the arrival of a doctor.
7. The victim should be transferred only in cases where the danger continues to threaten the victim or the person providing assistance.

Carrying out artificial respiration

Artificial respiration is started immediately after release from the electric current and is carried out continuously until a positive result or indisputable signs of actual death (cadaveric spots and rigor mortis) appear. There have been cases when, after an electric shock, people were brought back to life only after a few hours of continuous assistance. The expediency of continuing the measures taken is determined by the doctor.
Before proceeding directly to the procedure, it is necessary to quickly release the victim from everything that restricts breathing: unfasten the collar, loosen the belt, etc.; quickly free your mouth from mucus and foreign objects, such as removable dentures. If the jaws are tightly clenched as a result of spasms, four fingers of both hands are placed behind the corners of the lower jaw under the ears and, resting their thumbs on the jaw from below, push it so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper ones. If this method fails to open the mouth, carefully, so as not to break the teeth, a board, a metal plate, a spoon handle or other similar object is inserted between the back molars and the jaws are opened with their help.
The technique of blowing air into the mouth or into us is as follows. The victim lies on his back. The caregiver before the start of artificial must ensure the free passage of air into the lungs through the respiratory tract. The head of the victim must be thrown back, for which they put one hand under the neck, and with the other hand they press on the forehead. This ensures the departure of the root of the tongue from rear wall larynx and restoration of airway patency. When the head position is indicated, the mouth usually opens. If there is mucus in the mouth, it is wiped with a handkerchief or the edge of a shirt stretched over forefinger, once again check if there are any foreign objects in the mouth that must be removed, after which they proceed to blow air into the mouth or nose. When air is blown into the mouth, the assisting person tightly (possibly through gauze or a handkerchief) presses his mouth to the victim’s mouth, and with his face (cheek) or fingers of the hand located on the forehead, pinches his nose to ensure that all the blown air enters his lungs.
If it is impossible to completely cover the victim's mouth, air should be blown into the nose, while tightly closing the victim's mouth. Then the rescuer leans back and takes a new breath, and at this time the victim's chest drops and he makes a passive exhalation.
During artificial respiration, it is necessary to ensure that with each breath the victim’s chest expands, and also carefully observe his face: if the lips or eyelids move or a swallowing movement is noticed, check if an independent breath occurs; if after a few moments of waiting it turns out that the victim is not breathing, artificial respiration is immediately resumed.
Air is blown in every 5-6 seconds, which corresponds to a respiratory rate of 10-12 times per minute. After each blowing ("inhalation"), the mouth and nose of the victim are released for the free exit of air from his lungs.

External (indirect) cardiac massage

External (indirect) heart massage maintains blood circulation both with a stopped heart and with an impaired rhythm of its contractions.
To conduct an indirect heart massage, the victim should be laid on his back on a hard surface (bench or floor). Expose his chest: all tight clothing, the belt is unfastened or removed. The caregiver stands on the side of the victim so as to be able to bend over him (if the victim lies on the floor, they kneel next to each other). The palm of the other hand is placed on top of the first and they begin to rhythmically press on the lower edge of the sternum.
It is necessary to press on the sternum with sharp jerks: in this case, the sternum moves down (towards the back) towards the spine by 3-5 cm. The heart is compressed, and blood is squeezed out of its cavity into the blood vessels. Pressing must be repeated approximately 1 time per second.
You should be careful not to press on the ends of the ribs, as this can lead to their fracture. It is impossible to press below the edge of the sternum on soft tissues: this can damage the organs located in the abdominal cavity and, first of all, the liver.
A prerequisite for providing the body with oxygen in the absence of the work of the heart is simultaneous artificial respiration with a heart massage. Since pressure on the chest makes it difficult to expand during inspiration, air is blown in during a pause, which is specially observed every four to six pressures on the sternum.
As a rule, two specially trained people should carry out the revival, each of which can alternately perform artificial respiration and heart massage, changing each other every 5-10 minutes. This is less tiring than doing the same routine over and over again (especially heart massage).
In extreme cases, help can be provided by one person who alternates artificial respiration and heart massage in the following order: after two or three deep blows of air into the mouth (or nose) of the victim, he performs 15 pressures on the sternum (heart massage), after which again produces two or three deep blows of air and proceeds to massage the heart, etc.
As a result of the correct implementation of artificial respiration and heart massage, the victim shows signs of improvement: a gray-earthy complexion with a bluish tint is replaced by pinkish; independent, more and more uniform respiratory movements begin to be established; pupils constrict. Narrow pupils indicate a sufficient supply of oxygen to the brain, and the beginning expansion indicates a deterioration in blood supply. Then you need more effective measures, for example, raise the victim's legs by 40-60 cm to promote better blood flow to the heart from the veins of the lower body. To keep the legs in a raised position, a bundle is placed under them.
Artificial respiration and massage are carried out until spontaneous breathing appears and the activity of the heart is restored. However, the appearance of weak breaths, even in the presence of a pulse, does not give grounds for stopping artificial respiration. The restoration of the work of the heart is judged by the appearance of its own regular pulse, not supported by massage. To check, interrupt the massage for 2-3 seconds and, if the pulse is not detected, the massage is immediately resumed.
After the appearance of the first signs of improvement, external heart massage and artificial respiration continue for another 5-10 minutes, so that the blowing coincides in time with your own breath.

Electrical injury - damage resulting from exposure to electric current great strength or a discharge of atmospheric electricity (lightning).

The main cause of accidents caused by the action of electric current are violations of safety regulations when working with household electrical appliances and industrial electrical installations. Most of damage is caused by alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz). Electrical injury occurs not only with direct contact of the human body with a current source, but also with arc contact, when a person is close to an installation with a voltage of more than 1000 V, especially in rooms with high humidity.

Electric current causes local and general disturbances in the body. Local changes are manifested by tissue burns at the exit and entry points of electric current. Depending on the condition of the affected person (wet skin, fatigue, exhaustion, etc.), the strength and voltage of the current, various local manifestations are possible - from loss of sensitivity to deep burns. When exposed alternating current with a force of 15 mA, the victim experiences convulsions (the so-called non-letting current). In the event of an electric shock of 25-50 mA, respiratory arrest occurs. Due to the spasm of the vocal cords, the victim cannot scream and call for help. If the action of the current does not stop, after a few minutes, cardiac arrest occurs as a result of hypoxia and the death of the victim occurs. The condition of the victim at the time of the electrical injury can be so severe that he outwardly differs little from the deceased: pale skin, wide pupils that do not respond to light, lack of breathing and pulse - “imaginary death”. Local damage caused by lightning strikes is similar to damage occurring when exposed to industrial electricity. Dark blue patches often appear on the skin, resembling the branches of a tree (“lightning marks”), due to vasodilation. When struck by lightning, the general phenomena are more pronounced. Characterized by the development of paralysis, deafness, dumbness and respiratory arrest.

First aid. One of the main points in first aid is the immediate cessation of the electric current. This is achieved by turning off the current (by turning the knife switch, switch, plug, wire break), electrical wires from the victim (dry rope, stick), grounding or shunting wires (connect two current-carrying wires together). Touching the victim with unprotected hands when the electric current is not turned off is dangerous. Separating the victim from the wires ( rice. 9.1.) should be carefully examined. Local injuries should be treated and covered with a bandage, as with burns.

Rice. Moving the victim away from the source of electric current with a dry stick.

In case of injuries accompanied by mild general phenomena (fainting, short-term loss of consciousness, dizziness, headache, pain in the region of the heart), first aid consists in creating rest and delivering the patient to a medical institution. It must be remembered that the general condition of the victim can deteriorate sharply and suddenly in the next few hours after the injury: there are violations of the blood supply to the heart muscle, secondary shock phenomena, etc. Similar conditions are sometimes observed even in the affected person with the mildest general manifestations (headache, general weakness); therefore, all persons who have received an electrical injury are subject to hospitalization. Painkillers (0.25 g of amidopyrine, 0.25 g of analgin), sedatives (Ankylosing spondylitis, valerian tincture), heart remedies (Zelenin drops, etc.) can be given as first aid.

In severe general phenomena, accompanied by a disorder or cessation of breathing, the development of a state of "imaginary death", the only effective measure first aid is the immediate implementation of artificial respiration, sometimes for several hours in a row. With a beating heart, artificial respiration quickly improves the patient's condition, skin covering acquires a natural color, a pulse appears, blood pressure begins to be determined. The most effective artificial respiration is mouth to mouth (16-20 breaths per minute).

After the victim regains consciousness, he must be given a drink (water, tea, compote, but not alcoholic drinks and coffee), and covered warmly.

In cases where careless contact with the electrical wire occurred in hard to reach place- on a power transmission tower, on a pole - it is necessary to start providing assistance with artificial respiration, and in case of cardiac arrest - apply 1-2 blows to the sternum in the heart area and take measures to lower the victim to the ground as soon as possible, where effective resuscitation can be carried out.

First aid for cardiac arrest should be started as early as possible, that is, in the first 5 minutes, when the cells of the brain and spinal cord are still living. Help is to simultaneously conduct artificial respiration and external heart massage. Cardiac massage and artificial respiration are recommended to be continued until full recovery their functions or the appearance of clear signs of death. If possible, cardiac massage should be combined with the introduction of cardiac agents.

The victim is transported in a prone position. During transportation, close monitoring of such a patient should be ensured, tk. at any time he may experience respiratory or cardiac arrest, and one must be ready to provide prompt and effective assistance on the way. When transporting victims who are unconscious or with incompletely restored spontaneous breathing to a medical facility, artificial respiration must not be stopped.

It is strictly forbidden to bury a person struck by lightning in the ground! Burying in the ground creates additional unfavorable conditions: it worsens the victim's breathing (if any), causes cooling, impedes blood circulation and, most importantly, delays the provision of effective assistance.

Victims who do not go into cardiac arrest after being struck by lightning have a good chance of survival. If several people are simultaneously struck by lightning, assistance must first be provided to the victims who are in a state of clinical death, and only then to others who have preserved signs of life.

Prevention of lightning strikes: in case of a severe thunderstorm, turn off the TV, radio, stop telephone conversations, close windows. You can not be in open areas or hide under lonely standing trees, stand near masts, poles.

It is necessary to stop the effect of the burn injury factor as soon as possible:

Extinguish the flame (water, fire extinguisher, etc.);

To reduce pain and subsequent tissue damage, to cool the burn site in the first 20 minutes after the injury, cold is used: cooled with ice or other means, watered with running water. cold water or apply a cloth that is moistened with it (it must be remembered that in young children, prolonged cooling can cause life-threatening hypothermia);

In case of electrical burns, the source must be removed from the victim with a non-conductive object (wood, rubber, etc.);

· in case of chemical damage, the agent must be diluted with abundant and prolonged water irrigation;

in case of burns with viscous substances (resin, tar, etc.), which are difficult to wash off due to their viscous nature, first cool the resin by washing with cold water and bring it to a solid state, then remove the substance itself (carefully so as not to cause secondary mechanical damage ), you can use mineral oil and petroleum jelly to partially moisten and soften the hardened substance (the addition of a sorbitant (polysorbate) can accelerate the process of removing a viscous substance by emulsifying action);

If the injured, on whom the clothes have ignited, are standing or running, lay them down, because the flame is inflated on the run, and the vertical position of the body contributes to damage to the face, hair, and respiratory organs;

clothes that have stuck to the burned skin are not torn off, but, if necessary, cut off around the wounds;

clothes that have not burned out, are not wet, are not smoldering - it is better not to take them off;

The burnt ones need to be warmed up and given a drink (preferably liquid with table salt and baking soda).

The basic principles of providing first aid to those burned at the site of injury (urgent actions of a doctor):

It is necessary to take into account the prevalence and depth of the burn, the presence of combined and associated lesions, comorbidities (first of all, it is necessary to stop external bleeding and stabilize fractures in case of mechanical trauma);

The burn site is covered with an aseptic bandage, and with widespread burns, it is better to wrap the burnt in a clean sheet;

Enter parenterally (if it is not possible - per os) painkillers (narcotic analgesics, except for small children and cases of contraindications - an "acute abdomen" clinic, diagnostically complex combined injuries, bleeding, etc.);

· with burns more than 10% b.t. it is necessary to establish venous access as soon as possible (catheterize the peripheral, or, if necessary, the central vein) and start infusion therapy with saline solutions;

In a state of clinical death as a result of cardiac arrest or breathing (except when the injury is clearly incompatible with life), it is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures (clear the upper respiratory tract, lay the injured on the floor, conduct a closed heart massage, mechanical ventilation (hardware method, with impossibility - by blowing air "mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose");

In case of severe airway obstruction (with TIT with laryngospasm, bronchorrhea, edema), naso- or orotracheal tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary;

With a frequent pulse of weak filling, low blood pressure, cardiac, inotropic drugs, glucocorticoids are used;

If carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected:

Remove the victim to fresh air

Release the neck and chest from clothing;

bring ammonia to the nose;

oxygen therapy, and if necessary - mechanical ventilation, indirect heart massage;

If there are no conditions for starting anti-shock therapy on the spot, then the victim must be urgently transported to the nearest hospital;

At the site of injury, it is often necessary to immediately resolve the issue of the need for subsequent transportation of the victims:

In case of small superficial burns (up to 10% b.t.), in a satisfactory condition and the ability of the injured to move independently, they are sent to the nearest trauma center or to the clinic;

· with burns in adults more than 10% b.t. or in children and the elderly more than 5% b.t. there is a need for inpatient treatment and transportation to the burn department, where they will be provided with specialized medical care, anti-shock therapy (if it is impossible or far distance- transportation to the surgical department of the nearest hospital);

Indications for inpatient treatment are also:

burns received at work, in case of mass injuries and emergency situations;

burns of the respiratory organs, face and neck;

Burns of functionally and cosmetically important areas (hand, foot, large joints, perineum);

burns that are combined or combined with other types of injuries;

· burns, which are received against the background of concomitant severe diseases of the cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous systems, lungs, liver, kidneys;

Before and during transportation, the following must be carried out:

· infusion therapy (saline solutions, 5% glucose, plasma expanders - approximately 1000 ml/hour in adults, 400 ml/hour in children, until more accurate estimates of burn area and fluid requirements are made);

· to control diuresis - catheterization of the bladder;

for gastric decompression - nasogastric tube;

anesthesia;

warming up;

· in the surgical departments of district or city hospitals, it is possible to carry out complex anti-shock therapy in full, followed by treatment of those who have been burned with superficial burns on an area of ​​up to 20% of b.t.;

Victims with more widespread and deeper burns at the end of the OH stage are transported to specialized departments of regional hospitals, to regional or republican burn centers;

If there is a specialized team of the regional center for emergency medical care, which includes a combustiologist and resuscitator of the IT department for severely burned patients, it is possible to early transport those burned at the stage of OH from local non-core medical institutions to a specialized IT department for severely burned patients or to the burn department of the regional burn center.

The system of staged treatment of burnt patients with mass injuries implies the following provisions:

The volume of medical care, the procedure for evacuation and the choice of therapeutic measures depend not only on medical indications, but mainly on the circumstances that have developed as a result of a mass injury (the presence of centers of mass sanitary losses, the adequacy of the number of medical forces and means);

· the construction of a system of medical evacuation measures is implemented with a maximum reduction in the number of stages of medical evacuation;

clear diagnosis of combined and combined with burns lesions;

clear organization and consistency in the provision of surgical care for combined lesions;

· objectification of the assessment of the severity of the lesion and the state of the injured is provided by the introduction of prognostic criteria;

maintaining a unified approach to the treatment of burn wounds;

Giving priority to the activities of medical emergency care, treatment of OH and correction of possible blood loss at all stages of medical evacuation;

bringing specialized surgical care closer to the advanced stages of evacuation;

· A significant role in the treatment of victims of mass injuries with burns at all stages of evacuation should be played by resuscitation and anesthetic care.

Working in electrical installations is dangerous. Despite the multi-level protection against erroneous actions of workers when performing switching and repair work, the risk of being energized still remains. It is especially great for newly hired workers and, oddly enough, for experienced workers with many years of experience. The latter is explained by a dulling of the sense of danger and excessive confidence in one's own abilities.

First aid in case of electric shock should be carried out immediately, because the correctness and speed of action are the means of preserving human life and health. All employees working in electrical installations, regardless of their position and occupation, are trained in rescue techniques under the guidance of medical worker. Resuscitation techniques are practiced on special mannequins. First aid for electric shock is a topic that is necessarily included in the list of questions in electrical safety exams.

Receptions and means for release from electric current

The human body is a good conductor of electricity. Its resistance is not constant, but depends on a number of factors, including not only the condition environment(heat or humidity), but also the processes occurring inside.

When an electric shock is struck, the muscles contract reflexively. The more current passes through the body, the stronger the contraction occurs, and at a certain value, called the non-release limit, a person is not able to independently release a bare wire or bus under voltage. Therefore, first aid for electric shock begins with interrupting the current path passing through the body of the victim. It uses any available funds and ways.

But before that, using the means of communication, it is imperative to take measures to notify the operational service of the electrical installation management about what happened, where and with whom. They will provide a call to the scene of the medical team and rush to help themselves. If there is no operational service in the electrical installation, medical assistance is called independently.

Most effective method interrupt the current through the human body - turn off part of the electrical installation. However, the means to disable is not always available. It is possible to arrange a short circuit on the tires by throwing a metal object on them so that the sparks and arc do not harm either the rescuer or the victim. In other cases, it is recommended using means personal protection: dielectric gloves, galoshes, boots, operational rods - to tear off the victim from the conductors for which he is holding. When energized, the victim must be pulled to a safe distance from the place of damage, also using protective equipment.

Assessment of the victim's condition

After the electric current no longer threatens either you or the victim, it is required to assess his clinical condition. To do this, find out:

• whether the victim is conscious;
• is he breathing?
• does he have a pulse.

If the victim is unconscious, and he has a pulse and breathing (even if they are unstable), he must be placed on his stomach, cleaned oral cavity with a napkin or handkerchief, and put something cold on your head - a lump of snow or a special cooling bag from the first aid kit. In this position, he must remain until medical help arrives.

The presence of a pulse is checked on the carotid artery. In its absence, one cannot waste precious time checking for breathing - clinical death has occurred, and the time is counting down to minutes. Resuscitation is required immediately.

Resuscitation measures

Before starting resuscitation, turn the injured worker on his back. The chest is freed from clothing, his belt on the belt is unfastened. The head is thrown back, for which a roller of folded clothes or soft improvised means is placed under the neck. The jaw should be pushed forward. All these measures are necessary so that the tongue does not block the larynx and does not prevent air from entering the lungs. Otherwise, artificial respiration will become ineffective.

Resuscitation begins with a punch to the sternum opposite the heart. Sometimes this action allows you to immediately start it. The pulse is monitored, if it does not appear, resuscitation is continued.

The rescuer is located on the right side of the victim. He places the palms of his hands crosswise one under the other. An indirect heart massage is performed: the chest is pressed with a frequency of 50-80 times per minute. The force of pressure should be such that the sternum sags inward by 3-4 cm. Excessive pressure should not be applied - the ribs should not be broken, otherwise the whole point of resuscitation disappears. The victim will receive internal damage, and his death will be inevitable.

If resuscitation occurs with the participation of only one rescuer, then heart massage has to be alternated with artificial respiration. Chest compressions are counted, after 15 compressions, two forced breaths of air are taken into the lungs.

To do this, the rescuer pinches the victim's nose with his left hand, throws his head back with his right hand, inhales the air. Then, through a napkin, gauze or mouth-mask, which is part of the first aid kit, previously placed on the victim's mouth, inhales air into the lungs. It is necessary to monitor the victim's sternum: it should rise. This suggests that the air did not enter the stomach, but into the lungs.

After that, the rescuer continues indirect massage to the victim, alternating 15 pressures on the sternum with two breaths of air. Counting aloud the number of clicks is recommended in order not to lose the rhythm, as well as for the self-soothing of the person providing assistance. The monotonous count allows you to suppress feelings of fear and excitement and not lose control of yourself.

If two are involved in resuscitation, then they carry out massage and artificial respiration in turn, being next to each other, on one side of the victim. After five pressures, two breaths are performed for artificial respiration. With the participation of three people, the third lifts the victim's legs. This provides him with a flow of blood by gravity to the heart. The third rescuer prepares to massage when the partner is tired. The rescuer, doing artificial respiration, controls the pulse of the victim in the pauses between breaths.

The complex of resuscitation measures continues until the doctors arrive. Only medical workers can conclude that death has occurred and further resuscitation is pointless.

If breathing and pulse appear, the victim is turned over on his stomach, if he is unconscious, cold is applied to the head. When consciousness returns, leave him alone, but do not allow the victim to get up until medical help arrives. clinical death may occur again at any time, so the victim from the action of electric current must be sent to the hospital under the supervision of doctors.

Electrical injury is the defeat of the body by current, regardless of its strength. With electric shock, there is the concept of imaginary death. This means that visually a person does not show signs of life, but this state is only for the period of direct exposure to stress. Therefore, you need to start by stopping the flow of current.

If a person succumbed to the action of an electric one, in no case should he be touched with bare hands, it is necessary to stop the supply of voltage.

1. Ensure your own safety. If you need to remove the wire, put on any dry gloves (preferably rubber). To protect yourself from the transmission of current through the floor, shoes are suitable. Pretty much anything with rubber soles, so it's a no-brainer. Although the earth does not transmit current flow, when exposed to a high voltage wire at close range, it can spread due to the high voltage strength.
2. Remove the wire from the victim, if necessary. Then drag the person by the clothing (not by the arm or leg) to a distance of at least 10 meters from the impact site. This is the right moment to call an ambulance.
3. Now you need to find the pulse on the neck on the carotid artery. It is uncomfortable on the hand due to the fact that the vessel is smaller in diameter and can not be heard through gloves. If the victim is unconscious, check if there is a reaction of the pupils to light (pupil diameter changes when the upper eyelid is lifted).
4. If the above symptoms are absent, urgent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (artificial respiration and chest compressions) is needed. When a person is conscious, the victim is given a position, lying on his side, from above you need to cover with a blanket or jacket for warming. You can not leave such a victim for a minute, but constantly monitor his condition until the doctor arrives. There are cases when, after successful resuscitation, cardiac arrest occurs again.

Electric shock is an unexpected moment of shock for the person providing assistance. In order not to get confused, it should be noted under what conditions it is possible to obtain an impact on the body of great stress.

First aid in one picture:

Releasing the victim from the action of the current

1. If live parts, which are under great tension, are in the hands of a person, an uncontrolled maximum contraction of the muscles of the hands occurs. As a result, it is not always possible to pull the wire out of your hands.
2. When a simple touch happens, immediately remove the source or turn off the device. If the above means of self-defense are not observed, the impact will spread to the helping person even in more. Nothing can be done until the stress is removed.
3. More secure is the interruption of the current, rather than simply the physical elimination of the contact of the voltage with the body

A special situation is working at height. When the current is turned off, it can fall, adding mechanical stress to the electrical shock. It is necessary to ensure maximum safety not only for yourself in such a situation, but also for the victim.

Carrying out the necessary rescue measures

The help algorithm has already been indicated at the beginning.

Now you need to understand the resuscitation processes in more detail:

1. The victim should be laid on their side. You need to put something under your feet to stimulate the outflow of blood and not stop blood circulation. Next, release the chest from clothing.
2. Open the man's mouth and check, if the tongue has sunk, if before that it was in the supine position. With the loss of consciousness, the position of the tongue is not controlled, therefore, there may be asphyxia of the respiratory tract due to its sinking into the pharynx. If necessary, you need to pull it forward with your hand and fix it with your finger. You will still have to turn over on your back for resuscitation.
3. If resuscitation is carried out by 1 person, then a constant alternation of indirect heart massage and artificial respiration (through the nose or mouth) is required. If several people help, then resuscitation will be easier, but you cannot deviate from the sequence. For every 2 breathing stimuli, there are 3-5 powerful pressures (not blows!) in the region of the heart.
4. Even if the vital functions of the body have not recovered, you can not stop stimulating the body. Thus, the body is pumped passively, tissue nutrition does not stop. It is also necessary to monitor the reaction of the pupil to light. If she was not, but appeared, it is very good sign. This means that the activities are successful.

Maintenance of vital functions

Resuscitation without signs of spontaneous breathing is the maintenance of vital functions.

In addition, you need to provide general maintenance of the body:

1. If the person is cold to the touch, it needs to be covered.
2. Burnt areas must remain open, otherwise the pain effect will only be stronger.
3. Give a comfortable position.
4. With secondary injuries with bleeding take urgent measures to stop it. It is important to remember that arterial bleeding is a stream of blood under pressure that is scarlet or bright red. Venous bleeding is pulsatile, i.e. the blood comes out in jerks and the color is dark. To stop, you need to apply 2 tourniquets. One directly to the cut, if possible. The second tourniquet is tied with arterial bleeding at some distance above the focus, with venous bleeding - below the site of injury.
5. With signs of a broken limb, you need to fix the tire. Any solid, even object to which an arm or leg is tied will do. It is recommended to move a person less if there is a possibility of a fracture of the spine.
6. Dislocations do not need to be adjusted independently without knowledge how to do it right. This condition will endure until the arrival of a specialist. Because with improper adjustment of bones and joints, you can only aggravate the situation and provoke torn ligaments or even a fracture.

Assessment of the victim's condition

An accurate assessment of the condition can only be determined by a doctor.

But beforehand common features It is possible to distinguish a mild lesion from a severe lesion:

1. Primarily whether the victim is conscious.
2. Presence of a pulse and its frequency.
3. Signs of spontaneous breathing and its severity (frequent superficial, normal, rare deep, with pathological noise)
4. The severity of the pain syndrome on the degree of burn. After all, loss of consciousness may be due to pain shock.
5. The presence of secondary injuries(fractures from a fall, bruises, bleeding, etc.)

All data on these criteria must be reported to the ambulance team. Also record the time of current exposure and resuscitation.

What can not be done?

When first aid is provided for electrical injury, it is impossible:

1. Touch with bare hands current source and its conductors, the person himself.
2. Forbidden give the victim a sitting or standing position in a relatively normal state of consciousness.
3. Forbidden handle thermal current burns. Never apply ointment folk remedies medicine and ice.
4. Reception medicines at your discretion is also prohibited. Specialists will provide assistance, and if it suddenly turns out that they have repeated the same group of drugs, an overdose may occur. And this is an additional load on the body. Moreover, it is necessary to clearly understand what exactly from pharmacological agents can be used in each individual case.
5. If there are no signs of life, you can not leave the victim. He needs constant resuscitation even in the absence of consciousness to maintain blood supply, passive breathing.

Where can a person get an electrical injury?

The place and circumstances of the emergency determine the classification of electrical injuries.

Therefore, where a person may encounter this, it is more convenient to parse it:

1. Production. The largest share among other types belongs to such injuries. At any enterprise, workers are faced with currents, so there are many options for defeat.
2. Natural. A lightning strike during a thunderstorm is a powerful electrical injury. Most often, the defeat is not compatible with life. However, resuscitation measures remain the same.
3. Household. When a person is in a private house, and succumbed to the effects of electric current, this is a domestic injury. But if a specialized electrician received an electrical injury in the same house, then this already applies to production.

You need to be prepared for the fact that in case of a household electric shock in the dark, to eliminate the effects of the current, you will have to urgently turn off the electric switch. Therefore, it is worth considering a flashlight so as not to provide assistance in the dark.

Regardless of the method of damage, the same pathological processes occur in the body.

What happens in the body during an electrical injury?

human hand after electric shock

Firstly, there is the concept of lightning death, when the strength of the current and the time of its impact turned out to be more than it was bearable.

If a person managed to escape, the following processes occur in his body:

1. The first thing you see is thermal burns. At the site of current exposure, great amount heat, which destroys healthy tissue. It can be superficial and deep down to the bone. The very first to be affected are the nerves, the walls of small body cavities (for example, the nose), the lens, etc. Burns tend not to spread to large areas of the body, but deep into the thickness of the tissues.
2. A hallmark of defeat it is the current that is the appearance of a dense scab, which exactly repeats the outlines of the cable or wire with which there was direct contact.
3. If the victim's clothing is on fire, typical fire burns occur.
4. to pathological conditions. organ systems include: CNS disorder, convulsive seizures, loss of consciousness and speech, circulatory and respiratory failure.

Now we need to dwell on some first aid points in more detail.

What should not be done to avoid becoming a victim of electric shock?

A person's health is in his own hands. It is necessary not only to observe all the instructions yourself, but also to bring them to the people around you.

Assistance to the victim should not replace the assistance of medical personnel and should be provided before the arrival of a doctor. If the victim is in contact with live parts, it is necessary to quickly release him from the action of electric current. Touching a live person is life-threatening. Therefore, you need to quickly turn off the part of the installation that the victim touches. To release the victim from the wire, use dry clothes, a board or some other non-conductive object or take hold of his clothes (if they are dry), while avoiding touching metal objects and exposed parts of the body.

Further it is necessary: ​​- to lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; - check the presence of breathing in the victim (determine by the rise of the chest, fogging of the mirror, etc.); - check for a pulse on the radial side at the wrist or on the carotid artery on the anterolateral surface of the neck; - find out the state of the pupil, a wide pupil indicates a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain; - calling a doctor by phone 03 is obligatory in all cases.

If the victim is conscious after fainting, he should be placed in a comfortable position, covered with clothes, ensure complete rest, continuously monitoring breathing and pulse.

If the victim is unconscious, but with stable breathing and pulse, he should be laid evenly and comfortably, unfasten his clothes, create an influx of fresh air, bring a piece of cotton wool to his nose with ammonia, splash your face with water and ensure complete rest. If the victim is not breathing well (very rarely and convulsively), he should do artificial respiration and heart massage.

In the absence of signs of life, the victim cannot be considered dead, because. death is apparent. Artificial respiration should be carried out continuously until the arrival of a doctor. First aid should be provided immediately and, if possible, at the scene. From the moment of cardiac arrest, no more than 3-5 minutes should pass.

The method of artificial respiration is that the assisting person exhales from his lungs into the lungs of the victim directly into the mouth. The victim is laid on his back, his mouth is opened, foreign objects are removed from his mouth, the victim's head is thrown back, placing one hand under the back of the head, and with the other hand, press on the victim's forehead so that the chin is in line with the neck. Kneeling, you need to forcefully inhale air into the victim's mouth through gauze or a handkerchief, covering his nose. Inhalation lasts 5-6 seconds, or 10-12 times per minute. The chest of the victim should expand, and after the release of the mouth and nose, it should fall on its own. When spontaneous breathing resumes, artificial respiration should be continued for some time until the victim is fully conscious. Excessive compression of the chest should be avoided due to the possibility of fracture of the ribs. At the same time, an external heart massage should be performed in the absence of a pulse.

External (indirect) heart massage is performed by rhythmic contractions of the heart through the anterior chest wall with pressure on lower part sternum. Repeating pressure with a frequency of 60-70 times per minute. The assisting person, having determined the lower third of the sternum, should put the upper edge of the palm on it, put the second hand on top and press on the victim’s chest, slightly helping by tilting his body. Pressing should be done with a quick push so. To advance 3-4 cm the lower part of the sternum towards the spine, and fat people- by 5-6 cm.

Every 5-6 pressures - one blow. If one person is helping, you should alternate after 2 deep breaths - 10-12 pressures for a heart massage.

With proper artificial respiration and heart massage, the victim develops the following signs revival: - improvement of the complexion - the appearance of independent breathing more and more uniform - constriction of the pupils - the appearance of an independent pulse.

Means and methods for eliminating fires and fires

Causes of fires in computer labs:- sharp drops voltage; - a short circuit in the wiring when the breaker is not turned off; - a fire in the adjacent auditorium; - short circuit in the socket; - during work, students can bridge the network with a pin or hairpin; - not protected wiring.

When a fire is detected, each employee must:

1. Call the fire brigade immediately on 01.
2. Turn off the light and power supply.
3. Remove the source of ignition from the fire
4. Reduce air access to the combustion zone by isolating the hearth with a fire-retardant cloth, fire-extinguishing powder, sand, chemical or air-mechanical foam.
5. To eliminate the fire in the display classes of the department, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used. CO2 fire extinguishers OU are designed to extinguish fires various items, including e. installations energized up to 380 V. To actuate carbon dioxide fire extinguisher it is necessary to remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, turn the bell in the direction of the fire, open the valve by turning the flywheel, directing carbon dioxide into the fire.
6. To eliminate a small-scale fire, fire extinguishers OHP-10 are used. To activate the fire extinguisher, bring it to the fire at a jet length distance (6-4 m) and put it vertically on the floor. I turn the handle on the lid "!" up to failure. The fire extinguisher is lifted with one hand by the handle, and with the other they are picked up by the bottom and turned over (with a spray towards the fire). Be careful not to get the foam in your eyes. If this happens, rinse your eyes clean water. OHP-10 fire extinguishers cannot be used when the equipment is energized.
7. Powder fire extinguishers "Moment" are used to eliminate all types of fires. This fire extinguisher can work in the cold. The fire extinguisher is mounted with a bracket head down. When catching fire, the fire extinguisher must be taken by the body at the bottom, removed from the bracket, brought to the hearth, shaken and hit with the head on a hard surface, direct a stream of powder to a burning object.
8. In the event of a fire in an electrical installation, immediately turn off the power to the equipment and use non-conductive fire extinguishing agents (sand, powder fire extinguishers, flame retardant cloth).
9. When extinguishing clothes on a person, you need to act taking into account the specific circumstances. You can not allow sudden movements and run in burning clothes, the flame from this only intensifies. When removing smoldering clothing residues, take emergency measures to cool body parts; keep under running water for at least 10 minutes, apply a thick layer of cloth moistened with water, a plastic bag with snow or broken ice. Before medical care isolate the burn surface with an aseptic dressing or clean soft cloth dipped in alcohol.
10. Smoking in the premises is strictly prohibited.