On April 19, 1858, the first women's gymnasium was opened in a house at the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and Troitskaya Street (modern Rubinstein Street).
Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Empress Maria Alexandrovna. 1857 g.
Until that time, girls from families that did not belong to the upper strata of society had practically no opportunity to receive a good education. There were closed educational institutions, like the Smolny Institute, where only noblewomen were admitted and where the emphasis in teaching was on French, the rules of secular behavior, music, dancing, girls in such educational institutions were isolated from the family and the outside world. There were also private women's boarding schools, which provided a more serious education, but education in them was very expensive. Therefore, by the middle of the 19th century, there was a need for such an educational institution where girls of all classes could study, while having the opportunity to live in a family. A talented teacher, professor Nikolai Alekseevich Vyshnegradsky worked on the implementation of the project to create a female gymnasium. In 1857 Vyshnegradskiy drew up a project of an educational institution "for visiting girls" and turned with it to Prince Peter of Oldenburg. The well-known philanthropist liked the idea of \u200b\u200ban accessible education for women, and after a few months, with his assistance, Vyshnegradskiy, appointed head of the new gymnasium, began to prepare it for the opening - he bought furniture, textbooks, and selected teachers. At the end of March 1858, the "highest" decree was signed on the opening of the educational institution, and a month later the gymnasium solemnly opened its doors. The new educational institution was named "Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium" in honor of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the patroness of women's education in Russia.
The educational institution was supported by a small fee, which was paid by the parents of the girls, and funds from the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria. The curriculum at the gymnasium was quite serious. All subjects were divided into compulsory and optional, compulsory included the law of God, Russian language, literature, history, geography, natural sciences, foundations of mathematics, drawing, handicrafts. Those wishing to study additional subjects had to pay extra five rubles a year for a foreign language and for dances, and one ruble for music lessons. In the first year of the existence of the gymnasium, 162 girls from 9 to 13 years old studied in it - the daughters of officials, townspeople, clergymen, officers. Vyshnegradskiy invited the best teachers of St. Petersburg to work in the gymnasium, and thanks to their efforts a simple and free atmosphere was formed here. The students did not have a special uniform, they were only asked to dress neatly and without luxury. There were no punishments in the gymnasium, and at the same time everyone admired the girls' high academic performance. The high school students later recalled that the soul of the school was, of course, Nikolai Vyshnegradsky himself, who truly knew how to love and understand children.
House on the corner of Nevsky Prospect and Troitskaya Street (modern Rubinstein Street),
where the Mariinsky women's gymnasium was located
Many noted that schoolgirls, in comparison with girls from closed institutions, study more conscientiously, "with the conviction of the visible benefits of education." However, there were those who did not like the innovation, because the daughters of a general and a tailor, a senator and a merchant could study in the same class, there was also talk that low tuition fees "give rise to educated women proletarians."
Since 1864, two-year pedagogical courses for women were opened at the Mariinsky Gymnasium. For the first time, anatomy and physiology were included in their program - subjects that had never been studied in women's educational institutions before. Girls who graduated from the courses received the title of "home tutor" and could work as teachers. On the basis of the courses, the Women's Pedagogical Institute was later created.
Following the Mariinsky Gymnasium in St. Petersburg, and then in other cities, several more similar women's educational institutions were opened, thus giving rise to the spread of women's education in the country.
The start of mass education for women in Russia was given by Peter I. The Tsar issued a decree according to which it was forbidden to marry "illiterate noble girls who cannot even write their surname."
From the second quarter of the 18th century, home education for women of the nobility gradually began to come into fashion. And in 1764 the Imperial Educational Society for Noble Maidens, the famous Smolny Institute, began to work in St. Petersburg. Representatives of the most noble families of Russia lived and studied in it at full board. The best graduates often became maids of honor at court.
Closed educational institutions acted on the principle that today is preserved in English privileged public schools: the student must constantly live where he is studying. However, this form of education, created for the nobility, whose estates were scattered throughout the country, was inconvenient for the urban population, whose numbers grew steadily throughout the 19th century.
In addition, closed noble boarding schools cut off the education of the children of the bourgeois and the bourgeoisie, whose influence in society was growing.
At the same time, ordinary gymnasium education for incoming students remained the privilege of the male part of society - the first such institution appeared in 1803.
Home education for girls was not enough, and only a few could afford to hire home-based teachers. At the same time, in Russian society in the mid-19th century, the requirements for the cultural level of women were constantly growing, and the representatives of various classes themselves en masse strived for enlightenment.
Therefore, a public school for women was a pressing requirement. As a result, on March 28, 1858, Emperor Alexander II issued a decree on the establishment in St. Petersburg of the first women's school without boarding school. And already on April 19, the Mariinsky Gymnasium opened, where almost any girl could enter, regardless of origin and income.
As historian Natalya Ushakova noted in an interview with RT, in the middle of the 19th century, the first places in terms of literacy were occupied by the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces. They were followed by the provinces with the population working in local factories and latrine industries - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kostroma.
“It is no coincidence that the first private female gymnasium was created in 1857 in Kostroma. And already in the next year, women's education was transferred to the reliable hands of the Mariinsky Society, after which the St. Petersburg School appeared, ”Ushakova said.
The first steps
The creation of the gymnasium was initiated by the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria Alexandrovna - the Mariinsky Society, after which the gymnasium was named. It was a government agency involved in charity work. In addition to raising orphans and helping the sick, the Mariinsky Society was entrusted with women's education.
- Portrait of Maria Alexandrovna by K. Robertson. 1849-1851, Hermitage
The well-known teacher Nikolai Vyshnegradskiy became the organizer and ideologist of women's education. He began his career as a teacher in a gymnasium, then defended his dissertation, taught philosophy to students of the pedagogical institute. In 1857, Vyshnegradskiy took up the work of his entire life - the development of female education in Russia. He set out to make this issue the subject of wide public discussion, to draw up plans for reforms in the education system. To realize his ideas, he began to publish the "Russian Pedagogical Journal".
The issues raised by Vyshnegradskiy interested the society: his magazine was not only popular - the publication formed a social demand for women's education.
Vyshnegradskiy himself has earned enough authority to appeal to Duke Peter of Oldenburg, chairman of the Main Council for the Development of Women's Education. The Duke, a well-known advocate of education, supported Vyshnegradsky's initiative and, together with Empress Maria Alexandrovna, acted as the project manager for the creation of the first Mariinsky female school and the further development of gymnasium education for girls.
- Portrait of Prince P.G. Oldenburg work by J. Coura, Hermitage
“It was no coincidence that Vyshnegradskiy started publishing a magazine. The period of the beginning of the reign of Alexander II can be described as the time when education issues worried society most of all, because educated people were the initiators and implementers of a whole series of reforms that changed Russia, ”Ushakova emphasized.
She added that, in addition to the Russian Pedagogical Journal, the Government Gazette, St. Petersburg Vedomosti, Golos, Vestnik Evropy, Russkaya Mysl, and Russkoe Bogatstvo were also involved in education problems. According to Ushakova, all directions were presented in the press - from conservative to very liberal.
Educational innovation
Even pre-revolutionary researchers noted that boarding education exerted unnecessary pressure on students.
Thus, the historian of pedagogy Pyotr Kapterev wrote in 1898: “When a boy, from the soft domestic order of life, from a warm family atmosphere, goes to an official state school, arranged in a barracks manner, then he is sorry; but when the same transition is made with a girl, then it is even more pity for her, harder, sadder to look at her. "
Becoming the director, Vyshnegradskiy developed an advanced education system for the gymnasium by the standards of that time. If in the women's boarding schools the most severe discipline was maintained, then at the Vyshnegradsky school it was only necessary to observe decency - there was almost a homely, very relaxed atmosphere here. In boarding schools, the pupils wore a special uniform, this was strictly regulated. In the gymnasium, there was initially no uniform at all, so as not to constrain the students.
In the educational process, Vyshnegradskiy was guided by the principle “not to force, but to develop”. The director categorically forbade any punishment. In response, the female students showed a much greater interest in learning than the boarding school.
162 girls aged from nine to 13 years old entered the first course, three of them are peasant women by origin. Tuition fees were very low: Vyshnegradskiy advocated the availability of education and insisted that the Mariinsky Society shoulder the main costs. The Petersburg experiment was recognized as successful, and since the 1860s, the Mariinsky gymnasiums began to appear throughout Russia.
Intermediate to Higher
In 1871, a large-scale education reform began - according to historians, one of the most urgent for the government of Alexander II. The new charter of gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums acquired the status of law.
This is how the historian Alexei Lyubzhin describes this period: "Contrary to the opinion of the majority of the State Council, Emperor Alexander II approved the charter of 1871. In accordance with it, the right to enter universities was granted only to graduates of classical gymnasiums or who passed exams at their course."
This further increased the role of women's gymnasiums, because in 1878 a system of higher education for women began to form in Russia. However, without a gymnasium education, it was impossible to enter the women's higher courses.
“Since the mid-19th century, the Russian public has paid close attention to the quality and content of teaching in secondary educational institutions. Criticism of classical grammar schools, real schools, and the entire education system intensified especially in the press of the 1890s. The issue of expanding the network of women's educational institutions, including higher ones, arose with particular urgency, since there were more and more people wishing to study there, ”Ushakova noted.
It soon became clear that the capabilities of the Mariinsky Society were too small to meet the country's need for women's educational institutions. And since the 1860s, the Ministry of Public Education began to open its own women's schools, which, after the adoption in 1870 of the Regulation on women's gymnasiums and gymnasiums, finally became equal in rights with men's gymnasiums.
However, the “ministerial” educational institutions differed from the Mariinsky gymnasiums in that they were focused on the training of female pedagogical personnel: those who graduated from seven grades were given a certificate of a primary school teacher, after eight grades - a certificate of a home teacher. In these educational institutions, more attention was paid to foreign languages, since it was believed that every teacher should speak them.
Before the revolution of 1917, the number of female gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education reached 958. These educational institutions were opened even in small county towns. In addition, 35 women's gymnasiums of the Mariinsky Society worked in Russia. More than 16 thousand girls studied in them. But the October Revolution destroyed the existing system.
The next decade and a half became a time of experimentation in the field of education - in particular, the Bolsheviks abolished separate education. However, in 1943 it was restored for a short time. Finally, women's schools went down in history in 1954.
Women's gymnasiums secondary general educational institutions in Russia, were divided into gymnasiums of the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria (See Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria) ,
grammar schools of the Ministry of Public Education and private grammar schools (see Gymnasium).
Women's gymnasiums Departments of the Empress Maria's institutions (Mariinsky). In 1862, the Mariinsky Women's School (See Women's Schools) was renamed as Zh. For incoming girls. Until 1866, 7 gymnasiums were opened in St. Petersburg (with a 7-year period of study). On their model, Zh. G. Were created in other cities. They were opened at the expense of the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria. They accepted girls of all classes and religions, who reached 8 years old. Approved in 1862, the Charter of girls' schools for visiting girls was in effect until the closure of the Mariinsky gymnasiums (1918). In 1859 a one-year pedagogical department was opened at the Mariinsky School (converted in 1864 into two-year Pedagogical courses); those who graduated were given a certificate of a home teacher. In 1879 a uniform and compulsory training program for all Mariinsky Zh. Was approved; the restructuring of the training course was carried out in the direction of bringing it closer to the course of study at the institutes of noble maidens (see). Adopted in 1905, the "Normal school report card" finally equated the curriculum of gymnasiums with institute courses. Zh. Were paid educational institutions. By 1911, there were 35 Mariinsky women in Russia with 16 thousand students. Women's gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education.In 1870, the women's schools were renamed as grammar schools and progymnasiums. Zh. Were intended for girls of all classes and religions and consisted of preparatory, seven basic classes, 8th pedagogical (see. Pedagogical classes). The first 3 classes (sometimes more) constituted a progymnasium (see Progymnasium) and could exist as an independent educational institution. The course of study in the Zh. City of the Ministry of Public Education was somewhat higher than in the Mariinsky, but lower than in the men's gymnasiums. Those who graduated from the 7th grade were given a certificate for the title of an elementary school teacher, those who graduated from 8th grade - a home teacher, and those who received a medal were given a home tutor (see Home tutor). The end of the 8th grade opened access to the Higher Women's Courses without an exam. All Zh. City of the Ministry of Education were paid. In 1880 there were 79 gymnasiums and 164 gymnasiums in Russia; by 1909, the number of female students and grammar schools was 958. Private female gymnasiums adhered to the rules and programs established by the Ministry of Public Education, and were subordinate to the local educational district. In the 70s. 23 such gymnasiums were opened, including 7 in St. Petersburg, 5 in Kharkov and 4 in Moscow. Due to the high tuition fees, only daughters of wealthy parents could study there. In the best private Zh. G. The course of study corresponded to the course of men's gymnasiums (for example, Zh. G. Stoyunina in Tsarskoe Selo, the classical gymnasium of S. N. Fischer in Moscow). Some private estates were of a class character, for example, the aristocratic type of the princess Obolenskaya in St. Petersburg. In the 80s. some private housing estates were transformed into ministerial ones. Lit .: Rodevich M., Sat. current decrees and orders for female gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education, St. Petersburg, 1884; Rozhdestvensky S. V., Historical review of the activities of the Ministry of Public Education, 1802-1902, St. Petersburg, 1902; Educational institutions Departments of the institution of Empress Maria, St. Petersburg, 1906; Skvortsov I.V., Past and Present of St. Petersburg Women's Gymnasiums of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria. 1858-1908, St. Petersburg, 1908; Likhacheva E., Materials for the history of female education in Russia, [vol. 1-4], SPB, 1890-1901; Malinovsky NP, Essays on the history of female secondary education in Russia, "Russian School", 1914, No. 9-10; Lapchinskaya VP, NA Vyshnegradskiy and his role in the development of female education in Russia (1821-1872), "Soviet Pedagogy", 1962, no. 6. V.P. Lapchinskaya.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Women's gymnasium" is in other dictionaries:
See Gymnasium, Women's Schools, Mariinsky Women's Gymnasiums, Mariinsky Women's Schools ...
See Gymnasium, Women's Schools, Mariinsky Women's Gymnasiums, Mariinsky Women's Schools. * * * WOMEN'S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN'S GYMNASIUM, see Gymnasium (see GYMNASIUM), Women's schools (see WOMEN'S SCHOOLS), Mariinsky women's gymnasiums (see MARIINSKY ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Women's gymnasiums - cf. general education. uch. establishments in dorev. Russia, subdivided into government agencies of the institutions of the imp. Mary (mariinsky), girls Min va nar. education and private services. In the State of the Office of the imp. Mary accepted girls of all classes who reached 8 ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
See the articles Women's gymnasiums and Women's schools ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Since 1862, secondary general educational institutions in Russia of the Departments of Institutions of the Empress Maria with 7 years of study. Closed after the October Revolution ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Since 1862, secondary general educational institutions in Russia of the Departments of Institutions of the Empress Maria with 7 years of study. Closed after the October Revolution. * * * MARIINSKY WOMEN'S GYMNASIOS MARIINSKY WOMEN'S COLLEGE, since 1862 middle ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
See Gymnasiums for women's departments imp. Mary ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
gymnasiums - gymnasiums, secondary educational institutions. In pre-revolutionary Russia, they were created mainly for training in universities or for service in government institutions. The first in St. Petersburg was the Academic Gymnasium (1726). By… … Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
WOMEN'S SCHOOLS in Russia 1) secondary educational institutions (with 7 years of study, 1858) of the Departments of Institutions of Empress Maria; in 1862 they were renamed the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasiums; existed until 1917; 2) from the 80s. 19th century initial training ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
GYMNASIUM, secondary general educational institutions, mostly of a humanitarian orientation. They arose in Western Europe in the 16th century and provided a classical education. The first academic gymnasium in Russia in St. Petersburg (founded in 1726) ... Modern encyclopedia
Books
- The rules of the test for the admission of female students to the female gymnasium and progymnasium, transfer from class to class and the end of the course, as well as other educational needs,. Approved by the Minister of Public Education on August 31, 1874. Reproduced in the author's original spelling. IN…
I don’t know how women studied in Poland until its third partition (and Kamenets-Podolsky was for centuries the southern outpost of this particular state), but the first news of the training of girls in Kievan Rus dates back to the 11th century. In 1086, Anna Vsevolodovna, the sister of Vladimir Monomakh, opened a girls' school at the St.Andrew Monastery in Kiev. The daughter of the Polotsk prince, Euphrosinia, taught in the monasteries she founded not only nuns, but lay women. In the first half of the 16th century, Metropolitan Daniel in his teachings said that training is necessary not only for monks, but for laymen - "Young men and women" ... From the beginning of the 17th century, tsar's daughters and girls from noble boyar families received good home education at that time. Under Peter I, private secular schools appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in which girls could also study. In 1724, nuns were ordered to educate orphans of both sexes and teach them to read and write, and girls, in addition, spinning, sewing and other skills. This was done with the aim of giving poor girls the basics of the craft, which would give them the opportunity to earn their living, partially support their families.
Under Elizaveta Petrovna, by a decree of 1754, obstetric schools were opened, first in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and then in the provinces that taught women "Woman's cause" ... In the schismatic sketes there were private schools in which "craftswomen" taught. In the middle of the 18th century, private boarding schools, maintained by foreigners, appeared in Russia.
Since 1743, diocesan schools began to be created - secondary educational institutions for the daughters of the clergy. In 1744, local authorities were ordered to open special women's schools in those areas, points where there were at least 25 girls of the appropriate age. However, in the conditions of serf Russia, these schools could not attract a significant number of students.
Pupils of the Smolny Institute
The beginning of public education of women in Russia is considered to be 1764, when Empress Catherine II, by a decree of May 5, 1764, founded in St. Petersburg according to the project of I.I.Betsky "Educational society for noble maidens" for 200 people and with it a school for 240 bourgeois girls - Smolny Institute. The main task of this institution was "Education, character education, the habit of virtue and the ability to behave in society" ... Smolny Institute is the first closed secondary educational institution in Russia (at the Resurrection - Smolny Novodevichy Convent). The daughters of noblemen aged 6 to 18 years studied at the Smolny Institute.
At the same time, it was ordered to open privileged educational institutions for children of the nobility in all provincial cities of the Russian Empire.
N. A. Yaroshenko. The student.
Canvas, oil. 1883
The charter of the Ministry of Public Education in 1786 opened access for girls to public schools, where they could receive elementary education. During the period of the existence of public schools in Moscow (since 1781) and in the provinces (since 1786), there were 13 times less girls than boys who studied during the same time. That is, by the end of the 18th century, the development of women's education was not at a high enough level, society still retained patriarchal views on the issue of women's education, considering it harmful for the development of women.
Thus, the main function of educational institutions consisted in preparing girls for secular life, raising housewives, wives, and mothers.
The development of female education in Russia, especially in the first half of the 19th century, was characterized by the desire to establish the class organization of female schools.
On March 12 (24), 1839, Anna Klingel's private women's boarding house was opened in Kamenets-Podolsk. The boarding school taught the Law of God, arithmetic, geography, history, drawing, music, singing, handicrafts and foreign languages. The owner of the boarding house taught music and singing.
Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich was also actively interested in the issue of women's education, which indicates the formation of a positive attitude towards this issue. He ordered to open private women's boarding schools in Kiev, Vinnitsa, Zhitomir and Kamenets-Podolsk, providing each of them with a subsidy of 1,500 rubles. On October 1 (13), 1842, Kavetsky's exemplary boarding house was opened in Kamenets-Podolsk. This boarding house was under the personal supervision of the director of the male gymnasium. In 1852-1855, a private boarding school of Leontin Piotrovsky operated in Kamenets-Podolsk. He gave the opportunity for girls from poor families to receive primary education. Opened in February 1853 and operating as a women's gymnasium, the female boarding school of Ekaterina Kotsievskaya existed until 1867.
Student
In 1852, all women's educational institutions on the territory of the Podolsk province were divided into 4 categories, and for each of them a curriculum was developed that educated girls "In accordance with their future destination" , that is, the class principle in women's education was clearly traced here.
In educational institutions of the first (higher, for girls from a family of hereditary nobles) and the second (secondary, for the daughters of less noble nobles, honorary citizens, merchants), foreign languages \u200b\u200bwere the basis of education.
In educational institutions of the third category (the lowest, for the daughters of soldiers and persons of all classes), the main attention was paid to needlework and women's crafts, while only the most elementary information was reported on the Russian language and arithmetic.
Educational institutions of the fourth category (the lowest, only for persons of the lower class) are special institutions: orphanages and midwives, for the daughters of persons from the poor classes, in accordance with which the content, forms and methods of education were determined.
The higher the grade in the educational institution, the more attention was paid to the study of sciences. In addition, in the first two categories, a lot of time was devoted to teaching drawing, singing, music, dancing. For the third and fourth categories, the study of needlework and chores is characteristic.
The first women's gymnasiums became most widespread in Russia in the early 60s of the 19th century.
On March 5 (17), 1867, the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium was solemnly opened in Kamenets-Podolsk. According to the program, approved in 1879, schoolgirls studied the Law of God, Russian, foreign languages, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, pedagogy, handicrafts, drawing, singing - (10 hours a week).
In 1870, a new regulation on women's educational institutions was issued. New in the regulation was the basis for the opening of the eighth (additional) pedagogical class at the gymnasiums, after the successful completion of which the graduates received the title of home tutors and teachers. Pupils who completed the general course were given the right to receive the title of teacher of public schools and primary grades of gymnasiums.
By the end of the 19th century, both private and state women's educational institutions existed in the Russian Empire.
At the beginning of the twentieth century
It was a time when ladies were excessively dragging themselves in corsets, achieving a "wasp waist" and wearing bustles. The basis of the female silhouette was the ideal image of a woman of that era - a woman who is alien to earthly worries, everyday worries and in general any kind of work: mental or physical. The lady of that era had not yet been emancipated and therefore resembled a beautiful flower.
The majority believed that girls should not be developed beyond their years, girls should not read novels, they should behave modestly, speak French well, squat, dance. It was believed that this is quite enough for the future wife, mother, mistress.
But the usual course of things changed inexorably. And in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the status of women in the Russian Empire increased, women increasingly participated in social and political life. Special educational institutions for women are being opened. Women have been granted the right to study in universities on an equal basis with men. And off we go ...
“... I'm just a girl. I wear pigtails tied with bows, spend time "upstairs" with the governess and bison grammar. It was a very special time. The first great perestroika of Russian life was going on, and although we children were separated from the seething reality both by age and by the dense walls of children, we still lived at that time and went through its influence. From everywhere, from every crack, it seemed, new thoughts and new words burst into our childhood life. The women's movement also began. Women's gymnasiums were opened, where "shopkeepers" could study alongside girls of decent families. There were vague rumors that women should 'go to university', they were already talking in a whisper about girls who had fled from their parental home ... ”.
Female students of the early twentieth century
Stephanida Slavutinskaya
N. A. Yaroshenko. The student.
Canvas, oil. 1880
Stephanida Afanasyevna Slavutinskaya, the founder of the first private gymnasium in the city, was born on October 22, 1862. At the age of 19 she graduated from the history and philology department of the Higher Courses for Women in Kiev. For about ten years she worked as a teacher in a rural one-class elementary public school in the village. Kulchievtsy of the Kamenets district, then she was in charge of an orphanage in Kamenets-Podolsk on Moskovskaya Street (the current address is 35 Ogienko; today it is the building of the city administration of the Security Service of Ukraine). Since 1901, the work of Stefanida Afanasyevna's life has become a private educational institution for girls founded by her. She was the constant head of the gymnasium, taught Russian in it.