This is the name of some places and buildings in Jerusalem and its environs, Bethlehem, Nazareth, etc., due to the connection that they, according to Holy Scripture or legend, have with the events of the earthly life of Jesus Christ. The most important of the Holy Places are the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the church in Bethlehem with the cave where Jesus Christ was born. Before crusades the only holders of the Holy Places were the church communities of the East - Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Syrian-Jacobite, Coptic and Abyssinian. After the Crusades, the Holy Places passed into the hands of Catholics. In 1187 Jerusalem was occupied by Muslims, and the Turkish Sultan Saladin took possession of the keys of the Holy Sepulcher and other Holy places. Subsequently, the Latins and Greeks managed to obtain the right to own the Holy Places. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX appointed the Franciscans as guardians of the Holy Places. In the XVI century. Porta confirmed the right of the Franciscans to own the Holy Places. Since then, there has been a rivalry between the Latins and the Orthodox for the ownership of the Holy Places, in this dispute Porta gave priority to one or the other side. In 1740, France was able to obtain from the Turkish Sultan greatest advantages for the Catholic Church to the detriment of Orthodoxy. But then the Greeks managed to get most Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the church in Bethlehem and one of the three keys to the cave where Jesus Christ was born. In 1808, the church over the Holy Sepulcher burned down, the Greeks took over the construction of a new church and became the sole owners of most of it. In the XIX century. Russia has assumed the right of patronage for all Greek Orthodox Christians in the East. Nicholas I made a claim for the predominance of the key from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which led to Crimean war 1853-1856 In 1868-1869. Russia, together with France, renewed the dome over the Holy Sepulcher, as a result of which Russia also received the right to own the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher has since become a joint possession (condominium) of six religions: the main owners are Catholics, Greeks, Armenians; Copts, Jacobites, Abyssinians have less rights. The church in Bethlehem belongs to the Greeks. The cave in which Jesus Christ was born is claimed by both Orthodox Christians and Greeks. Christianity: Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 3 volumes: vol. 2.-M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia., 1995. S. 528-529.
Watch value Holy Land, Holy Places For Christians in other dictionaries
Land- well. planet, one of the worlds or non-self-luminous balls orbiting the sun. our third from the sun. | Our world, the globe we live on, the globe. | In the spontaneous meaning ........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Land- 1. Soil, ground; area, area used for crops.
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Dictionary of epithets
Earth * J.- 1. One of the nine - the third from the Sun - major planets Solar system... 2. The third planet from the Sun in the solar system as a place of human life and activity.
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
Places Mn.- 1. Territory, districts, locality. 2. transfer. colloquial Periphery.
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
Out Of Place Predicative- 1. The immobility of smb. or movements from their side. 2. transfer. colloquial About the lack of progress in some l. business.
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
Saint J.- 1. Female. to noun: holy (1 *).
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
Saints Mn. Outdated.- 1. The same as: icons.
Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary
Saint- Rus, Svyatorusk, adj., Often in the 16th – 17th centuries. (Pov. About the city of Jerusalem., Tale. About the Azov. Sid., Kurbsky, etc.). It is connected, according to L. Maikov (ZhMNP, 1894, April 16), with the doctrine of Moscow ........
Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer
Wolf Christian- (1679 - 1754) - German philosopher-rationalist, active figure in the German Enlightenment.
Political vocabulary
Land (or Dryland)- - in geopolitics, a special term denoting "tellurocracy". The theory of "Earth", das Land, was developed especially in detail by Karl Schmitt.
Political vocabulary
Selecting a Place for Organization of Production- making a decision on the place of creation of an enterprise for the production of products. The determining factor is the availability of raw materials, labor, transport system, ........
Economic Dictionary
Law of the Place of Execution of the Agreement- (lex loci solutionis) - legal
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Economic Dictionary
The Law of the Location of a Thing- (lex rei sitae) - one of the first collision bindings (attachment formulas) that developed in the practice of private international law. Means the application of the law of that state ........
Economic Dictionary
The Law of the Place of Harm- (lex loci delicti commissi) - legal
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Economic Dictionary
Law of the Place of the Commitment of the Act- (lex loci actus) legal
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Economic Dictionary
Law of the Place of the Agreement- (lex loci contractus) -
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Economic Dictionary
Land- a resource used for the production of agricultural products, for the construction of houses, cities, railways; one of the main components of production ........
Economic Dictionary
Land (land plot)- The surface of the earth and the space below it, which extends to the center of the earth, and the space above it, which extends to the sky. However, the ownership of ........
Economic Dictionary
Under Improved Land- a plot of land built up to a lesser extent than is required in order to extract from it
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Economic Dictionary
Places of Non-Common Use- Covered and open warehouses, as well as areas specially designated both on the territory of the railway station and outside it, not belonging to railroad........
Economic Dictionary
Common areas- Indoor and outdoor
warehouses, as well as areas specially designated on the territory of the railway station, belonging to the railway and used to carry out ........
Economic Dictionary
Place of Origin- (appelation of origine) the geographical name of a country, region or area, indicated on a product, the quality and characteristics of which are explained solely or mainly ........
Economic Dictionary
Uncultivated land- Land ownership in its natural state - before processing, building and division. Land property that lacks sewerage, electricity, streets, ........
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Workplace Maintenance — -
regulated supply system
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Irrigated land- Land used for the production of crops and forage for
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Site Inspection- - in criminal
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Crime Scene Diagram- - in forensics -
plan that depicts
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Destination Customs- the customs office of the country of destination of the cargo, where its transportation under the customs transit procedure ends.
Economic Dictionary
Customs Place of Departure- customs office of the country of departure
cargo, where it begins
transportation under the customs procedure
transit.
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Fixed Assets Accounting Land In The United States — -
fixed assets accounting "
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costs associated with
land acquisition and
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Economic Dictionary
Each of us has heard about the pilgrimage at least once in our life. Many people, representatives of one religion, go to sacred places that are honored by one religion or another. They do it singly or in groups - it doesn't matter. The main thing is to have pure intentions and a submissive body, as well as a soul full of remorse and a heart that is distinguished by sincere faith. Pilgrimage is the striving of the lost lambs of God to worship the holy lands and cities.
A bit of history
From deep ancient, immemorial times he came to modern language the term "pilgrimage". It is derived from the word "palm". The branches of this tree were brought from the sacred territories by the first Christians who went there to receive the blessing of the Almighty. They usually traveled during the great feast on the eve of Easter, which glorified the entry of Christ into Jerusalem. In Russia and other Orthodox countries, it is called "Palm Sunday". But do not think that only Christians were involved in the pilgrimage. For example, in ancient India, locals traveled a couple of times a year to the lands where, according to legends, certain deities lived. In this way, they tried to absorb the energy of the revered creatures that remained here in every stone and tree. And in Greece, pilgrims from all over the country went to Delphi: in the local temple lived the soothsayer Pythia, who predicted fate on behalf of the higher powers.
The essence of pilgrimage changed slightly in the Middle Ages. It was then that it became what we know it today. During the heyday Christian religion people began to go to Jerusalem en masse to visit it, erected during the reign of Emperor Constantine. In the 15th century, signs and special routes were developed for travelers from Europe: from the Rhone River to the banks of the Jordan. The Crusades finally strengthened the tradition of pilgrimage to the Holy Land. It is known that today about 200 million people observe the ceremony every year.
The main types and essence of pilgrimage
Believers set off on a dangerous, long and difficult path, not only for the sake of prayer and forgiveness for their sins. Often their goal is much more noble: to find the meaning of life, to know their destiny, to find grace, to show devotion to religious beliefs. Sometimes the desires of pilgrims are absolutely earthly: to ask a long-awaited baby, to be healed of an illness, to get rid of mental suffering. In any case, such a journey presupposes a certain attitude of a person towards reality. The idea is absolutely simple: to voluntarily take on difficulties, accept the difficult conditions of the road, spend some time in restrictions in order to achieve the highest goal. This symbolizes the refusal of humanity from material values and physical pleasures for the sake of spiritual and eternal ideals.
Depending on the different signs distinguish types of pilgrimage. These can be foreign and domestic cities or to sacred places in the bosom. wildlife, voluntary and obligatory, individual and group, long or short-term travel. By the way, with regard to the time period, earlier, according to Orthodox canons, a trip that lasted at least 10 days was considered a real pilgrimage. Travel can also take place at any time of the year or be timed to coincide with a specific holiday.
Geography
Recently, the pilgrimage has distinguished itself with a new psychological base and geographical focus: it is not only a trip to holy places, but also a journey for health purposes. Therefore, representatives of different confessions go to the East to learn there a new religion and secrets for themselves. folk treatment for which these lands are so famous. In India, China, Japan, Tibet and Nepal, they settle at temples: they communicate with monks, attend divine services with their permission, and adopt healing practices from them. For example, in Delhi and its surroundings, Ayurveda is very popular - a complex science specializing in rejuvenation and treatment of the body. The teaching is aimed at restoring the harmony of man and the Universe, since it is the violation of this balance that provokes the development of physical and mental ailments. Instead, many tourists visit China for qigong, a series of breathing and movement exercises that can help replenish energy and mental strength. The purpose of such trips is not only to help heal, but also to enrich himself morally and spiritually.
With regard to religion specifically, today the main places of pilgrimage in the world are:
- Republic of the CIS. Some of them (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) are the center of Orthodoxy.
- Europe... The currents of Catholicism and Protestantism dominate here.
- North and Latin America. Christian belief prevails.
- Africa... Islam is widespread, but there are also Christian centers.
- Asia... It is characterized by Islam, as well as Judaism and Buddhism.
Each continent has its own holy memorials, which are must-see and must-see.
Christian pilgrimage
For more than two thousand years, representatives of the Christian world have been wanting to see the Holy Land - Jerusalem. Those who make an Orthodox pilgrimage, the Holy Sepulcher beckons and attracts like no other place on the planet. This territory is the cradle of all Christianity, overflowing with the beauty of the Palestinian landscapes, the secret of night worship and the wonderful atmosphere of sacred memorials. Israel is a sacred country in itself. We learn about him from the very first pages of the Bible: Christ was born on this earth, here he grew up, preached and was executed. Pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher was widespread even in times ancient Russia... But the founder modern direction the mother of Emperor Constantine, Saint Helena, is rightfully considered. Being in old age, she went here in search of the cross on which Jesus' earthly life ended. The discovery of the "true and honest" crucifixion is invariably associated with this historical figure.
A religious pilgrimage is always done with the blessing of the church. This is not only a trip to the Holy Land, but also constant prayers, repentance, spiritual work on oneself, purification and humility. The pilgrims' journey usually begins in the Negev: the endless expanses of the desert are associated with the images of the patriarchs and important events from the Old Testament. The journey is based on a visit to Jerusalem. From here you can organize tours to Galilee, Bethlehem, Jericho, to the Dead Sea and other sacred places. This route is conditional. Each pilgrim can supplement it with other interesting places.
Major holy places
Jerusalem is a holy city not only for Orthodoxy, but also for representatives of Judaism and Islam. Many events are associated with it, including the birth and death of Christ. With what objects should the Orthodox pilgrimage begin here? Firstly, you should definitely visit. Unfortunately, only ruins remain from it - including the famous Wailing Wall. Second, go to the Mount of Olives and the Garden of Gethsemane - here Jesus prayed before he was arrested. Thirdly, it is important for pilgrims to see the Temple of the Passion of the Lord: it was built in the 20th century, but it just perfectly recreates the architecture of those times when Christ walked these streets.
Bethlehem is another Christian shrine. The Church of the Nativity of Christ is located on the Arab territory. It is built around a large grotto in which a little Savior was born among the cattle. What is most interesting is that each Christian denomination has its own place in this church. Don't forget about visiting Nazareth - Galilee. It was here that Mary learned from an angel that she would soon become the mother of the long-awaited Messiah. A little grown up Jesus settled in the same city, who returned with his parents from Egypt, where he fled from the persecution of Herod. In Galilee, he spent all his childhood and adolescence, performed the first miracles and found faithful followers and disciples.
Pilgrimage to Europe
The first country to go to is, of course, Italy. Its capital Rome is the Eternal City, the arena for the establishment of world Christianity. Local Orthodox and catholic churches- popular places of pilgrimage, because it is their walls that keep many shrines associated with the apostles. For example, St. Peter's Basilica contains the relics and relics of the great disciple and follower of Jesus. Also here are the graves of other faithful followers of the Christian Church, not to mention the unsurpassed masterpieces and monuments of world art. In another Italian city - Loreto - be sure to visit the basilica, which is called the original home of Mary. According to legend, the heavenly angels, in order to protect the mother of Christ, moved her house several times: eventually it ended up in Loreto.
The third most important place for pilgrimage is Santiago de Compostela in Spain. The tomb of St. James is located in the local cathedral, so guarding the road to this relic was a matter of honor for many kings, and if you want to make a pilgrimage to the monastery, be sure to choose Athos. The shrine, located on the Greek peninsula, is one of the most mysterious places on a planet that is shrouded in many legends and myths. They say that Mary herself preached faith in Christ here. Since then, the monks, who have left the bustle of the world, have been living and praying on Athos. And every person who comes here feels a special fertile atmosphere that permeates every piece of land.
What to see in Russia?
There are also many shrines in our country, in which a tired and lost soul can find shelter, find peace, and receive a blessing. The Russian pilgrimage begins from the Solovetsky archipelago, where famous monastery- the cultural and spiritual center of the North. V Soviet time it was used to keep prisoners, but after the end of that sad time, the former spirit of antiquity again turned into these walls. To feel the sacred atmosphere, you need to live in Solovki for at least a week. You should definitely visit the Trinity-Sergius Lavra - the largest monastery in Russia. It is not only a treasury of ancient Russian art, but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
As for the Diveyevo monastery, it is called another earthly lot of the Mother of God. In the 18th century, Hierodeacon Seraphim, who later became a revered Russian saint, took him under his tutelage. His relics, possessing miraculous powers, rest here. Do not miss the opportunity to collect healing water from the spring on the territory of the monastery. They say it helps with any physical and mental ailments. Another monastery popular with pilgrims is the Pskov-Pechersk monastery. It is located in the dungeons. The caves are used as tombs, since the remains of people do not decompose here. The Assumption Church was built nearby, where miraculous icons are kept.
Hajj in Islam
This is what the Muslim pilgrimage is called. It must be performed at least once in a lifetime by every representative of this religion. Those who have gone the hard way are called "hajj". To travel, a Muslim must reach the age of majority, profess Islam, be mentally healthy and wealthy enough to support not only himself during the pilgrimage, but also his family at home. During the Hajj, he must not smoke, drink alcohol, enjoy intimate relationships, engage in trade, and so on.
The pilgrimage of Muslims begins with the dressing of a person in white clothes, which, being the same for everyone, hide his public and social status... The first rite is to walk around the House of Allah - the Kaaba - the main shrine of Muslims located in Mecca. After that, a person runs the distance between the sacred hills of Marwa and Safa seven times, after which he drinks healing water from the Zam-Zam spring. Only after that, he goes to the Arafat Valley, which is located not far from Mecca. The culmination of the ceremony is unceasing prayers in this area. The ritual is complex, as the pilgrim must stand motionless under the scorching sun from noon to sunset. Having passed the test, he is admitted to the general collective prayer. The next day, the person goes to another valley - Mina. Then he throws seven stones at the pillar - the symbol of Satan, takes part in the rite of sacrifice and returns to Mecca for the last detour around the Kaaba.
Mecca and Medina
These are the main cities of pilgrimage for Muslims. According to the Koran, the prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, where he began his sacred mission - prophecy. As already mentioned, this city is the location of the Kaaba - a ritual stone, which attracts hundreds of thousands of Muslims every year. The boulder is located in the courtyard of the Great Mosque, one of the main Islamic minarets. Religious doctrine says: every believer should visit its territory. Usually such a trip is made in the lunar month of Zul-Hijja. Muslims believe that pilgrimage and hardship are synonymous. Therefore, despite the presence of many comfortable hotels in Mecca, they stay in poor tent camps, set up simply on damp ground.
Medina is another important place for a person who professes Islam. Translated from Latin, its name sounds like "radiant city". His visit is included in the obligatory hajj program, since it is here that the tomb of Muhammad is located. In addition, the city became the first settlement, in which Islam triumphed. The Great Mosque of the Prophet was built here, with a capacity of 900 thousand people. The building is equipped with an automatic umbrella system to create shade, as well as modern air conditioning and escalators.
Buddhist holy places
For the representatives of this ancient religion, pilgrimage is a way to achieve supreme bliss by breathing the sacred air in sacred territories. By the way, they are located in Tibet, China, Buryatia, but the largest number of them is still located in India - the cradle of Buddhism. The first most visited place is the Bodhi tree, under which, according to legend, Buddha loved to meditate. It was in the shade of the green space that he reached the greatest Nirvana. The second important memo is the city of Kapilavastu: in it the Buddha spent his childhood, learned all sides of the unsightly human existence. And he made a decision: to renounce civilization for the sake of comprehending the ways of salvation and sacred truth.
A pilgrimage to holy places among Buddhists is not complete without a visit to the Royal Palace near Patna. On a nearby hill, Buddha told his followers about his teachings. The chic mansions are literally surrounded by sights. Considering them, do not forget about the last, but not least, place on the list - Sarnath. Here the Buddha read his first sermon. Pilgrims from all over the world come to Varanasi to experience the sacred words of the saint through the centuries, filled with eternal wisdom and deep life meaning.
Israel or the Holy Land is one of the world's cradles of civilization, which offers its guests an abundance of historical sites along with modern, active life and modernized technologies. Here everyone will find something for themselves.
Israeli history is thousands of years, places, events and legends: you can study it for years. We present you with a list of which you can easily have time to visit in one standard vacation. Find out what you must do in a country where they drive on the bus with automatic machines, harvest twice a year in the desert, and have fun like nowhere else in the Middle East.
Jerusalem, Old City
“I want to finish the quarter without Cs”, “I wish my mother to get well”, “I dream of meeting love this year”, “Let there be no war” - in the notes that are put into the cracks of the Western Wall, they ask for different things. Even on the stones of the Cauldron (as the Wailing Wall is called in Hebrew), the names of the sick were previously engraved in the hope of help from above. The belief in miracles today brings people here from all over the world. To get to the heart of the matter, go down with a guide into the underground tunnels of the Western Wall, where you can feel the spirit of the Holy of Holies of the Jerusalem Temple. Temple Mount is a sacred place for Muslims. Here the golden Dome of the Rock sparkles and the first qibla in Islam - Al-Aqsa, rises, comparable in importance with the shrines of Mecca and Medina. Finally, Jerusalem is revered as the cradle of the Christian faith. There is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, and for two thousand years pilgrims from all over the world have come to worship the place of the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ.
Gethsemane garden
In a small garden in the Kidron Valley, it gets chills even in hot weather. Just imagine: the Church of All Nations is standing in the very place where Jesus prayed on the night of his arrest, near the olive trees, which are more than 2000 years old! There are many other monuments on the Mount of Olives dedicated to evangelical events. At its foot are the Tomb of the Virgin with a cave church and the Gethsemane grotto, where drops of bloody sweat of Christ melted a stone. Climb a little higher up the mountain to admire the Russian Orthodox Church Mary Magdalene with icons and paintings by Vasily Vereshchagin and Sergei Ivanov.
Israel Museum
More than 500,000 exhibits! The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is famous for its huge collection of archaeological finds, objects of Judaism and ethnography, as well as masterpieces of Jewish and world art. It has everything from Billy Rose Art Gardens with sculptures by Rodin and Picasso to scrolls Dead sea(they are the Qumran manuscripts with the most ancient biblical texts that have come down to us) and the Model of the Second Temple, in which Jerusalem appears as it was in 66 BC.
Holocaust Memorial Yad Vashem
National Holocaust and Heroism Memorial on Mount Remembrance in Jerusalem - largest museum Holocaust in the world. Get ready for a deep emotional shock, without which it is impossible to understand Israel and realize the power of the Jewish people, who truly knows how to remember. The entrance to the memorial is free, only children under 10 are not allowed. However, impressionable adults should not go to some halls (for example, the heartbreaking Children's Memorial); it is better to simply review the Schindler's List.
Tel Aviv-Jaffa
The most eclectic of Israel's cities, Tel Aviv proudly bears the title of "Capital of Mediterranean Delights", which was awarded it by The New York Times a few years ago. Whatever attracts you - the secrets of ancient Jaffa or gossip, museum treasures or luxurious beach vacation, evenings at the Opera House or nights in secret bars - you won't leave here disappointed.
Caesarea National Park
Caesarea National Park is located on the Mediterranean coast 45 km north of Tel Aviv. A beautiful city with a majestic fortress was built during the reign of King Herod in the 4th century BC, later it was the residence of Pontius Pilate. And now it is not difficult to imagine what ancient Caesarea looked like: you will see the Roman amphitheater, where concerts are held, the ruins of the Palace on the Reef, the hippodrome and aqueduct of the II century, baths and statues of the Byzantine period and the remains of the Crusader city of the XII-XIII centuries. Excavations are still ongoing, so it is likely that Caesarea still has a lot to tell. best beaches Israel - Caesarea Aqueduct Beach: God himself commanded to shoot a couple of breathtaking photos at sunset.
Bahai Gardens in Haifa
A worthy contender for the title of the eighth wonder of the world is the Hanging Gardens in Haifa, a place of pilgrimage for the followers of Baha'ism. 19 green terraces "flow" from the Temple of Bab along the slope of the Carmel to the Mediterranean Sea, and the staircase in the center is the "Way of the Kings". The Baha'is believe that one day the rulers of all world powers will climb it to the temple and make eternal peace. Until that happens, do your bit to maintain harmony: Eating, drinking and making noise are not allowed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site. You can freely enter the Bahai Gardens, just dress more modestly, but the entrance to the Tomb of Bab is open only to pilgrims.
Druze villages
The sacred texts and rituals of the Druze community are a secret sealed with seven seals. It is only known that they speak Arabic, believe in the transmigration of souls, wear unusual pants and, despite their secret ideology, are friendly with guests. Now about 120 thousand Druze live in Israel, many in the Golan Heights. And the largest Druze village, Dalyat el-Carmel, is located in the heart of Mount Carmel National Park in the southeast of Haifa. What you need to do here is to look at the colorful oriental bazaar in the center and try the famous Druze food with goat cheese and zaatar spice.
Galilee
Here are the birthplace of Jesus - Nazareth, the biblical lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, or Lake Tiberias) and two of the four holy cities - Tiberias and Safed (the rest are Jerusalem and Hebron). It is possible to make sure that the description of "the earth flowing with milk and honey" is correct in Galilee even today. Try aromatic cheeses or natural yoghurt at the ALTO dairy farm in Kibbutz Shomrat, learn how to bake honey cakes at the Ophir Alon family apiary, and reward yourself with a glass of wine where Jesus Christ made it from the water.
Dead Sea
Where can you read a book while lying on the waves, like on a sofa? And from the heart to roll over in the mud, so that at the same time you will be praised for a healthy lifestyle? The Dead Sea is the case when the pleasant is so easy to combine with the useful. The main local resort is Ein Bokek, nearby are the Ein Gedi Nature Reserve, Masada Fortress, Mount Sodom and Qumran National Park, where you can have an interesting time if you get bored with sun and mud baths. And hurry up: every year the Dead Sea grows shallow by a meter.
Fortress Masada
The history of the courage and love of freedom of the Jewish people is connected with the ancient fortress on the top of a 500-meter cliff in the lifeless Judean Desert. In the 1st century AD, Masada, to which the still-preserved narrow path led, was the last stronghold of the Jews who rebelled against the Romans. The rebels withstood a three-year siege, but when the enemy began to gain the upper hand and captivity could no longer be avoided, the defenders of the fortress preferred death to slavery. Stabbing his comrades-in-arms to save them from humiliation, the last survivor set fire to Masada and committed suicide. The story of the heroism of 960 besieged sounds incredibly realistic today. Moreover, the historical scenery has been preserved - the three-tiered Northern Palace of Herod, a bathhouse with a mosaic floor and frescoes on the walls, rocky reservoirs with water and a synagogue. Today, it is here that the Israelis take the military oath: "Masada will not fall again!"
Makhtesh Ramon
How does it feel to stand on the edge of the largest erosional crater in the world? Makhtesh Ramon is a geological phenomenon: meteorites and volcanoes have nothing to do with this, this alien basin arose about 200 million years ago due to winds and rains. Bare numbers: the length of the makhtesh in the Negev desert is 40 km, the width is 2-10 km, and the depth is 500 meters. It is not for nothing that Ramon resembles an elongated heart: it will beat faster here! For a powerful experience, go to the town of Mitspe Ramon, which has a Visitor Center, an observation deck and an observatory. You can also drop by the alpaca farm - it is almost at the crater, Skyscanner notes.
Eilat
A resort paradise for those looking for a break from the religious and historical Israeli experience. The sun in Eilat has received a permanent registration: the beach season on the Red Sea lasts all year round, even in winter the water keeps the temperature + 25 ° C. Sunbathe, swim with dolphins, learn to surf and dive, be sure to check out the stunning underwater observatory - Eilat is great for a reboot!
Mini Israel
If time is catastrophically short, but you want to see all the most interesting, we give a life hack: go to "Mini-Israel". A miniature park in the scenic Latrun area, half an hour from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, there are almost 400 accurate models of Israeli landmarks at a scale of 1:25. The paths of the mini-state form the Star of David, and each of the six triangles symbolizes a city or region - Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Galilee, the Negev and central Israel. On display are 25,000 tiny inhabitants, 15,000 living bonsai trees and 4,700 cars. Everything here lives and breathes: at Teddy Stadium, fans make a wave, the sounds of Isaac Stern's violin are heard in the Mishkenot Sheananim quarter, and when the sun goes down over the Ayalon River valley, lights come on in small windows.
The history of the Holy Land, thanks to its very convenient geographical position, connecting Egypt, Phenicia, Syria, Iraq, Iran (ancient Mesopotamia) and the Persian Gulf, is interesting and rich in political, religious and cultural events. From the west it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, while in the east there is a desert. Thus, located in the center of the region and being a bridge connecting Egypt and Mesopotamia, that is, Africa and Asia, the Holy Land took an important place in history the ancient world... It was crossed by trade routes, for example, such well-known as Sea route(Via Maris), through which everyone going from north to south, from east to west, and vice versa, must have passed. Because of its central geographic location The Holy Land was also popular with all invaders from the north, south, east and west.
Roman map of Palestine known as Pointigeria, 4th century
Galilean ancient man
In various parts of the Holy Land, the oldest remains of humans and animals have been found dating back to the Paleolithic period (1.500.000 -15.000 BC). However, the oldest human remains were found in the caves of Galilee and date back to 70,000 BC. e. They belonged to one of the dead-end branches of the development of the human race, located between the Neaderthal and the Sapiens. Archaeologists have named the Galilean man as the Palestinian oldest man. In addition, another was found the new kind an ancient man who lived in the Mesolithic period (15,000-7,000 BC) - Natufsky man (after the name of the El-Natuf rock on Mount Carmel). Natufa man cultivated the land, tamed animals, built small settlements, created a society and his own culture. In subsequent eras - the Neolithic and Chalcolithic (7.000-3.000 BC) - the Palestinian ancient man settled almost throughout the country, built such fortified settlements as Jericho, improved stone products, first used bronze and turned from a food gatherer into it. manufacturer. In addition, he established ties with neighboring peoples and created his own culture. The road was opened for a special Palestinian culture.
Prehistoric caves of Mount Carmel
Mountain range of the Upper Galilee with the biblical Mount Meiron
First Semites, Canaanites, Indo-Europeans, and Indo-Iranians
First 750 years of the second millennium BC e., from 2000 to 1230, the Holy Land was inhabited by peoples who came from many other places. Among them were Indo-Europeans, Indo-Iranians and Semites from the north, west and east. Among the settlers was Abraham with his tribe and herd of animals. Many of the waves of immigrants continued the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds, others, such as the Canaanites, united into sedentary communities, built fortified settlement-states, developed art and created their own cultures.
Biblical city of Megiddo, Armageddon of the apocalypse
Jews and Philistines
At the end of the thirteenth century BC. new waves of settlers have settled in Palestine and thus changed its demographic map. Among them were the 12 tribes of Israel and a group of the Sea Peoples who came from the region of Anatolia, from the west and the Aegean region. The latter included the Philistines (plishtim according to the Old Testament or pellasgi according to Greek sources), the Achaeans, Danaans, Sicilians, and many others.
Oflah Hill in the southeast of present-day Jerusalem, on which the biblical Jerusalem was built
Schematic representation Jerusalem during the reign of the biblical kings David and Solomon (9th century BC)
Ceramic sarcophagus depicting a Philistine (10th century BC)
The first Jews united in tribal tribes with local tribes led by heads of judges, as stated in the Old Testament (1230-1050 BC). Later, all the tribes united, creating the United Kingdom under the rule of the biblical kings Saul, David and Solomon ( 1050-922 BC).
After the death of Solomon, around 930 BC. e., the united kingdom of Israel was divided into two: the Kingdom of Judah, which existed until 586 BC. e. and the Kingdom of Israel, destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC. e. Another group, which was made up of the peoples of the sea, led by the most influential of them - the Philistines - founded on the Palestinian coast an alliance of five independent cities (pentapolis) (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ghat and Ekron) under the leadership of princes, according to the Old Testament (tyrants in the Greek sources). The Pentapolis, as an influential and independent association, existed for approximately two hundred years, until 1000 BC. e. King David, after repeated military clashes, dispersed the Philistine pentapolis and annexed all the cities to his united kingdom. Over time, the peoples of the sea merged with local population and ceased their independent existence. Eight hundred years later, the Greeks and Romans named this country after the Philistines - Palestine.
Biblical city of Hazor in northern Galilee
Assyrians, Babylonians, Samaritans and Persians
In 721 BC. e. the Assyrians destroyed the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and in 586 BC. e. the Babylonians took over the Kingdom of Judah in the south. Jerusalem was destroyed and with it - its famous Temple, which was the religious center of Judaism. Assyrian and Babylonian invaders forcibly resettled a large number of Jews to other parts of their empire, settling new peoples in place of the exiled. Most of the new settlers settled in Central Palestine and, in particular, Samaria, after which they were called Samaritans. A small number of Samaritans continue to live today in Neapolis (Shechem), Samaria, concentrating around their holy Mount Gerizim.
In 549 BC. e. new invaders - now the Persians - took possession of Palestine and annexed it to the great Satrapy - Ever Nahara (trans-river country), i.e. west of the Euphrates River. During the Persian occupation, 549-532 BC. e., Jews, inhabitants of Palestine, as well as many other peoples of the Persian Empire, could lead a much freer lifestyle than under the previous rulers - the Assyrians and Babylonians. The moderate Persian policy allowed many of the exiled Jews to return to their abandoned homes, rebuild destroyed cities and settlements, and rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. In addition, during the approximately two hundred years of Persian rule, which correspond in time to the golden age of classical Greece, the inhabitants of Palestine developed close ties with Greece and the Greek world. At the same time, the first Greek settlers began to arrive in Palestine, both merchants and ordinary settlers, and settled in the large commercial cities of the Palestinian coast. Thus began the Hellenization of Gaza, Ashkelon, Jaffa and Akko (Ptolemais) - cities that in subsequent eras turned into large centers of Greek culture.
Greeks, Romans and Byzantines
Occupation of Palestine, beginning with Alexander the Great in 332 BC e. and its subsequent accession to the Greek kingdoms, first - the Ptolemies and later - the Seleucids, further strengthened the connection of the Jews with the Greeks and the Greek world. This close connection led to fundamental changes in religious, political and simple Everyday life Jews. Therefore, an inevitable conflict between the two peoples and cultures ensued, which resulted in the Maccabean rebellion and the creation of a semi-autonomous Hasmonean state (167-63 BC). However, despite the religious and cultural differences between the two peoples, Judaism and Hellenism, Greek culture had a strong influence both in all areas of Judaism and in everyday life. In addition, the numerous movements of the Greeks in Palestine and the founding of Greek cities and cultural centers in the most important points of the country radically changed its ethnographic map. From now on, the Greeks will make up a large percentage of the population of the Holy Land and will exert influence on the political and social ...
Graphic restoration of Herod's palace on Masada (1st century BC)
The beginning of an almost two thousand year period of the Jewish diaspora, the creation of the First Christian Community of Jerusalem, the founding of the Roman Elia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem, the foundation of the first Christian churches and recognition of Christianity official religion Roman Empire.
At the beginning of the fourth century, with the transfer of the Roman capital from Rome to Constantinople, a new period of religious upsurge and economic prosperity began in Palestine.
The events that influenced the course of the history of Palestine during the period of Byzantine rule (324-630) were: the recognition of holy places, the construction of magnificent Christian basilicas and churches by the Roman emperors who converted to Christianity, and in particular, Constantine the Great and his mother, St. Helena , numerous gatherings of pilgrims, the proclamation of the Jerusalem Patriarchate and the spread of Christian monasticism.
The intense and often violent religious disputes of the Christian inhabitants of Palestine, the devastating earthquakes and bloody revolts of the Samaritans at the end of the fifth - beginning of the sixth centuries, although they left their mark, could not interrupt the era of prosperity and well-being of the inhabitants of the Holy Land. Only towards the end of the Byzantine period, with the devastating invasion of the Persians in 614, Palestine> was greatly weakened, becoming an easy prey for the Arab conquerors in 630.
Muslim Arabs and Crusaders
With the surrender of Jerusalem by Patriarch Sophronius to Oman II the Conqueror, the Islamic period of Palestine (639-1099) began, and the Muslim Arabs became the rulers of the Holy Land. The new conquerors initially demonstrated their religious tolerance without interfering with the existence of the Christian religion and, in particular, monasticism. The situation worsened only towards the end of the eighth century, when a dynasty of Abassian caliphs came to power, beginning massive persecutions of Christians and forcing a large part of the Hellenized population to change religion and Arabize. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, with the establishment of the Order of the Crusaders, the situation deteriorated even more. On June 15, 1099, the Crusaders captured the Holy City and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem with borders that stretched almost along the entire length of Palestine. The crusader state did not last for a long time... With the victory of Saladdin, sultan of the Ayub dynasty, over the troops of the crusaders in 1187, their kingdom ceased to exist. A small number of crusaders who remained in the Holy Land (as, for example, in Akko-Ptolemais), were finally expelled in 1291.
Palace of the Umay Caliphs in Jericho
Mamelukes, Ottomans and British
After the expulsion of the crusaders, Palestine again falls into the hands of the Muslims, however, now it is under the tyrannical rule of the Ayub (1190-1250) and Mameluk (1250-1517) dynasties. In 1517, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, triumphantly entered Palestine, after which it became part of the Ottoman Empire, until 1918, when the British, who received a mandate from the League of Nations, came to power and ruled in Palestine until 1948.
Israelis and Palestinians
At the end of World War II and with the withdrawal of British troops, accompanied by bloody conflicts between Arabs and Jews, the state of Israel was created. So, after a two thousand year diaspora, the Jews were able to return to their land and build their nation state again.
Wars 1967 and 1973 expanded the state borders of Israel to the Jordan River and the Gollan Heights in Syria, thereby deepening the gap between the Arabs and the Israelis.
Today, the two peoples are trying to find a solution to coexistence in the creation of separate borders and governments.
In Christianity
Europeans' views on the Holy Land
The inhabitants of medieval Europe made pilgrimages to the Holy Land and traded with it. Nevertheless, Europeans' knowledge of Palestine was distinguished by numerous exaggerations. According to Pope Urban II "That land flows with milk and honey"(words from his speech at the Clermont Cathedral, where the beginning of the Crusades was announced). The idea of the abundance and wealth of the Holy Land is explained by the mythological ideas of Christians. (Similar ideas exist in other religions.) They were convinced that the Holy Land (and above all Jerusalem) as the center of Christianity and the center of the world is opposed to all other lands as the periphery of the world. And if in Europe (on the periphery) there is hunger, disease, drought and injustice, then in the center of the world the opposite is true. It is blessed there, the land is fertile, peace and justice reign. This is one of the reasons for the mass character of the Crusades.
History of the Holy Land
see also
Sources of
Literature
- Gusterin V.P. Cities Arab East... - M .: East-West, 2007 .-- 352 p. - (Encyclopedic reference). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-478-00729-4
Links
- Article Holy Places in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
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Synonyms:See what "Holy Land" is in other dictionaries:
Palestine Dictionary of Russian synonyms. holy land n., number of synonyms: 3 cemetery (30) ... Synonym dictionary
Not to be confused with Holy Land (amusement park). Map of the Holy Land, 1759. Holy land ... Wikipedia
Holy Land- ♦ (ENG Holy Land) term for the land of Palestine and its holy places. Israel became known as the holy land in the Middle Ages. Pilgrimages of Christians here began in the 4th century ... Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms
Holy Land- Holy Land I (Palestine) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Holy Land- (Palestine) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
II.2.1. Syria and Palestine (Holy Land)- ⇑ II.2. Crusader States ... Rulers of the World
Holy Russia. Painting by Mikhail Nesterov, 1901 1906 Holy Russia is the name of Russia and Russia in Russian folklore, poetry and eloquence ... Wikipedia
PROMISED LAND- [Greek. γῆ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας], the biblical name (Heb. 11. 9) of the land (in the territory of Canaan), promised by God to the Old Testament patriarchs and their descendants to the people of Israel, to which they received after the exodus from Egypt (see also Art. Ancient Israel). In many ... Orthodox encyclopedia