External signs of the material structure observed on the surface, from which the item is manufactured. The most often texture (pattern) is characterized by products from wood and fabric. Various textures are used as decorative element When working out the product. An unusual material of the texture should be avoided, for example, the imitation of plastic under a tree, etc., the pattern of wood texture varies depending on the direction of its processing, i.e. from the plane of cutting - radial, tangential, radial-end, tangential-end. In the identification of the texture, the color plays a significant role, especially the difference (contrast) in the natural color of the wood fibers.
Texture and texture represent active artistic expressiveness. The effect of textures and textures is used primarily to convey the natural quality of material, reveal its aesthetic originality. If the texture or texture of the material is very expressive, their impact on the observer can be stronger than the effect of the product itself. However, excessive texture test or texture may be unpleasant. The texture and texture of surfaces should be seamless, taking into account the size of the product and the size of the space in which it will function.
Color - The property of the bodies to cause a visual sensation in accordance with the spectral composition of the reflected or emitted by them. Color has such basic characteristics as a color tone (various colors), saturation (degree of brightness of color), lightlota (reflective color surface ability).
Properties of volume-spatial forms
The quantity of the spatial length is height, width and depth of volume-spatial forms and their parts. Based on these ratio, proportions arise as a harmonic relationship between parts with each other and with the whole.
When studying the composition of the volume and spatial form the greatest value It has the development of perception and understanding of the relations of the values \u200b\u200bof these phenomena, as visual dynamics, coencing, strengthening PPP. Weakening of massiveness and other relations according to detects; Horizontal - above, right, left. Surfaces can occupy a variety of positions, all sorts of turns and slopes at various angles, that is, an infinite number of options for relations of only two surfaces on their position in space are possible. The form, as such, and its changes: by type (linear, plane, volumetric); According to the geometric structure (parallelepiped, cylinder, cone, ball, etc.). According to the two directions, especially by the second, many options for relations are possible (flat-curved, uniform-concave, different degrees curvilinery, etc.) (.
The position of the forms in space is the ratio of the forms of their elements with respect to the viewer and the coordinates of the space. This category is completely different from the size and values. Considering, for example, a flat surface, we can highlight such coordinate positions as the horizontal, vertical, front and vertical profile. In relation to the viewer, these provisions may change: frontal - closer, below; Vertical profile
In the past, many theorists of architecture (Vitruvius, Alberti, Palladio, etc.) were written about the proportions, as a means of composition. In the newest time, a number of theorists have developed geometric proputioning methods (Hembridge, Gica, Mestel, Corbusier, etc.). Soviet architects I.V. Zoltovsky who are possible countless intermediate states in massiveness and spatial ™. One limit - the form is maximally filled with mass (or expressed as such); Another limit is the form expressed minimum quantity masses. In addition to the four of these basic properties, mainly determining the nature of the form, it is necessary to specify the following properties: the texture, or the structure of the surface surface, which can vary from the embossed, smooth, polished and mirrored. Light, as the degree of illumination and shadensity of the shape and its parts, depending on the conditions of lighting (i.e., from the strength of light sources and on the position of the surfaces of the form), the color is a property characterized by the following main features: color tone (chromatic and acromatic Tone), saturation (color brightness) and sides.
Schemes. Form and text nature
Color change according to these features creates an infinite diversity of youths. In the compositional use of all these properties, the decisive shacks have three main types of qualitative relations between them - contrast, nuance, identity (repetition). In the contrast, highly different states of any property are compared (large with small, vertical with horizontal, massive with spatial, flat with volumetric, plane with embossed, etc.).
The nuance is compared the close states of any property. The identity is repeated properties.
On the basis of these relationships, various composite bonds and harmonic relationships in volumetric forms are not available. The cabinet and the nuance cannot be understood statically as unchanged relationships. These are the relationship of the states of the properties of the form, which contribute to the emergence of the artistic expressiveness of the composition as a whole. Therefore, contrast and nuances may be called composite tools.
The above primary properties of the spatial form are the initial and initial elements of the composition, the primary forming material from which the composition is built. And the same primary material becomes actively affected when performing in the form of a harmonic relationship, that is, the primary property becomes a composite tool.
When one of the measurements begins to prevail in shape, it picks the visual movement towards this measurement. About g clearly it occurs when the right geometric shapes are perceived. This phenomenon is called dynamics, and under it you understand not physical, but a visual movement.
The speaker occurs not only in the direction of the prevailing measurement (in height, width or depth), but also in the direction by which a person perceives the rave of space in a visual movement.
In contrast to the dynamics, the relative absence of a virtual movement is called static. Under this means visual immobility of the shape, the state of rest. The square n plane and cube as a bulk form can serve as examples of static forms. Rectangles and parallelepipeds, in which one dimension is more than two or more times - an example of dynamic forms.
When considering the subject in general, its geometric shape and structure is perceived. Almost all visible elements are limited from all sides by shells or planes. of different shapes. This means that each element, each item has a certain spatial form. The primary elements of the spatial form of objects are geometric appearance, size, position in space, mass, texture, texture, decor, color and light.
Geometric view.This property (element) of forms as a whole and its parts, determined by the ratio of its size according to the three coordinates of the space, as well as the nature of its surface (straight or curvilinear, broken). Depending on the prevalence of one of three dimensions, the following types of form are distinguished: volumetric, plane and linear. Volumetric appearance It is characterized by three sizes. A plane view is characterized by a sharp decrease in one of the sizes. In linear form, one measurement prevails over two others with their relatively low value.
Form lines.It is intended to treat it emotionally to the surrounding phenomena and subjects. The idea of \u200b\u200bresting and movement, light and serious, passive and active person associates with various species lines, their inclination and character (Fig.).
The horizontal line, for example, is associated with the concept of rest, static, passivity. She promotes spectator decrease Figures vertically.
The vertical line is energetic and hot - expresses the desire of upwards, visually extends the shape.
The inclined line is associated with instability, fall, and the closer it is to horizontal, the more associated with confidence and tranquility.
Otherwise, the diagonal line is perceived. It acts as a force, overcoming passivity, expresses movement, dynamics. Distinguish the right and left diagonals. They are perceived unequal. Right - lifting diagonal, left - diagonal of fall. The diagonal is typical for asymmetric clothes, soft and hard drapets, etc.
The wave (smooth) line characterizes the uniformity of movement, softness, fluidity. Smooth lines are used in the clothing of complex styles.
The broken line is associated with uneven movement, sharp changes in events, with take-offs and drops.
The spiral is associated with the concept of rotation, and the arc is with overcoming some obstacles and the subsequent takeoff.
To create a form of products, the artist designer uses geometric lines in the complex, i.e. In various composite coenses, combinations. In this case, one of the lines should play the role of the main leading, on the basis of which the whole composition is built.
Form size. This is the length of the shape and its elements in three coordinates. The size of the form is determined with respect to the sizes of a person, the size of products of other forms or individual elements The same form. When comparing forms, their equality or inequality is visible. The size of the form visually can increase or decrease with a large and small comparison. Small parts in large form emphasize its magnitude, and large, on the contrary, decrease.
Position in space. This property of the form determined by its location among other forms, as well as relative to the observer in the system of frontal, profile and horizontal planes. The subject that is approaching the rectangular parallelpiped having two equal measurementsmay occupy three typical positions in relation to the observer: frontal, profile and horizontal. A cube, in which all three dimensions are equal, has only one typical position. The same can be said about the subjects that the form of which is approaching these figures.
The mutual arrangement of forms in space in relation to each other and the viewer can be considered on another basis - by location relative to each other or the viewer closer, on, above, below, on the left, right. With respect to the line horizon, the form can be located above, below or at its level.
Mass form. This is a visually perceived amount of material of the entire object or its details, which can fill the space within the geometric shape. The mass of the form depends on the size of the subject. A large mass visually corresponds to greater shape. The perception of the mass changes and depending on the geometric type of form. The greatest visually perceived mass has the form approaching Cuba and the ball, and all those whose dimensions in three coordinates are equal to or close to equal. Molds approaching linear are minimal, so the clothing is narrow and long seems always less massive than short and wide.
Mass perception varies depending on the degree of filling of forms. With increasing degree of filling, objects seem more massive. The most massive items in which there are no emptiness. The change in the visually perceived mass of the form depends, in addition, from the color, texture and texture of the material from which it is made, and from the size of the items adjacent to it. The visually perceived mass of the form increases if there are objects of smaller sizes near it. If the dimensions increase them, the mass of this form is greater. All these illusory changes in the mass of forms are often used in the design of products.
Texture(Lat. Factum - Processing, Building). The texture is the visible structure of the surface of the form. The texture is smooth, shiny and glossy, matte and rough, large or fine-grained, etc. Each material (metal, glass, fabric, paper, sand, stone TP) has its own texture. Its perception depends on the distance of the viewer to the surface under consideration, the nature of the lighting (if it is lateral, then the roughness is visible).
From the texture of the material, the volume of products and mass of products are dependent. Strengthening surface texture increases the volume and mass of products. Smooth and brilliant surface, on the contrary, it gives ease and visually reduces the volume. The texture of the material is capable of even affecting the perception of proportional relationships of the form.
Texture (Lat. Texturg - Fabric, Communication, Building). Textures - visible on the surface of the material signs of the internal structure. An expressive texture has, for example, wood products, stone, leather. Various textures are used as decorative tool, detecting aesthetic peculiarity of the material.
Color. This property of bodies causes certain visual sensations in accordance with the spectral composition of the reflected, transmitted or emitted light. There are physical, physiological, emotional and psychological properties of color.
The physical properties of the color include color tone, brightness (light throttle) and saturation. Color tone is what allows you to distinguish one color from the other: red, green, blue, etc.
Brightness, or lightlot, is characterized by the number of reflected or missed light. Each color has a certain light. Orange lighter red, blue dark blue, brown darker pink, etc.
All colors are divided into achromatic and chromatic. Achromatic - white, gray, black - do not possess selective absorption and differ from each other by sides. Chromatic - spectral and mixed - differ in color tone, lightness and saturation.
Under saturation, they understand the proportion of pure spectral color in this color. It is determined as a percentage. For 100%, they take saturation of the corresponding spectral color, and for zero - white or other achromatic color. Thus, spectral colors are saturated, equal to one, and achromatic - zero. The most saturated colors are the main spectral and purple. They are called clean, open, intense. The colors located between the main spectral is intermediate (yellow-green, blue-purple, orange-yellow), less saturated, they are called complex, calm, discreet, soft. The saturation of any color is reduced by adding white or black to it. Colors whose saturation is reduced by adding white, called scattering (pink, lilac, etc.). Colors whose saturation is reduced by adding black, called darkened.
The physiological properties of the color is its ability to affect human body, eg:
intense red color causes too strong excitement, increases blood pressure;
green contributes to the expansion of capillaries, reduces blood pressure, relieves visual fatigue, soothes; Yellow stimulates brain activity;
blue and purple beneficially affect the lungs and heart, increasing their endurance;
gray and black colors can cause an oppressed, depressed state.
The emotional and psychological properties of color are associated with physiological impact and all kinds of illusions and associations. So, by the nature of perception, all colors are divided into warm and cold. Warm colors - red, orange, yellow, yellow-green - associated with the sun, fire, warm. They are bright, catchy, dynamic, increasing size and volume. Cold colors - blue, blue, purple, green-blue - are associated with water, ice, cold. These colors are more calm, less distinguished.
There are lungs and heavy colors. Easy include all bright and cold colors, to heavy - dark and warm. The colors are divided into "protruding" - bright and warm and "retreating" - dark and cold. Color properties to bring closer or delete, make items easier or severe, increase or decrease their volume is widely used in visual and decorative and applied arts. In particular, the spatial properties of the color allow you to create a visible depth of the image on a flat canvase pattern.
By virtue of the associative nature of the perception of color, various feelings and sensations of a person are caused, special mental moods, they seek some images:
red is perceived as exciting, hot, most active and energetic, courageous, passionate, valor, strength, power;
green - calm, moderate and refreshing - creates the impression of soft, pleasant and beneficial peace; Symbol of spring, fertility, youth, freshness, joy, hopes, memories;
yellow - exciting, animating, cheerful, cheerful, fussy, flirty, somewhat cheeky, color of fun and jokes, symbol of sunlight, heat, happiness;
orange - hot, cheerful, cheerful, flame, cheerful;
blue - light, fresh and transparent; White - light, cold and noble, cleanliness symbol.
On the perception of color affects whole line factors that can change the visible color of the tel. The change in their color is often associated with the spectral composition of light sources. So, in the light of the incandescent lamps of yellow rays is greater than in the sunlight, so yellow colors They become more saturated, red brighten, the shade becomes yellow, the blue dark, the lilac get the yellow shade, and purple - red. The color of the material also depends on the surface texture. Colors on glossy shiny surfaces seem lighter, on matte - darker (atlas and velvet).
The perception of color depends, in addition, on the phenomena of contrast. Distinguish simultaneous and consistent contrasts. In turn, the simultaneous contrast may be contrast for lightness and color, or chromatic. The simultaneous contrast in lightness lies in the fact that the colors located on a dark background or next to it are brighten, and on light or next to it - darken. White color On a black background it seems especially bright, and black on white - deep black. Same gray pieces of fabric on black, white and gray background will look different. On a white background, the fabric seems darker, on black - lighter, it will almost not change on gray.
A variety of contrast in lightness is caused by the edge, or border, contrast. On the border of the light and dark, the bright is even better, and the dark darkness, which creates an impression of unevenly painted areas. To destroy the edge contrast of the plane divide contour line.
Simultaneous chromatic contrast is a color change depending on the surrounding color. The color always changes to the side opposite (extra) to the surrounding color. For each chromatic color, another chromatic, which, when mixed, with the first in certain ratios, gives an achromatic. Such two chromatic colors are optional. At the color circle, additional colors are located at opposite ends of diameters. Additional colors are: red and bluish green, orange and blue, yellow and blue, green and purple, etc.
As a result of chromatic contrast grey colour On different backgrounds, it acquires an unequal seeming color. So, on a red background, the gray pattern is green, on green - blushes, on blue - yellowes and so on.
Consistent contrast occurs when considering two colors not at the same time, but alternately. The second color will seem painted in color, extra to the first.
The color is not only an element of the form, but also an important means of combining and harmonizing other elements. The color of industrial products is chosen taking into account their functional purposes and methods of operation, design, material, compositions.
Light It is a consequence of different angles Falling light rays from the light source on the form and is characterized by the distribution of light and dark areas on its surface. The formation of black and white effects depends on the form of the subject, relief and texture of the material, the direction of falling rays from the light source. Light on clothing, for example, is largely due to the relief of the form. The relief is created by folds, overhead details, seams, faldami, drapering, etc. The abundance of parts and drapes overloads shape with black and white effects and increases its volume. If a light is formed by rare vertical lines, the volume of the form visually decreases: the effect of visual illusions is valid.
Decor (FR. Decor, Lat. Decoro - decorate). This is an element of the shape of products in the form of an ornament or pattern.
Ornament (Lat. Ornamentum - Decoration) - Figure (Pattern) built from organized elements. There are two main types of ornaments: geometric and pictorial.
The geometric ornament is built of abstract geometric shapes (squares, triangles, rhombuses, circles), as well as strokes, points and lines, which, alternating in a certain order, allow patterns from the simplest to very complex. The geometric ornament is widely used to decorate modern products from glass, ceramics, fabrics and other materials.
The pictorial ornament reproduces specific objects of the real world - plants, animals, things. The fine ornament is widely decorated with fabrics, knitwear, glass, ceramics, etc ..
Texture is a set of signs determined by the location and distribution component parts Breed relative to each other and occupying space. Is an important diagnostic element for recognition building materials
When studying the macrostructure of materials, the term "texture" often use, which clarifies our attitude to this material.
The texture is layered, massive, haired, porous, etc.
For the most part, building materials have a porous texture. They are divided into fine-pore, pore sizes, which are determined by hundredths and thousands of millimeters to 1 ... 2 mm. Melchoporous materials are hardened building solutions and concrete, ceramics, row of stones, and large foam and aerated concrete, gas-pores, popoples, etc. Large pores (to centimeter) are called voids, they include spaces between pieces and grains of loose materials.
Impact on properties.
For example, deep rock rocks have low porosity and, consequently, greater density and high strength. In addition to TGU, due to a very small porosity, these breeds usually have low water absorption, frost resistant and high-frequenses. Processing such rocks due to high strength difficult. However, thanks high density They polished well and grind.
Wood texture - This is a natural pattern of wood fibers on the treated surface, due to the features of its structure. It is an important diagnostic element for recognizing building materials. The texture depends on the characteristics of the anatomical structure of individual wood rocks and the direction of the cut. It is determined by the width of the annual layers, the difference in the color of the early and late wood, the presence of core rays, large vessels, improper location of the fibers (wavy or confused). Deciduous rocks with pronounced annual layers and developed core rays (oak, belant, maple, Karagach, Ilm, Platan) have a very beautiful structure of radial and tangential cuts. Special beautiful drawing Has wood with incorrect location of fibers. Wood coniferous and soft hardwood has a simpler and less diverse pattern than solid hardwood wood. Transverse(1) The incision is called perpendicular to the axis of the barrel and the direction of the fibers and forming a ski plane. Radial(2) A section is a longitudinal incision passing through the core of the barrel along the radial direction along the wood fibers and perpendicular to the tangent to the annual layer of wood at the touch point. Tangential (3) The incision is a longitudinal section passing at some distance from the core and by radial direction along the fibers of wood tangent to the annual layer. Breeds in which the anatomical elements are poorly distinguishable by a simple eye include a weakly adhesive (for example, birch, pear, samstit). Breeds with well-noticeable wide vessels on longitudinal cuts have a bar, etc. If the longitudinal strokes are collected in broad bands (for example, oak, amur velvet, ash), etc. It is called Poloxhtrichova. T. d. With an erratic location of the strokes is called scattered barcode (for example, walnut, persimmon, eucalyptus). Wood with well-noticeable core rays (for example, beech, oak, plane) is characterized by a mirror texture on radial cuts (rays are visible as brilliant intermittent strips or spots - a mirror) and scaly on tangential cuts (rays have a kind of spind-shaped longitudinal dishes, as a rule, more Dark than surrounding wood).
37.Vids based materials based on mineral binders.The main types of materials based on mineral binders include concrete, reinforced concrete, mortars, silicate (based on air lime), asbestos-cement, gypsum and paint. There are still special purpose materials, including heat-insulating, roofing, for hydraulic structures, roads. Concrete -artificial stone obtained as a result of mixing, molding (laying) and subsequent hardening of a rationally selected mixture of mineral binder, water and aggregate. Basically, concrete is classified for medium density: especially heavy with an average density above 2500 kg / m³ containing dense and heavy aggregates (pig-iron fraction, steel sawdust and grain, barite); heavy, containing dense small and large aggregates (sand, crushed stone or gravel). According to the functional purpose, the concretes of common (for carrier and enclosing structures of residential, public, industrial buildings) and special (thermal insulation, road, hydraulic, ornamental, etc.) are distinguished. Reinforced concretereceive a platform or in factory conditions, connecting into a single whole concrete and steel reinforcement. Reinforcement assumes the installation of steel reinforcement in those m-la (concrete), which are subject to tensile loads. They are perceived by working bearing fittings. Montol w / w design is erected directly at the construction site. To do this, form a formwork from metal, wood or other M-fishing, which corresponds to the future form of the structure. Then they put the reinforcement, flow and laying concrete mix. Arch forms of buildings and structures from Montol w / b are very diverse and distinguished by a kind of plastic. Currently, the prefabs of concrete and railways for all the main parts of modern buildings and structures - foundations and frames, walls, partitions, overlaps, coatings, stairs, as well as for special types of construction (underground, road, hydrotechnical, bridge construction ). Construction R-Rh obtain from various mineral binders (cement, lime, gypsum and mixtures - cement-lime, lime-gypsum, as well as cement-clay, etc.), small aggregate and additives that improve the properties of the material. TO silicateclaim stone materials include brick and concrete. Asbestos-cement materialsfrom a special portland cement grades 400 and 500 and asbestos fibers, which significantly strengthen the Stone of Cement Stone. Gypsum Msget from gypsum test and mineral or organic thin-fat fillers. Paintsbased on mineral binders, contain alkaline pigments and a small amount of additives.
The texture is the features of the structure of the sedimentary rock, determined by the method of performing space, the arrangement of the components and the orientation of them relative to each other. The texture of the breed is formed from the stage of accumulation of precipitate. The primary textures arising in the process of sedimentation reflect the state of the medium at the time of accumulation of sedimentary material and the results of its interaction with the sediment. They can be transformed into post -cedimentary stages. Secondary textures arise in the already formed mountain breed In the process of catagenesis, metagenesis and hypergenesis.
Textures pretty much predetermine physical properties breeds, including unequal strength, compressibility, filtration capacity, etc. We study the textures, mostly visually - in the outcrops, shurts, core samples, sometimes under the microscope.
There are layer surface textures and intraloous.
Textures of the surface of the layer
There are on the surface of the sediment with a short-term change in the state of the sedimentation environment, during the fallout of precipitation and the vital activity of organisms. Changing the state of the medium leads to their complete destruction, so prerequisite Their preservation is rapid burial under new precipitation.
Ryabi signs are a system of parallel rollers perpendicular to the direction of water or air flow. They are formed on the surface of sandy, aeuritic, clay and limestone and dolomite precipitation. There are symmetric and asymmetric signs of ripples.
Asymmetric - are formed in air and aqueous media under the influence of wind and flows, and symmetrical - arises as a result of excitement. Eaola ripples is characterized by a significant predominance of the length of the cross section of the roller above its height, and in ripples of the flows, these values \u200b\u200bdiffer weakly. The wavelength rowan is 10-20 cm, but not more than 100 cm. The water ripple is formed at a depth of 150-200m, and the distance between the ridges ranges from units to tens of centimeters, which is increasing with increasing depth.
Drying cracks are formed in a clay or lime sediment, accumulated in an aqueous medium with a subsequent drying of it in air. Filled cavities in foreign material. In the plan form polygons, the profile is wedge-shaped cavities extending down from the surface. The depth of penetration from the fraction of cm to the meter and more. Width on the surface - 3-5 cm.
Prints of rain drops and hail are rounded recesses with sideboard on the periphery. Diameter up to 12-15mm (for hail more), depth up to a few mm. They are formed mainly on the surface of clay precipitation.
Traces of livelihoods of animals are preserved on wet, mainly limestone or clay sediments in the form of footprints, legs, traces of slaughtering, etc. They are often preserved and after converting precipitation in the breed.
Signs associated with the deformation of the surface of the precipitate are formed as a result of the activities of water flows, marine currents, etc. As a result, a gutter, recesses, furrows, scratches and other education arise on the surface. After overlapping them with fine-grained sediments, blinds (bas-relief signs) are formed on the lower boundary of the new layer), which remained after leafing the sediment.
Bar-relief signs arise on the surface of the formation and are called Hyeroglyphs (or hieroglyphs), which means sacred letters, since the nature of many of them remained unsolved.
If bas-relief signs are the result of a purely mechanical impact of precipitate, they are called mechanoglyphs. They often have a form of grapple-shaped formations - the result of uneven erosion of a strong flow or naires of a semi-liquid sediment; Or parallel cutting, hatching, linearly elongated beds, sometimes intersecting and very bizarre.
If the signs are the result of traces of organisms, they are called bioglyphs.
Among them, fucides and chondrites are most common, similar to plants twigs, or tranted algae threads. These moves have the shape of rollers, and inside - curved sticks, flashers, threads. The cavity is filled with substance dropping from solutions, or precipitates of the overlying layer. Sometimes they are filled with a sediment, recycled irons, and have a lighter shade than the breed itself, or can be filled with fecal lumps.
Instrase texture
The most common layered and massive, there are less often textures associated with the vital activity of organisms, with landslide and other phenomena.
The massive texture is characterized by an erratic location in the rock of its components. Due to this, the breed has the same physical properties in various directions. When split, fragments of incorrect shape are formed.
Layered textures - due to alternation of layers of several differences sedimentary rocks. The lamination can be caused by a change in the size of the debris, orientation of the sedimentary material, the content of the specifics, the clusters of the organic matter, the shells, etc.
Based on the location of the sedimentary material in the rocks, horizontal and oblique layers are isolated ..
Horizontal lamination - typical sedimentary texture. It layers are located in parallel to each other and layering planes. It is formed when changing the decompositions of sedimentation in conditions of slow, uniform motion or in a state of relative rest. The thickness of the layers are isolated: Massive-layered (more than 50 cm), thick-layered (more than 5cm), medium-layered (2-5 cm), fine-layered (0.1-2 ° C) and micro-layered (less than 0.1 cm) . Horizontal layered is characteristic of rocks of various composition.
Periodic (rhythmic-cyclic) flue lamination - is an alternation of layers or packs with a monotonous set of rocks, only slightly changing from the pack to bundle. The reason for this is that the course of sedimentation is due to a natural change natural phenomena, for the most part Periodical. They reflect the progressive course of the process not in a circle, but on the helix. The alternation of the layers can be continuous, or interrupted in the case of distinguishing sediments or erosions. Sometimes this periodicity can be small (microslorality), more often the power of rhythms is measured with tens of centimeters or meters, and thousands of meters in large sections (systems, tiers).
Wavy lamination is characterized by a curvilinear shape of puffs, which give the pattern of waves, then more, then less symmetrical. This type of layered is mainly connected with wave oscillation, less often with the progressive movement of the deposition medium.
Oblique layer is less common. It is found primarily in sandstones, aeuritic and carbonate rocks. Characteristics - The location of the layers at an angle to the layering planes, and the orientation may vary on a small segment of the path.
False lamination (shallowness, leshegang phenomenon, healing). The same factors that detect the initially imperceptible place separately may eventually cover it and create false lamination.
If the tectonic pressure in the mountain regions is directed at an angle to the layering plane, they create slanting splits (clivic, shallowness) and, accordingly, separately. Or groundwater and solutions, spreading at an angle, and unevenly depending on the structure, texture and porosity of the rock, also create a bizarre false lamination, and the fractures are most often the hydroxisals of iron fall. Repeating fallouts of the substance in the cracks, as a result of which the rock can decay to the "iron shards attached to each other", got the name "Leshegang phenomenon".
Textures of underwater fizzing can be formed in various non-hardening sediments, but are most characteristic of thin-plating sand, auravert, clay or lime deposits. The foaming can begin with a slope of 1-3 0. As a result, small folds are formed in size from units to tens of centimeters, but often up to hundreds of meters.
Among the intraloous textures there are post-imaging, arising in the already formed sediment. Most common: Street and pantic textures.
Stirlolite texture - in section perpendicular to the layering, it seems to be sawn to the breed and focused mainly parallel to the layering, although there are vertical and diagonal. The height of the teeth fluctuates from a fraction of up to 2-3cm and more. The seams themselves are difficult to soluble, fine-dispelible material, clay, organic charred substance, sulfides and iron oxides.
Such textures are characteristic of carbonate rocks, but are found in the chip. There are several points of view regarding the genesis of their origin, however, most scientists believe that they arose due to selective dissolution of breeds under pressure, and insoluble components concentrated in the seam cavity.
The pantic texture in some way resembles the stillhead. This is a rare texture of the articulation of underlying and overlapping puffs. On one surface there are protrusions of a conical shape, and on the second - deepening of the same form ("pounding"). The height of them varies from the fraction of up to several centimeters. Textures cover layers thick up to half a meter. They are characteristic of mergels, clay limestone and clay. They occur during recrystallization and reducing the volume of rock under the weight of the overlying rocks. The formation of this type is found in sediments of different ages, where there are subtle convergence of limestone among clay rocks.