Question 1. What are the ways of image ground surface?
Exist different kinds Image of the earth's surface: drawing, aerial view, terrain plan, geographic map, the globe.
Question 2. What is the difference between the images of the earth's surface?
The images of the earth's surface are distinguished by the detail and conventionality. For example, in terms of terrain are used conditional signs.
Question 3. What is a geographical map?
The geographic map is an image of the model of the earth's surface containing the coordinate grid with conventional signs on the plane in a reduced form.
Question 4. Why was it necessary to enter the scale?
When drawing a map, the distance decreases. Scale shows how many times the length of the line on the map is reduced relative to the length of the line on the ground.
Question 5. What is a geographical map?
The geographical map is the drawing of the area, made in the system of geographic coordinates using the scale and symbol.
Question 6. What does the word "drawing" mean? What is the drawing different from the picture?
The drawing is done in compliance with certain, very strict rules. The image in the picture is immediately understandable to everyone. And in order to understand what is shown in the drawing, you need to be able to read it, that is, know the rules for which it is made.
Question 7. What is the scale?
The scale of the card shows how many times the image on it is reduced compared to the real size on the ground. The stronger the image on the map is reduced, the smallest scale.
Question 8. What are there any ways to write a scale?
There are three ways to write a scale - numerical, named and linear. At least one of them is necessarily indicated on the map. Most often it is a numerical scale.
Question 9. What is the difference in a small-scale map from large-scale?
Small-scale cards are the map of the world and the mainland. They cover large areas, but their details are not very high. With all the details depict the surface of the ground large-scale, or topographic, cards.
Question 10. What scale is smaller - 1:10 000 or 1 cm 1 km?
Scale 1 cm 1 km smaller than 1 cm 10,000.
Question 11. What length does the equator line on the scale map of 1: 100 000 000?
This scale is 1 cm 1000 km, the equator length is approximately 45,000 km, it means the equator length on this card is 45 cm.
Question 12. What advantages and disadvantages have small-scale maps compared to large-scale?
Small-scale cards accommodate more cartographic information, large square. But the same is their disadvantage, since they have a greater error.
Question 13. In what cases are small-scale cards, and in what are the large-scale?
Large-scale cards are designed for various measurements and technical designs on the ground. Small-scale cards are designed to study large areas and are often used as a basis for thematic maps.
Question 14. Scale of the card 1:30 000 000. Translate this numerical scale to the named.
Named scale - 1 cm 300 km.
Question 15. Determine the scale of the card if the length of the line is 5 km, and the line length on the map is 0.5 cm.
Scale 5: 0.5 \u003d 10 km. Consequently, 1 cm is 10 km or 1: 1 000 000.
Since ancient times, a person had a need to transfer other people information about where he was and what he saw. Today there are various types of the image of the earth's surface. All of them are small models of the world around us.
Cartography
The images of the earth's surface appeared earlier than writing. Ancient man Used the wave of the mammoth, a stone or tree for the first sketches of the terrain. IN Ancient world Images were done on papyrus and fabrics, and later - on parchment. The first compilers of the cards were real artists, and cards are works of art. Ancient cards resemble fabulous paintings with the image of unknown countries and their inhabitants. In the Middle Ages, paper and a printing machine appeared, which made it possible to establish mass production kart. Card creators collected information about the land from the words of numerous travelers. The content of the cards became more and more diverse. Science of maps as a special way of image of the earth's surface, about their creation and use is called cartography.
Globe - Model of Earth
Ancient Greeks for the first time proved that the earth has a shape of a ball. To properly display the form of the Earth, the globe was invented. Globe (from the Latin word Globe - the ball) - from the volume model of the planet, reduced by many millions times. No surface distortion, therefore, it is used to be a correct idea of \u200b\u200bthe location of the mainland, seas, oceans, islands. But the globe is much smaller than the earth, and it is impossible to show any terrain in detail. It is inconvenient to use and while traveling.
Plan and map
The plan is a drawing on which the conditional signs are shown in detail in a reduced form of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, so there is no need to take into account the curvature of the earth's surface.
Map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on the plane using the system.
Geographical maps possess important properties. Unlike plans they are depicting different but coverage of the territory - from small sections of the earth's surface to Materikov, oceans and the globe as a whole. When the convex surface of the earth is displayed on a flat sheet of paper, distortions inevitably occur in the image of its individual parts. Nevertheless, the cards allow measurement of distances and determine the dimensions of objects. They contain information about object properties. For example, about the height of the mountains and the depths of the seas, the composition of the vegetable and animal world.
Atlas - Card Collections
An important step in the development of geographic images was the creation of atlases of maps collections. These are real cartographic encyclopedias. It is believed that the first collection of cards appeared in the Roman Empire. Later, in the 16th century, the concept of "Atlas" was introduced. Geographical atlases are very diverse on territorial coverage: the atlas of the world, atlases
Individual countries, districts and cities. Atlases are divided into training, local history, road and others.
Aerospace pictures
Progress in aviation and cosmonautics allowed man to photograph the Earth. Aerial photographs I. space pictures Give a detailed image of all parts of the terrain. But the geographical objects on them have an unusual appearance for us. Image recognition in pictures is called decryption.
Today we are increasingly using the cards on the computer or screen monitor mobile phone. They are created on the basis of space shots using special computer programs.
Date: 26.10.2015
Often, especially when solving various tasks, you have to deal with the images of the earth's surface. These images are very diverse. The most common among them is drawings, plans, maps, globes, aerial photographs and space pictures.
On the image The earth's surface is depicted in its real, but reduced form at any angle of view.
Aerial photographs and space Pictures, as a rule, are reduced images real view Ground surface from above.
Plans, Maps and Globes are reduced cartographic images of the earth's surface, because it uses to display it system of symbols.
Plan of terrain - This is a reduced, made using conditional signs. small plot Ground surface. Unlike pictures, plans and maps small and insignificant details are not depicted.
Map - This is a reduced, generalized image of the earth's surface, made using conventional signs and built in a certain cartographic projection.
Geographic map give a chance significant areas of the territory And even the entire surface of the earth. However, it is necessary to take into account that the Earth has a spherical shape. Therefore, when depicting a spherical earth surface on a map, which is a plane, some areas have to portray several distorted (slightly compressed or stretched).
the globe is a model, i.e. reduced in tens of millions of timeswhy he is general features Keeps her shape.
On the globe, all the continents, the oceans, the sea are shown in full compliance with their position on the globe, and the scale remains the same on the entire surface of the globe. The globe is better than other cartographic images, transfers the form of our planet.
The main differences of the geographic map from the plan of the area
- On the plan depicting small Plots of the earth's surface: school plot, land use of the agricultural enterprise, locality etc.
- On the plan are applied everything Objects and details of the terrain on a specified scale. Maps through the smaller scale less detailed images of the earth's surface. They displays the most important objects and properties.
- When creating a plan curvatus The earth's surface behind the low size is not taken into account, and the earth's surface is considered a plane. All items show that they actually have, without distortion, their shape and outlines are saved, only the size is reduced according to the scale. While creating kart Be sure to take into account the curvature (shag-formation) of the Earth, therefore distortions are inevitably present on the maps.
- On plans there is no degree gridAnd on the maps it certainly has (meridians and parallels).
On plans the direction to the north is considered to be the top edge of the sheet, South - Lower, west - left, east - right. The northern direction is shown additionally an arrow with the designation of North-South. On the maps, the North-South direction determines the meridians, the West - East - parallels. They may not only be straight lines, but also arcs of various curvature, depending on the projection of maps.
Control Testing on the topic
"Types of images of the surface of the earth."
Select one correct answer.
1. One of the city's microdines with minimal loss of available information is most convenient to portray
1) Figure 3) topographic plan
2) photograph 4) Small-scale map
2. If numerical value The scale of the card is 1: 8,000,000, this means that the distance on it is 1 cm long corresponds to the real distance on the ground
1) 8 km 2) 800 m 3) 80 km 4) 8000 km
3. If the distance on a 2,5 cm length corresponds to 500 km of real distance on the ground, the numerical value of the scale of this card is
1) 1: 500 000 3) 1: 20 000 000
2)1: 2 500 000 4) 1: 50 000 000
4. If you face north, then right hand we will have
1) West 2) East 3) South 4) Southeast
5. If on the plan on the hillside, 9 horizontals were performed every 5 m, then its height will be
1) 180 m 2) 50 m 3) 25 m 4) 45 m
6. For the shape of the Earth notcharacteristic
1) the length of the equator exceeds the length of any of the meridians
2) in shape the earth is a ball, a little flattened at the poles
3) the length of the equator is less than the length of any of the meridians
4) the average radius of the earth is longer than its polar radius and shorter equatorial
7. Map is applied to the generalographic maps
1) the population of the world
2) agriculture India
3) continent South America
4) natural zones Mira
8. Equator crosses the mainland
1) South America
2) Australia
4) Antarctica
9. For a degree network not Characteristic
1) any parallel shorter equator
2) all meridians have the same length
3) The length of the arc parallel increases when driving from the equator to the poles
4) The Meridians are determined by the direction "North - South"
10. Berlin is located to ... from Rome
1) north 2) soup 3) west 4) east
11. North geographic breadth Has (s)
1) Magellan Strait 3) Tasmanovo Sea
2) Mountain Alps 4) Cape of Good Hope
12. The closest to the zero meridian is located
1) Rio de Janeiro city 3) mouth of the River Yenisei
2) Mac-Kinley Mountain 4) Phillip Islands
13. Install right sequence increase the value of the eastern longitude of the following geographic objects
A) Victoria Waterfall
B) Gobi Desert
C) New Guinea Island
D) Mount Alps
Write down the corresponding letters in the table
15. Install the "Color of layer-by-layer color - the absolute height of which it corresponds to"
1) green a) Over 5000 m
2) Yellow b) from 200 to 500 m
3) orange c) from 0 to 200 m
4) brown d) from 2000 to 3000 m
Answer write to the table
Draw a schematic land. Apply the equator, poles, northern and southern tropics, northern and southern polar circles, zero meridian to the drawing, zero meridian and dates.
14. 1G, 2V, 3B, 4A
15. 1B, 2B, 3G, 4A
For each correct answer in the tasks of 1-15, 1 point (only 24 points), for the task of 16 - 5 points (0.5 B for each element)
Total for work - 29 points.
"5" - 29 - 23 b
"4" - 22 - 17 b
Exercise 1. What is the name of the conventional line on the geographic map, which divides earth For two hemispheres - Western and East?
Start Meridian
Equator
Horizon
Skyline
Task 2. Figure 1, determine which side of the horizon corresponds to a 90 ° mark on a compass division scale.
Fig. one
Task 3. In which direction do you move, if early in the morning the sun is on the right of you?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 4.
Fig. 2.
Parties horizon | Designations in Figure |
A) north B) northeast C) | 1) B. 2) A. 3) J. |
Answer:
Task 5. Mushroom skins went from the railway station in the forest all the time in the northern direction. In which direction do they need to move to return to the station?
Task 6. If in a true noon stand back to the sun, then what side of the horizon will be behind your back?
North South East West
Task 7.
Figure 3.
Conditional signs | Objects |
A) A. B) B. C) B. D) g | 1) meadow 2) Open 3) Wooden Bridge 4) Rodnik |
Answer:
Task 8.
Answer:
Task 9. What is the difference between the area and the geographical map? Specify at least two differences.
Task 10. Set the match between objects and colors that they are shown on the geographic (physical) map.
Answer:
Task 11. According to the fragment of the area plan (Fig. 4), determine which is located north - larch forest or river.
Fig. four
Answer: ___________________________________________________
Task 12. Why do you need to know where the side of the horizon is located?
Task 13. Arrange parallels in descending order of their length.
1) 10 ° 2) 60 ° 3) 40 ° 4) Equator
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 14. Using the Atlas, learn the conditional signs physical card Hemisphere. Select from the list and emphasize the geographic objects that can be defined on this map.
Task 15. Guess the crossword.
Questions:
1. A reduced image of the earth on the plane.
2. One of the main sides of the horizon.
3. Visible eye space.
4. The opposite West side of the horizon.
5. An image of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain on paper with conditional signs.
Task 16.
TEST
Option 2.
Exercise 1. What is the name of the imaginary line that limits the eye visible to the eye?
Horizon
Skyline
Front line
Start Meridian
Task 2. Figure 1, determine which side of the horizon corresponds to a 0 ° mark on a compass division scale.
Fig. one
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 3. In which direction do you move, if early in the morning the sun is behind you?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 4. Install the match between the sides of the horizon and their notation in Figure 2.
Fig. 2.
Parties horizon | Designations in Figure |
A) East B) south C) northwest | 1) D. 2) B. 3) Z. |
Answer:
Task 5. Tourists walked from the highway in the forest all the time in the east direction. In what direction do they need to move to return to the highway?
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 6. If in a true noon stand back to the sun, what direction will the shadow falling from you?
North South East West
Task 7. Set the match between the conditional planes of the area plan (Fig. 3) and the objects that they indicate.
Figure 3.
Answer:
Task 8. Install the correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
Answer:
Task 9. If you have no instrument for orienting at hand, then what other ways can be focused on the ground? Specify at least two ways.
Answer: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 10. Set the match between objects and colors that they are shown on the area plan.
Answer:
Task 11. By fragment of the area plan (Figure 4), determine what is located south - the settlement or shrubs.
Fig. four
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 12. What do you think, why local signs cannot be considered accurate?
Answer: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 13. Arrange parallels in order of increasing their length.
1) Equator 2) 40 ° 3) 10 ° 4) 60 °
Answer: __________________________________________________
Task 14. Using the Atlas, examine the conditional signs of the physical card of the hemispheres. Select from the list and emphasize the geographic objects that cannot be defined on this map.
Glaciers, rivers, population, volcanoes, caves, cities, currents, islands, minerals, climate dryness, country, forests, roads.
Task 15. Guess the crossword.
Questions:
1. Visible eye space.
2. The equator is considered the longest one.
3. It was invented in ancient China.
4. Shows how many times the distance is reduced with respect to real distances.
5. Unit of measurement of parallel and meridian.
6. If you put your back to the sun in a true noon, to which direction will indicate the shadow falling from you?
Task 16. On the contour map. green Circle all the meridians, blue - all parallels, red - equator and zero meridian. Subscribehemisphere: Northern and South, West and East.
Responses to test work
"Types of surface images of the earth"
Option 1
Exercise 1. Initial meridian.
Task 2. East.
Task 3. North.
Task 4.
Task 5. In the southern direction.