Many of us have had to return home more than once in the dark. At such moments, a person realizes how important lighting is inside and around an apartment building. But what if there is no light either in the entrance or in the yard? Who to contact and who is responsible for it? Let's look at this issue.
In this article:
Entrance lighting
With the onset of darkness in the entrance and on the stairwells of a residential building, the light must be turned on. This is primarily necessary for the safety of residents. Lighting at the entrance of an apartment building must meet the following requirements:
- in public areas, a general lighting system is used;
- if the house has more than 6 floors and more than 50 people live, then the building must be equipped with evacuation lighting;
- evacuation lamps are installed in the main aisles and in front of elevators;
- it is allowed to use incandescent lamps, halogen and LED lamps;
- it is recommended to cover the lamp with anti-vandal, impact-resistant glass or metal mesh;
- the light intensity must comply with the established standards.
Illumination standards are regulated by special regulatory documents, SNiP and GOST and are standardized according to VSN 59-88. Lux values \u200b\u200bfor common areas are shown in the table:
Residents have the right to complain to the management company not only that there are no lamps, but also that their light is not intense enough.
Basement lighting
There are special requirements for the organization of the basement lighting due to the special microclimate inside the room. As a rule, it is always humid there, dampness can be observed, therefore the lamps must meet the electrical safety and fire safety standards.
The power supply must be reduced to 42 W using a step-down transformer. The luminaire body must be grounded. It is not recommended to connect copper and aluminum wires when laying cables, which react under the influence of moisture. The wiring is placed in special corrugated pipes called sleeves.
Lighting of the local area
Before figuring out what standards the lighting of the adjoining territory and the courtyard of an apartment building should meet, you need to figure out what is included in this concept - "adjoining territory". According to the legislation, these are:
- the land plot on which the house is built, its size is determined by the cadastre;
- improvement elements (this includes, among other things, lamps);
- objects intended for home operation (heating points, transformer, children's and sports grounds, car parks).
Direct lighting of the courtyard of an apartment building can be carried out in three ways:
- Lantern under the visor above the entrance door. This is convenient, because you can take a low-power lamp, you don't need much light. The disadvantage is that only a small area in front of the door will be illuminated.
- Lantern over the porch canopy. It is advisable to take a lamp with a luminous flux of at least 3500 lm and a circular luminous intensity. Placed at a height of 5 meters at an angle of 25 degrees to the horizon. But despite the fact that the entire courtyard is illuminated in this way, the area next to the door remains in the dark.
- Combining the two previous options. The most optimal way to illuminate the yard, but it consumes a lot of electricity.
To illuminate the adjacent territory, standards have also been developed, which are presented in the table:
Some residents insist on installing motion-sensor lighting in order to save energy. It makes sense to install such lamps inside the entrances, while on the streets they will not work quite correctly. On the street, the sensor can be triggered by the movement of the animal, and the light will turn on when it is not required.
Who is responsible for lighting the home?
According to Federal Law No. 131, local governments are responsible for the illumination of streets, roads and courtyards. But maintaining the performance of the lamps is the responsibility of the residents of the house.
According to the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, responsibility for light inside residential buildings and on the adjacent territory lies with the management company, with which the tenants have entered into an agreement. In the text of the agreement it is spelled out what services the Criminal Code provides, for which it is responsible and what is the procedure for dealing with emerging problems or controversial issues.
What to do if the tenants find that there is no light in the entrance, common areas, basement or adjacent territory? They need to take the following steps:
- An act is drawn up, which describes the problem.
- The act is signed by at least 3 people. These can be neighbors, the head of the porch or the chairman of the house.
- Proof of the problem is attached to the act. For example, a photo of the lack of light in the evening.
- The documents are transferred to the management company.
- Within seven days, the employees of the Criminal Code check and analyze the information, fix the problems and draw up their own statement of the problem.
- A document that contains all the actions taken to fix the problem is handed over to the applicants.
If the management company does not cope with its responsibilities, refuses to fulfill what is prescribed in the contract, the tenants have the right to terminate the agreement with it and conclude an agreement with another organization.
Who pays for lighting the courtyard and entrances of an apartment building? According to the Federal Law, the area around the house, like the entrances, is a common property. Lighting and troubleshooting costs are borne directly by the occupants. Moreover, the costs are divided for each owner, depending on the area of \u200b\u200bhis apartment.
You should pay attention to whether it is documented that this particular adjoining territory is the common property of this particular house. If there are no such marks, then the inclusion of payment for it in the receipt is illegal.
Lighting in multi-storey buildings is strictly regulated by laws and sanitary standards. If one of the important parameters is not observed - there is no light at all, it is not bright enough, the lighting is organized without taking into account the safety of the residents, then the residents of the house have the right to apply to the management company, the local administration or even to the court.
EMERGENCY LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
When designing emergency lighting for residential buildings, apartment buildings, residential premises, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of current regulatory documents, building codes and regulations.
In accordance with the requirements of SP52.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 23-05-95), the set of rules "Natural and artificial lighting" - emergency lighting for residential buildings and premises should be provided in case of power failure of the main (working) lighting. Emergency lighting should turn on automatically when the main (working) lighting power is lost, as well as by signals from fire and alarm systems or manually if there is no alarm or it has not worked.
Emergency lighting of residential buildings, houses, premises connects to a power source independent of the work light power source.
In residential buildings, houses and premises, emergency lighting must provide the required level of illumination along the escape routes. Evacuation emergency lighting should be tripled:
- in corridors and passages along the evacuation route;
- in places of change (difference) in the level of the floor or covering;
- on stairs - each flight should be illuminated by direct light, especially the upper and lower steps;
- in the zone of each change in the direction of the evacuation route;
- at the intersection of passages and corridors;
- in the locations of emergency communication facilities and other means intended for warning of an emergency;
- in places where primary fire extinguishing equipment is located;
- in the locations of the evacuation plan;
- outside - in front of each final exit from the building.
Along with evacuation emergency lighting of escape routes, safety lighting should be provided. Illumination of high-risk areas should be provided in the premises of the input distribution devices, the main switchboard, in the premises where the emergency power supply sources are located or equipment connected to standby independent power sources is located.
When designing emergency lighting for residential buildings, houses, premises, it is necessary to limit the glare from emergency lighting fixtures located on escape routes or in high-risk areas. Limiting glare should be achieved by limiting the luminous intensity of the luminaires depending on the height of the luminaires. Limiting values \u200b\u200bof luminous intensity are reflected in SP52.13330.2011.
In multi-storey residential buildings, along with emergency evacuation lighting, emergency lighting in elevators should be provided. Requirements for emergency lighting of the elevator car are given in GOST R 53780-2010 “Elevators. General safety requirements for the device and installation ".
According to SP-267.1325800.2016 “High-rise buildings and complexes. Design rules ”- emergency lighting refers to the safety system for high-rise buildings.
In multi-storey high-rise residential buildings, emergency lighting is designed taking into account the requirements of SP 253.1325800.2016 "ENGINEERING SYSTEMS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS". In accordance with these requirements, emergency lighting belongs to the 1st category of electrical receivers, for which, according to the terms of reference for design, a third, independent power source can be provided, which ensures operation in an emergency mode for 3 hours. Diesel power plants (DPP) or Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) can be used as an independent power source for electrical receivers of a special group of the 1st category, which should turn on automatically when the external power is turned off.
Additionally, the set of rules SP 253.1325800.2016 defines the requirements for the cable lines for wiring emergency lighting systems on the escape routes.
AUTONOMOUS LUMINAIRES FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, HOUSES AND ROOMS
Luminaires of emergency lighting, on the one hand, must meet all the requirements for lighting equipment for emergency lighting, and on the other hand, they must comply with the operating conditions.
For corridors, in entrances and on staircases of apartment buildings, lamps and indicators in a shock-proof anti-vandal case, with protection against dust and moisture IP44 / IP54 / IP65, are well suited. As an additional anti-vandal protection, the lamps can be used in conjunction with a protective metal mesh.
Emergency lights
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Electricity tariffs are increasing every year, together with them, the general payments for the lighting of common areas are growing. In this regard, many management companies are beginning to consider the question of how to upgrade the lighting in the porches to LED. What solutions exist today and how to make the right choice?
Do you need built-in sensors?
The main goal of the introduction of LED lighting technology in the housing sector is economy. The LED solution itself is 8-10 times more economical than a similar one with an incandescent lamp and about 2 times more economical than a solution with a compact fluorescent lamp, so you can limit yourself to the introduction of luminaires without sensors.
But a product with built-in "intelligence" will additionally save another 60-80% of electricity. At the same time, the additional costs will be very small. It can be concluded that for the housing and public utilities sector, lighting equipment with a built-in sensor is an economically sound solution.
What type of detection should you choose?
Most often, the presence of a person in the stairwell is determined by sound or movement. Smaller amounts of lighting technology with motion sensors in apartment buildings are associated with the fact that a device of this type is directional, which imposes significant restrictions on the location of the lamp on the staircase. It turns out that in a limited space of an entrance it is not always possible to replace existing lighting equipment "point to point" while maintaining the installation location. At the same time, the supply of electrical networks to a new place is always an additional cost.
Equipment with sound detection is devoid of this drawback, the accuracy of determining the presence of a person does not depend on the location of the lamp. This is probably one of the reasons that such products are widely used in all regions of Russia without exception. The disadvantages of the acoustic method include false alarms, for example, due to extraneous noise on the street or in apartments. But such alarms in general, for all solutions installed at the facility, rarely make more than 3% of the total operating time.
The second sensor that manufacturers build into the housing and communal services luminaire is an optical one. Its function is to prevent the light in the entrance from turning on during daylight hours, if there is enough natural light. It is permissible to conclude that the best solution is the combination of two sensors in the product, namely optical and acoustic. This smart lighting technology can provide energy savings of up to 98%. There are objects at which consumers were able to reduce the cost of each light point from 1,500 rubles to 27 rubles per year.
Why do you need a standby mode?
To increase comfort and safety, some luminaires are equipped with a “standby mode”. In this mode, the equipment works at full power only when a person is on the staircase, and the rest of the time it emits 20-30% of the declared luminous flux.
There is no longer total darkness in the room, there is enough light for the video surveillance systems to work, in order to see through the peephole what is happening on the staircase. At the same time, electricity consumption is extremely low. Perhaps we can already say that the presence of a standby mode is one of the standard customer requirements for lighting equipment with sensors in the housing and communal services sector.
What power should you choose?
All other things being equal, the higher the power of the equipment, the brighter the room will be. Today, the optimal total power consumption for housing and communal services luminaires is in the range of 6-8 W. Such a product will replace an analogue with an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 60-75W.
What degree of protection against moisture and dust is sufficient?
The degree of protection is indicated in accordance with GOST 14254 with the letters IP and two numbers. IP20 to IP68. The higher the index, the higher the protection.
For entrances and other dry premises, protection IP20 is sufficient, for basements and similar premises, protection from IP54 or higher is desirable. For lighting at the entrance to the staircase, it is better to choose lamps with IP64 and higher.
For products with acoustic sensors, a relatively low IP degree is characteristic, since technological holes in the housing are necessary for more accurate operation of this type of sensors.
How to protect your equipment from vandals and theft?
Vandal resistance is a rather important parameter when choosing solutions for the entrances of residential buildings. Lighting equipment for the housing and communal services sector must withstand tangible shock loads, while remaining operational.
If the body of such luminaires is streamlined, this will also complicate its unauthorized dismantling from the wall or from the ceiling. Anti-removable fasteners, plugs, and other design solutions are able to provide sufficiently reliable protection against theft of equipment.
Lighting fixtures SA-7008U of the Perseus series, as one of the common solutions in housing and communal services
It seems that the need to replace the existing equipment in the housing and utilities sector with modern LED lighting technology with sensors is quite obvious and even inevitable.
As an example of a specific solution, which is already widely used in apartment buildings, we will cite the CA-7008U lamp of the Perseus series. This series is produced by the company "Aktey", located in the city of St. Petersburg.
CA-7008U series "Perseus" is a multi-mode LED lamp with built-in optical and acoustic sensors.
Power consumption - 8 W, luminous flux - 800 lumens. Power consumption in standby mode - no more than 2 W. Three modes of operation in one product significantly expand the possibilities for use, while both the design and installation organization and the warehouse of the manufacturer and the customer continue to work with only one nomenclature item.
Application of SA-7008U
Lighting of staircases, halls, corridors, lobbies and other premises with periodic presence of people in residential and public buildings. The CA-7008U "Perseus" luminaire is multi-mode with standby operation and complete shutdown mode designed for operation in a 220-volt alternating current network.
CA-7008U series "Perseus" is designed to work in stairwells, therefore the degree of protection is IP30. Vandal-proof housing withstands very aggressive external influences. Each product is shipped with dedicated anti-theft hardware and the required on-site installation tool. Due to the polycarbonate casing, CA-7008U has electrical safety class II, which means it does not require a grounding line.
The high reliability of the CA-7008U leads to the fact that the customers who started using the lighting solutions of the Perseus series continue to use them on the next floor, in the next entrance, in another apartment building.
Characteristics of the CA-7008U
- Operating voltage - 160 ... 250 V
- Mains frequency - 50 Hz
- Nominal. power consumption in active mode - 8 W
- Power consumption in standby mode - ≤2 W
- Nominal luminous flux - 800 lm
- Acoustic switch-on threshold - 52 ± 5 dB (adjustable)
- Optical threshold of operation - 5 ± 2 lux
- Duration of lighting - 60 ... 140 sec. (adjustable)
- Automatic restart of the off timer
- Sensitivity adjustment - yes
- Lighting duration adjustment - yes
- Power factor -\u003e 0.85
- Class of protection against electric shock - II
Features of the CA-7008U
- For replacement in housing and communal services of lamps such as NBB, NBO and SBO.
- The body of the LED light is made of impact-resistant polycarbonate.
- Adjustment of acoustic sensitivity.
- Lighting duration adjustment.
- Original patented shockproof design.
- Special fixing screws to prevent unauthorized dismantling.
- Protection against overvoltage in the network.
- System of "soft" start.
- LEDs Nichia, Samsung.
- Lack of flicker and stroboscopic effect.
- An electromagnetic interference suppression filter (EMI filter).
- No protective earth required.
- Multi-mode with the ability to turn on the standby mode of operation (backlight).
Company Aktey develops and manufactures innovative electrical appliances for energy conservation in housing and communal services (HCS), individual apartments, cottages and household plots.
The company's products allow you to save up to 95% of the electricity used to illuminate entrances, staircases, corridors and vestibules of public places: modern LED (LED) lamps, lamps with built-in optical-acoustic or infrared presence sensors, as well as built-in energy-saving sensors for the needs of serial lighting equipment manufacturers.
Aktey company carries out custom (OEM, ODM) development, production or modernization of existing lighting equipment according to the customer's technical requirements. the products are characterized by ease of installation, ease of use, reliability and low price.
It's scary to be at the entrance of a multi-storey building in the evening. To protect residents and visitors, the residential building is illuminated. It must be done as efficiently and economically as possible. It is desirable that such lighting functions in automatic mode and does not require user intervention. It should also be easy to set up and maintain. Tips on how to achieve this are given in this article.
Understanding the requirements
If a multi-storey building is on the balance sheet of a certain service that maintains it, then you can't just take and install the lighting that you like the most. There are certain standards that regulate and standardize lighting in the entrance of an apartment building. They cannot be neglected. According to GOST standards, the lighting requirements for different rooms are different. It depends on the territory as well as the source used. In annex I of BCH 59/88, a division is made between lighting from filament lamps and fluorescent lamps. In modern practice, they are trying more and more to use LED emitters, as well as economy lamps, which are a reduced version of fluorescent ones.
According to the standards, the illumination level for flights of stairs should be 10 lm / m2 in relation to fluorescent lamps. For incandescent lamps, this threshold is lowered, since they consume more electricity and is 5 lm / m 2. Entrances with elevators need more light levels. This is due to increased security requirements. Coming out of the elevator, where the lighting devices are located below, there is a certain drop and it can be difficult to see a person in the entrance. Therefore, the lighting device must partially cover the area of \u200b\u200bthe entrance and exit from the elevator. Its installation is carried out with an offset to the elevator door, and not as in a conventional entrance. At the same time, an indicator of 7 lm / m 2 is considered normal for incandescent lamps, and for housekeepers - 20 lm / m 2.
Note! Additional areas in the entrance, for example, for storing strollers, should also be well lit. At the same time, the norm for them is 20 lm / m2 for incandescent lamps, and almost twice as much for economical lamps. The luminaires are located on the ceiling, not on the wall.
Some homes still use elevators that require manual opening of the door. Most often, the shaft in them is fenced with a net and passes inside the flights of stairs. Such a mine should also have lighting. Usually, incandescent lamps are mounted and the same indicator is taken as the norm as for the entrance without an elevator. In accordance with hygienic standards, lighting devices should be located in basements, attics, garbage collection rooms and separate switchboards. For the first two, luminaires are mounted only in the aisles and to illuminate communications. LED or incandescent lamps are installed as an emitter.
Note!A separate document of building codes SNiP 2 / 4-79 was developed. It determines not only the level of the luminous flux, but also its temperature. It can also be different for each room.
Lighting control nuances
Changes and improvements in the technical component of lighting are happening quite quickly. Regulations cannot be changed so quickly, so it is not always possible to find specific guidance regarding the installation of equipment in porches. Therefore, they can provide general rules. For example, according to building codes for any lighting system, even if it turns on and off automatically, there must be an additional way to de-energize it. Such a device may be necessary during rescue or repair operations.
The lighting automation system in the entrances of residential buildings must work without failures and turn on the devices simultaneously in all rooms that are related to the entrance. This should happen without delay in time. In some cases, an additional module is used for this in the form of a photo relay or a time sensor. Emergency lighting is an integral part. It should turn on simultaneously with the entire system, but if the sensors fail, it should be possible to start it in emergency mode from the manual switch.
Note!The light switch in basements and attics must be outward. That is, the light must be turned on even before a person enters the basement or attic. If there are several inputs, you will need to install pass-through switches with a break in the phase wire.
Automation methods
The automation of lighting systems in the entrances and the adjacent territory of an apartment building brings with it a large number of advantages. One of the main ones is energy saving and no additional costs for the operator. There is no one standard setup for every home. Each lighting system is unique and requires a different approach. But each uses the same modules and nodes, so it makes sense to consider the principles that are easy to follow later.
Separate panel boards
In the case of using such a lighting automation system, responsibility for the entire process lies not only with the nodes and modules, but also with the inhabitants of the entrance. They or someone in charge will have to monitor this process and turn on the lighting. This method is chosen by households with five or less floors, since in other cases it becomes problematic to keep track of switching on and off.
The essence of the method is that everyone who enters the entrance must turn on the light with a separate switch. After he gets to his apartment, the lighting is turned off with another switch. For proper load distribution, such an option can be built on starters. In another case, when you press the starter, the lamps that are on the flights of stairs are turned on. And the path from the flight to the apartment is switched on separately when the user gets to the required floor. In this case, the consumption of electrical energy is reduced, so the payment will also be lower.
Advice! Starters are quite expensive, and so is their maintenance. Therefore, some companies offer to implement a project using walk-through switches. In this case, the installation costs will be slightly higher, but the subsequent maintenance costs are lower.
Lighting fixtures in basements and attics should not depend on how the lights are turned on in the entrance or on the floors. Therefore, separate switches are removed for these rooms, as described above. The area near the house must be constantly illuminated, so the general system can be supplemented with a photo relay that will react to the position of the sun. The disadvantage of the push-button system is that not everyone is responsibly ready to approach the control and the light can stay on for hours. To prevent this from happening, temporary shutdown timers are provided, for example, after 5 minutes of glow.
Scheme on the photo relay
The option of a lighting system for an entrance using a photo relay is quite effective. It eliminates the need to constantly press keys and watch out for lights off. With the correct setting, the savings in electrical consumption of lighting are also good. There are two options for installing the sensor for this lighting system. The photo relay can be mounted directly at the entrance. In this case, you should not choose a place near the window. The fact is that after dusk it will be darker in the entrance than on the street and the sensor may not work, although the lighting in the entrance must already be turned on.
Another way to turn on the lights is to install the sensor outside. At the same time, it is possible to supply electricity from it to the adjoining lighting. The position of the photo relay must be chosen so that the light from the car headlights does not fall on it. You should not position it so that it is difficult to get to it, because periodically it must be cleaned of dust and snow in winter. Photo relays are often not designed for the load that lighting in the entrance and on the street can provide. Therefore, it is advisable to install a starter after it. It is he who will take on the role of the switch, and the photo relay will simply give him the necessary signal.
Note! With this lighting switching scheme, it is worth remembering that the basement and attic rooms must be illuminated from separate switches.
Motion sensors
Motion detectors are an excellent solution that is increasingly being used to control the lighting in entrances. Better to use combined options. They simultaneously monitor the level of natural light in the entrances and are triggered only at night. With such devices, control over turning on and off the lighting is not required at all. Everything will happen automatically and floor by floor when a person climbs the spans. In this case, it will be necessary to install one module at each functional area. For example, near the front door and on each floor. It is necessary to calculate lighting devices so that lamps are lit at the entrance, which will illuminate a part of the staircase and the corridor to the elevator.
Note! It is better to install such motion sensors for lighting, which have sensitivity adjustment. They will not react to dogs, cats and other animals, which also leads to savings in the use of lighting.
The motion sensor has a built-in timer that will automatically turn off the lighting after the declared period, usually it is also regulated by a separate trimming resistor. Some schemes provide for such an option that if a person walks along the spans, then when he rises to the second floor, the circuit closes and the lighting on the floor below does not turn off until the moment he enters the apartment. This makes it possible to improve safety. In the case when an elevator is installed at the entrance of a multi-storey building, it is possible to ensure the interaction of lighting on the floors not only with motion sensors, but also with buttons or limit door switches. The fact is that while a person leaves the elevator there may be a short delay before the sensor is triggered, and when interacting with the limit switch, everything happens quickly.
Joint schemes
If the inhabitants of the residential complex want to achieve maximum savings in the use of lighting, then a combined scheme is implemented. It requires more meticulous planning and installation. Do not entrust such a task to an unreliable contractor or a fly-by-night firm. An individual approach will be required not only to the entrance and floors, but also to the area near the house. The diagram below shows an example of one such system.
The essence of the functioning of such a lighting system is based on a photo relay. It is installed outdoors in the darkest place near the house. As soon as the level of natural light falls, the sensor is triggered and gives a command to the magnetic starter. It takes over the switching on of the two lighting systems. One of them is street, which is triggered immediately upon a signal. The second involves powering motion sensors, which will turn on the lighting inside the entrance. The emergency lighting is also switched on automatically. Utility rooms, attics and basement can be manually activated as needed. A video about such lighting can be seen below.
Conclusion
As you can see, the implementation of such systems in the entrances of residential buildings requires a special approach. Do not be limited only by the regulations that were adopted many years ago. Combining several modules provides enviable savings compared to using only one solution. Stop your choice on LED lamps. Most often they are sold with a guarantee and also have a long service life. Moreover, their consumption is several times less than that of an ordinary housekeeper.